In the basement of the tautology lovers club was discovered
the dead body of a dead man killed to death

Pleonasms and tautology are quite close concepts. Both are characterized as verbosity.

PLEONASM - a figure of speech in which some element of meaning is duplicated; the presence of several linguistic forms expressing the same meaning, for example, “the conversation was long and protracted”

TAUTOLOGY - repetition of the same or similar words in meaning, for example, “clearer than clear,” “cries, filled with tears.”

IN colloquial speech pleonasms are common - “I saw it with my own eyes”, “Are you planning a joke for me here?”, “I completely agree.”
IN in this case pleonasms are used to emotionally enhance the effect of a statement or to create a comic effect.

Take this case for example... I disperse the people, and on the shore on the sand there is a drowned corpse dead man. For what reason, I ask, does he lie here? Is this order? (Chekhov. Unter Prishibeev)

In folklore and poetry, pleonasm contributes to the melodiousness of speech and the creation of imagery - “path-path”, “pole-field”, “grief-grief”.

But without fear, without fear, Shengibis went out to battle (Song of Hiawatha, translated by Bunin)

For the language creator - the people, the great artist of the word - the rationalistic side of language is not enough. He needs his speech to be coherent and harmonious, to have rhythm, to have music, and, most importantly, to have expressiveness. (Chukovsky. Alive as life)
In the combination “shame and disgrace,” Chukovsky heard a poetic meter (anapaest). And the fact that two words here “begin with a single sound [s], ... plays an important role.” This phrase is “so expressive, so impeccable in rhythm and sound writing.” - “And shame on unclean chimney sweeps! Shame and disgrace! (With)

Most often - alas! – pleonasm is a defect in style and indicates the author’s lack of literacy.

Who among us is not a sinner and has not written:
“went down the stairs” - is it possible to go up?
“He nodded his head in agreement” - but can you nod your foot in disagreement?
“the soft light of the evening sunset...” - can there be a sunset in the morning?
and so on.

Everyone makes such mistakes, but! only graphomaniacs offer readers texts full of phrases - “price list”, “timekeeping”, “patriot of the motherland”, “young girl” and so on.

Pleonasms are SYNTACTIC and SEMANTIC.

Syntactic pleonasm is the result of excessive use of functional parts of speech, for example: “He told me that he was hired for another job” (“about that” can be omitted without losing the meaning)
or “I know that he will come” (the conjunction “that” is optional when connecting a sentence with the verb phrase “I know”).
Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the words “about” and “that” are considered pleonastic in this case.

Semantic pleonasm is more a matter of style and use of grammar.
As individual species Semantic pleonasm is distinguished by perissology (or synonymous repetition) and verbosity.

In perissology, the semantic meaning of one word is included in another, for example:
- We went up the stairs.
- Each buyer receives a free gift.
- There is no other alternative.

When verbose, sentences or phrases include words that do not increase the overall semantic load, for example, “He walked towards the house.” “In the direction” is redundant.

Here is a short list of expressions to avoid:

Joint meeting, joint agreement, joint alliance, joint cooperation, mutual cooperation

Memorial monument, souvenir, folklore, biography of life, my own autobiography

Young girl, young guy, old man

Illegal gangs, deliberate slander, defamatory slander, patriot of the motherland

Colleague at work, vacancy, the most profitable, the most optimal solution, answers from respondents

SI system, CD-ROM, VIP person, wooden wood products, apple charlotte, first debut

Overturned and upside down, dreamed about it in a dream, poisoned it with poison, clenched his fist, stopped at a bus stop, looked with his eyes, rose up

The list can be continued, but I think everything is clear.

What to do? How not to embarrass yourself in front of a corrosive reader?

Proofread! Proofread and proofread again!

And then in your novels a white albino will never ask a black black man: “Is it true that butter is butter?”

© Copyright: Copyright Competition -K2, 2014
Certificate of publication No. 2140428001

During the process of literary editing of a manuscript, the editor often has to note errors in word usage. The wrong choice of word makes the speech inaccurate, and sometimes distorts the meaning of the statement.

In such cases, they talk about using a word without taking into account its semantics. Such lexical errors arise as a result of the author’s stylistic negligence, inattention to the word or poor knowledge of the language. New railways will arise in areas difficult to develop.

Wrong word choice can cause various speech errors. Thus, due to inaccurate word usage, anachronism may arise (violation of chronological accuracy when using words associated with a certain historical era): IN Ancient Rome Plebeians dissatisfied with the laws organized rallies.

Incorrect use of words often leads to logical errors. Among them we will name alogism - a comparison of incomparable concepts, for example: The syntax of encyclopedic articles is different from other scientific articles. It turns out that the syntax is compared with scientific articles.

The reason for the illogicality of the statement may be the substitution of the concept, which often arises as a result of incorrect word usage: It’s bad when all the cinemas in the city show the same film title.

Our speech is also made illogical by the unjustified expansion or narrowing of the concept that arises as a result of mixing generic and species categories: With good care, each animal can yield 12 liters of milk.

Distortion of meaning and even absurdity of a statement arise as a result of a discrepancy between the premise and the consequence. The rate at which pests multiply depends on how persistently the fight against them is carried out. It turns out that the more pests are controlled, the faster they multiply.

To use words correctly in speech, it is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Thus, “similar” adjectives long, long, long, long-term, long are “attracted” to nouns in different ways.

Violation of lexical compatibility can be caused by contamination of outwardly similar phrases. For example, they say: does not matter (does not play a role - does not matter).

A careless attitude towards language can cause speech insufficiency - accidental omission of words necessary for the precise expression of a thought: The management must strive to get rid of this indifference (get rid of omissions).

Speech insufficiency, as a common error, should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another member of a sentence to create special expressiveness. The most expressive are elliptical constructions without a predicate verb, conveying the dynamism of movement.

I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!

The ability to find the exact words to name certain concepts helps to achieve brevity in the expression of thoughts, and, on the contrary, the author’s stylistic helplessness often leads to speech redundancy- verbosity.

Verbosity manifests itself in various forms. You can often observe an obsessive explanation of well-known truths. Consumption of milk is a good tradition; not only children eat milk. Such idle talk is suppressed by the editor: arguments that do not represent informational value are excluded during literary editing.

Sometimes the manifestation of speech redundancy borders on absurdity: The corpse was dead and did not hide it. Stylists call such examples of verbosity lapses of speech. The absurdity of the blunder lies in the assertion of a self-evident truth.

Speech redundancy can take the form of pleonasm. Pleonasm is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( the main point, everyday routine).

Pleonasms usually arise due to the stylistic negligence of the author. However, one should distinguish such a manifestation of speech redundancy from “imaginary pleonasm,” to which the author consciously turns to as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech. In this case, pleonasm becomes a striking stylistic device. Give me your paw, Jim, for luck. I have never seen such a paw. Let's bark in the moonlight for quiet, noiseless weather...

The use of pleonastic combinations is also typical for folklore. Orally folk art traditionally, expressively colored pleonastic combinations of sadness-melancholy, sea-ocean, path-path were used.

A type of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology as a phenomenon of lexical stylistics can arise when repeating words with the same root (tell a story, ask a question), as well as when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning (memorable souvenirs, debuted for the first time). IN the latter case sometimes they talk about a hidden tautology.

However, repetition of cognate words should not always be considered a stylistic error. Many stylists rightly believe that excluding words of the same root from sentences, replacing them with synonyms, is not always necessary: ​​in some cases this is impossible, in others it can lead to impoverishment and discoloration of speech. Several cognate words in a close context are stylistically justified if related words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and cannot be replaced by synonyms. White flowers bloomed on the bushes.

Tautology, like pleonasm, can be a stylistic device that enhances the effectiveness of speech. Tautological repetition can give a statement special significance and aphorism. To the winning student from the defeated teacher.

Sometimes our speech is clogged tautology And pleonasm .

Tautology(from Greek tauto- the same thing logos- word) is the repetition of the same words or case forms of one word within a small text, or paragraph in writing, or a fragment of a speech, or even within one phrase.

An example from a student’s review of a journal article by Professor L.I. Skvortsov “What threatens the Russian literary language?»:

Author The articles are categorically against clogging the Russian language with foreign words. Author is of the opinion that if we use “foreign” words, then our culture will no longer be purely Russian. Author writes that the extinction of Rus' is already felt.

An example from a student’s response to a survey question: “What role does speech culture play in the legal profession?”

Everyone needs to improve their speech culture people but this is especially important for people who work with people: for lawyers, journalists, teachers, doctors, sellers.

To avoid tautology in your speech, it is enough to replace one of the identical words with another word or some pronoun. So, in the second example the form genitive case noun (for people) should be replaced with a similar form demonstrative pronoun(for those).

Pleonasm(from Greek pleonasmos- excess) is a speech excess when one of two words carries unnecessary, duplicative information.

There is such an episode from the biography of A.M. Gorky. While reading the manuscript of a story by one aspiring writer, he came across the following phrase: “ Don't poke his nose where it shouldn’t.” A.M . Gorky underlined this phrase and made the following note in the margin of the manuscript: “Is it possible to poke someone else’s nose?”

Other examples with pleonasm:

in December month (since December is the name of the month)

one hundred rubles money (since ruble is the name of a banknote)

twenty five people students (one of two last words is redundant)

whites with meat (there are no whites without meat)

my autobiography(this foreign word itself, literally translated into Russian, means “my biography”)

price-list prices (literally translated into Russian, the word price list means “current price”).

A type of pleonasm is the use in one phrase of a 3rd person pronoun (he, she, it, they) after a noun in the role of the same member of a sentence (most often the subject).

For example:

Studies, she requires a lot of effort. Legend, she was created during the life of the artist Malevich(from a TV show).

Pronoun 3rd person here it is possible only in a new phrase.

For example:

It was a legend; it was created during the life of the artist Malevich.

E.N. Gekkina
senior research fellow Institute of Linguistic Research RAS,
Candidate of Philological Sciences

PLEONASM (Greek – excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiyan. This product is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the story or enhancing emotions and assessments: Extremely strange indeed! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); – I didn't see you whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak.(A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad – Sergei Mikhailovich pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, since more important means “more important”), first premiere (premiere is enough - “the first presentation of a play, film or performance piece of music"), atmospheric air(enough air - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately(Right ultimately or enough in the end), go back(the verb return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(it is enough to import – “import from abroad”).

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibition exhibit(Latin exhibitus means "on display"), people's democracy(democracy translated from Greek language"power of the people").

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means speech characteristics characters: – Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly love you adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).

TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - word) is a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship, A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will ; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief .

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky laughing mine I'll laugh "(N. Gogol); " How the mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young girl ! "(Z. Ezrohi), " Law There is law "(from the newspaper).

Tautology is lexical error, if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, have a sportsmanlike attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is spoken of as follows: oil oil.

Topic 3.4. Lexical errors and their correction

Lexical compatibility of words- this is the ability of a word to connect with other words of the context without violating the semantic and grammatical patterns of word combinations. Lexical compatibility is determined by the language of the possibility of combining words within a phrase or connecting a subject with a predicate. An extreme case of the dependence of words on such a possibility can be considered phraseological units of language.

The deliberate violation of semantic or grammatical patterns of word combinations underlies some stylistic figures and tropes.

Unintentional, accidental violation of lexical compatibility leads to speech error. A common case of violation of lexical compatibility is a construction in which parts of synonymous phrases are mistakenly combined: play a role (play a role and make a difference), take action (take action and take action).

Lexical redundancy- This common name two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, associated with the presence in a sentence of two words instead of one.

Lexical redundancy is used as stylistic device gains: see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears.

Pleonasm- this is lexical redundancy that arises due to duplication of the lexical meaning of one word by another, whole or any part of it: interior interior(the interior already has the meaning of internal), stand idle.

There are two types of pleonasms. Pleonasm is obligatory, or structurally determined, which is not a stylistic error and is widely represented in the language: go down the mountain(duplication of preposition and prefix), never read it.

Pleonasm– a stylistic error in which unnecessary, redundant words are combined into a phrase or sentence. PLEONASM(Greek – excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiyan. This device is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the story or enhancing emotions and assessments: Extremely strange indeed! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); – I didn't see you whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak.(A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad – Sergei Mikhailovich pleonastic; enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more unnecessary because more important means "more important"), first premiere(enough premiere– “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air(enough air– “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately(Right ultimately or enough in the end), go back(verb return indicates movement backwards, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(enough import– “import from abroad”).

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibition exhibit(Latin exhibitus means "on display"), people's democracy (democracy translated from Greek as “power of the people”).

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: – Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly love you adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).

Tautology- this is lexical redundancy, in which words with the same root are repeated within a phrase or combination of subject and predicate in a sentence: soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

The tautology is humorously demonstrated in the program “Baby Monitor” in the following poem:

I prefer autumn most of all,

When everything bears fruit,

And in the hayfield they cut hay with a scythe,

And there is butter on the table.

Often tautological repetitions are not a stylistic error, but the only possible characteristic of an object (salt, life to live). Tautological combinations of words are found in folk poetic works, in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service.

Unintentional tautology indicates an inability to use the synonymous richness of the language, that is, it is a stylistic error.

Lexical repetitions– stylistically inappropriate repetition of the same words: I study at a technical school. After graduating from technical school, I will work in the gas field.

Lexical deficiency– a stylistic error consisting of omitting a necessary component of a phrase: I am deeply concerned about this question. Lexical deficiency is sometimes associated with linguistic phenomenon which is called acquisition: he drinks (alcoholic beverages), his brother serves (in the army). But with lexical insufficiency, such semantic contraction does not occur, and the fulfillment of the missing component of the phrase remains necessary.

Tautology, pleonasm, and inappropriate repetitions of words make the text dissonant and make it difficult to perceive. The reasons for such errors are common: poverty of speech, inability to use synonyms, ignorance of the lexical meaning of words, as well as underdeveloped “speech hearing”: the speaker does not notice that he is inappropriately using words that are close in meaning or have the same root.

The use of phraseological units in speech obeys historically established rules established by tradition. From a stylistic point of view, phraseological units of language are heterogeneous. Some of them have a colloquial or colloquial emotional-expressive coloring and therefore are not used in purely book styles (official business and scientific). Other shades of bookishness refer to high vocabulary and are often included in poeticisms.

As a language game, one encounters the deliberate destruction of a phraseological unit, the replacement of one of the components in order to give a different, often ironic meaning: The one who shoots first laughs well.

Unintentional destruction of phraseological units is a stylistic error.

TAUTOLOGY(Greek - the same and - word) - a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship , A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will ; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief .

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky laughing mine I'll laugh "(N. Gogol); " How the mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young youth! "(Z. Ezrohi), " Law There is law "(from the newspaper).

Tautology is lexical error, if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, have a sportsmanlike attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is said like this: oil oil.