To artistically - expressive means paintings includecolor, stroke, line, spot, color and light contrast, coloring, shape, composition, texture.
Color. Every living and inanimate object has its own color. Just like color, lighting plays a huge role. The effects of color, location in space, air condition affect color. The beauty that we admire and love is the colorful richness of reality, or otherwise color.
The artist conveys with the help of color, color sensations, color combinations, harmony of cold and warm colors all the variety of moods and feelings. And to treat them - joy, anticipation, anxiety, sadness, tenderness.
Brushstroke in painting - a trace of a brush with paint left by an artist on canvas, paper, cardboard. The technique depends on the individual style of the artist; it is very diverse.
Line and spot – a clear outline of a specific object on the canvas with paint. A spot is a tonal, silhouette image of an object. For example, to better understand this expression, let’s look at a spot - a snowy spruce against the background of the distant sky. Or a hill in the dark night sky. It is easier to imagine a line by looking at any picture. Clear lines outline the shadow of one or another object, enhancing feelings of sadness or joy.
Color and light contrast in painting, an example is the sharply highlighting the light and dark relationships of spots and areas of the picture.
Color - a system of color tones, their combinations and relationships in a work of art.
Texture - the surface of the paint layer of a painting: glossy or matte, continuous or discontinuous, smooth or uneven.
Composition – the arrangement of all objects, elements and parts of the work in a certain system and sequence for a better disclosure of the artistic image.
Here we will look atshape and design (structure) of an object, we will see artistic and expressive means -tone, stroke, line.
The shape of objects is determined by outline, contour, silhouette. In simplified form - square, triangle, circle, rectangle. Each item in a simplified form is similar to geometric figure. For example, a ball is round, a TV is a rectangle, a clown’s carnival cap is a triangle.
Design (structure) of objects - the basis of the head start, the framework of the structure of objects. The design of each object is one or another geometric body. Geometric bodies - cylinder, ball, cone, parallelepiped, cube, pyramid. Very often, looking at an object, we see that it has several geometric bodies. In drawing there is a method of drawing, or it is more often called “draft”, when you draw its structure, design, which are not visible to our eyes.
Silhouette in fine art (graphic technique) is a type of graphic representation of an object. This is a monochromatic, flat image of an object. Usually silhouettes are drawn with ink on a light background, or with white on a black background, or a figure is cut out from dark or light paper and glued onto a sheet of a different tone.
Composition in fine graphics – the arrangement of all objects, elements and parts of the work in a certain system and sequence for a better disclosure of the artistic image. The composition is presented in a circle, square, oval, rectangle.
Expressive means of painting, the sequence of execution of a thematic composition, the artist pre-makessketches, studies, drawings, sketches,
thereby creating a picture.
III. Music in works.
II. Language of works.
The works of Aeschylus were characterized by a sublimely mythological, heroic style, full of metaphors from the sphere of war and weapons. It is no coincidence that Aeschylus himself called his tragedies “leftovers from Homer’s table.” Another source of his poetic style was oriental art. This is what Euripides exposes:
All the scamanders, both fortresses and on ringing shields
Griffin eagles, copper and the shine of cephalopods’ speeches, -
Understanding them is the greatest work.
Indeed, the language of Aeschylus’s works is sublime, solemn, and not always understandable. Euripides' language is simple and understandable. His heroes do not “mumble and talk nonsense.” When he goes out, he always talks about his origin first. However, judging by one of the phrases of Dionysus, spoken in the first part, Euripides’ language is not very good. His works are characterized by naturalistic reduction (“the ether is the apartment of Zeus”) and mannerism (“the paw of time”).
Special significance have prologues to the work. Thus, in Aeschylus the hero says a phrase in which two synonyms mean the same thing, which, according to Euripides, is speech redundancy:
Flowed and returned - what's the difference?
“To hear, to heed—here the identity is indisputable.” Euripides is proud that in his prologues there is no unnecessary words. He notices that Aeschylus is prone to repeating the same stable phrases (“Why don’t you rush to help the tired?”)
Aeschylus notes, however, that Euripides’ prologues are constructed in the same way, so all of them can be continued with the line “lost the bottle.” Of course, this is an exaggeration on Aristophanes’ part; not all tragedies are built according to a template, but only those that he chose for his work. But many are really similar in their construction:
God Dionysus, who, holding thyrsus in his hand
And covered with skin, in the glare of torches
Dancing at Delphi... lost the bottle.
A mortal cannot be successful in everything:
One, worthy, perishes in poverty,
Another, worthless... lost my bottle.
These are excerpts from the unsaved tragedies “Ipsipil” and “Stheneboea”.
We cannot say what kind of music accompanied the authors’ tragedies. But Aeschylus in his comedy parodies, with the help of a tambourine, the exquisite mannerisms in the musical composition of Euripides' choral songs. Euripides introduced monody, one-voice arias into the production, following the example of dithyrambic music
Authors who worked in different eras, there is also a different perception of the world. Aeschylus wrote shortly after the Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon. His works glorify mythical kings, great deeds of people, and brave heroes. This cannot be asked of him by Euripides, who claims that in his tragedies Aeschylus brought out people who were arrogant, arrogant windbags. And Euripides spoke simple themes, about the usual, closer life. His hero was the clever Feramenes, who was known among the ancients as an example of a resourceful but unprincipled politician. He was even given the nickname “Feramen the Pinwheel.” Euripides considers it a merit that he introduced common sense into poetry. But Aeschylus believes that Aeschylus's works had a bad influence on the Athenians. He claims in the comedy of Aristophanes that Euripides made rational, honest, truthful people into scoundrels. The people who read his works were heroes in their time, well done, did not start squabbles, and won wars. His works “Seven against Thebes” and “The Persians” were full of the spirit of war and instilled in the Athenians a desire for victory. The famous commander Lamachus, who died during the Sicilian expedition, was raised on his works. As for Euripides, he brought, according to Aeschylus, the “slut” Phaedra onto the stage (in the tragedy “Hippolytus”). The image of a woman in love is completely alien to the heroic work of Aeschylus. Aeschylus sees in the depiction of women in love on stage a decline in morality in Athens. He believes they are not worthy of being depicted. But Euripides created a real psychological drama. It depicts the psychology of each of the characters. In the works of Euripides there were frequent godless sayings; in the comedy he even prays to gods other than Zeus. At the end, Dionysus uses the same sayings, choosing Aeschylus as the winner.
Aristophanes' comedy "Frogs" gives a very subjective characterization to two of the greatest tragedians. In fact, this is a criticism of Euripides, whose work Aristophanes contrasted with Aeschylus. Of course, Aristophanes, as an educated man, understood that new times require new ideas and means artistic expression, so he could not help but see the progressiveness of Euripides’ dramaturgy. On the other hand, Euripides' interest in inner world man, to the passions that overwhelm him and tragic outcome conflicts, to which the incompatibility of contradictory feelings leads, also destroyed the integrity of the moral foundations on which Athenian democracy was based, which gave preference to the public over the personal, like the philosophy of the sophists. Aristophanes in comedy is given very detailed characteristics their creative principles, their poetic style and production features.
43. Menander's domestic drama "Court of Arbitration" and its use in
Roman literature ("The Mother-in-Law" of Terence).
Brief retelling Menander's comedy “The Grouch”. [Before the story began, but had great value. A rich young man named Charisius raped a girl unknown to him on the holiday of Tauropolis. In fact, he was supposed to marry this girl, but everything happened at night, Kharisiy did not remember anything, and they did not recognize each other. Soon he married Pamphyla, who was the one who was dishonored, but he and she did not remember. The husband went somewhere, and she gave birth to an illegitimate child. What to do? Her husband will leave her after this! She decides to give up the baby. The husband's slave Onesimus finds out about this. He tells everything to the owner. According to the laws of Athens, Charisius had the right to return Pamphila to her parents, because he was deceived about the fact that she was a girl. But he does not dare to do this, but simply goes to his neighbor-friend Harestrat to drink and have fun]. This is where the comedy begins. Charisius is having fun at a party with a flutist named Gabrotonon, but she herself claims that he does not let her near the bed. Pamphila's father, Smikrin, knowing nothing about the birth, comes to pick up his daughter from his unfaithful son-in-law, who only spends the dowry and does not pay attention to her. But Pamphila is a girl with character. She doesn't want to leave her husband. At this time, the shepherd Dove found the abandoned child. The child had rich gifts and a ring with him. He took the child, but soon realized that he had nothing to feed him. He left the gifts at home, but wanted to give the child to someone. Met my friend, coal miner Siriska. Sirisk was a slave of Harestrat and begged him to give him the child. He gave it. But then Sirisk began to beg him to give up his rich things, so that if the baby’s parents were found, they could identify him. He doesn't want to. Then they ask Smikrin to judge them. Smikrin, having heard what the matter is, leaves gifts and the child Siriska. At this time, Onesimus sees the ring in the hands of Sirisk. He declares that this is the ring of his master Charisius, and he lost it at the festival of Tauropolis. He takes the ring, but does not dare show it to Kharisius, because then he will have to admit paternity over unknown child. The hetaera Gabr leaves the house of Harestrat O Tonon and sees Onesimus with a ring. He tells her everything, and she remembers that in Tavropolis, where she was, one girl was raped. She knows her by sight, but not by name. She suggests testing Charisius first: pretending that she was the girl at Tavropolis, and then, when he admits paternity, finding his mother. So she does. Then she goes with the child and meets Pamphila, whom she recognizes as her mother. Smikrin tries to take her daughter away from her son-in-law, who, it turns out, has also fathered a child with the hetaera, but she replies that she will not leave her husband in trouble. Kharisiy overhears and, touched, realizes that he is unworthy of his wife. Then Gabrotonon announces to him who the child’s mother is. There is general relief. Gabroton, as a savior, is given freedom. Brief retelling Terence's comedy "Mother-in-Law". The recently married Pamphilus and Filumena are forced to separate for a while. During their marriage, Pamphilus, still in love with his ex-girlfriend Bacchides, does not touch his wife. Pamphil leaves on business on Imbros, and Filumena’s child is born prematurely. The returning husband finds the birth in the house of his wife’s parents, to whom she returned, allegedly not getting along with her mother-in-law. Pamphilus suspects his wife of treason and doesn’t want to see her anymore, and he returns to his old girlfriend, hetaera Bacchida. He does not reveal his wife’s secrets to anyone and says that he is angry with her because she does not respect her mother-in-law Sostrata. Sostrata is ready to go to the village if only the young people are happy. Pamphilus' father Laches and the bride's father Phidippus also try to resolve the conflict. This is also achieved by the hetaera Bacchida, who manages to establish that the ring that Philumena wears was given to her by Pamphilus, who committed violence against her before her marriage, during a holiday when he was drunk. The comedy ends happily, the child finds a father, and all the heroes, not excluding the hetaera, turn out to be kind and noble.
Menander – the last poet Attica gave birth to. He was born in Athens in 342 BC. and lived long life until 293. He worked in the Hellenistic era. This playwright became the creator of the Neo-Attic comedy (IV-III centuries BC). Essentially, this genre can be described as a domestic drama with elements of tragedy and comedy. Menander staged more than a hundred of these comedies, but his contemporaries did not like him. He belonged to the highest aristocracy, was the ancestor of Solon. After the fall of Athenian democracy, his close friend Demetrius of Falersky became governor of Macedon in Greece.
Menander created plays of a conciliatory nature. The comedy no longer expressed social problems, as it was under Aristophanes. The author was concerned with the idea of going into private life; he promoted the principles of humanity - he denied cruel treatment of slaves. It was a soft, humane, intelligent position. It reflected what was happening in Attica. People were no longer interested in politics and went deeper into private life. Menander was also a follower of Thales, who promoted the idea of equality of all citizens in the state.
The dramaturgy of Menander is the heir to the ancient comedy and tragedy of Euripides. His comedies largely continue the traditions of the city fun game on the festival of Dionysus, because despite all the trials that await the heroes, the end of the play is always happy. Menander's constant motives - violence against a girl, abandoning children, recognition - were already used by Euripides. But in Euripides these motives are connected with everyday life, and in Menander they are transferred to everyday life.
The everyday characters of Menander, whom he so skillfully depicted in his comedy, were determined by the phenomena public life. People are tired of wars, strife and upheaval. His characters are also without high demands. Their ideal is calm family life in abundance. His works were not purely comic; there was a mixture of comic and tragic. The author's monologue and dialogue represent everyday speech. There are no archaic expressions here. The choir is gradually leaving the comedy. Thus, in “The Court of Arbitration” there are choral scenes only at the end of acts, between acts.
Comedy “Arbitration Court”. It is approximately two-thirds preserved. The date of its production is unknown, but the skill psychological characteristics scientists place it at the end of Menander's work. First of all, this comedy is distinguished by its masterful portrayal of characters. Menander created a whole gallery of types, which were then actively used in world literature. But what is important is that he managed to enrich typical images, make them alive and authentic. These are images such as:
Old man. The girl's thrifty, grumpy father. Greedy. In the “Arbitration Court” this role is played by Smicrin, father of Pamphila. Having learned about the adventures of his son-in-law, he decides to take his daughter home because he is afraid that Kharisiy will spend the entire dowry on amusements and heteras.
Getera. Educated woman. She knew how to carry on a conversation, she was talented, smart, educated, head and shoulders above ordinary domestic Greek women. In the “Arbitration Court” the role of hetaera is played by Gabrotonone- flutist. She is a typical comedic hetaera, but her individual traits are kindness, honesty and love of freedom. She is not only smart, but also cunning. She knows how to arrange it so that the lovers are together, and she is given freedom. She actively participates in the action and contributes to the fastest resolution of the conflict. In relation to Pamphila, she behaves nobly. At first she wanted to use the foundling for her own purposes, but then she restored the family.
The “arbitration court” was considered classic example new comedy. At the center of comedy - unusual story a married couple in front of whose house the action takes place. This happens near Athens.
Important ideas: When Pamphila's child is picked up by Sirisk, he claims the child's rights to what was thrown with him. For the first time in a comedy, the idea was put forward that an abandoned child has rights. The essence of comedy is that people’s happiness depends on themselves, and a person’s fate, not free from chance, is always determined by his character. This is also said by the servant Onesimus, who claims that all the gods’ concerns about people come down to the distribution of characters.
Household comedy, although realistic, was completely artificial. Greek society was losing control over its destiny. All that was left was to build castles in the air; the comedy moved further and further from reality.
Show off: Aristophanes of Byzantium said: “Menander and life, which of you imitated whom? ”
Subsequent use in Roman and European literature . Menander - ancestor domestic drama, which then passed into Roman literature. His comedies are characterized by 5 acts, a developed intrigue with various motives: the kidnapping of a girl, an abandoned child, memory loss. Chance plays a huge role in Menander's comedies. It is the case that helps resolve the conflict. This solution to the conflict was typical for subsequent mass literature.
Roman comedians made extensive use of Menander's plays, especially Terence, who received the nickname "Half-Menander" from Caesar. But Roman writers treated their sources so arbitrarily that it was completely impossible to find out the originality of the Greek originals from the Latin adaptations.
Publius Terentius (190-159 BC)- was a freed slave of Senator Terence, brought to Rome from Carthage. He received his education in Rome, where he became acquainted with neo-Attic comedy and began to write his plays based on its plots. He showed great interest in the work of Menander (4 of his comedies go back to Menander). He not only drew plots, but also sought to recreate the subtle Menander characters and the humane orientation of his plays. Terence created an imitative comedy. He conveyed not only the plot, but also the characters and style of the Neo-Attic drama. The plot of his “Mother-in-Law” is not too different from “Arbitration Court”. He sought only to give the works of Menander life-like verisimilitude. If the heroes of Menander are ideal types, then the heroes of Terence are individuals closer to reality. So, in “The Mother-in-Law” there is a scene between the slave Parmenon and the hetero Philotis, where she asks him to tell him about the breakdown of Pamphilus’s marriage, since he ex-lover her friend Bacchides. At first Parmenon refuses, but she tells him: “You yourself want to tell me about it!” And he sighed: “Yes, here is my very big vice" Like the works of Menander, Terence's plays were not very popular.
If in the previous period the main business for the Romans was government activity, then that's it now higher value Leisure activities, literature, and philosophy began to become part of the life of the Romans. Cultural affairs were carried out privately, at home, and not in the square, as was customary in Greece. Terence's creativity was a reflection of such a circle of educated nobles. Traditional Roman morality is being revised, and Greek life becomes the ideal.
In the prologue to the work “Mother-in-law” Terence says that the audience twice disrupted the performance, leaving the theater to watch rope dancers or gladiator games. Although Terence's comedies are intended for a few, his achievements in depicting characters are significant and have not passed without a trace in the history of literature. Terence tried to convey to the audience the subtlety of Menander's characters and the grace of the language of Neo-Attic comedy. There are no rude witticisms, vulgar expressions, or buffoonery in his plays. His plays belong to the genre of “touching dramas”, “tearful comedies”. Unlike Menander, the play has more philosophical moments.
Terence's plots are drawn from Neo-Attic comedy. In his plays, the heroes are also young men in love, hetaeras, free girls, strict fathers, obliging slaves, pimps. But, like Menander, he strives to enrich typical images with individual traits. One of central characters his works depict a young man in the grip of his ardent feelings, choosing a line of behavior for himself and reflecting on which path he should follow. The problem of education turns out to be one of the main ones for the poet.
Interestingly, the mother-in-law in the comedy is not evil at all. And she is kind and strives in everything to reconcile the young spouses.
Misha
44. Hellenistic epic of Apollonius of Rhodes "Argonautica".
Brief recap:
The poem begins with a list of heroes whom Jason gathers from all over Greece to go after the Golden Fleece - the skin of a golden ram, on which Prince Frixus once fled from Greece long ago (he fled from the people, excited to kill Frixus' stepmother). The heroes were gathered, Arg built a ship with 50 oars, sat down and sailed across the Aegean Sea. We ended up on the island of Lemnos, where a tribe like the Amazons lives. They lived there for some time, then went to the Sea of Marmara and made their first stop there. Hercules' friend Hylas went into the coastal forest, bent down to the stream and was dragged into the water by nymphs. Hercules ran to save him. The rest were thinking what to do, then a huge head appeared from the sea and said to leave Hercules and swim further. At the second site in the Sea of Marmara, Dioscurus Polydeuces, the son of Zeus and an Argonaut, got into a fight with the local leader and the son of Poseidon, who loved to kill aliens in fist fights. The leader lost, the tribe beat him and sailed on. The third stop was also in the Sea of Marmara, and there they saved the old king-soothsayer Phineus from the harpies, sending certain winged Boreads against them (the harpies). Phineus explained to them how to sail further. Further on turned out to be what is now called the Bosphorus Strait, but then there was a gap between two wandering rocks. On the advice of Phineas, they launched a turtledove, and it managed to slip through, losing several feathers from its tail. This means that we will pass, the Argonauts decided, they stuck their heads in there and, not without the help of Athena, passed through, leaving several boards from the stern in the gap. The rocks froze and became the shores of the Bosphorus Strait. In the Black Sea they meet different lands(tribes of the Amazons, residences of Apollo and Artemis, nests of copper birds, etc.). In Colchis, they ask Aphrodite for help, and she tells Eros to make the daughter of the local king Medea fall in love with Jason. Jason carries out impossible tests from King Eet, with the help of Medea he steals the Golden Fleece guarded by the dragon, loads it (and Medea at the same time) onto a ship and sets sail. On the way, they are overtaken by the son of Eetus with his people, they kill him and sail to Circe (western part Mediterranean Sea), to atone for sin. Then they sail almost the route of Odysseus (Achilles’ mother Thetis helps them jump over Scylla and Charybdis on a sea wave, and the Argonaut Orpheus drowns out the sirens with his music), and in Phaeacia they are overtaken by a second pursuit from Colchis. The king of the Phaeacians decides that Medea must be given back, if she is not yet Jason’s wife, and at night the wedding is secretly celebrated in the cave. In the end, a storm lands them aground in Africa, they take the ship in their hands and sail through the desert for 12 days and nights. Then they find themselves in an oasis and, judging by the dead snake and destroyed rocks, they understand that Hercules has already been here. Finally they arrive at the starting point and go home. This is where the action of the poem ends.
He definitely creates it for someone, assuming that it will be read, listened to, taken away and appreciated. Art is dialogical; it is always an interaction between at least two people - the creator and the viewer. Capturing themes that concern him in artistic images, raising from the depths of his soul subtle experiences and impressions of something, the artist offers with his work themes for reflection, empathy or debate, and the role of the viewer is to understand, accept, and comprehend them. That is why the perception of a work of art is a serious work associated with both mental and spiritual activity, sometimes requiring special preparation and special aesthetic, cultural and historical knowledge, then the work is revealed, its scope expands, demonstrating the full depth of the artist’s personality and worldview.
Species fine arts
The art of representation is the most ancient look creative activity a person who has accompanied him for thousands of years. Even in prehistoric times he painted figures of animals, giving them magical power.
The main types of fine arts are painting, graphics and sculpture. In their creativity, artists use various materials and techniques, creating artistic images of the surrounding world in a completely special way. Painting uses all the richness of colors and shades for this, graphics uses only the play of shadows and strict graphic lines, sculpture creates three-dimensional tangible images. Painting and sculpture, in turn, are divided into easel and monumental. Easel works are created on special machines or easels for intimate display at exhibitions or in museum halls, and monumental works paintings and sculptures decorate the facades or walls of buildings and city squares.
Types of fine art are also arts and crafts, which often acts as a synthesis of painting, graphics and sculpture. The art of decorating household items is sometimes distinguished by such invention and originality that it loses its utilitarian function. Household items created talented artists, occupy pride of place at exhibitions and in museum halls.
Painting
Painting still occupies one of the priority places in artistic creativity. This is an art that can do a lot. With the help of a brush and paints, it is able to convey most fully all the beauty and diversity visible world. Each image created by an artist is not only a reflection of external reality, it contains deeply internal content, feelings, emotions of the creator, his thoughts and experiences.
Color and light are the two main expressions in painting, but there are many techniques for performing work. oil gouache, pastel, tempera. Painting techniques also include mosaic and stained glass art.
Graphics
Graphics is a type of fine art that, compared to painting, does not strive to convey all the colorful fullness of the surrounding world; its language is more conventional and symbolic. A graphic image is a drawing created by a combination of lines, spots and strokes of predominantly one black color, sometimes with limited use of one or more additional colors - most often red.
One of the image methods surrounding reality graphic means is the so-called realistic method. It is based on the principle of the artist’s correct vision and understanding of reality. The realistic method helps to master the correct rules and methods of depiction using graphics, since without certain skills and abilities in his arsenal, it is very difficult for an artist to convey the entire concept in an artistic image. An image made using the realistic method is understandable and at the same time imaginative for the viewer. Without imagery, it is difficult to determine the ideological intent of a work of art and, in general, what is depicted on it. Realistic methods of depicting the surrounding reality include methods such as long nature analysis(long drawing method) and short sketch method(sketch method). Let's look at each in more detail.
The method of long-term analysis of nature involves a deep and serious study of the laws of depicting a form in space (i.e. on a plane). It is based on the structural regularity of the forms of nature, the rules and techniques of depicting on a plane according to the laws of perspective, as well as theoretical knowledge of optics and anatomy. All this helps the artist to see behind the external signs of the object its hidden structure and characteristic features, as well as the laws of the structure of form. He consciously looks at nature, analyzes and depicts it in accordance with its own laws of structure.
Realistic methods require that the form of an object or item be depicted correctly and expressively, that what is depicted delights and captures the viewer, and upon direct detailed examination convinces him that everything is depicted correctly and accurately. One has only to look at the works of great artists and compare them with mediocre works, one will notice that at first glance they are no different, more or less. However, upon closer examination, one can see that in a mediocre picture the image of the form does not look convincing enough, there are violations in proportions, perspective phenomena, and distortions in the anatomical proportions of the human body. Upon careful examination of the works of great masters, on the contrary, all the laws of image construction, starting from the shape of objects, and ending with anatomy and the laws of chiaroscuro, begin to delight with their delightful persuasiveness. The more you look at the work genius artist, the more you begin to admire the knowledge and skill of the great artist.
The method of realistic art, the method of realistically depicting reality, was established during the period of academic drawing from life. First, the student accurately copies everything he sees in nature, then begins to consciously discard small, insignificant details, focusing on the main thing, and finally creates an artistic image of nature. Speaking about the method of realistically depicting reality, Goethe wrote: “I have never contemplated nature with a poetic purpose. I began by drawing it, then I studied it scientifically in such a way as to accurately and clearly understand natural phenomena. So little by little I learned nature by heart, in all its smallest details, and when I needed this material as a poet, it was all at my disposal and I had no need to sin against the truth.”
In order to convincingly and truthfully depict nature in his work, the artist needs to carefully and thoroughly study it, note, highlight its most characteristic features, and during the period of work on the painting, check more than once whether everything intended to be conveyed in the image was sufficiently convincing and accurate. The artist approaches an artistic image in realistic art by comparing his image with nature, by checking and clarifying the structure of the form, the position of a given object in space, lighting, etc. Of course, drawing from life alone does not allow the artist to fully solve the creative concept of the composition . This requires both a lot of creative work and a deeper, more comprehensive study of the method of creative work. And yet, drawing from life plays a dominant role in the artist’s creative work, and sometimes influences the further solution of the entire composition. For example, the search for a compositional solution to the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” by Savrasov shows how sketches from nature gradually changed the artist’s original compositional plan. First, the artist gives a compositional solution to the painting as he first saw it in nature. A new sketch from life (from a different point of view) suggests to the artist a different solution to the composition. Now the focus is on the trunks of birch trees, for the sake of which the artist lengthens the vertical format of the picture and slightly raises the horizon line. Melt water is still in the foreground, with the church located strictly in the middle. However, further observations and sketches from nature radically change the artist’s original plan. The horizon line runs through the center of the picture, the melt water moves to the lower right corner, and the birch trees move to the right. However, the new sketch from life does not yet fully satisfy the artist; he continues to look for a more emotional solution to the composition, which he eventually finds. Thus, thanks to sketches from nature, the artist each time found a new, more interesting point of view, a more expressive and interesting solution to the composition. And we know that only a careful study of nature and excellent mastery of drawing allowed the artist to create such a wonderful masterpiece, from which everyone is delighted, as if from living nature. The method of drawing from life is a process of understanding reality. Method scientific knowledge in drawing comes down to the fact that the student of drawing receives specific knowledge about the laws of the structure of the form of nature.
The second method of depicting the surrounding reality is sketch method conveys the general impression of nature, the most important and significant without elaboration of details: characteristic proportions, movement, individual characteristics. Sketches are quick, concise, small-sized sketches. To create, an artist must know life, learn independent thinking, analysis, be able to observe, and accumulate plastic motives. All this is acquired only as a result of constant sketching.
An artist especially needs observation. This is the main quality of a master of fine art, a characteristic feature of every artist. Observation makes it possible to notice in life interesting points, important phenomena, processes that are the content and basis of a work of art. Without observation, an artist is not able to create an expressive artistic image, independently compose a composition, or simply come up with a particular plot. Without observation, it is impossible to independently find a pictorial motif in the surrounding reality. The main importance of sketching is in developing a creative attitude towards the process of depiction, the ability to find methods and means of achieving expressiveness and imagery. The material of the sketches serves as the starting material for creating graphic and pictorial compositions.
The order of execution of any sketch is subject to the general mandatory principles of the process of any image (long-term or short-term): from general to particular, from large, main masses to smaller, secondary ones, maintaining the impression of integrity. First, you should decide its composition, the location of one or more drawings on the sheet, taking into account the “sound” of each sketch and the sheet as a whole. A sketch differs from a drawing in its great totality and brevity of perception. The artist does not so much analyze the object of drawing as creates a graphic expression of the object based on the knowledge he already has about it, testing his ideas in direct observation. This is important in figurative drawing. Proportions, movement and character are the properties of nature that are conveyed in a sketch. If all these conditions are met, then the sketch may have independent artistic value.