Degrees of normativity (imperative and dispositive norms). Literary norm and its role in the formation and formation of a literary language

23.09.2019

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1 . Byconcept of norm

Literary and Russian languages form the basis of the national language. This is an example of a national language, since it is subject to norms, its main property is normativity. Norm- a relatively stable way of expression, reflecting the historical patterns of language development, enshrined in the best examples of literature and preferred by the educated part of society. In linguistics the norm name the rules for the use of words, grammatical forms, pronunciation and spelling rules that apply during a given period of development literary language. The norm is approved and supported by speech practice cultured people, in particular, writers who draw treasures of speech from the language of the people.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such signs , How:

ь compliance with the structure of the language;

b stability (ensures accessibility and understandability of texts in a literary language to everyone who uses this national language, regardless of age and place of residence)

b variability (provides the possibility of using the literary language in various communication situations)

b turnover (expressed in the gradual displacement of the old norm by the new)

b massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

b public approval and recognition.

Characteristic features language norms are:

· relative stability;

· prevalence;

· common use;

universal obligatory;

· compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system

To the main sources language norms include:

ь works of classical writers;

ь works modern writers, continuing classical traditions;

b mass media publications;

ь generally accepted modern usage;

l linguistic research data.

By written monuments we can trace the development of our language over a thousand years. During this time, many changes occurred from seven types of declension (and even with many options) three were formed, instead of three numbers (singular, dual and plural) we now know only two, coincided with each other or replaced each other with different ones case endings, in the plural the nouns masculine, neuter and feminine. And so on ad infinitum. Hundreds and hundreds of replacements, substitutions, various changes, sometimes not noted in the monuments. In the speech of one person and in the speech of many people, accidental and intentional, long-term and momentary, funny and instructive. This irrepressible sea is rustling somewhere behind us; it left with our ancestors. This sea is their speech. But in return for everything that had been defended and strengthened, we received new system language, a system in which modern thinking was gradually deposited. A simple example: in the language of ancient man there are three genders (masculine, neuter and feminine), three numbers (singular, plural and dual), nine cases, three simple tenses. Modern language chooses a more strict and convenient, binary opposition. The system of cases and tenses is also simplified. Each time the language turns its edges in the way that is required by this particular era. From endless speech practice a renewed language is born.

Degrees of normativity :

1. the norm of the first degree is strict, strict, not allowing options;

2. norm of the second degree neutral, allows equivalent options;

3. norm of the third degree free, allows the use of colloquial as well as outdated norms.

2. Rewrite the words, add emphasis. Indicate the words where the letter E is needed in place of E:

kitsch" And there, cl" A cemetery, treasures" A I, cl" e it, kokl" yu sh, comb" A yner and combine e r, compromising" And to state" And to rove, cor" s yes, costume designer" O bathroom, beautiful" And vee, k" at horny boy" O vyy, man" e vr and man e vr, man" e wrong and man e false, doctors" e nt, menov" A me, metal" at rgy and metallurgist" And I, m" And grain and mis" e smart, thoughtful" e nie and m" s sewing, whitewashing e ny.

3. Form the genitive plural form of the following nouns:

Canned food- canned food, adjustments- adjustments, criteria- criteria, backstage- sidelines, Lezgins- Lezgins or Lezgins, tangerines- tangerines, Mongols- Mongols, nerve- nerves, socks- a sock or socks, Ossetians- Ossetian, shoulder straps- shoulder straps

4. Compose with these nouns, phrases corresponding to the “adjective/participle + noun” scheme:

kamikaze > clever kamikaze;

canoe > Indian canoe

Capri > beautiful Capri

muffler > striped muffler;

flowerpot > beautiful flowerpot;

kimono > snow-white kimono;

cliche > black cliche.

5. Decline the numbers: 572, 2972, 318.

	Five hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	About five hundred and seventy two	About two thousand nine hundred seventy two

	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	About three hundred eighteen

6. Explain the meanings of paronymous words, make up phrases with them that clarify the differences in meaning:

Paronyms- these are words that have a similar sound (subscriber - subscription). They can vary in meaning (defective - defective) and ability to connect with other words (business man, suit).

Successful day - lucky Human, understandable abstract - understanding student, neighboring dog - neighbor's house, full bath- spacious bathroom, intolerant client - intolerable character, master's slipper - economic man

7. Rewrite the text, insert missing letters, add punctuation marks.

But I (don’t) want to go for a swim, and (n.) why after swimming would I steam even more in the sun.

There is only one hope for a gr..zu. She alone can ra..wake up Skov (n, nn) with the heat of his birth and dispel...the sleep.

And suddenly something really wants (in) the distance, (not) clear and the fog (n, nn) oh and the city of dark clouds. moving from the (south) eastern side. (B) continued. very short time (in) flow. For some (ten) fifteen minutes, an ominous silence reigns and the whole sky is covered with clouds.

But you don’t want to go swimming, and there’s no reason to: after swimming you’ll steam even more in the sun.

There is only one hope for a thunderstorm: only one can wake up the heat-bound nature and dispel the sleep.

And suddenly something rumbles in the distance, unclear and foggy, and a ridge of dark clouds moves from the south-east. For a very short time, for some ten to fifteen minutes, an ominous silence reigns, and the entire sky is covered with clouds.

8. Choose the options from brackets so that the phrases have semantic clarity as well as grammatical clarity.and syntactic correctness

Thanks to (war, disaster, victory); according to (order, order); manager (of a store, shop); three (new, new) compositions, contrary to (evidence, evidence).

Thanks to the victory; according to the order; store manager; three new compositions, contrary to evidence.

norm language stress paronym

9. Analyze an excerpt from the speech. Specify the means of speech expressionfeatures used by the speaker

If we do not lose our will, if we do not lose the trust of the people, we will prevail. In Australia, when a future pilot candidate is tested, there is a question: Are you flying in a two-seater aircraft? Imagine that the Queen of England fell out of the second seat. Your actions. Some people say shoot yourself. Run after it and catch it in the air. The correct answer is to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue the flight. So, during perestroika, more than once we will have to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue flying (G. Baklanov).

1) according to the nature of the speech activity of the participants in communication: monologue speech;

2) according to the form of language use: written speech

3) according to the conditions and objectives of communication: book speech > journalistic style > impact on the masses

4) according to the generalized (typical) value: reasoning

5) Means of speech expression:

Syntactic anaphora ( IfAnd…, ifAnd…)

Comparison > simple comparison (Perestroika and airplane)

Personification (we will not lose our will, we will not lose trust)

Epithets (Queen of England, two-seater, future candidate)

Inversion (English queen dropped: predicate + subject)

Barbarism (test - from the English test, test, research)

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Language norms are a historical phenomenon, the change of which is due to constant development language. Definition and types of literary norms. The process of forming norms of the Russian literary language. Contribution of N.M. Karamzin and A.S. Pushkin in his formation.

A. NORS OF MODERN RUSSIAN

LITERARY LANGUAGE

(OPTIONS, TYPES OF STANDARDS)

Plan

1. The concept of language norms (literary norms).

2. Variants of norms.

3. Types of norms.

1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance language standards.

What is meant by this concept? Let's offer a definition.

The norm of a language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of linguistic means, the uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

A linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features. Let us list the most important of them and give the necessary comment.

1. Relative sustainability And stability linguistic norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of language, which is constantly developing together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you look at dictionaries and literary sources 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), fat(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of Necessarily), necessary(instead of necessary) etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread And universality compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about “linguistic pluralism” – the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, common, widespread modern usage, and scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition And authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Language standards are mandatory for both oral and writing. It is necessary to understand that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a specific communicative situation.

In general, the literary norm enshrines all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of representatives of a given society. It is necessary because it helps preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from colloquialisms, dialectisms, and jargon.

2. Changes in language norms are preceded by their appearance options(doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as “ Pronouncing dictionary", "Dictionary of Russian Language Difficulties", "Dictionary of Word Compatibility", etc.

There are 3 degrees of normativity:

– 1st degree norm– strict, tough, not allowing options (for example, put, not lay down; call and not rings; socks, and not sock);

– norm 2nd degree– less strict, allowing equal options, united in a dictionary entry by the conjunction “and” (for example, right And right, blinds(Wed And pl.), immoral And immoral);

– norm 3rd degree– the most flexible, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by the mark "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or just a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic"(poetic), "prof."(professional), etc. For example: bank sprat(add. sprats),cup tea(additional colloquial) tea), compass(prof. compass).

The 1st degree norm is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degrees – dispositive norms.

Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that a language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, and on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.

3. In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech ) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. Social role correct pronunciation is very important, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the communication process.

To avoid making mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Russian Language Stresses”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(not recommended) "wrong."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.

2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, are: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Let us note that morphological norms include, first of all: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms of comparative and superlatives adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using participial phrases, and the laws of construction complex sentence etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under common name – grammatical norms.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a language norm and what are its features?

2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?

3. What differences exist in the degree of normativity?

4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?

Let us move on to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.

Topic 3. Correctness of speech and norms of literary language.

Plan

I Consideration of theoretical issues.

1. Features of the norms of the Russian literary language.

2. Language norms as a historical phenomenon.

3. The dynamic nature of the norm and its variability.

4. Degrees of normativity (imperative and dispositive norms).

5. Variation and speech errors.

II Tasks for independent work

Features of the norms of the Russian literary language.

The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness. The correctness of speech is its compliance with the norms of the literary language. It is based on a solid foundation of norms, quite fully and consistently reflected in grammars, reference books, dictionaries, textbooks. Literary correct speech is constructed in accordance with linguistic norms.

The norm of language (literary norm) is the rules of use speech means, a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development. Characteristic features of the norm of the Russian literary language:

Relative stability;

Prevalence;

Common usage;

General obligatory;

Conformity with use and custom.

In order to recognize a particular phenomenon as normative, the following conditions are necessary:

1) regular use (reproducibility) this method expressions;

2) compliance of this method of expression with the capabilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);

3) public approval of a regularly reproduced method of expression (and the role of a judge in this case falls to writers, scientists, and representatives of the educated part of society).

The literary norm is mandatory for oral and written speech and depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. The norm does not divide the means of language into good or bad. It indicates the appropriateness of using them in communication. Sources of language norms are works of classical literature, generally accepted modern use of language, scientific research.

Norms help preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language and protect it from vernacular and dialects. The norm reflects the desire of language in a given period to stop, solidify, stability, continuity, universality, and at the same time the desire to go beyond the original, generating new possibilities.

Language norms as a historical phenomenon.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon, constantly changing. Changes in literary norms are associated with the development of language, social changes, the development of literature, etc. What was the norm in the last century and even 10 years ago may today be a deviation from it. If you look at dictionaries from 100 years ago, you can see how norms have changed, for example, pronunciation and stress.

So, in the 19th century. they said - trains, weather, nowadays only actors of the older generation pronounce the reflexive particle sya - sya firmly - returned.

L.I. Skvortsov introduced the concept of a dynamic norm, including in it the sign of the potential possibilities of language implementation. He points out that there are two approaches to the concept of norm: taxonomic (classification, descriptive) and dynamic.

The dynamic nature of the norm and its variability.

A linguistic norm, understood in its dynamic aspect, is a conditioned socio-historical result of speech activity that consolidates traditional implementations of the system or creates new linguistic facts in the conditions of their connection both with the potential capabilities of the language system, on the one hand, and with realized patterns - with

Understanding the dynamic nature of a norm includes both statics (a system of linguistic units) and dynamics (the functioning of a language), while the functional aspect of a norm is especially interesting, since it is associated with such a phenomenon as variation: “A norm cannot be specified by a finite set of facts, but inevitably appears in in the form of two lists – mandatory and permissible (additional). This is a source of normative variation.

those. options are within normal limits.

The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: lively colloquial speech, dialects, borrowings, professionalism. A change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually already exist in the language and are used by its speakers.

Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language. For example, in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” variants of words are given - thinking, thinking, etc.

Depending on the goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. But these deviations must reflect the variants of norms existing in the language. Variants (or doublets) are varieties of the same linguistic unit that have the same meaning, but differ in form. Some options are not differentiated either semantically or stylistically: rick - rick; workshops - workshops. Such options are called equal, and in this case we can talk about variability. However, the overwhelming majority of options are subject to stylistic differentiation: called - called, accountants - accountants, condition - condition, wave - wave (the second options, compared to the first, have a colloquial or vernacular connotation). Such options are unequal.

Degrees of normativity (imperative and dispositive norms).

There are 3 degrees of normativity, which are reflected in various dictionaries:

The 1st degree norm is strict, rigid, does not allow options (put down, not lay down);

The 2nd degree norm is neutral, allowing equivalent options (decent (sh));

The 3rd degree norm is more flexible, allowing colloquial, outdated forms (cottage cheese, cottage cheese).

The norm of the 1st degree is called a mandatory norm, the norms of the 2nd and 3rd degrees are called dispositive norms.

In linguistic literature recent years There are two types of norms: imperative and dispositive.

Imperative (i.e. strictly mandatory) are those norms, the violation of which is regarded as poor command of the Russian language (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). These norms do not allow options

(non-variable), any other implementations of them are considered incorrect: met with Vanya (not with Vanya), they are calling (not calling), the block (not the block), my callus (not my callus), washing my hair with shampoo (not shampoo).

Dispositive (optional, not strictly mandatory) norms allow stylistically different or neutral options: stack - stack, brown - brown, piece of cheese - piece of cheese, gradebook - gradebook, three students went - three students went. Evaluations of options in this case do not have a categorical (prohibitive) nature.

Plan

1. Standardization of literary language.

2. The main signs of the norm.

3. Mandatory and dispositive norms.

4. Standard options. Three degrees of normal.

1. Standardity of literary language.

The most important feature of a literary language, as stated above, is its normativity, that is, the presence in it of language norms enshrined in dictionaries, grammars, reference books and mandatory for all native speakers. The norms of the literary language are reflected in various dictionaries: spelling, spelling, explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties of the Russian language, etc.

Linguistic norms are historically established rules for the use of linguistic means, i.e. rules of pronunciation, word usage, choice of grammatical, stylistic and other means, adopted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements: words, word forms, phrases and sentences. In other words, these are the rules for the use of speech means during a certain period of development of the literary language.

The norm is the only possible or preferable option for the correct use of words, their forms and syntactic structures.

The main signs of the norm.

The main signs of the norm literary language are: relative stability and dynamism, prevalence, common use, universally binding, compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

One of the main properties of the norm is that it is mandatory for all speakers and writers of Russian. You should pay attention to two more important properties of the norm: it is stability and at the same time the ability for dynamic development.

If norms were not stable, if they were easily subject to various kinds of influences, the linguistic connection between generations would be disrupted. Of course, it is difficult for an unprepared reader, for example, to understand texts written in the 11th-12th centuries, but we understand the works of A.S. Pushkin completely, with the exception of individual words and expressions, although these works were created about two centuries ago. The stability of norms is also largely ensured by the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people.

The norm is one of the most important conditions stability (sustainability), unity and identity of the national language. A literary norm is mobile: it develops and changes over time, and the degree of mobility varies at different language levels.

Mandatory and dispositive norms

Norms are classified according to various parameters. According to the degree of obligation they distinguish imperative(strictly mandatory) and dispositive(variant) norms.

Imperative standards are strictly required. Their violation is interpreted as poor command of the Russian language. Imperative norms include incorrect pronunciation, incorrect placement of stress in words, violation of the rules of declension, conjugation, syntactic compatibility of words, incorrect word usage, erroneous construction of syntactic structures - phrases and sentences. Violations of imperative norms are regarded as gross errors in the use of language.

Dispositive(variant) norms presuppose the existence of variants of pronunciation, word usage, and use of grammatical units. Violation of a dispositive norm is not regarded as a gross mistake; this is the choice of one of the coexisting and acceptable options in the language for using its means. For example, the dispositive norm is the norm of stress in words such as cottage cheese - cottage cheese; grammatical norm in the formation of certain forms of words, such as spasm - spasm, cuff - cuff͵ hussar - hussarov etc.

The system of literary norms of the national Russian language, put forward and described by M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” (1755), determined the entire future fate of the Russian language, and was completed in the work of A.S. Pushkin and other Russian writers, masters of words. This system has been preserved to this day, changing and improving in accordance with the internal laws of linguistic development.

Variants of the norm. Three degrees of normal

Changes in language entail the emergence options some normal This means that the same grammatical meaning (for example, place, time, reason, purpose), the same thought can be expressed differently, by means of different words, their forms and combinations, using various phonetic means. Variation of norms is an invariable and inevitable companion to the development of living languages, and often the cause of difficulties for those who speak them. For example, noun tractor in plural h. has two equal regulatory forms: tractors, -ov and tractors, -ov. In other words, the form I.p. pl. hours on -A remains outside the literary language and is qualified as incorrect ( engineer) or slang used in professional speech ( driver).

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to talk about three degrees of normativity:

first degree norm- this is a strict, rigid norm that does not allow options (if options exist in speech, they are qualified as incorrect). Wed: ! wrong. aka[de]Mia; ! grossly wrong.

second degree norm– a neutral norm that allows the existence of equal (equivalent) options, which in dictionaries are usually connected by the union And or printed separated by commas, for example: mattress And mattress(V similar cases there are no regulatory marks; in addition, it should be remembered that from the point of view of the norm, the order of options connected by the union And, insignificant, i.e. the first option has no advantages over the second one);

third degree norm– a more flexible norm that presupposes the existence preferred (main) option and allows the use colloquial, outdated forms(in dictionaries we find the marks add. – “permissible”, add. outdated – “acceptably outdated”), For example: maid, oh ( additional obsolete shn), that is, options characterizing the sphere of professional or artistic speech, For example: silk, -aya, -oe // in folk poetic speech it is possible silk; lighthouse, -a // in the professional speech of sailors: lighthouse.

The historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural and objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers.

The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms. According to scientists, the process of changing language norms has become especially intensified in recent decades.

Questions for self-control

1. What is a “language norm”? Name the main types of norms.

2. How do norms differ in degree of mandatoryness?

3. Define the concepts of imperative (mandatory) and variant norms. Give examples.

4. How they manifest themselves different options norms in modern conditions Russian society?

Test tasks

1. Find statements that correspond to reality. Correct speech means:

A) its compliance with generally accepted standards of behavior;

B) its correspondence to the generally accepted use of linguistic units;

C) its compliance with the norms of literary language;

D) its compliance with dialect norms.

These are the rules for using existing linguistic means in a specific historical period evolution of the literary language (set of rules of spelling, grammar, pronunciation, word usage).

The concept of a language norm is usually interpreted as an example of the generally accepted uniform use of such elements of language as phrases, words, sentences.

The norms under consideration are not the result of the invention of philologists. They reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the literary language of an entire people. Language norms cannot simply be introduced or abolished; they cannot be reformed even administratively. The activities of linguists who study these norms are their identification, description and codification, as well as explanation and promotion.

Literary language and language norm

According to the interpretation of B. N. Golovin, the norm is the choice of a single linguistic sign among various functional variations, historically accepted within a certain language community. In his opinion, she is the regulator of the speech behavior of many people.

The literary and linguistic norm is a contradictory and complex phenomenon. There are different interpretations of this concept in linguistic literature. modern era. The main difficulty of definition is the presence of mutually exclusive features.

Distinctive features of the concept under consideration

It is customary to identify the following features of language norms in the literature:

1.Resilience (stability), thanks to which the literary language unites generations due to the fact that language norms ensure the continuity of linguistic and cultural traditions. However, this feature is considered relative, because the literary language is constantly evolving, allowing for changes in existing norms.

2. The degree of occurrence of the phenomenon under consideration. Still, it is worth keeping in mind that a significant level of usage of the corresponding language variant (as a fundamental feature in determining the literary and linguistic norm), as a rule, also characterizes certain speech errors. For example, in colloquial speech The definition of a language norm comes down to the fact that it is “frequently occurring.”

3.Compliance with an authoritative source(works widely famous writers). But do not forget that in works of art both the literary language and dialects, vernaculars are reflected, therefore, when delineating norms, based on observation of texts mainly fiction, it is necessary to distinguish between the author’s speech and the language of the characters in the work.

The concept of a language norm (literary) is associated with the internal laws of the evolution of language, and on the other hand, it is determined by the purely cultural traditions of society (what it approves and protects, and what it fights and condemns).

Variety of language norms

The literary and linguistic norm is codified (gains official recognition and is subsequently described in reference books and dictionaries that have authority in society).

There are the following types of language norms:

The types of language norms presented above are considered to be basic.

Typology of language norms

It is customary to distinguish the following standards:

oral and written forms of speech;
oral only;
only written.

The types of language norms that apply to both oral and written speech are as follows:

lexical;
stylistic;
grammatical.

Special norms for exclusively written speech are:

spelling standards;
punctuation.

The following types of language norms are also distinguished:

pronunciation;
intonation;
accents.

They apply only to oral speech.

Linguistic norms, which are common to both forms of speech, relate primarily to the construction of texts and linguistic content. Lexical (the set of norms of word use), on the contrary, are decisive in the issue of the correct choice of the appropriate word among linguistic units that are sufficiently close to it in form or meaning and its use in its literary meaning.

Lexical language norms are displayed in dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, terminological) and reference books. It is compliance with this kind of norms that is the key to accuracy and correctness of speech.

Violation of language norms leads to numerous lexical errors. Their number is constantly increasing. We can imagine the following examples of language norms that were violated:

Language options

They involve four stages:

1. The only form is dominant, and the alternative version is considered to be incorrect, since it is beyond the boundaries of the literary language (for example, in XVIII-XIX centuries the word "turner" is the only correct option).

2. An alternative option makes its way into the literary language as acceptable (marked “additional”) and acts either colloquially (marked “colloquial”) or equal to the original norm (marked “and”). Hesitation regarding the word "turner" began to appear at the end of the 19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.

3. The original norm is rapidly fading away and giving way to an alternative (competing) one; it acquires the status of obsolete (marked “obsolete.”). Thus, the above-mentioned word “turner,” according to Ushakov’s dictionary, is considered obsolete.

4. A competing norm as the only one within the literary language. In accordance with the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language, the previously presented word "turner" is considered the only option (literary norm).

It is worth noting the fact that in announcer, teaching, stage, oratorical speech there are only possible strict language norms. In everyday speech, the literary norm is freer.

The relationship between speech culture and language norms

Firstly, speech culture is mastery of the literary norms of a language in written and oral form, as well as the ability to correctly select and organize certain linguistic means in such a way that in a specific communication situation or in the process of observing its ethics, the greatest effect is ensured in achieving the intended communication objectives .

And secondly, this is an area of linguistics that deals with the problems of speech normalization and develops recommendations regarding the skillful use of language.

Speech culture is divided into three components:

Linguistic norms are a distinctive feature of a literary language.

Standards of language in business style

They are the same as in the literary language, namely:

the word must be used according to its lexical meaning;
taking into account the stylistic coloring;
according to lexical compatibility.

These are lexical language norms of the Russian language within the framework of business style.

For of this style it is extremely important to comply with the qualities that determine the effectiveness parameter business communication(literacy). This quality also includes knowledge existing rules word usage, sentence patterns, grammatical compatibility, and the ability to distinguish between the areas of application of language.

Currently, the Russian language has many variant forms, some of which are used within the framework of book and written speech styles, and some - in everyday conversation. IN business style Forms of special codified written speech are used due to the fact that only their compliance ensures the accuracy and correctness of the transmission of information.

This may include:

incorrect choice of word form;
a number of violations regarding the structure of phrases and sentences;
The most common mistake is the use in writing of incompatible colloquial forms of plural nouns that end in -а / -я, instead of the normative ones in -и/-ы. Examples are presented in the table below.

Literary norm	Spoken speech
Treaties	Treaty
Proofreaders	Proofreaders
Inspectors	Inspectors

It is worth remembering that the following nouns have a zero-ending form:

paired items (shoes, stockings, boots, but socks);
names of nationalities and territorial affiliations (Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Kyivans, Armenians, British, southerners);
military groups (cadets, partisans, soldiers);
units of measurement (volts, arshins, roentgens, amperes, watts, microns, but grams, kilograms).

These are the grammatical language norms of Russian speech.

Sources of language norms

There are at least five of them:

The role of the norms under consideration

They help preserve the literary language’s integrity and general intelligibility. Norms protect him from dialect speech, professional and social argot, and vernacular. This is what makes it possible for the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The norm depends on the conditions within which speech is realized. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may turn out to be unacceptable in official business. The norm does not differentiate linguistic means according to the criteria “good - bad”, but clarifies their expediency (communicative).

The norms under consideration are a so-called historical phenomenon. Their change is due to the continuous development of language. The norms of the last century may now be deviations. For example, in the 30-40s. Words such as diploma student and diploma student (a student who completes a thesis work) were considered identical. At that time, the word "diplomatnik" was a colloquial version of the word "diplomat". Within the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a division of the meaning of the presented words: the diploma holder is a student during the period of defending his diploma, and the diploma holder is the winner of competitions, competitions, shows marked with a diploma (for example, a diploma holder of the International Vocal Show).

Also in the 30-40s. the word “applicant” was used to describe individuals who graduated from school or entered a university. Currently graduating high school began to be called graduates, and applicants to given value no longer used. They call people who take entrance exams to technical schools and universities.

Such norms as pronunciation are characteristic exclusively of oral speech. But not everything that is characteristic of oral speech can be attributed to pronunciation. Intonation is a fairly important means of expressiveness, giving emotional coloring speech and diction are not pronunciation.

As for stress, it relates to oral speech, however, despite the fact that it is a sign of a word or grammatical form, it still belongs to grammar and vocabulary, and is not a characteristic of pronunciation in its essence.

So, orthoepy indicates the proper pronunciation of certain sounds in appropriate phonetic positions and in combination with other sounds, and even in certain grammatical groups of words and forms, or in individual words, provided that they have their own pronunciation features.

Due to the fact that language is a means human communication, it needs unification of oral and written format. Just like spelling errors, incorrect pronunciation draws attention to speech from its external side, which acts as an obstacle in the course of linguistic communication. Since orthoepy is one of the aspects of speech culture, it has the task of helping to raise the pronunciation culture of our language.

The conscious cultivation of literary pronunciation on the radio, in cinema, theater, and school is very significant in relation to the mastery of the literary language by the multi-million masses.

Vocabulary norms are those norms that determine the correct choice of a suitable word, the appropriateness of its use within the framework of a generally known meaning and in combinations considered generally accepted. The exceptional importance of their observance is determined by both cultural factors and the need for mutual understanding between people.

An essential factor determining the significance of the concept of norms for linguistics is the assessment of the possibilities of its application in various types of linguistic research work.

Today, the following aspects and areas of research are identified within the framework of which the concept under consideration can become productive:

Study of the nature of the functioning and implementation of various kinds of language structures (including the establishment of their productivity, distribution across various functional areas of the language).
The study of the historical aspect of language changes over relatively short periods of time (“microhistory”), when both minor shifts in the structure of the language and significant changes in its functioning and implementation are revealed.

Degrees of normativity

A rigid, strict degree that does not allow alternative options.
Neutral, allowing equivalent options.
A more flexible degree that allows the use of colloquial or outdated forms.