We can talk about man and the world in the categories of exact and natural sciences, in the language of psychology, or in complex philosophical concepts. You can revel in the fear of the unknowability of life or proudly affirm the idea of rational evidence of what is happening and behavior based on genuine knowledge. Writers put heroes in the face of the inevitable need to act, encourage them to be guided social motives or irrational impulses, force them to become victims of their own illusions. Literature reveals necessary and unconditional conditions human existence, correlates them with the mental social experience of the reader, projects the reader’s aspirations in the form of a certain model of the realized past or expected future, formulates them in the context of the chosen artistic method and genre.
A scientific experiment is based on the facts within which it is conducted. The activity of a scientist often excludes everything that can be considered subjective and arbitrary. The undoubted purpose of the experiment is to achieve objective scientific truth. However, often the subjective path of knowledge leads to it, intuition, which, with a successful combination of circumstances and results, will become an axiom and become an observation model and paradigm for followers, because science tends to ignore all particular situations. It is on this basis that it is based.
The world that opened up as a result scientific activity, and the world that resulted literary creativity, marked by differences. For the author of a work of art, unlike a scientist, there are no “random” facts. Reality is so contradictory that it is difficult to guess which element of it should be preferred and which should be ignored. Reality in all its diversity, or, on the contrary, truncated to fragments, is transferred to the book and resides in it in an unbalanced unity.
The diverse facts presented in the text create the illusion of a holistically reproduced world. The boundaries of artistically meaningful reality are no less arbitrary than the source material. Products used artistic expression marked by subjective author's tasks. However, the work cannot be reduced to a random and intuitive expression of the writer's intentions. Any artistic innovation or phenomenon of creative arbitrariness in the selection of material and its artistic development is determined by the psychology of the artist, his tastes, passions, ideological position, moral preferences of the writer, who interprets the world in accordance with the amount of knowledge and from certain philosophical and aesthetic positions. In addition, a literary work develops according to the laws of genre and style. The creative basis for the author is the style, method, and poetics common in a particular era, which define the boundaries of the corresponding tradition.
With all the randomness of the writer’s selection of material, the conventions and subjectivity of creativity - the spontaneity of preference for certain facts, the arbitrariness of the commentary, the paradoxical nature of the time sequence, etc. - his ultimate goal is to offer the reader an image of reality in which the “random” will become an impulse for understanding the probabilistic the nature of private phenomena and human existence.
As a result of artistic generalization, the effect of verisimilitude and recognition by the reader of the world created by the author is achieved. Artistic creativity does not exclude, and often even implies, provocative forms of depicting reality. The intermittent and at first glance chaotic reality of events and sensations for each person takes on a logical picture in the book. The reader perceives the image of reality created by the author’s artistic consciousness as one of the hypothetical options for the realization of the world, which should be avoided or should be transferred to the reality of one’s own existence.
The existence of the heroes, marked with the stamp of uniqueness, becomes the basis of the reader’s “reliable” ideas about life. In this sense, literature can be called a projective model of the reader’s existence and can be partly correlated with the results of a scientific experiment: experience literary heroes becomes a reference model or a false philosophical premise for the reader’s life project. A person correlates the knowledge obtained from a book with his own existence, experiences it, comprehends it, and corrects it. surrounding reality respectively artistic world. Literature becomes a source of reader intuition and subjective assessments that generalize reality.
Of course, the interpretation of any experience mainly depends on the knowledge accumulated by a person. The process of influence of literature on a person can be meaningful and unconscious; the author in the work reveals the diverse connections of the reader with the world around him.
A person makes daily decisions that are determined by the experience gained from the events that have taken place. Nevertheless, any cognitive act is partly the result of the projection of literary situations onto reality. Behavior is guided by intuition, which is based on the synthesis of subjective knowledge ( life experience) with objective knowledge of the situations proposed by the literature. The world presented in the book is contradictory, but the logical boundaries of the presentation - composition, genre, style, completed images, author's reasoning, movement and resolution of the conflict - act as a guarantee of a certain world order. Each work, therefore, bears the stamp of orderliness and relative stability, which encourages the reader to correlate his life with the world artistically created by the writer. Hence the exceptional importance of literature as an institution that offers procedural reality in the form of realized and completed models that determine a person’s place not only in the physical, social, but also in the spiritual world.
The influence of science on literature should not be exaggerated. And yet there are cases when scientific discoveries prepared certain original artistic solutions. Poets of Baroque, Classicism, and the Age of Enlightenment, admiring the omnipotence of science, introduce images of measuring instruments into their works. M.V. Lomonosov composes “Letter on the benefits of glass.” O. de Balzac bases the plan “ Human Comedy"on natural scientific theories. O. Comte's positivism - the rejection of metaphysical claims to reveal causes and essences - largely shaped the aesthetics of naturalism. The ideas of N. Lobachevsky influenced the philosophical concept of the lyrics of the “lyric poet” D. Venevitinov. Scientific ideas became the starting point for the artistic experiments of L. Carroll, the fantastic projects of H. Wells, and the poetic searches of V. Khlebnikov. The model of the universe based on the biosphere concept of V. Vernadsky influenced the artistic quest of Russian writers.
Structural linguistics largely determined the prospects for humanitarian research and literary practice in the 20th century. The 60s of the 20th century in our country were marked by a dispute between “physicists” and “lyricists”.
There are no less numerous examples of scientists recognizing the grandeur of the creative genius of writers. L. Boltzmann spoke about the richness of the spiritual content of the equations of the theory of J. C. Maxwell in the words of J. V. Goethe from the poem “Faust”: “Didn’t God inscribe these signs? They reveal the nature of strength and fill our hearts with bliss.”
References to authoritative thoughts are certainly not proof, but A. Einstein’s words that Dostoevsky gives him more than Gauss have become widely known. The meaning of recognition is obvious: creativity genius artist can liberate the creative consciousness of a scientist and give impetus to his scientific imagination. Any scientific discovery or work of art is a revision of established ideas and often a rejection of existing stereotypes.
Avant-garde writers of the 20th century classify the previously dominant understanding of poetry as an expression of thoughts and feelings or a generalization of spiritual experience as anachronisms. It is argued that poetic thought and feeling cannot penetrate the depths spiritual world modernity. The immediate semantic load of the work becomes unnecessary and meaningless.
Experiments with abstractions and the use of scientific research methods in poetry destroy the conceptual and emotional basis literary work, bring to life an associative letter that is created through complex integrated systems poetic images and multi-stage allusions.
Studying the problem of man in his connections with reality, urban poets survey city highways and communications that connect and contrast individual social groups chaotic crowds. In many ways, such motives and moods are caused by the dynamism of the scientific and technological revolution, which, on the one hand, inspired the idea of grandiose changes in human life, and on the other, frightened with unknown prospects.
Introduction to literary criticism (N.L. Vershinina, E.V. Volkova, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. L.M. Krupchanov. - M, 2005
Specifics of popular science (scientific and educational) literature
Scientific educational (popular) literature is works about science and its creators, not intended for specialists in this field of knowledge. It includes works about the foundations and individual problems of fundamental and applied sciences , biographies of scientists, descriptions of travel, etc., written in various genres
The first popular work about science in Europe was written in poetic form. About the nature of things » Lucretia Cara And " Letter on the benefits of glass » M. Lomonosov. From the conversations arose « History of the candle » M. Faraday And " Plant life » K. Timiryazeva. Known popular works, written in the form of a nature calendar, sketches, essays, “intellectual adventures.”
Popularization scientific knowledge works of science fiction also contribute.
Scientific fiction is a special kind of literature that tells about science, scientific research, the “drama of ideas” in science and the fate of its real creators. The NHL is born at the intersection of fiction, documentary-journalistic and popular science literature Developing into an independent species, NHL maintains a close relationship with all three types of literature. Unlike NPL, whose attention is focused on cognitive and educational tasks, NHL turns primarily to the human side of science, to the spiritual appearance of its creators, to the psychology of scientific creativity, to philosophical origins and consequences scientific discoveries. The NHL can be classified as fictional biographies of scientists and historical figures, works about nature, in which scientific information presented in a figurative form. NHL has not only intellectual and cognitive value, but also aesthetic value; is designed to combine “general interest” with scientific reliability in revealing problems, imagery of the narrative with the documentary accuracy of life material. NHL originated in the 20th century, but some genres of didactic literature can be considered its early examples: “ Works and days » Hesiod, a series of biographies and autobiographies of 19th century scientists. The scientific and artistic works of B. Zhitkov, V. Bianki, K. Paustovsky, and M. Prishvin became widespread in Russia.
NPL and NHL are similar primarily in that these works are based on accurate scientific fact, i.e. information. NPL presents it in a form accessible to the reader, trying to arouse his interest in the reported facts. NHL is distinguished by greater expression of the author’s personality and greater artistry, i.e., imagery.
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25 books that put forward bold and, most importantly, correct guesses about future technologies and events.
1. Mars has two natural satellites
Such a surprisingly accurate guess can be found on the pages of the book Gulliver's Travels, written by Jonathan Swift in 1735. Only 142 years later, in 1872, the satellites of the Red Planet - Phobos and Deimos - were discovered by astronomers.
2. Solar sails
In 1865, in his science fiction novel From the Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne put forward the idea of solar sails. This bold guess was realized 145 years later when the first solar sail (IKAROS) was used.
3. Submarine on electricity
In the book “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” (1870) by the same Verne, the amazing submarine “Nautilus” runs on electricity. Real submarines with an electric motor appeared 90 years later - in the 60s of the twentieth century.
4. Credit cards
Edward Bellamy predicted the appearance credit cards in his science fiction work "Looking Back" 62 years before their invention, which occurred in 1962.
And again we return to Jules Verne. A rich imagination suggested to the writer the idea of aerial advertising, when the inscription is drawn by an airplane in the air through a smoke trail.
The conjecture was expressed in a story written in 1889. It came true quite soon - in 1915 at an air show in San Francisco.
6. Automatic sliding doors
Another great science fiction writer, H.G. Wells, predicted the advent of automatic sliding doors in his novel When the Sleeper Awake (1899). This type of door was invented 60 years later.
7. Tanks
And after a few more yo Wells wrote the story “Land Battleships” (1903), in which he described tanks. After 13 years these combat vehicles appeared on the battlefields of the First World War.
8. Lie detector
IN fiction The first mention of a lie detector can be found in the work of E. Bulmer and V. Machagen “Luther Trent” (“The Achievements of Luther Trant”, 1910). The first use of a real polygraph occurred in 1924.
9. Solar energy
In 1911, Hugo Gernsback began publishing his novel “Ralph 124C 41+” (this work can also take its rightful place on the list of books with the strangest names) in the magazine “Modern Electrics”.
One of the technical predictions concerned the use of solar energy for the benefit of humanity. 67 years passed - and in 1978 the first calculators appeared, which were recharged with the energy of our luminary.
10. Atomic bomb
One of the darkest predictions made by H.G. Wells, which unfortunately came true, was the invention of the atomic bomb and nuclear war, described in the book “The World Set Free” (1914).
Just over three decades have passed and atomic bombs fell on Japanese cities. By the way, in the same novel the English science fiction writer spoke about
A little longer - about 57 years it took Wells's prediction about the use of voice mail to come true (the novel Men Like Gods). This technical innovation became widespread after 1980.
12. Artificial insemination
J. B. S. Haldane became famous as a brilliant popularizer of science and a prominent scientist. In one of his books “Daedalus, or Science and the Future” (1924), along with other interesting guesses, he expressed the idea of artificial insemination.
The first successful “in vitro conception” was carried out after more than five decades, in 1973.
13. Genetic engineering In his famous dystopia “O wondrous new world» Aldous Huxley gave a vivid description of genetic engineering. Today's science has not yet reached the level described in the book, although the first genetic manipulations began back in 1972.
14. Total control
George Orwell painted a very impressive picture of total state control over its citizens in his book “1984,” written in 1948.
And recently, in 2013, a scandal erupted related to the espionage activities of the NSA, which tapped the phones of many American
15. Drop headphones
A description of this type of miniature headphones can be read on the pages of Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451, published in 1950. Music lovers had to wait a little more than half a century until Apple released the first headphones of this type to the market.
16. Communications satellites
In 2001: A Space Odyssey (1951), American science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke predicted the appearance of artificial communications satellites in Earth orbit. We didn’t have to wait long - already in 1965 the first such satellite was launched.
17. Virtual reality
Five years later, Clark wrote The City and the Stars, which references virtual reality video games. In 1966, that is, just 10 years later, the first flight simulator was developed, bringing this brilliant science fiction writer’s guess to life.
18. Waterbeds
Another famous science fiction writer, Robert Heinlein, also distinguished himself in the field of predictions. The 1961 book Stranger in a Strange Land describes waterbeds, and the first patent for them was issued in 1971.
19. Space tourism
The idea of space travel for tourist purposes was expressed by the same Clark in the novel “Moon Dust”, and in practice it was first put into practice by Dennis Tito, the first space tourist.
20. European Union
In John Brunner's book “All Stand on Zanzibar” (1969) you can find a mention of the European Union, which received official
21. Bionic prosthetics
Martin Caidin expressed this idea in the pages of his Cyborg (1972). 41 years later, in 2013, the first bionic leg prosthesis was created.
22. Real-time translation
IN humorous work Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1980) featured a "Babel fish" capable of translating from one language to another in real time.
In 2014, Google introduced real-time translation functionality into its application.
23. World Wide Web
The founder of the cyberpunk genre, William Gibson, predicted the emergence of cyberspace and hacking in his novel Neuromancer.
In the early 90s, the World Wide Web, or simply the Internet, began to cover the Earth with its web, involving more and more people in its virtual networks.
24. The best human chess player will be beaten by a computer before the year 2000
This is precisely the forecast made by Raymond Kurzweil in his book “The Age of Intelligent Machines,” published in 1990, when chess computers were still quite weak and could be beaten by grandmasters almost without problems.
However, just 7 years later, the supercomputer Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov, the strongest chess player on the planet.
Today, chess programs are so powerful that a match between a person and a computer has lost all sporting meaning.
25. The lunar module will be launched in Florida and, returning to Earth, will splash down in the ocean
104 years before the Apollo 11 flight to the Moon, this is exactly how everything was described in Jules Verne’s novel “From the Earth to the Moon” (1865).
The same scenario followed in reality - a team of American astronauts led by Neil Armstrong splashed down in a special module and were soon picked up by the aircraft carrier Hornett.
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Non-fiction a special kind of literature telling about science, about scientific research, the “drama of ideas” in science and the fate of its real creators; is born at the intersection of fiction, documentary-journalistic and popular science literature. Developing into an independent species, N.-kh. l. retains close kinship with all three types of literature; understanding its essence and aesthetics remains a subject of debate. In contrast to popular science literature itself (See Popular science literature) ,
whose attention is focused on cognitive and educational tasks, N.-kh. l. refers primarily to the human side of science, to the spiritual appearance of its creators, to the psychology of scientific creativity, to the philosophical origins and consequences of scientific discoveries. It has not only intellectual and cognitive value, but also aesthetic value; is designed to combine “general interest” with scientific reliability in revealing problems, imagery of the narrative with the documentary accuracy of life material.
N.-kh. l. originated in the 20th century; but some genres of didactic literature can be considered its early examples (See Didactic literature) (for example, “Works and Days” by Hesiod, “On the Nature of Things” by Lucretius Cara, “Metamorphoses of Plants” by Goethe), as well as autobiographies and biographies of a number of scientists of the 19th century. Soviet N.-kh. l. began to take shape at the turn of the 20-30s; At the same time, M. Gorky spoke about the need for “... imaginative scientific and artistic thinking” (Collected works, vol. 27, 1953, p. 107). The works of M. Ilyin, B. S. Zhitkov, “Forest Newspaper” by V. V. Bianki, “Kara-Bugaz” by K. G. Paustovsky, essays by B. N. Agapov, M. M. Prishvin, M. S. Shaginyan. A special rise began at the turn of the 50-60s. (the works of D. S. Danin, O. N. Pisarzhevsky, V. N. Orlov, B. N. Aganov, Yu. G. Weber, A. I. Sharov, etc.), since 1960 annual collections of N.- X. l. “Paths to the Unknown” (Moscow). In the majority foreign literature term adequate to the concept of “N.-kh. l.”, no, and the literature corresponding to it is usually not isolated from the publicly available literature about science. However, many works undoubtedly belong to N.-kh. l.: “Microbe Hunters” by P. de Kreif, “Brighter than a Thousand Suns” by R. Jung, “A. Flemming" A. Maurois et al. Lit.: Andreev K., On equal rights, “The Year Thirty-Seven,” 1954, No. 3; Danin D., Thirst for Clarity, M., 1960; Formulas and images. Dispute about scientific topic in fiction, M., 1961; Ivich A., Poetry of Science, M., 1967.
V. A. Revich. Big Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what “Scientific and artistic literature” is in other dictionaries:
A branch of literature that tells in figurative form about real life scientists, their creative destinies and spiritual appearance, about the drama of scientific ideas. Combines features of fiction, documentary and popular science prose... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Non-fiction- artist lit., the factual basis of which is people and problems of science... Publishing dictionary-reference book
Literature devoted to the description of the “human” in science: the psychology of the creator, the clash of representatives of various schools, the spiritual appearance of scientists, their work, the prerequisites and consequences of discoveries. In scientific fiction, scientific and... Literary encyclopedia
A branch of literature that figuratively tells about the real life of scientists, their creative destinies and spiritual appearance, about the “drama” of scientific ideas. Combines features of fiction, documentary and popular science prose (“The Inevitability strange world"D... encyclopedic Dictionary
SCIENTIFIC FICTION LITERATURE- SCIENTIFIC FICTION LITERATURE, a special kind of literature, addressed primarily to the human aspect of science, to the spiritual appearance of its creators, to the psychology of scientific creativity, to the “drama of ideas” in science, to philosophical origins and consequences... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
SCIENTIFIC AND FICTION LITERATURE- a branch of literature that combines the main features of fiction, documentary and popular science prose, telling about the origin and development of science, the discoveries of scientists, inventions, ideas, etc... Professional education. Dictionary
Popular science literature- literature devoted to the presentation of scientific ideas in a form accessible to understanding wide range non-specialist readers. For the younger generation N. p.l. a source of knowledge of the diversity of the world, familiarization with the joy of the first independent scientific... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
The data in this article is presented as of the beginning of the 20th century. You can help by updating the information in the article... Wikipedia
Location... Wikipedia
Fiction in the Thai language, created and created in Thailand. Traditionally created under the influence of Indian literature. The most famous monument of Thai literature is the Ramakien, the Thai version of the Indian epic Ramayana.... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Gathering of minds. Scientific and journalistic essays, Evgeny Panov. Modern prose- This is not only fiction. This is also journalism. It is gaining more and more attention, and our contemporaries are reading it more and more willingly. The secret is simple: journalism... eBook
One should be surprised not because only in the last third of the 20th century. appeared in Russian literature works of art about scientists and their work (so-called “scientific” prose), but the fact that this did not happen earlier and on a larger scale. The explanation, however, lies on the surface. Everything related to serious scientific research, was strictly classified in the country. Sometimes they talked about the results, but the process of scientific research and what accompanied it remained sealed. Although fiction, naturally, was least interested in the technical side of scientific discoveries and inventions.
Modern scientific artistic prose behind short term managed to surpass the level that was achieved in the recent past by individual works on this topic: V. Kaverin - “Open Book” (1946 - 1954, 1980), D. Granin - “I’m Going into a Thunderstorm” (1962). Scientific prose of the 1970s - 1990s represents a rich layer of works in thematic, stylistic, and genre terms that explore various aspects of the existence of science and scientists.
Firstly, this is scientific and artistic prose, which has achieved particular success in the biographical genre. Of great interest are the biographies of major scientists, which allow you to enter into the circle of their ideas, to feel the confrontation of opinions, the severity of conflict situations through which the path of big science inevitably runs. It is known that the 20th century is not the time of single geniuses. Success in modern science most often comes to a group, a team of like-minded people, although discoveries, of course, are not made without a leader. Scientific and artistic literature introduces the history of a particular discovery and recreates the characters of the leader and his followers, the features of their relationships. These are D. Danin’s books “Niels Bohr” (1976) - about the Danish physicist, D. Granin’s “Bison” (1987) - about difficult fate famous biologist N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky and "Eta strange life"(1974) - about the mathematician A. A. Lyubishchev. This can also include the book by M. Popovsky about the amazing, tragic, long-suffering fate of an outstanding person - “The Life and Vitae of Voino-Yasenetsky, Archbishop and Surgeon" (1990).
Secondly, this is, relatively speaking, everyday prose, depicting the everyday life of scientists and the people around them, in all the variety of problems, conflicts, characters, interesting and acute psychological conflicts. These are the novels by I. Grekova “The Department” (1978) and A. Kron “Insomnia” (1974). An unusual situation is described by D. Granin in the novel “Escape to Russia” (1994) - American scientists are emigrating to our country.
Thirdly, these are books that explore the features of technocratic consciousness, the situation that arises when science becomes a means of establishing a “strong” personality that tramples moral principles for the sake of career, fame, privileges, power. As a rule, the central conflict in such cases is acute and fundamental in nature. Such are the books by V. Amlinsky “Every Hour Will Be Justified” and V. Dudintsev’s “White Clothes” (1987).
Our country has a whole history of confrontation in biological science between supporters of Academician T. Lysenko and genetic scientists. In Dudintsev’s work, geneticists prove their rightness with the help of the most convincing argument - the results of numerous and many years of experiments: “Nature itself speaks in their favor.” But for the writer, the actual scientific side of the matter is in the background. It’s not for nothing that his novel is called “White Clothes.” The epigraph to it is taken from the “Revelation” of John the Theologian: “These, clothed in white robes, who are they and where did they come from?” People who suffered and did not break, did not betray their moral ideals who have not stained themselves with anything - that is who is worthy of white robes.
The writer's work belongs to the moral and philosophical type of narration. " kind person you can’t force him to be bad” - this is stated on the very first pages of the novel. main character, Candidate of Sciences Fyodor Ivanovich Dezhkin, although not without doubts, initially shares the scientific positions of the Lysenkoites, headed by Academician Ryadno. Central story line The book is associated with Dezhkin’s gradual insight and his transition to the Weismannist-Morganist camp, as their opponents call them after the names of the founders of genetics A. Weisman and T. H. Morgan. Not only the scientific inconsistency of Ryadno and his associates, but also the methods by which they maintain their monopoly in biology are gradually revealed to Fyodor Ivanovich. There is no such meanness, lies, baseness that the Ryadnovites would not resort to, resorting to eavesdropping, forgeries, speculation on ideological principles, etc. It was a shock for Dezhkin to learn that the powerful KGB was behind Ryadno. Well, when the arguments of such an institution are used, then the participants in the discussion, at least one of the parties, have time to think about personal safety. Dezhkin himself manages to escape, but his fiancee and main opponent Ryadno Strigalev are arrested, and Professor Pososhkov commits suicide.
But let's return to the novel. Great place its pages are filled with dialogues characters who often have to resort to allegory. Subtext is very important in the book. The reader will have to penetrate the meaning of complex metaphors-symbols: white clothes, hourglass, iron pipe, parachutist, etc. In addition to the change of visible events that form the movement of the plot, the novel contains a tense confrontation of worldviews. The humanistic, optimistic meaning of V. Dudintsev’s work is that justice wins and evil is defeated.
Scientific prose has a future. Reader's interest in similar literature unchanged. There are still many problems that can only be solved through the joint efforts of science and art.