At first glance, everything is complicated here. But only for the first one. So, the rules: If the surname is foreign (Goldberg) or Russian (Wolf) and ends with a consonant, then it is declined if it refers to a man (Goldberg, Goldberg), and not declined if it refers to a woman (always Goldberg). If the surname is Slavic and ends with -y, -i, then it is never declined, regardless of the gender of the “owner”. Surnames that end in -ch - male ones are inclined (Vulich, Vulich, Vulich), female ones are not inclined (Vulich - always). Surnames that coincide with common nouns or proper names (Nose, Rook, Mogila, Mol, Lynx, etc.) are declined for men (Mol, Molya, Molyu) and not declined for women (Mol is Mol, always). There is one BUT: there is such a surname Mouse (and others like it). So, if you want to say that a book has been published by a man whose name is Innokenty Mouse, then it will not sound like a book by Innokenty Mouse (it would seem that this is how you should bow a mouse), but a book by Innokenty Mouse. Surnames that end in -ovo, -ako, -yago, -ago - are never declined (for example, Zhivago). Surnames that end in vowels (except for unstressed a) - Zola, Maurois, Dumas, etc. - are not declined. Surnames starting with -ia are also not declined (Gulia). The same applies to Finnish surnames ending in -a. But surnames are inclined to -iya (Beria, Beria, Beria). In official speech, surnames are not inclined to -ko and -o (Franko, Rushailo, Kovalenko). But in fiction And colloquial speech often bow down. The same applies to such rare surnames, like Tolokno, Soap, etc. Surnames that end in -ok, -ek, ets. This is where it gets controversial. But stylistic dictionaries recommend inclining male surnames with endings like this. For example, Alexey Kotenko. Another very confusing case is the Georgian and Japanese surnames. They are either inclined or not. IN Lately bow down. Although it is clear that last names with the ending - dze are not very popular. But the surname Chikobava and Okudzhava (both Georgian) can easily be declined (for example, Okudzhava’s songs). your answer is useful to me! I repeated the rules of the Russian language! - 4 years ago That's it. My maiden name ended with -tsa. And they declined her, poor thing (last name)! But I was offended... I got married and now have an ordinary Russian surname ending in -ova. Although I really liked the girl's one. - 4 years ago What about last names that end in -uk, -yuk, for example Vasilyuk, Marchuk? - 4 years ago The same thing happens with last names starting with -ok. In official speech, such surnames have not been used lately (in relation to men, it’s strange, in my opinion). IN works of art and in colloquial speech they are inclined (for men): Vasilyuk, Vasilyuka, Vasilyuk. The same thing with the surname Marchuk. It’s better this way, it seems to me (try saying: book by Anatoly Marchuk; it sounds bad; it sounds better: book by Anatoly Marchuk). Previously (when I was at school and university) these surnames for men were declined. BUT: for women, these surnames are not declined in any case. - 4 years ago Such valuable information!+ How to decline or better not to decline the surname Hare? - 4 years ago Point No. 4. This is a surname that was formed from the common noun - hare. So Lyudmila Zayats will be Lyudmila Zayats in all cases. But Ivan the Hare bows: Ivan the Hare, Ivan the Hare... It was not possible to find out what Ivan himself thinks about this - whether he wants to remain unchanged in all cases. - 4 years ago If this surname is in Ukrainian. doc. written down as a Hare, then maybe it should bow to the Hare? Or is it better not to incline her at all? - 4 years ago I don’t know here. Still Ukrainian language. I don’t even know how the word hare is pronounced in Ukrainian. Moreover, the surname is Hare. - 4 years ago You're welcome (in fact, from a grammatical point of view, I am absolutely sure that the surname Zayats - be it Russian or Ukrainian - will be inclined to a man exactly as I wrote; but this is not just a matter of grammar : in Lithuania, for example, the ending -s is attached to foreign, including Russian surnames; politics, politics are everywhere...; maybe a Ukrainian with such a surname will not want Russians to inflect his surname in any way) - 4 years ago And if you think about it this way, in order to decline this surname, you need to add an ending that will allow this ending to change according to cases? Hare, Hare, Hare... - 4 years ago
RULES FOR CLOSE NAMES
1) Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant, - inclined if they refer to men: tell student Kulik, talk to Ivan Maksimchuk
Do not bow if they refer to women: tell student Kulik, talk to Irina Maksimchuk.
Exception:
Male surnames ending in a consonant are not declined when the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object ( Goose, Belt), to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: "at Mr. Goose's", "Citizen Belt".
2) Surnames ending in -ako, -yago, -yh, -ikh, -ovo do not bow: Plevako, Dubyago, Sedykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo.
For example: collaborate with Nikolai Belykh, talk with Maria Chernykh
(found in oral speech shape type “At Ivan Sedykh’s”, “With Pyotr Chernykh”- are unacceptable).
3) Foreign surnames ending in a vowel sound ( except for unstressed -a, -ya) , don't bow.
For example: Zola's novels, Arago's discoveries, Hugo's dramas, Bizet's operas, Puccini's music, Shaw's plays.
Exception:
Slavic surnames, ending in accents -а, -я, decline: from the writer Ivan Mayboroda, to the philosopher Grigory Skovoroda.
4) Foreign surnames ending in unstressed -a, -ya, bow down
For example: treatises by Avicenna, poems by Pablo Neruda, works of honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya, utopianism of the philosopher Campanella, cruelty of the inquisitor Torquemada, musical comedy D. Cimarosa, a film with the participation of Juliet Masina, Mexican songs performed by Rosita Quintana, songs by Okudzhava, 100 years since the birth of Saint-Katayama
Exception:
surnames starting with -a, -ya with a preceding consonant -i
For example: Heredia's sonnets, Garcia's poems, Gulia's stories, Moravia's novels. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: meeting with Kuusela.
5) Ukrainian surnames ending in -ko(-enko) don't bow
For example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of Anton Makarenko.
In compound names and surnames of Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese
the last part is declined (if it ends in a consonant), for example: Li Peng's speech, Pham Van Dong's statement, conversation with Wu Ku Ling.
Declension of Russian double surnames
The first part is declined if it is used by itself as a surname, for example: novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, paintings by Sokolov-Skal.
If the first part does not form a surname, then it is not declined, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.
8) Non-Russian surnames, relating to two or more persons , in some cases they are put in the plural form, in others - in the singular form, namely:
1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolph and Michael Gottlieb;Oistrakh father and son;
2) with two female names, the surname is put in singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press(cf. the indeclinability of surnames with a consonant sound related to women);
3) if the surname is accompanied by a male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul and Eslanda Robson, August and Caroline Schlegel, Richard Sorge's comrades Max and Anna Clausen, Ariadne and Peter Tur; Seryozha and Valya Bruzzhak, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating different genders, for example: Mr and Mrs Rainer, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations husband and wife, brother and sister the surname is more often used in the plural form: Husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Nieringa;
5) at the word spouses The surname is given in singular form, for example: Kent spouses, Thorndyke spouses, Nodduck spouses;
6) at the word brothers The surname is also usually given in the singular form, for example: Brothers Grimm, Brothers Schlegel, Brothers Schellenberg, Brothers Pokrass; the same with the word sisters: Press sisters, Koch sisters;
7) at the word family The surname is usually given in singular form, for example: Oppenheim family, Gamal family.
Exercise.Open the brackets using the last name and first name in the correct form.
2. After his arrest in 1953, (Lavrentiy Beria) was declared an enemy of the people and an English spy.
3. The number of armed forces in the army (Alexander Kolchak) was about 400 thousand people.
4. In the period 1918-1919, armed formations operated in Ukraine, led, in particular, by (Simon Petlyura, Nestor Makhno).
5. Many years of political activity (Charles de Gaulle) contributed to the unification and strengthening of the French Republic.
6. The formula of the “economic man” was supported in Russia (M. Tugan-Baranovsky).
7. System (John Maynard Keynes) created the subject area for modern macroeconomics.
8. The fundamental idea of the work of a professor at Cambridge University (Alfred Marshall) was that supply and demand determine equilibrium market prices.
9. Research in the field of consumer function was carried out, in particular, by the American economist Italian origin(Franco Modigliani).
10. The greatest achievement (David Ricardo) was the development of the theory of rent and comparative costs.
11. Among the most influential theorists of the post-Keynesian period, the British economist (Joan Violet Robinson) should be noted.
1. Names ( Slavic) on - O type Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro Declined according to the pattern of declension of masculine-neuter nouns, for example: ahead Levka, y Brand; M. Gorky's name Danko doesn't bow (“...talked about a burning heart Danko» ).
Names having parallel forms on - O -- A (Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhaila - Mikhaila ), usually declined according to the type of feminine nouns: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila . Other endings ( at Gavril's, to Gavril's, with Gavril's ) are formed from another initial form Gavril .
2. Foreign names they are inclined to a consonant sound regardless of whether they are used alone or together with a surname, for example: novels Jules Verne (Not "Jules Verne" ), stories Mark Twain, plays John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales Hans Christian Andersen, book Pierre-Henri Simon . Partial retreats are observed with double French names, for example: philosophical views Jean-Jacques Rousseau, evening of remembrance Jean-Richard Blok(the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).
3. When declension Slavic names and surnames forms of Russian declension are used (in particular, in indirect forms fluent vowels are preserved), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edeka, Vladeka (Not "Edka", "Vladka" ); Karel Capek - Karela Capek, (Not "Chapka" ); IN Atslav Havel - Vaclav Havel (Not "Gavla").
4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and not declined if they refer to women. Wed: student Kulik- student Sandpiper, at George's Bush- at Barbara's Bush . Frequent deviations from the rule (indeclinability of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object ( Goose, Belt ), to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: "Mr. Goose", "citizen Belt» . Often in similar cases, especially in official business speech, keep the surname in the initial form (cf.: train with Stanislav Bug ) or make changes to this type Declensions, for example, retain a fluent vowel sound in the forms of oblique cases (cf.: appreciate the courage of Constantine Kobets ).
5. Last names are not declined on - ago, - ako, - yago, - y, -ikh, - ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Krasnykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo. Only in common parlance are there forms like "at Ivan's Sedykha» .
6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel sound (except for non-prefixed ones) - and I, with a preceding consonant, do not decline, for example: novels Zola, poems Hugo, operas Bizet, music Puncini, plays Show, poetry Salman Rushdie .
Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also included under this rule. - ski And - s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezin ski (American social and political figure), Dictionary Pokorn s (Czech linguist). It should, however, be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. spelling Polish surnames Glinski, Leszczynska - with a letter b before sk ) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in spelling and declension: works of a Polish writer Krasiński, performances by singer Eva Bandrovskaya-Turskaya, pianist concert Cerny-Stefanska, article by Octavia Opulska-Danetska etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to format them according to the model of the declension of Russian masculine and female surnames on -sky, -tsky, -y, -aya . Polish combinations decline similarly, for example: Army Craiova, Army Homeland and so on.
From surnames to accented ones - A Only Slavic ones are inclined: At the writer's Mayborody, to the philosopher Frying pan, Alexander's films Mitts .
Non-Russian surnames with unstressed names - oh, - I (mostly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: creativity Yana Neruda, poems by Pablo Neruda, works of honorary academician N.F.G amalei, utopianism Campanellas, cruelty Torquemada, a film starring Juliet Mazins ; But films featuring Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda . Finnish surnames also do not tend to - A: meeting with Kuusela . Foreign surnames on - ia do not decline, for example: Ered sonnets ia, Gul stories ia ; on - and I - inclined, for example: Ber atrocities ai .
Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; compare: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilava, songs Okudzhava, government Ardzinb s, 100th birthday Saint-Katayama, general's policy Tanaka, works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa . IN last years There has clearly been a tendency towards the decline of such surnames.
7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) in fiction they are usually inclined, although different types declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: order to the head Evtukha Makogonenka; poem dedicated to Rodzianka M.V.V In modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G.K Orolenko . In some cases, however, their changeability is advisable to add clarity to the text, cf.: letter from V.G.K Orolenko A. V. Lunacharsky - letter addressed to V. G. K little eaglet . Wed. also from Chekhov: “In the evening Belikov... trudged towards Kovalenkam» . Surnames do not lean towards - to percussion: theater named after Franco, stories Lyashko .
8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is declined (if it ends in a consonant), for example: speech Tsoi Hyena, statement by Pham Van Donga, conversation with Wu Ku Ling .
9. IN Russian double surnames the first part is declined if it is used by itself as a surname, for example: songs Solovyova-Sedogo, paintings Sokolova-Skalya. If the first part does not form a surname, then it is not declined, for example: research Groom- Grzhimailo, in the role Draft-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture Demuth-Malinovsky.
10. Non-Russian surnames, referring to two or more persons, in some cases they are put in the plural form, in others - in the singular form:
1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Henry and Thomas Manna, August and Jean Picards, Adolf and Mikhail Gottliebs; also father and son Oistrakh;
2) with two female names, the surname is put in singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (cf. the indeclinability of surnames with a consonant sound related to women);
3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tour, Nina and Stanislav Bug;
4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating different genders, for example: sir and madam Clinton, lord and lady Hamilton; however, with combinations husband and wife, brother and sister the surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife Estremes, brother and sister Neeringi;
5) when using the word spouse, the surname is given in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Major;
6) when using the word brothers, the surname is also usually given in the singular form, for example: brothers Grimm, brothers SPIEGEL, brothers Schellenberg, brothers Pokrass; the same at the word of the sister sisters Koch;
7) when using the word family, the surname is usually given in the singular form, for example: family Oppenheim, family Hoffmann steel.
11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals the following forms are used: two Petrova, both Petrova, two Petrovs, both brother Petrov, two friend of the Petrovs; two (both) Zhukovsky; two (both) Zhukovskys. This rule also applies to combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames: both Schlegel, two Manna's brother.
12. Female middle names bow down according to the type of declension of nouns, rather than adjectives, for example: at Anna's Ivanovna, to Anna Ivanovna, with Anna Ivanovna.
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Instructions
Female surnames with the suffixes -ov- and -in- are declined according to the rules for declension of adjectives. Male surnames with these suffixes have a different declension in the instrumental and prepositional cases singular (example: Griboyedov, about Griboyedov).
Surnames with zero endings are declined depending on gender. Male surnames are declined as nouns male second declension (for example, N.V. Gogol). Women's surnames are not declined (for example, with Anna Vrubel). In the plural, such surnames are declined as masculine nouns.
Surnames ending in -i or -yh and formed from the genitive case of plural adjectives are not declined (for example, Kruchenykh). In colloquial speech, sometimes there is a declination of surnames of this type, which is not a literary norm.
Surnames of non-Russian origin ending in -ih are not declined (for example, about Alisa Freundlich).
Surnames ending in the vowel a are not declined if the stress is on the last syllable (for example, o Dumas) or if the word ends in 2 vowels (for example, Delacroix). Surnames ending in unstressed a are declined like first declension nouns (for example, in Kafka). In this case it will be useful to remember that French surnames don't bow down.
Surnames ending in stressed -ya are not inflected (for example, Zola), while surnames ending in unstressed -ya are declined (for example, Beria).
Declension of surnames can occur in other ways. In particularly difficult cases, it is recommended to consult the Directory of Surnames.
The word surname in translation means family (Latin familia - family). Last name is given name clan community - united primary social units connected by blood ties. How do the names of surnames arise, what is the principle of the formation of Russian surnames, in particular, surnames starting with “-ov”.
The emergence of surnames
The emergence and spread of surnames in Rus' was gradual. The first surnames and nicknames were acquired by citizens of Veliky Novgorod and the lands under its jurisdiction. Chronicle evidence draws our attention to this fact, telling about the heroes of the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
Later, in the 14th – 15th centuries, princes and boyars began to acquire family names. Called by the name of the inheritance they owned, having lost it, the princes began to reserve its name for themselves and their descendants as a family nickname. This is how the Vyazemsky (Vyazma), Shuisky (Shuya) and other noble families appeared. At the same time, surnames originating from nicknames began to be fixed: Lykovs, Gagarins, Gorbatovs.
Boyarsky and then noble families, due to their lack of inheritance status, were formed largely from nicknames. The formation of a surname on behalf of the ancestor has also become widespread. A striking example of this is the surname of the family that reigned in Russia - the Romanovs.
Romanovs
The ancestors of this ancient boyar family were ancestors who wore different time nicknames: Mare, Koshka Kobylin, Koshkins. The son of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin, Yuri Zakharovich, was already called by his father and by his nickname - Zakharyin-Koshkin. In turn, his son, Roman Yuryevich, bore the surname Zakharyev-Yuryev. The Zakharyins were also the children of Roman Yuryevich, but with their grandchildren (Fyodor Nikitich - Patriarch Filaret), the family continued under the name of the Romanovs. With the surname Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich was chosen to the royal throne.
Last name as personal identification
The establishment of passports by Peter I in 1719 for the convenience of collecting poll taxes and carrying out conscription duties gave rise to the spread of surnames for men of all classes, including peasants. At first, along with the name, the passport included a patronymic and/or nickname, which then became the owner’s surname.
Formation of Russian surnames into –ov/-ev, -in
The most common Russian surnames are derived from personal names. As a rule, this is the name of the father, but more often the grandfather. That is, the surname was fixed in the third generation. At the same time, the personal name of the ancestor became a possessive adjective, formed from the name of a noun using the suffixes –ov/-ev, -in and answering the question “whose?”
“Whose Ivan? - Petrov."
In the same way in late XIX– at the beginning of the 20th century, Russian officials formed and recorded the surnames of the inhabitants of the Russian Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
Tip 3: Declension of surnames in Russian: difficult cases
Russian is considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn from scratch. Of course, there are almost no irregular verbs and hieroglyphs in it, but a lot of synonyms with subtle shades, layers of cultural context and modified borrowings - all this baffles beginners. And also the surnames are inclined...
There are usually no problems with the endings of simple surnames like Ivanov, Petrov, Smirnov. Only those who do not understand gender and cases well enough may encounter certain difficulties: a surname can be either feminine in the nominative case (citizen Solovyova) or masculine in the genitive (“We don’t have Solovyov”). However, such cases rarely concern native speakers. It is much more difficult if the surnames do not resemble an adjective (that is, they cannot be substituted as an answer to the questions “which?” and “whose?” and declined according to the appropriate rules) or belong to foreigners.
With or without rules
Most surnames, regardless of origin, can be declined and used in the plural - the flexibility of the Russian language allows this to be done without any damage: call Kshesinsky, dream about Douglas, admire Brin. It depends on the ending: Polonism surnames ( -sky, -tsky, -skaya, -tskaya) and male surnames -in, -ov, as well as women's -ina, -ova always bow down. For complex cases the possibility of a double declension is provided at the request of its owner: Elena Dyuzhina can remain relatively steadfast (“letter to Elena Dyuzhina”, the surname is considered a noun), so be it Elena Dyuzhina(from adjective).Non-standard and non-format
Ancient Russian surnames-nouns in masculine, such as Dom, Plowman, Gonchar, etc. hang around only among men: Victor Dom, Leonid Plowman, about Alexey Gonchar, and among women they remain unchanged: Anastasia Martyr, Veronica Lesnik. Feminine surnames (Beard, Osina) most often obey the same rule, if there is no categorical rejection on the part of their owner, but this can only be due to family tradition, which does not change the general rule for those unfamiliar with it. There are no exceptions for neuter surnames (Onishchenko, Resheto, Velichko) - they are not declined in any gender or number. Surnames formed from nicknames or personal names of ancestors in the genitive case also remain the same: Zhivago, Ilinykh, Kruchenykh. General rule male and female surnames ending in vowels -e, -i, -o, -u, -yu- do not incline.It's easy with Georgians
A few years ago, a refusal to declension began to appear in the press. famous names- Soviet politician Lavrenty Beria and director Georgy Danelia. Journalists justified this spelling by the fact that the surname of the first Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia is unchanged, as well as the unnecessaryness of declining other Georgian surnames ending in -shvili and -dze. Liberal-minded people also contributed to illiteracy public figures, who did not want to “distort” surnames, “offending the sovereignty of their bearers” (a similar politically correct nod to someone else’s grammar - writing “in Ukraine”, although Russian literary norm unchanged: in Ukraine). This approach to the native language cannot be called anything other than stupidity. In reality, the rules did not change and Georgian surnames -shvili and -dze both did not decline and do not decline, and the first two cases depend on the spelling of the endings, -I or -A: “Gamsakhurdi I" will bow, and Daneli A- No. (A well-known exception is Okudzhava, inclined.)With the Caucasus and Asia - even easier
Male Armenian and Russified Azerbaijani, Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan and all Asian surnames are inclined: to Hakobyan, about Zurabyan, with Kurginyan, with Abishev, with Aivazov, about Aslamov, for Kul-Mukhammed; women - do not bow. If after the surname there is a linguistic ending “-ogly” (“-uly”), male surnames also stop declining: Ali-ogly, Arman-uly.Far abroad
Foreign surnames usually undergo changes, become Russified, even to the point of using Russian endings, submitting general rules: Dal (m.: Dalyu, about Dal; f.: uncl.), Kara-Murza (the same), Lermontov (declined by both cases and genders). Foreign surnames of men ending in a soft or hard consonant are declined: Kozlevich's car, Ilf's book, Bender's romance; women's ones remain unchanged.Sources:
- Rules for changing first and last names
- How to decline surnames
- To incline or not to incline?
Sources:
- Declension of surnames and personal names
- what surnames do not decline