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Main features of the artistic style of speech. Artistic style of speech. expressive means of language

Topic 10. Linguistic features of artistic style

Topic 10.LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ART STYLE

A beautiful thought loses its value,

if it is poorly expressed.

Voltaire

Lesson plan:

Theoretical block

    Paths. Types of trails.

    Stylistic figures. Types of stylistic figures.

    Functional characteristics of linguistic means of expression in artistic style.

Practical block

    Identification of visual and expressive means in artistic style texts and their analysis

    Functional characteristics of tropes and figures

    Composing texts using reference expressions

Tasks for SRO

Bibliography:

1.Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997. – 448 p.

2. Kozhin A.N., Krylova ABOUT.A., Odintsov IN.IN. Functional types of Russian speech. – M.: Higher School, 1982. – 392 p.

3.Lapteva, M. A. Russian language and culture of speech. – Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. – 216 p.

4.Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 2001. – 381 p.

5.Khamidova L.V.,Shakhova L.A. Practical stylistics and speech culture. – Tambov: Publishing house of TSTU, 2001. – 34 p.

THEORETICAL BLOCK

Linguistic features of artistic style

Lexical

    Widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

    Intentional clash of different styles of vocabulary;

    Use of vocabulary with two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

    The presence of emotionally charged words;

    Great preference for using specific vocabulary;

    Widespread use of folk poetic words.

Derivational

    Using a variety of means and models of word formation;

Morphological

    The use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

    Verb frequency;

    Passivity of vaguely personal verb forms, 3rd person forms;

    Minor use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

    Plural forms of abstract and real nouns;

    Wide use of adjectives and adverbs.

Syntactic

    Using the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

    Wide use of stylistic figures;

    Wide usage of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect;

    Active use of parcellation;

    Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech;

    Using poetic syntax.

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. Facilities artistic expression They give brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, and attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement.

The means of expression in artistic style are varied and numerous. Typically, researchers distinguish two groups of visual and expressive means: tropes and stylistic figures.

MOST COMMON TYPES OF TRAILS

Characteristic

Examples

Epithet

yours thoughtful nights transparent dusk.

(A.Pushkin)

Metaphor

The grove dissuadedgolden Birch cheerful language. (WITH. Yesenin)

Personification

A type of metaphor

transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts.

Sleeping green alley

(TO.Balmont)

Metonymy

Well, eat some more plate, my dear

(AND.A. Krylov)

Synecdoche

A type of metonymy, the transfer of the name of a whole to a part of this whole or the name of a part to the whole whole

Friends, Romans, compatriots, lend me yours ears. (Yu Caesar)

Comparison

The moon is shining How huge cold ball.

Starfall leaves were flying . (D. WITH amoilov)

Periphrase

A turnover consisting of replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features or an indication of their

character traits

King of beasts (lion),

snow beauty (winter),

black gold (petroleum)

Hyperbola

IN one hundred thousand suns the sunset was glowing ( IN.IN. Mayakovsky)

Litotes

Little guy from marigold

(N.A. Nekrasov)

Allegory

In the fables of I. Krylov: donkey- stupidity, fox- cunning wolf– greed

STYLISTIC FIGURES

Characteristic

Examples

Anaphora

Repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of passages that make up a statement

It was not in vain that the winds blew, It was not in vain that the storm came. ...

(WITH.Yesenin)

Epiphora

Repeating words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages, lines, phrases

Here the guests came ashore, Tsar Saltan invites them to visit ( A.Pushkin)

Antithesis

This is a turn in which opposite concepts are contrasted to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I’m dumbfounded...

(M.Tsvetaeva)

Asyndeton

Intentional omission of connecting conjunctions between members of a sentence or between clauses

(AND.Reznik)

Multi-Union

Intentional use of repeated conjunctions for logical and intonation emphasis of sentence parts connected by conjunctions

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,

And the azure and the midday heat...

(AND.Bunin)

Gradation

This arrangement of words in which each subsequent one contains an increasing meaning

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry ( WITH.Yesenin)

Inversion

Violation of the usual word order in a sentence,

reverse word order

A dazzlingly bright flame burst out of the oven

(N. Gladkov)

Parallelism

Identical syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech

What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question

A question that doesn't require an answer

Who can live well in Rus'? ( N.A. Nekrasov)

Rhetorical exclamation

Expressing a statement in exclamatory form.

What magic, kindness, light in the word teacher! And how great is his role in the life of each of us! ( IN. Sukhomlinsky)

Ellipsis

A construction with a specially omitted, but implied, member of the sentence (usually a predicate)

I am for a candle, the candle is in the stove! I go for a book, she runs and jumps under the bed! (TO. Chukovsky)

Oxymoron

Connecting words that contradict each other, logically exclusive of each other

Dead souls, living corpse, hot snow

PRACTICAL BLOCK

Questions for discussion and reinforcement :

    What are the main features of an artistic style of speech?

    What area does the artistic style of speech serve?

    What means of artistic expression do you know?

    What groups are the figurative and expressive means of language divided into?

    What are paths called? Describe them.

    What function do tropes serve in a text?

    What stylistic figures do you know?

    For what purpose are stylistic figures used in the text?

    Describe the types of stylistic figures.

Exercise 1 . Establish a correspondence: find the corresponding definitions for the concepts presented below - paths (left column) (right column)

Concepts

Definitions

Personification

Artistic, figurative definition

Metaphor

A turnover consisting of replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features or an indication of their character traits

Periphrase

Using a word or expression in a figurative meaning based on similarity, comparison, analogy

Synecdoche

An expression containing an exorbitant understatement of some phenomenon

Hyperbola

Using the name of one object instead of the name of another on the basis of an external or internal connection between them, contiguity

Comparison

Allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete one lifestyle

Transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them

Allegory

Comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them using the other

Attributing signs and properties of living beings to inanimate objects

Metonymy

A figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration

Exercise 2 . Find epithets in the sentences. Determine the form of their expression. What role do they play in the text? Make up your own sentences using epithets.

1. On the heavenly blue dish of yellow clouds there is honey smoke….(S.E.). 2. In the wild north it stands alone....(Lerm); 3. Around the whitening ponds there are bushes in fluffy sheepskin coats... (Marsh.). 4. B the waves rush, thundering and sparkling.

Exercise 3 .

1. Sleeping the earth in a blue radiance... (Lerm.). 2. I had an early, still drowsy morning left and deaf night. (Green). 3. Appeared in the distance train head. 4. wing of the building clearly needed renovation. 4. Ship flies by the will of stormy waters... (Lerm.). 5. Liquid, the early breeze is already went wandering And flutter above the ground... (Turg.). 6. Silver the smoke rose to the clear and precious sky... (Paust.)

Exercise 4 . Find examples of metonymy in the sentences. What is the metonymic transfer of names based on? Compose your sentences using metonymy.

1. Preparing for the exam, Murat re-read Tolstoy. 2. The class enjoyed visiting the porcelain exhibition. 3. The whole city came out to meet the astronaut. 4. It was quiet on the street, the house was sleeping. 5. The audience listened to the speaker attentively. 6. The athletes brought gold and silver from the competition.

Exercise 5 . Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. What type of trail can they be classified as? Make up your own sentences using the same type of trope.

1. Sundress behind the caftan doesn't run. (last). 2. All flags will come to visit us (P.). 3. Blue berets hastily landed on the shore. 4. The best beards countries gathered for the performance. (I. Ilf). 5. A woman in a hat stood in front of me. Hat was indignant. 6. After some thought, we decided to catch motor.

Exercise 6. Find comparisons in the sentences. Determine the form of their expression. Make up your own sentences using comparisons of different forms of expression.

1. Everywhere large drops of dew began to glow like radiant diamonds. (Turg.) 2. The dress she was wearing was the color of green. 3. The dawn burst into flames…. (Turg.). 4. The light fell from under the hood in a wide cone... (Bitov). 5. Words fall from hot lips like night hawks. (B. Ok.). 6. Day the newspaper rustles outside the doors, a late schoolboy runs. (Slutsk). 7. Ice, like melting sugar, lies on a frozen river.

Exercise 7 . Read the sentences. Write them off. Provide examples of impersonation

(1 option); hyperbolas ( Option 2); c) litotes ( Option 3). Give reasons for your answer.

    Silent sadness will be consoled, And playful joy will reflect...( P.).

    Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea... ( Gogol).

    The autumn night burst into tears of icy tears... ( Fet).

    And we haven’t seen each other for probably a hundred years...( Ruby).

    The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a short sheepskin coat, and large mittens... and he himself from marigold! (Nekr.).

    Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; baobabs to the sky

(Lighthouse.).

    Your Pomeranian is a lovely Pomeranian, no bigger than a thimble! ( Griboyedov).

Exercise 8. Read the text.

It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that only happen when the weather has settled for a long time. From early morning the sky is clear; The morning dawn does not burn with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush. The sun - not fiery, not hot, as during a sultry drought, not dull crimson, as before a storm, but bright and welcomingly radiant - floats up peacefully under a narrow and long cloud, shines freshly and plunges into a purple fog. The upper, thin edge of the stretched cloud will sparkle with snakes; their shine is like the shine of forged silver...

But then the playing rays poured out again, and the mighty luminary rose cheerfully and majestically, as if taking off. Around noon there usually appear many round high clouds, golden-gray, with delicate white edges.

Like islands scattered along an endlessly overflowing river, flowing around them with deeply transparent branches of even blue, they hardly move from their place; further, towards the horizon, they move, crowd together, the blue between them is no longer visible; but they themselves are as azure as the sky: they are all thoroughly imbued with light and warmth. The color of the sky, light, pale lilac, does not change throughout the day and is the same all around; It doesn’t get dark anywhere, the thunderstorm doesn’t thicken; unless here and there bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then barely noticeable rain is falling. By evening these clouds disappear; the last of them, blackish and vague, like smoke, lie in pink clouds opposite the setting sun; at the place where it set as calmly as it calmly rose into the sky, a scarlet glow stands for a short time over the darkened earth, and, quietly blinking, like a carefully carried candle, the evening star glows on it. On days like these, the colors are all softened; light, but not bright; everything bears the stamp of some touching meekness. On such days, the heat is sometimes very strong, sometimes even “soaring” along the slopes of the fields; but the wind disperses, pushes apart the accumulated heat, and whirlwind vortices - an undoubted sign of constant weather - walk in tall white columns along the roads through the arable land. The dry and clean air smells of wormwood, compressed rye, and buckwheat; even an hour before night you do not feel damp. The farmer wishes for similar weather for harvesting grain... (I. Turgenev. Bezhin meadow.)

    Write out unfamiliar words from the text and determine their meaning.

    Determine the style and type of text.

    Divide the text into meaningful parts. Formulate the main idea of ​​the text, its theme. Title the text.

    What words carry a special meaning in the text?

    Indicate words from one thematic group.

    Find definitions in the text. Are they all epithets?

    What means of artistic expression did the author use in the text?

    Write out examples of tropes from the text: epithets ( 1 option); comparisons( Option 2); metaphors. ( Option 3). Give reasons for your choice.

Exercise 9. Read the texts about winter.

1.Winter is the coldest time of the year. ( WITH. Ozhegov).

2. Winter on the coast is not as bad as in the depths of the peninsula, and the mercury in the thermometer does not fall below forty-two, and the further you are from the ocean, the stronger the frost - so old-timers believe that forty-two below zero is something like September frosts on the grass. But near the water, the weather is more changeable: sometimes a blizzard drenches your eyes, people walk like a wall against the wind, sometimes the frost will grab you by the quick and, like leprosy, make you white, then you have to rub it with a cloth until it bleeds, which is why they say: “Three to the nose, everything will pass.” ( B. Kryachko)

    Hello, in a white sundress

From silver brocade!

Diamonds burn on you like bright rays.

Hello, Russian young lady,

A beautiful soul.

Snow-white winch,

Hello, winter-winter! ( P. Vyazemsky)

4. The Russian forest is beautiful and wonderful in winter. Deep, clean snowdrifts lie under the trees. Above the forest paths, the trunks of young birch trees bent in lacy white arches under the weight of frost. The dark green branches of tall and small spruce trees are covered with heavy caps of white snow. You stand and admire their tops, studded with necklaces of purple cones. You watch with delight how, whistling merrily, flocks of red-breasted crossbills fly from spruce to spruce and swing on their cones. ( I. Sokolov - Mikitov)

    Determine the style, genre and purpose of each text.

    Indicate the main stylistic features of each text.

    What linguistic means are used in the texts about winter?

Exercise 10. Create your own free-form winter landscape sketch using at least ten (10) definitions selected from the words below. What function do they perform in the text? Whose text is most successful and why?

White, first, fresh, withered, cool, frosty, unkind, snow-white, angry, harsh, bright, chilly, wonderful, clear, invigorating, prickly, hot, angry, creaky, crunchy, blue, silver, thoughtful, silent, gloomy, gloomy, huge, huge, predatory, hungry, fast, icy, frozen, warm, sparkling, clean.

Exercise 11. Compose a syncwine for the micro-topic “Trails as figurative and expressive means of the Russian language”:

1 option– keyword “Impersonation”;

Option 2– key word “Hyperbole”;

Option 3– key word “Litota”;

Option 4– the key word is “Allegory”.

Exercise 12. Read the text. Divide the text into meaningful parts. Give it a title.

Steppe, shackled moonlight, waited for the morning. There was that pre-dawn silence that has no name. And only a very sensitive ear, accustomed to this silence, would have heard the continuous rustling coming from the steppe all night. One time something rang...

The first whitish ray of dawn broke through from behind a distant cloud, the moon immediately faded, and the earth darkened. And then a caravan suddenly appeared. Camels walked chest-deep in the lush meadow grass mixed with young reeds. To the right and left, herds of horses moved in a heavy mass, crushing the meadow, dived into the grass and riders appeared from it again. From time to time the chain of camels was broken, and, connected to each other by a long woolen rope, tall two-wheeled carts rolled in the grass. Then the camels walked again...

A distant cloud melted, and the sun suddenly poured into the steppe all at once. Like scatterings of precious stones, it sparkled in all directions to the very horizon. It was the second half of summer, and the time had already passed when the steppe looked like a bride in a wedding dress. All that remained were the emerald green of the reeds, the yellow-red islands of overripe prickly flowers, and among the overgrowth of belated sorrel the scarlet eyes of the drupes glowed. The steppe glittered with the steep sides of well-fed horses, fattened over the summer.

And as soon as the sun flared up, the dull and powerful stomping, snoring, neighing, melancholy roar of camels, the creaking of high wooden wheels, and human voices immediately became clearly audible. Quails and blind owls, caught by surprise by the approaching avalanche, fluttered noisily from under the bushes. It was as if the light instantly dissolved the silence and brought it all to life...

At first glance, it was clear that this was not just a seasonal migration of one of the countless villages scattered in the endless Kazakh steppe. The young horsemen did not rush around on both sides of the caravan, as usual, and did not laugh with the girls. They rode in silence, staying close to the camels. And the women on camels, wrapped in white scarves - kimesheks, were also silent. Even small children did not cry and only stared at their round black eyes from the saddlebags - baskets on both sides of the camels' humps.

(I. Yesenberlin. Nomads.)

    Write out unfamiliar words from the text and determine their meaning in a dictionary.

    What substyle of artistic style does the text belong to? Give reasons for your answer.

    Determine the type of speech. Give reasons for your answer.

    What time of year is presented in the text?

    Highlight in text keywords and phrases necessary to convey the main content.

    Write out the paths from the text, determine their type. For what purpose does the author use these figurative images in the text? means of expression?

    Reproduce the text in your own words. Determine the style of your text. Has the functional and stylistic affiliation of the text been preserved?

Art style In general, it differs from other functional styles in that while those, as a rule, are characterized by one general stylistic coloring, then in the artistic style there is a diverse range of stylistic colors of the linguistic means used. Artistic speech refers to the use of not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language - vernacular, jargon, dialects, etc. artistic speech there is a wide and deep metaphoricality, imagery of units of different linguistic levels; the rich possibilities of synonymy, polysemy, and various stylistic layers of vocabulary are used here. All means, including neutral ones, are called upon here to serve the expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist. In a work of art, with a special creative use of the means of the national language, the aesthetic function of the artistic style is expressed. Language fiction There is also a communicative function. The aesthetic and communicative function of an artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which significantly distinguishes this style from others

Noting that in artistic speech the language acts in an aesthetic function, we mean the use of the figurative capabilities of the language - the sound organization of speech, expressive and figurative means, the expressive and stylistic coloring of the word. The most expressive and emotionally charged linguistic units at all levels of the language system are widely used. Here there are not only means of verbal imagery and figurative use of grammatical forms, but also means with a stylistic connotation of solemnity or colloquialism, familiarity. Conversational means are widely used by writers to verbally characterize characters. At the same time, means are used to convey the diverse shades of intonation of live speech, in particular different kinds expressions of desire, motivation, command, request.

Particularly rich possibilities of expression lie in the use of various means of syntax. This is expressed in the use of all possible types of sentences, including one-part ones, distinguished by a variety of stylistic colors; in referring to inversions and other stylistic possibilities of word order, to the use of someone else's speech, especially improperly direct. Anaphora, epiphora, the use of periods and other means of poetic syntax - all this constitutes the active stylistic fund of artistic speech.

A feature of the artistic style is the “image of the author” (narrator) that appears in it - not as a direct reflection of the writer’s personality, but as its peculiar reincarnation. The selection of words, syntactic structures, and intonation pattern of a phrase serves to create a speech “image of the author” (or “image of the narrator”), which determines the entire tone of the narrative and the originality of the style. work of art.

Artistic style is often contrasted with scientific style. This opposition is based on different types thinking – scientific (using concepts) and artistic (using images). Different shapes knowledge and reflection of reality are expressed in the use of various linguistic means. Artistic speech is characterized by dynamism, which is manifested, in particular, in the high level of “verbalness” of speech. The frequency of verbs here is almost twice as high as in science (with a corresponding decrease in the number of nouns).

So, the features of the language of artistic style are:

Unity of communicative and aesthetic functions;

Multi-style;

Wide use of figurative and expressive means (tropes);

Manifestation creative individuality author.

Tropic is a speech technique consisting in such a replacement of a utterance (word or phrase) by another, in which the replacing utterance, used in the meaning of the substituted one, denotes the latter and retains a semantic connection with it.

Expressions “a callous soul”, “peace is on the road, and not at the pier, not at an overnight stop, not at a temporary station or rest” contain trails.

Reading these expressions, we understand that "hard soul" means, firstly, a person with a soul, and not just a soul, and secondly, bread can be stale, therefore a stale soul is a soul that, like stale bread, has lost the ability to feel and empathize with other people.

The figurative meaning contains a connection between the word that is used and the word in place of or in the sense of which it is used, and this connection each time represents a specific intersection of the meanings of two or more words, which creates a special image an object of thought designated by a trope.

Tropes are often seen as decorations for speech that one could do without. A trope can be a means of artistic depiction and decoration of speech, as, for example, in F. Sollogub: “In metaphorical outfit speech poetic dressed.

But the trope is not only a means of artistic meaning. In prose speech, a trope is the most important tool for defining and expressing meaning.

A trope is related to a definition, but, unlike a definition, it is capable of expressing the shade of thought and creating the semantic capacity of speech.

Many words in the language that we are used to using without really thinking about their meaning have formed as tropes. We are speaking « electricity", "the train has arrived", "wet autumn". In In all these expressions, words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how we could replace them with words in proper meaning, because such words may not exist in the language.

The trails are divided into worn out general language (as "electric current", "railway") and speech (like “wet autumn”, “callous soul”), on the one hand, and copyright(How “the world is not at the pier”, “the line of understanding things”) - with another.

If we pay attention not only to the connection between the meanings of the replaced and the replacing words, but also to the way in which this connection is obtained, we will see the difference in the above expressions. Indeed, a closed and unfriendly person is like stale bread, line of understanding things like a line of thought.

Metaphor- a trope based on similarity, the sign of which characterizes the subject of thought: “And again the star dives in the light swell of the Neva waves” / F.I. Tyutchev/.

Metaphor is the most significant and commonly used trope, since the relationship of similarity reveals wide circle comparisons and images of objects that are not connected by obligatory relationships, therefore the area of ​​metaphorization is almost limitless and metaphors can be seen in almost any type of text, from poetry to documents.

Metonymy- a trope based on the contiguity relationship. This is a word or expression that is used figuratively on the basis of an external or internal connection between two objects or phenomena. This connection could be:

Between content and containing: ...started drinking cup behind cup– a gray-haired mother in a chintz dress and her son(Dobychin); Drunk shop and ate diner Isaac(Genis); ...was on first-name terms with almost everything university (Kuprin);

Between an action and the instrument of that action: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid swords And fires (P.);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: No. She silver- on gold ate(Gr.);

Between a populated area and the residents of that populated area: And all Moscow sleeps peacefully, / Forgetting the excitement of fear(P.); Nice sighs with relief after hard and sweet winter labors... And Nice dancing(Kuprin);

Between a place and the people at that place: All field gasped(P.); On every raid forest started shooting in the air(Simonov).

Synecdoche- a trope based on the relationship of genus and species, part and whole, singular and plural.

For example, a part-whole relationship:

To inaccessible communities

I look for hours at a time, -

What dew and coolness

From there they pour noisily towards us!

Suddenly they brighten up like fire

Their immaculate snows:

According to them passes unnoticed

Heavenly angels leg...

F. I. Tyutchev.

Antonomasia- a trope based on the relationship between a name and a named quality or attribute: use own name in terms of quality or collective image: “... a genius always remains for his people a living source of liberation, joy and love. It is the hearth on which, having broken through, the flame of the national spirit flared up. He is the leader who gives his people direct access to freedom and divine contents, - Prometheus, giving him heavenly fire, Atlant, carrying on his shoulders the spiritual sky of his people, Hercules, performing his exploits on his behalf” (I.A. Ilyin).

Names mythological characters Promethea, Atlanta, Hercules personify the spiritual content of a person’s personal feat.

Hyperbola- a trope consisting of a clearly implausible exaggeration of a quality or attribute. For example: “My Creator! deafened louder than any trumpet” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Litotes- a trope opposite to hyperbole and consisting in excessive understatement of a sign or quality. “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Metalepsis- a complex trope that is formed from another trope, that is, it consists of a double transfer of meaning. For example: “An unprecedented autumn built a high dome, There was an order for the clouds not to darken this dome. And people marveled: the September deadlines are passing, and where have the cold, humid days gone?” (A. A. Akhmatova).

Rhetorical figure- a reproducible method of verbal presentation of a thought, through which the rhetorician shows the audience his attitude to its content and significance.

There are two main types of rhetorical figures: selection shapes And figures of dialogism. Their difference is as follows: selection shapes– these are constructive schemes for presenting content, through which certain aspects of thought are compared or emphasized; figures of dialogism are an imitation of dialogical relationships in monologue speech, that is, the inclusion in the speaker’s speech of elements that are presented as an explicit or implied exchange of remarks between the rhetorician, the audience or a third party.

Selection shapes can be constructed by adding, significant omission, complete or partial repetition, modification, rearrangement or distribution of words, phrases or parts of a construction.

Additions and repetitions

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes some characteristic property, quality. The stylistic function of the epithet lies in its artistic expressiveness: Ships near the merry country(A. Blok).

An epithet can be obligatory or optional. An epithet is obligatory, which expresses an essential property or sign of an object and the elimination of which is impossible without losing the main meaning. An optional epithet is one that expresses an incidental quality or attribute and can be eliminated without losing the main content.

Pleonasm- excessive repeated use of a word or synonym, through which the shade of the meaning of the word or the author’s attitude to the designated object is clarified or emphasized. For example: “... we understand even our own face better when it is depicted consistently and successfully, at least in a good, skillful photograph, not to mention a beautiful watercolor or a talented canvas...” (K. N. Leontyev). The pleonasm “one’s own” enhances and emphasizes the meaning of the word being defined, and the pleonastic epithet “good, skillful photography” clarifies the meaning of the main epithet.

Synonymy- a figure consisting of expanding, clarifying and strengthening the meaning of a word by adding a number of its synonyms. For example: “It seems that a person met on Nevsky Prospect is less selfish than on Morskaya, Gorokhovaya, Liteinaya, Meshchanskaya and other streets, where greed, self-interest, and need are expressed in those walking and flying in carriages and droshky” (N. V. Gogol).

The words “greed”, “self-interest”, “need” are synonyms, each of which, however, has a special connotation and its own degree of intensity of meaning.

Accumulation (thickening)- a figure that consists of listing words denoting objects, actions, signs, properties, etc. in such a way that a single representation of the multiplicity or rapid succession of events is formed.


Let's go! Already the pillars of the outpost

Turn white; now on Tverskaya

The cart rushes over potholes.

The booths and women flash past,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

IN general outline, to the main linguistic features artistic style of speech includes the following:

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

Let's look at some examples.

“The feather grass has matured. The steppe for many miles was dressed in swaying silver. The wind took it elastically, flowing, roughened, bumped, and drove bluish-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where the flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bowed prayerfully, and on its gray ridge a blackened path lay for a long time.”

“Various grasses have bloomed. On the ridges of the ridge there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, countless stars shone in the charred black sky; the month - the Cossack sun, darkened by the damaged side, shone sparingly, whitely; The spacious Milky Way intertwined with other star paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

2. The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

“Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:

No, no, I'm alone. I'm there alone.

She didn’t even know where “there” was and, leaving the gate, headed towards the Angara.”

(V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

“The river is seething in a lace of white foam.

Poppies are blooming red on the velvet meadows.

Frost was born at dawn."

(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.

Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author’s figurative thought.

“I caught the departing shadows in my dreams,

The fading shadows of the fading day.

I climbed the tower. And the steps shook.

And the steps trembled under my feet.”

(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and less preference for abstract vocabulary.

“Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step whimpered barely audibly under his foot. Two more steps - and he’s already in the garden.”

“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of blooming acacia. Somewhere in the branches a nightingale was singing its trills, iridescent and subtle.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

6. Minimum of generic concepts.

“Another piece of advice that is essential for a prose writer. More specifics. The more precise and specific the object is named, the more expressive the imagery is.”

“You have: “Horses chew grain. The peasants were preparing the “morning food”, “the birds were noisy”... In the poetic prose of the artist, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, unless this is dictated by the very semantic task of the content... Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds.”

(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

“The rose hips, probably, have been creeping up the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all burst into red, fragrant wild roses.”

(M. Prishvin).

“New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said “fit.” That's not the right word. Reigned, dominated."

(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech management.

The writer names each movement (physical and/or mental) and change of state in stages. Pumping up verbs activates reading tension.

“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhovsky base, and approached the window covered with shutters. He heard only the frequent beats of his heart... He quietly knocked on the frame binding... Aksinya silently walked up to the window and peered. He saw her press her hands to her chest and heard an inarticulate moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the rubble, Aksinya’s bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat so much on his shoulders, these dear hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Gregory.”

(M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”)

The dominant features of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for a fresh image, uncluttered expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only of this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by imagery and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it also uses means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of artistic literature, colloquialisms and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professional business figures of speech, and journalism can be used. The means in the artistic style of speech are subordinate to its main function - aesthetic.

As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech primarily performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official business message function (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function and are subordinate to the objectives of a given artistic style."

In literature, language occupies a special position because it is the building material, that matter perceived by hearing or sight, without which a work cannot be created.

An artist of words - a poet, a writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, “the only necessary placement is the only the right words”, in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express a thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is accessible only to the language of fiction, which is why it has always been considered the pinnacle of literary language. The best in language, its strongest capabilities and rarest beauty are in works of fiction, and all this is achieved through the artistic means of language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are the trails.

Tropes are a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to our consciousness in some respect.

1). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin apositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans - decorating epithet). Wed. in Pushkin: “ruddy dawn”; Special attention theorists pay attention to an epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and an epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: “poor luxury”).

2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another according to some common characteristic (tertium comparationis). Wed. from Pushkin: “youth is faster than a bird.” Discovering the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.

3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex phrases. Wed. Pushkin has a parodic periphrase: “The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously gifted by Apollo.” One type of periphrasis is euphemism - the replacement with a descriptive phrase of a word that for some reason is considered obscene. Wed. from Gogol: “get by with the help of a scarf.”

Unlike the tropes listed here, which are built on enriching the unchanged basic meaning of the word, the following tropes are built on shifts in the basic meaning of the word.

4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative meaning. The classic example given by Cicero is the “murmur of the sea.” The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.

5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) is the case when the whole thing recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is “stern” instead of “ship”.

6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name for an object with another, borrowed from related and similar objects. Wed. from Lomonosov: “read Virgil.”

7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) is the replacement of one’s own name with another, as if borrowed nickname from outside. The classic example given by Quintilian is “destroyer of Carthage” instead of “Scipio”.

8). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) is a replacement, representing, as it were, a transition from one trope to another. Wed. from Lomonosov - “ten harvests have passed...: here, after the harvest, of course, it’s summer, after the summer, a whole year.”

These are the paths built on the use of words in a figurative meaning; theorists also note the possibility of simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literal sense, the possibility of a confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of paths are identified in which not the main meaning of the word changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:

9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration taken to the point of “impossibility.” Wed. from Lomonosov: “running, faster than wind and lightning.”

10). Litotes is an understatement expressing through a negative phrase the content of a positive phrase (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).

eleven). Irony is the expression in words of a meaning opposite to their meaning. Wed. Lomonosov’s characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a timid and meek man...”

The expressive means of language also include stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.

The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the unofficial environment associated with it give rise to a conversational style, while the spheres of social consciousness with the accompanying formality feed book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - a message function.

Among book styles, the artistic style of speech especially stands out. Thus, his language acts not only (and perhaps not so much) but also as a means of influencing people.

The artist summarizes his observations with the help of a specific image, through the skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can only show and draw what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement for specificity is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, for example, spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes and expressive details for his image and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about imagery as the leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “image in words”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and “image through words.” Only by combining both, we get an artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Speech tasks: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristics artistic style of speech. The statement basically happens:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (this person is described, and not people in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; didn’t look, but paid attention, looked.

Words are often used in a figurative meaning: an ocean of smiles, the sun is sleeping.

The use of emotionally evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix za-, denoting the beginning of an action (the orchestra began to play).

Using present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (I went to school, suddenly I see...).

Use of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.

Use of sentences in the text with homogeneous members.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

Shined with forged damask steel

The rivers are a icy stream.

Don was scary

The horses snored

And the backwater foamed with blood... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blissful is the December night. The village sleeps peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that unrest and discord, God forbid, do not disturb the unsteady harmony, do not push people into new quarrels - the Russian side is already sufficiently fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the characters’ remarks reflect the colloquial style of speech, but if the task of creating artistic image, a writer can use both scientific and business in the hero’s speech, and failure to distinguish between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to the perception of any excerpt from a work of art as an example of an artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.

The artistic style of speech, as the name implies, is characteristic of the language of fiction.

Literary scholars and linguists call it one of the most important means of artistic communication. We can say that it is a linguistic form of expressing figurative content. We should not forget that when we consider the artistic style of speech, we are talking at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics. It should be noted that the norms of a literary language are just a kind of starting point for qualitatively different language norms.

Features of artistic style of speech

This style of speech can include colloquial, colloquial, clerical, and many other styles. Every writer's language obeys only those laws that the author himself creates. Many linguists have noted that in recent decades literary language gradually removes restrictions - it becomes open to dialects, jargon, colloquial vocabulary. The artistic style of speech presupposes, first of all, freedom in the choice of words, which, however, must be associated with the greatest responsibility, expressed in a sense of proportionality and conformity.

Artistic style of speech: main features

The first sign of the described style is the original presentation of the word: it seems to be torn out of its schematic connections and placed in “unusual circumstances.” Thus, a presentation of the word arises in which it becomes interesting in itself, and not in context. Secondly, it is characteristic high level linguistic organization, that is, additional ordering. The degree of organization of speech in prose consists in dividing the text into chapters and parts; V dramatic work- on acts, scenes, phenomena. The most complex level of linguistic organization in poetic speech seems to be metrication, stanza, and the use of rhymes. By the way, one of the most striking properties of artistic speech in poetic work is a high degree of polysemy.

IN artistic prose As a rule, ordinary human speech comes to the fore, which is one of the means of characterizing characters (the so-called speech portrait of the hero).

Comparison

Comparison is of great importance in the language of almost any work. This term can be defined as follows: “Comparison is the main way of forming new ideas.” It serves mainly to indirectly characterize the phenomenon and contributes to the creation of completely new images.

Language of the work of art

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the artistic style of speech is characterized primarily by imagery. Each of its elements is aesthetically significant: not only words are important, but also sounds, rhythm, and melody of the language. You can find examples of artistic style of speech by opening any literary work. Every writer strives, first of all, for freshness and originality of the image - this explains the widespread use of special means of expression.