What do the news clips from which the video below is made in common? Right! In each of them the same phrase “unpleasant incident” is used. And in each of them, the editorial staff broadcast a news text with a lexical error. Let's figure out what's going on here.

We look in the explanatory dictionary for the lexical meaning of the word “incident”.

INCIDENT-A; m. [from lat. incidens (incidentis) - happening] Incident, incident of an unpleasant nature; misunderstanding. Border incidents. Possibility of incidents between smb. I. is exhausted (has no bad consequences). Big explanatory dictionary Russian language. - 1st ed.: St. Petersburg: Norint S. A. Kuznetsov. 1998.

As we can see, the word is borrowed. Its meaning in Russian encodes not only information about the event, but also its specific assessment. IN in this case this is some kind of misunderstanding that happened to someone. By adding the adjective “unpleasant” to the word incident, we duplicate information and, of course, make a lexical error. This phenomenon is called pleonasm.

The discussion about total speech errors is becoming increasingly relevant in our time. Even the speech of media workers, which should be a standard, is replete with such misunderstandings, let alone ordinary people. That is why, apparently, ideas arise to introduce an oral part into the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, so that the conversation about speech errors would be conducted in the classroom substantively and constantly. But it's never too late to become a schoolboy again for a while.

Pleonasm, lapalissiades, perissology, isosemy, tautology... Don't be afraid, they are not contagious.

Although it is not only facility workers who need to carefully monitor them mass media and writers. Such mistakes do not make anyone happy. They, like weeds, can spoil our speech. In order to “remove them by the roots” if possible forever, it is necessary to “know the enemy by sight.”

We have already become acquainted with pleonasm. This is a fairly common linguistic phenomenon, although many may read its name for the first time. Home it distinguishing feature- redundancy, excess. In Russian in such cases they usually say “oil oil”. By the way, this repetition of words with the same root is called tautology. Many linguists believe that tautology is a type of pleonasm.

Semantic pleonasms are associated with semantics, the lexical meaning of a word. Such pleonasms often include borrowed words. It's not hard to guess what the reason is. The person does not quite correctly understand what this word means, and adds another word, this time Russian, which duplicates the meaning of the first. This phenomenon is called perissology. Here are the most common examples:

• Price list. Price list (German Preiskurant, from Preis - price and French courant - current) - a directory of prices for goods.
• Timing of time. Timing (Greek chronos - time and metreo - measure) is a method of studying the time spent on performing cyclically repeating manual and machine-manual operations.
• Interior. Interior (French: interiorieur)
• Made his debut for the first time. Debut from French début - beginning, appearance). A debut is the first appearance of an artist in public. Opening (chess) - the beginning of a chess game.
• Atmospheric air. Atmosphere (from ancient Greek ἀτμός - “steam” and σφαῖρα - “sphere”) - air envelope Earth.
• First premiere. Premiere (French première - “first”) - first show, first performance.
• There are many such examples: another alternative, free vacancy, the most optimal, nostalgia for the homeland, main priority, incriminate guilt, hair depilation, memorial monument, memorable souvenir, folklore, biography of life, my autobiography, patriot of the motherland, work colleague, national referendum, demobilize from the army, additional bonus, exciting thriller, interactive interaction, information message, extremely extremist, 24/7 non-stop, local aboriginal, people's democracy, unusual phenomenon, optional elective , unexpected surprise, main leitmotif, counterattack, prospects for the future, complete fiasco, full house, popular hit, preliminary announcement, summit top level, stable stabilization, strict taboo, screenshot from the monitor screen.
• Sometimes native speakers misunderstand the lexical meaning of native words. There are also our, domestic, semantic pleonasms that go beyond language norm: torrential downpour, five rubles of money, thirty construction workers, the month of March, ultimately, to go back, met for the first time, gesticulated with his hands, nodded his head, blinked his eyes, temporary delay, illegal gangs, the main point, takes place, the real truth, a short moment, personally, surprisingly strange, initial basics, unconfirmed rumors, flock of sheep, retreat back, feathered birds, repeat again, completely destroyed, pre-planning, warn in advance, equal half, mix together, joint meeting, see with your own eyes , hear with your own ears, getting a job, going up/down the stairs.

Remember these expressions and don’t let them into your speech anymore. This is exactly the case when there is obvious redundancy and duplication of information.

On the other hand, language - This is a very complex living organism, and, of course, there are cases when everything is not so simple.

Types of pleonasms

IN lately Pleonasms began to appear more and more often, which include the abbreviation: CD, ERD diagram, IT technology, RAID array, VIP person, GPS system, SMS message. In this case, it is more difficult to get rid of duplication, since the main lexical meaning is encoded in just one letter. Moreover, this letter - the Latin alphabet, and the word that is encrypted in it is also foreign, most often English. The Russian equivalent within the expression serves as an explanation. There are also domestic abbreviation pleonasms. For example, “power lines” or “AvtoVAZ”.

Some pleonastic combinations have already become entrenched in the language and have become the norm. A striking example- “butter sandwich.”

The original meaning borrowed from German language words gradually faded from the memory of native speakers. A sandwich, as we understand it, can be made not only with butter, but also with sausage, caviar, cheese, and so on.

Another type of semantic pleonasm is verbosity. Example: he walked towards the house. This phrase contains words that add nothing to its meaning - "in the direction".

Pleonasms are not always errors. Stylistic pleonasm is characteristic of colloquial, journalistic and artistic speech, especially folklore, where pleonastic epithets and comparisons can crystallize into stable poetic formulas: path-path, pole-field, sadness-longing, grief-worry, fate-fate, young-green, ocean-ocean.

Stylistic pleonasms (they are also called expressive) are often used deliberately in fiction. This is the author's technique, not a mistake.

Oh field, field, who are you
Dotted dead bones?
Whose greyhound horse trampled you
In the last hour of a bloody battle?

Agree that Pushkin’s pleonasm from “Ruslan and Lyudmila” adds imagery.

And here is a vivid speech description of one of Chekhov’s characters. “Take this case for example... I disperse the people, and on the shore on the sand drowned corpse of a dead man. For what reason, I ask, does he lie here? Is this order? What is the police officer looking at? Why, I say, police officer, don’t you let your superiors know? Maybe this drowned dead man drowned himself, or maybe this thing smells like Siberia. Maybe there is a criminal homicide here...”(A.P. Chekhov, “Unter Prishibeev”)

To be fair, it must be said that pleonasm in linguistics is not considered exclusively a speech error. Scientists define it more broadly. This is precisely a speech pattern that, under certain circumstances, either goes beyond the boundaries of the norm or is considered completely acceptable. IN colloquial speech it can be used to enhance emotion or comedy.

Lyapalissiad: what kind of animal is this?

Here interesting example- English poem " Guinea pig"(translation by S.Ya. Marshak):

Guinea pig
Was
Mala
And that means she wasn’t a big pig.
The legs worked
The little pig has
When I ran away
She's on the path.
But she didn’t stand
When I was running,
And she was not silent
When she screamed.
But suddenly for some reason
She died
And from this moment
I wasn't alive.

The poet used the lyapalisiad in this text . This is another type of verbal redundancy - a statement of obviously obvious facts, bordering on absurdity. They usually create comic effect in inappropriate, sometimes even tragic situations: “he was dead and did not hide it.”

Yours exotic name Lapalissades were obtained under very interesting circumstances. The term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis Jacques de La Palis. According to legend, the soldiers composed a song about him, which included a play on words: “S’il n’était pas mort, Il ferait encore envie” (if he had not been dead, they would have envied him). The phrase can be read differently: “S’il n’était pas mort, Il serait encore en vie” (if he were not dead, he would be alive).

Tautological tautologies

Many scientists recognize tautology as one of the varieties of semantic pleonasms. This term is better known and is usually strongly associated with the phrase “oil”, which we already mentioned above. These are expressions that include repetition of the same (single root) or similar words. Most often this repetition is unfounded: smiled, smile, young girl, resume again, ask a question.

If pleonasm is an unreasonable excess, verbosity, as they say, “woe from mind,” then tautology is considered a more serious speech error, since it usually indicates poverty vocabulary and illiteracy.

But there are exceptions here too. Sometimes a tautology is a variant of the norm. For example, in colloquial and poetic speech the following combinations are used: bitter grief, wonderful miracle, wondrous wonder, black night, white day, icy water, mortal melancholy. Such epithets are considered quite a characteristic feature of poetic speech.

On the Internet I found a wonderful example of a parody that perfectly explains the essence of the tautology. The Moldovan comic duo “Ostap and Bender” came up with a miniature called "An Unusual Lesson", where almost all dialogues deliberately include tautological expressions. At the end of the scene the following poem sounds:

Lukomorye has a crafty bow,
Chain chain on that chain.
Half day to noon
Somewhere around noon
The walker is a stilted walker.
He will go to the right, from the right - right,
He goes to the left - left there.
There are more wonderful miracles there,
There were no more wonderful miracles.
There on unknown paths
Traces are chasing, watching.
There's a chicken on chicken legs
Kurei supervises while smoking.
And I was there, I was there, I was there,
I drank honey with honey...

In addition to semantic pleonasms, there are also syntactic ones. In them, redundancy and duplication of information extends not to one expression, but to entire syntactic structures. Compare two sentences: “She told me that she would come tomorrow” And "She told me she would come tomorrow."

Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the words “about” are considered in this case as pleonastic, that is, redundant.

Time to check yourself

Let's now consolidate the result and try ourselves in the role of a strict and impartial television editor. Find semantic pleonasms in the proposed videos. By the way, all of them have already been met earlier in this article. At the same time, we'll check your attention.

If you personally found all 15 errors, then you can consider the test on the topic “Lexical errors. Pleonasm" in your pocket. Apparently you learned your lesson well in the end.

Topic 3.4. Lexical errors and their correction

Lexical compatibility of words- this is the ability of a word to connect with other words of the context without violating the semantic and grammatical patterns of word combinations. Lexical compatibility is determined by the language of the possibility of combining words within a phrase or connecting a subject with a predicate. An extreme case of the dependence of words on such a possibility can be considered phraseological units of language.

The deliberate violation of semantic or grammatical patterns of word combinations underlies some stylistic figures and tropes.

An unintentional, accidental violation of lexical compatibility leads to a speech error. A common case of violation of lexical compatibility is a construction in which parts of synonymous phrases are mistakenly combined: play a role (play a role and make a difference), take action (take action and take action).

Lexical redundancy- This common name two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, associated with the presence in a sentence of two words instead of one.

Lexical redundancy is used as stylistic device gains: see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears.

Pleonasm- this is lexical redundancy that arises due to duplication of the lexical meaning of one word by another, whole or any part of it: interior interior(the interior already matters internal), stand idle.

There are two types of pleonasms. Pleonasm is obligatory, or structurally conditioned, which is not a stylistic error and is widely represented in the language: go down the mountain(duplication of preposition and prefix), never read it.

Pleonasm– a stylistic error in which unnecessary, redundant words are combined into a phrase or sentence. PLEONASM(Greek – excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiyan. This device is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the story or enhancing emotions and assessments: Extremely strange indeed! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); – I didn't see you whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak.(A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad - Sergei Mikhailovich pleonastic; enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more unnecessary because more important means "more important"), first premiere(enough premiere– “the first performance of a play, film or performance piece of music"), atmospheric air(enough air– “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately(Right ultimately or enough in the end), go back(verb return indicates movement backwards, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(enough import– “import from abroad”).

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibition exhibit(Latin exhibitus means "on display"), people's democracy (democracy translated from Greek language"power of the people").

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means speech characteristics characters: – Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).

Tautology- this is lexical redundancy, in which words with the same root are repeated within a phrase or combination of subject and predicate in a sentence: soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

The tautology is humorously demonstrated in the program “Baby Monitor” in the following poem:

I prefer autumn most of all,

When everything bears fruit,

And in the hayfield they cut hay with a scythe,

And there is butter on the table.

Often tautological repetitions are not a stylistic error, but the only possible characteristic of an object (salt, life to live). Tautological combinations of words are found in folk poetic works, in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service.

Unintentional tautology indicates an inability to use the synonymous richness of the language, that is, it is a stylistic error.

Lexical repetitions– stylistically inappropriate repetition of the same words: I study at a technical school. After graduating from technical school, I will work in the gas field.

Lexical deficiency– a stylistic error consisting of omitting a necessary component of a phrase: I am deeply concerned about this question. Lexical deficiency is sometimes associated with linguistic phenomenon which is called acquisition: he drinks (alcoholic beverages), his brother serves (in the army). But with lexical insufficiency, such semantic contraction does not occur, and the fulfillment of the missing component of the phrase remains necessary.

Tautology, pleonasm, and inappropriate repetitions of words make the text dissonant and make it difficult to perceive. The reasons for such errors are common: poverty of speech, inability to use synonyms, ignorance of the lexical meaning of words, as well as underdeveloped “speech hearing”: the speaker does not notice that he is inappropriately using words that are close in meaning or have the same root.

The use of phraseological units in speech obeys historically established rules established by tradition. From a stylistic point of view, phraseological units of language are heterogeneous. Some of them have a colloquial or colloquial emotional-expressive coloring and therefore are not used in purely bookish styles (official business and scientific). Other shades of bookishness refer to high vocabulary and are often included in poeticisms.

As a language game, one encounters the deliberate destruction of a phraseological unit, the replacement of one of the components in order to give a different, often ironic meaning: The one who shoots first laughs well.

Unintentional destruction of phraseological units is a stylistic error.

TAUTOLOGY(Greek - the same and - word) - a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship , A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will ; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat while eating .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief .

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky laughing mine I'll laugh "(N. Gogol); " How the mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young girl ! "(Z. Ezrohi), " Law There is law "(from the newspaper).

Tautology is lexical error, if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, have a sportive attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is said like this: oil oil.

PLEONASM - use unnecessary words, which do not add new meaning to what was said, i.e. duplication of meaning, NOT roots.
For example: “go back”, “memorable souvenir”, “price list”, “vacancy”, “another alternative”, “nostalgia for the homeland”, “interior”, “protective immunity”, “first premiere”, “folk folklore", "fall down", "pre-announcement", "gesticulate with hands", "top priority", "incriminate guilt", "complete fiasco", "memories of the past", "huge metropolis", "himself personally", " with your own ears (eyes, hands)", "attempted assassination attempt", "takes place", "hard Sisphean work", "Ariadne's guiding thread", "working class of the working people", "true truth", "entirely and completely" , "people's democracy", "go down", "go up", "more better position", "full right", "me personally", "my autobiography", "united union", "service".

BUT! In literature and poetry, the presence of pleonasm is allowed. This is how we will remove from fairy tales: path-path, once upon a time, sea-ocean?

***************

TAUTOLOGY or IDENTITY - the use of words of the same root (i.e., close in meaning), creating semantic redundancy.
1) It is allowed in literature: “friendship is friendship, and service is service”, “packed to the brim”, “soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”, “sitting around” “grief is bitter”, “they will laugh with laughter”, making riddles.
2) Tautology is a lexical error in ordinary speech and journalism. For example: “put together”, “dance a dance”, “resume again”, “butter butter”, “a table is a table”, “torrential downpour”, “the storyteller told”, “the highest peaks”.

*****************

Reviews

There is also a so-called hidden tautology, combinations with words of foreign origin, for example, “service”.

I think that “nostalgia for one’s homeland” is not necessarily a pleonasm; one can be nostalgic not only for one’s homeland, but also for the past. Although, of course, it depends on the context.

In general, the note is useful.

"service" ABOUT! Thanks Andy. Now I’ll add pleonasm to this piggy bank.
Nostalgia for the past is acceptable, but nostalgia for the homeland is not.

The daily audience of the Proza.ru portal is about 100 thousand visitors, who in total view more than half a million pages according to the traffic counter, which is located to the right of this text. Each column contains two numbers: the number of views and the number of visitors.

Topic 4. Lexical speech errors.

4.1. Lexical compatibility.

The meaning of a word is important when combining words, because in speech we do not use a word in isolation, but together with other words.

Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other: long way(but not long way). If we do not take into account their lexical meaning when combining words, we may end up with simply absurd statements. You can't tell "yellow watermelon" it can only be red or green; can't say "round the clock" but they say "all year round" etc.

4.2. Lexical redundancy (pleonasm and tautology).

Lexical redundancy is the common name for two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, denoting unnecessary, inappropriate verbosity.

Lexical redundancy is used as a stylistic device for reinforcement: see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears, make with your own hands.

4.2.1. Pleonasm- This speech redundancy, arising due to the construction of the lexical meaning of one word by another, whole or any part of it: interior interior(word "interior" already has the meaning “internal”); stand idle(words "stand idle" thanks to the prefix it has the meaning “idle”); go back(the word “return” already has the meaning of the opposite direction); fall down(it is simply impossible to fall upward); gesticulate with hands(you can’t gesture with anything else).

There are two types of pleonasms. One type is not a stylistic error and is widely represented in the language: go down the mountain(duplication of preposition and prefix), never read it(duplication of negation by particle and adverb). The second type of pleonasm is a stylistic error in which unnecessary words are combined into a phrase or sentence: It has rained in the past few days.

4.2.2. Tautology- this is lexical redundancy, in which words with the same root are repeated within a phrase or connection of subject and predicate in a sentence: Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

A tautology may not be a mistake if it is a stylistic device. This is a deliberate tautology: The writer writes, the reader reads.

An unintentional tautology is a stylistic error. For example, in the sentence Unsolved problems need to be solved– an unintentional tautology, words with the same root are repeated. To correct this stylistic error, you need to replace one of these words: Existing problems need to be solved.

4.3. Lexical deficiency(incompleteness of statement) is a stylistic error consisting of omitting a word in a phrase: I am deeply concerned about this question.

The meaning of the missing word is taken over by the remaining word: he serves (in the army), he knows (foreign) languages ​​well.

But often lexical insufficiency leads to unclear speech, and sometimes creates a comic effect: The birthday party starts at five o'clock. There's a missing word here "celebration" Without this word, the statement takes on a completely different meaning.

4.4. Errors in the use of synonyms.

4.4.1. Synonymous repetition: one phenomenon, object, action is designated by several synonyms. In this case, synonymous repetition is used as a stylistic device in literature for a deeper disclosure of the image: He had a thin, even squeaky voice. Sometimes, when repeated, synonyms are so closely linked to each other that they are written with a hyphen: sadness eats him up.

4.4.2. Violation of lexical compatibility norms: vouch – guarantee. Verb vouch combines with prepositions for, in; Ch. guarantee used without a preposition. For example: vouch for success, vouch for fidelity; guarantee success, loan repayment, guarantee payment.

It is important to take into account the lexical meaning of words, as well as differences in meanings and semantic shades. For example: guiding, instructive, directive. General – meaning: “coming from the person who carries out management, or containing certain instructions, norms.” Differences appear when combined with other words: body, document, position, person, report, decision, instruction.

Leading– standing at the head of management, guiding, giving instructions; instructive– containing guidelines; directive- translation zn.-e - categorical, which does not tolerate objections, the main meaning is the guidelines of the highest body to subordinate bodies.

Right: governing body, leading position, leading person; guidance document, guidance report; directive document, directive decision, directive instruction.

4.5. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means.

Linguistic units (words and phrases) have not only lexical meaning, but also a stylistic coloring, which is determined by the sphere of use and the emotional and expressive (books: expression of feelings, experiences, expressiveness) qualities of speech.

4.5.1. Cliche.

In speech, there are ready-made turns of phrase that are familiar to native speakers (speech stereotypes, ready-made turns of phrase), which are easily reproduced in certain situations, conditions and contexts of the standard, are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Such revolutions are called cliche(from the French cliche “to make impressions”). Clichés exist in all styles of speech. In colloquial speech, these are ready-made expressions for situations that we encounter every day. For example, greetings: hello, good afternoon, hello, in transport: Are you getting off? who's last? etc. Clichés are used in official business documents ( summit), V formal business style: we, the undersigned; V scientific style: our own correspondent. Knowledge and correct use of clichés indicates good command of speech.

4.5.2. Unlike the cliché stamps They are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Example: Rose during voting forest of hands Too frequent use of some figurative expressions leads to the fact that these expressions become hackneyed and turn into cliches: red thread, typical representative etc. Speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, the use of cliches is a stylistic flaw

4.5.2.1. Types of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: work - everyday, level – tall, support – warm. Numerous journalistic stamps (field workers, city on the Volga), literary studies (exciting image, angry protest).

4.5.3. Stationery- these are words and expressions used in an official business style, where it is quite natural, with emphatically official relations that arise, for example, with a client, customer, performer, passenger, etc. Clericalisms give official texts special significance. They are used, in particular, when drawing up contracts: Unilateral termination of this Agreement is permitted by a court decision that has entered into force in cases established by law, as well as in accordance with this Agreement. But when they penetrate other styles, it leads to a violation of stylistic norms. For example: “As soon as you step outside the gate, immediately green area." In this sentence it would be more appropriate to use instead "green massif" some other words: "forest", "greenery".

In other speech styles bureaucracy are inappropriate, then they are cliches. For example: « Has place lack of spare parts."

4.5.4. Paronyms.

Paronomasia– deliberate use of paronyms.

If mixing paronyms is a gross lexical error, then the deliberate use of two words - paronyms in one sentence is a stylistic figure called “paronomasia” (from the Greek near, near + call).

Paronomasia is called a binary figure of stylistics, since both paronyms take part in it. This figure is widespread, and in short it can be called binary. Chatsky: “I’d be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served”(Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”).

By the way, the emphasis in this word is in two variants: paronomasia and paronomasia.

Verb put on used only when the action is directed at oneself (I or he put on a coat, hat, glasses, socks) and can be continued with a preposition on. If the action is directed at another, then the preposition on simply a must (put a hat on his son, put a collar on the dog). Speech errors in use lexical units. 1.1. Lexical meaning of the word. Word " lexical"means...

E.N. Gekkina
senior research fellow Institute of Linguistic Research RAS,
Candidate of Philological Sciences

PLEONASM (Greek – excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiyan. This device is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the story or enhancing emotions and assessments: Extremely strange indeed! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); – I didn't see you whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak.(A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad - Sergei Mikhailovich pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, since more important means “more important”), first premiere (premiere is sufficient - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air(enough air - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately(Right ultimately or enough in the end), go back(the verb return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(it is enough to import – “import from abroad”).

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibition exhibit(Latin exhibitus means "on display"), people's democracy(democracy translated from Greek means “power of the people”).

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: – Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).

TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - word) is a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship, A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will ; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat while eating .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief .

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky laughing mine I'll laugh "(N. Gogol); " How the mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young youth! "(Z. Ezrohi), " Law There is law "(from the newspaper).

Tautology is lexical error, if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, have a sportive attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is spoken of as follows: oil oil.