1. Characteristics formal business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features
In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, language is used in different ways. For each of the listed areas public life its own subtype of the Russian literary language has been fixed, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations implemented in lawmaking, economics, management and diplomatic activities. The periphery of business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.) ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, not allowing for misinterpretation, placed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. IN oral speech It is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its lack of preparation, spontaneity, and variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given linguistic unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author’s thoughts in a speech fragment (sentence, text).
The documents therefore use clichéd standard phrases:
The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.
Pursuant to order No....
Standardization of the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative precision that gives the document legal force. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, you have to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram within three days from the date of payment. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor has the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.
Details of the presentation in the official business style combined with the analytic expression of actions and processes in the form of a verbal noun:
Emphasized logic and unemotional presentation with a standard arrangement of text material on a sheet of paper also very significantly distinguishes written business speech from oral speech. Oral speech is most often emotionally charged, asymmetrical according to the principle of textual organization. The emphasized logic of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business oral communication should take place against the background positive emotions- trust, sympathy, goodwill, respect.
Information in a document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of text design that are mandatory - details. For each type of document there is its own set of details provided for by the state standard - GOST.
A detail is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a specific place on a form or sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the compiler, etc. are constantly located in the same place - the first three are at the top, and the last one is at the bottom of the sheet after the signatures.
The number of details varies and depends on the type and content of the documents. The sample form establishes the maximum composition of details and the order of their arrangement. These include:
1. State emblem of the Russian Federation.
2. Emblem of the organization and enterprise.
3. Image of government awards.
4. Code of an enterprise, institution or organization according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations (OKPO).
5. Code of the document form according to the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD).
6. Name of the ministry or department.
7. Name of the institution, organization or enterprise.
8. Name of the structural unit.
9. Post office index, postal and telegraph address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.
10. Name of the document type.
14. Place of compilation and publication.
15. Document access restriction stamp.
16. Addressee.
17. Approval stamp.
18. Resolution.
19. Title to the text.
20. Control mark.
22. Mark on the presence of the application.
23. Signature.
24. Approval stamp.
26. Print.
27. Note on certification of copies.
28. Last name of the performer and his telephone number.
29. A note on the execution of the document and its sending to the file.
30. Mark on data transfer to machine media.
31. Mark on admission.
Thus, a high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of terminology of vocabulary, logic, unemotionality, information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are characteristic of the language of documents and distinguish it from oral spontaneous business dialogic speech.
The history of the formation of official business style.
· Business documents appeared in Rus' after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth,” appears - an original written monument that allows one to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to highlight the peculiarities of word usage and organization of speech, which belong to the characteristic features of business style. This is a high level of terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex constructions with coordinating conjunctions “and”, “yes”, “the same”, as well as non-union chains. Of all types of complex sentences, the most widely used are constructions with a subordinate conditional (with the conjunction even - if): In "Russkaya Pravda" terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Rus': head (killed), golovnik (killer), poslukh (witness), vira (fine), extracted (property), veno vopikoe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.
· After “Russian Truth”, the oldest document is considered to be “The Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”. The initial formula of this letter “Se az” ... (“Here I am”) from now on becomes an obligatory element (requisite) of ancient Russian letters: “Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave to St. George (Yuryev Monastery) the Terpug churchyard of Lyakhovichi with land, and with people, and with horses, and forest, and boards, and traps on the catch..." ("from" Letters of Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery of 1125-1137") The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was there. a witness to the transaction and who affixes the document with his signature.
· And in the “General Regulations” of Peter’s Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. "General forms", i.e. document forms provided for design standards, etiquette standards for addressing the addressee indicating rank, title, rank, uniform standards for naming and self-designation. The vocabulary of business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, live speech, penetrating into it great amount foreign words(province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms.
· In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was largely completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Documents of official correspondence were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and in quantitative terms significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterhead and included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the “General Establishment of Ministries,” the characteristic features of the clerical style were actively formed: formal-logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for the preparation of documentation), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of national importance.
· In the 20th century the unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on creating new standards for business writing, stencil texts appeared
Official business style as the language of documents
New era in the process of standardization, machine processing and computerization of office work opened up. The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones is justified economically, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material when preparing a document is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain linguistic means to a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in a goods exhibition involves filling out an application prepared by the exhibition organization in a printed form in the form of a questionnaire. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms in which the stencil looks like a formalized text are subject to special standardization.
The process of creating stencil texts consists of allocating constant parts for a group of texts of the same type, containing pre-known information, and spaces for entering changing information. As a rule, these are nominations, dates of registration, signing of the document, indication of cost, quantity, form of delivery of goods (equipment), scope of work, etc.
Stencil texts with permanent and changing parts are called forms. “The form is a kind of ideal basis for a business paper; when completed, this is the standard that it strives for and achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of several interpretations,” P.V. rightly notes. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.
Standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations of generic type correspondence.
The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the column and sidebar headers (row headers), and variable information is placed in the table cells.
These types of textual organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, reports, explanatory notes; The following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts are often cliche, business letters.
Stencilization, thus, determines a high degree of information capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including through machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of business language documents - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmative-statement or prescriptive-statement nature. Hence the syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, and high repetition of words.
Typing business documents allows you to model text of any type or situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the validity period of the contract).
Open Joint Stock Company "Vnukovo Airport", hereinafter referred to as ___________ Customer, represented by General Director V.V. Baranov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the one hand, and the company "Networks and Systems", hereinafter referred to as the Contractor, represented by director M.V. Petrov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, entered into an agreement between themselves on the following...
A lease agreement is concluded between the closed joint stock company "Wholesale Market Samara", hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Tenant.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself remains virtually unchanged (variations of sentence members and synonymous substitutions are allowed); the legal terms that define social roles contracting parties:
· contract for the performance of work - Customer - Performer (Contractor)
· purchase and sale agreement - Seller - Buyer
· lease agreement - Lessor - Tenant.
All the features of the official business style, its iconic nature are determined by the action of the dominant and the function of obligation, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.
Economic necessity, the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the tendency towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
Language of business correspondence
The language of business correspondence represents the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, unregulated business letters are increasingly entering the practice of business communication today, along with official ones - semi-official ones (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other. Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations created the need to identify a special functional variety of the literary language.
Regulating relations between people, institutions, and countries required written evidence, acts, and documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized. So, the official business style is distinguished by:
· high degree of terminative vocabulary:
o legal terms (owner, law, registration, property, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, fall, rent, redemption, personal matter, etc.);
o economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures, etc.);
o economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, period of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);
· nominal character of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:
o loan repayment - repay the loan
o solving an issue - solving an issue
o use of credit - use credit
o shipment of goods - ship goods
o deferred payment - defer payment
· in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to the address, in relation to, by virtue of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, in, during, for the purpose of, to the extent of, along the line, to the address, after, for the reason , in the presence of, with the assistance of, provided, in relation to, in accordance with, according to, accordingly (what), etc.;
· development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles to the class of adjectives and pronouns:
o these rules
o this agreement
o current prices
o appropriate measures
o proper handling
o with inadequate quality
· standardization of lexical compatibility: narrowing the meaning of words explains the limitation of lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:
o control is usually assigned
o deal - is concluded
o payment - made
o invoice - issued (or paid)
o price - set
o right - granted
o Positions can be constructive/unconstructive; activity - successful; necessity - urgent; discounts are significant; disagreements - significant/insignificant, etc.;
· standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but are reproduced as a formula in the text of a document that establishes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:
o in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the agreed agreement;
o in order to provide technical assistance; in case of default on debt obligations;
o The Agreement comes into force from the date of signing;
o Complaints are submitted to established by law ok;
o Delivery is made by road transport;
· formal-logical principle of text organization, expressed in the division of the main topic into subtopics, considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:
o 1. Subject of the agreement
o 1.1. The contractor assumes responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating and water supply.
o 1.2. The customer pays for the services provided on time;
· lack of emotionality, narrow range of speech expression;
· the maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in an abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).
Functions of formal business style
The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, presented in texts with a wide range of imperatives from the genres of order, resolution, instruction to requests, wishes, proposals expressed in petitions and business correspondence; function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); function of transmitting information (information letters, reports, certificates).
2. Main genres of writing business speech: linguistic and compositional characteristics
· Vocabulary of the language of business documents
· Grammar of the language of business documents
· Syntax of the language of business documents
· Business letters
· Types of business letters
One of the current genres of written business speech today is the contract. An agreement is a document establishing the legal relations of legal entities (counterparties) or individual with a legal entity. The nature of the transaction, conditions, terms, rights and obligations of the parties are certainly reflected in the relevant clauses of the agreement and constitute a set of information that provides the document with legal force. From the point of view of textual organization, these paragraphs represent modules - text fragments with standard headings represented by a set of standard phrases. There should be a minimum of seven such models:
1. Representation of the parties.
2. Subject of the agreement.
3. Obligations of the parties.
4. Terms and procedure of payments.
5. Responsibility of the parties.
6. Duration of the agreement.
7. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties.
8. In addition to those listed, the following points are introduced into the text of the agreement, if necessary:
10. Cost of the contract.
11. Additional conditions (special conditions).
12. Responsibility of the parties (sanctions).
13. Payment procedure (payments and settlements).
14. Circumstances force majeure(Force Majeure).
15. Guarantees of fulfillment of obligations (quality of goods).
16. Procedure for delivery and acceptance of work.
17. Dispute resolution procedure (arbitration), etc.
Please note that the title of the document contains the keyword “agreement”:
Supply agreement
Contract agreement
Rent contract
Service Agreement
Electricity supply agreement
The title is thus a phrase with a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition "about" ("about") or the noun "contract" with the genitive case of the dependent word
Premises rental contract.
Purchase and sale contract.
It is incorrect to use any other case form, for example:
Contract for the supply of electricity or
Contract of sale.
AGREEMENT No. 7
Partnership with limited liability - manufacturing enterprise"Master-93", hereinafter referred to as the "CONTRACTOR", represented by director Mikhail Vasilyevich Ganyushev, acting on the basis of the charter, on the one hand, and "BLOK" LLP, hereinafter referred to as "CUSTOMER", represented by director Oleg Alekseevich Gerasimov, acting On the basis of the charter, on the other hand, we have concluded this agreement as follows:
I. SUBJECT OF THE AGREEMENT AND OTHER GENERAL CONDITIONS.
1.1. The Customer instructs and the Contractor assumes obligations for the production and installation of a mobile book and photo exhibition in accordance with the requirement of the register No. 68, Art. 3-12 within 25 working days from the date of receipt of payment to the Contractor's account.
II OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES
2.1. The customer undertakes:
make payment for the Contractor's services in accordance with clause 3.1 of this agreement;
provide assistance to the Contractor in fulfilling its obligations.
III. AMOUNT OF THE AGREEMENT AND PAYMENT PROCEDURE
3.1. The total amount under this agreement is 34,000 (Thirty-four thousand) rubles.
3.2. Payment is made in advance or 100% within 5 days from the date of signing the contract.
IV. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PARTIES
4.1. In case of late payment for the Contractor's services (including in advance payment), the Customer shall pay the Contractor a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.
4.2. If the Contractor fails to fulfill its obligations on time, it will pay the Customer a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.
V. TERM OF THE AGREEMENT
This agreement comes into force from the moment it is signed by the parties and is valid until the parties fulfill their obligations.
VI. ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
All other conditions not provided for in the contract are governed by current legislation.
1. The Agreement is drawn up in two copies, one of which is kept by the Contractor, the second by the Customer.
2. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties:
Vocabulary of the language of business documents1. High degree of termination. A characteristic feature of the Russian language of documents is, as already indicated, a high degree of terminology, and a huge layer is adjacent to the terms:
· nomenclature vocabulary:
o nomenclature of names: Olympus OJSC
o nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager,
o product range: ZIL-130, gasoline A-76, etc.;
· technical terms. In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, the language of business papers uses a fairly large number of technical terms:
o energy resources, mineral resource base, auxiliary equipment,
o abbreviations:
o ACS - automatic control system;
o AIS - automatic information system;
o Efficiency - efficiency factor;
o UXO - radiation safety standards.
· abbreviations. In addition to the terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:
o Civil Code - Civil Code;
o Criminal Code - Criminal Code.
o Nomenclature signs of various properties are being abbreviated; representing the names of organizations:
o IMF - International Monetary Fund;
o CBR - Central Bank of Russia;
o indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:
o 000 - limited liability company;
o JSC - open Joint-Stock Company;
o PE - private enterprise;
o MP - municipal enterprise;
o JV - joint venture.
o The range of positions is being reduced:
o IO - acting.
2. High frequency. The uniformity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business writing is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (this is vocabulary with a generalized meaning), representing in the text of the document a specific action, object or feature in the official legal interpretation:
violation labor discipline(this could be lateness, absenteeism, coming to work drunk, etc.),
disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),
bear responsibility (be subject to fines, financial penalties, criminal prosecution in case of violation, etc.)
The presentation procedure is associated not only with a preference for generalized semantics, but also with a preference for generic lexemes over specific ones:
· products - books, booklets, boards, nails;
· premises - room, apartment, hall;
· building - barn, house, stall, etc.,
· with a tendency towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects:
· make a calculation - pay off
· trading process- trade
· cash - money
Terms and procedural vocabulary constitute the supporting, style-forming vocabulary of the document language, which constitutes specific genres from 50 to 70% of all word usages.
The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is determined by the subject of the document:
The parties undertake to ensure mutual barter supplies...
Despite all its ambiguity, the word “parties” can only be read in its legal aspect - “legal entities entering into an agreement.”
The high degree of generality and abstraction of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, settlement, work, disagreement, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the specificity of the meaning of nomenclature vocabulary.
Nomenclature vocabulary with its specific denotative meaning seems to complement high level generality of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of contracts - terms and procedural vocabulary, in appendices to contracts - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms seem to receive their own decoding.
It is not allowed to use in the texts of documents swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon, nevertheless, professional and slang words fall into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payroll, cape, work in progress, etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since its use is reserved only for the oral sphere of communication and it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.
Business Document Language Grammar
The grammatical norms of business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of phrases and word forms. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each paragraph begins with an indication of the addressee in the dative hope - “to whom?”, and then “to execute what?”:
28.5 words. In general, a sentence of a scientific text contains approximately one and a half times more words than a sentence literary text. Official business style Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself. But many...
Comic effect. Let's take a closer look at individual aspects colloquial speech. Studying styles To identify the frequency of figurative and expressive means in various functional styles of the Russian language, we will consider examples of texts of each style separately and analyze them. The analysis consists of identifying tropes and figures in all styles and comparing their number in relation to...
Since business writing represents an official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.
The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas state life:
foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need to formalize contracts, laws, records of debts, and formalize the transfer of inheritance in writing began to form a special “language”, which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.
Business documents appeared in Rus' after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth”, appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After the “Russian Truth”, the oldest document is considered to be the “Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”.
The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
Since the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 18th to 18th centuries. – a mandatory requisite for a business letter. State-mandatory language of the 16th–18th centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more standardized, standard language than living spoken language. He introduces into use a number of command formulas that become clichés and clericalisms (to take on bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to put on trial, to inflict reprisals, etc.).
There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Rus' required the development of unified approaches to the preparation and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, has received its further development.
And in the “General Regulations” of Peter’s Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. “General forms”, i.e. document forms provided for design standards, etiquette standards for addressing the addressee indicating rank, title, rank, uniform standards for naming and self-designation. The vocabulary of business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, living speech; a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was largely completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Documents of official correspondence were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and in quantitative terms significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterhead, included a certain set of details,
The adoption in 1811 of the “General Establishment of Ministries” consolidated the process of unifying the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: formal logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization.
As a result of the reform of office work (rules for the preparation of documentation), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of national importance.
In the 20th century the unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s, work began to create new standards for business writing, and stencil texts appeared.
A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.
The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones is justified economically, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain linguistic means to a typical situation. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms in which the stencil looks like a formalized text are subject to special standardization.
The process of creating stencil texts consists of allocating constant parts for a group of texts of the same type, containing pre-known information, and spaces for entering changing information.
“The form is a kind of ideal basis for a business paper; when completed, this is the standard that it strives for and achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of multiple interpretations,” rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.
Standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations of generic type correspondence. A table is an even more capacious organization of a document: permanent information is placed in column and sidebar headers (row headers), and variable information is placed in table cells.
These types of textual organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, reports, explanatory notes; The following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts and business letters are often stenciled. Thus, stencilization determines a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including through machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmatively ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining nature. Hence the syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, and high repetition of words.
Document typing allows you to model text of any type according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the contract.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself remains virtually unchanged (variations of sentence members and synonymous substitutions are allowed); the legal terms that define the social roles of the contracting parties change.
All the features of the official business style, its iconic nature are determined by the action of the dominant and the function of obligation, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.
Economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the tendency towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
The language of business correspondence represents the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, today the practice of business communication is increasingly including unregulated business letters, along with official - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising) letters, in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other.
Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations created the need to identify a special functional variety of the literary language.
Regulating relations between people, institutions, and countries required written evidence, acts, and documents.
3.1. History of official business style.
3.2. Document concept.
3.3. Purpose and classification of documents.
H.4 Structural elements document. Rules for text formatting.
3.5. Requirements for the language of business papers.
Official business style is the style of the language of business papers: orders, resolutions, programs, decrees, acts, laws, orders, questionnaires, receipts, etc. The main function of the official business style is informative (message). The scope of its application determines the genre branching. Most genres of business speech reflect social communication. Another function of this style is that it gives the statement the character of a document, and the human relationships reflected in it - an official business character.
History of official business style
The embryos of the official business style, some of its elements, were discovered by researchers in monuments from the period of Kievan Rus. Interesting are the code of laws “Russian Truth”, the work of Nestor the Chronicler “The Tale of Bygone Years”, excerpts from which reveal their closeness to a business letter; it is also felt in the lists of tribes led by Oleg (885) and conquered by Igor (944, ), and in the description of quitrents, taxes, traps, graveyards established by Olga.
The precise recording of plots, objects, property, movable and immovable, and geographical locations is a defining feature of deed writing.
For the history of our people during the princely era (the times of the Kyiv Rus' X-XIII V. and the Galicia-Volyn principality of the 13th - 14th centuries) the main sources are chronicles preserved in the form of chronicle lists (Ipatiev list of 1425, Laurentian list of 1377), acts (international treaties, in particular with Byzantium), princely reports, legal codes ("Russian Truth", church statutes, etc.).
In the XIV century. literacy arose as a special genre that differs from others written monuments of its time by social purpose and conditions of creation. Scientists note that along with the term “literacy” the term “writing” was also used, but the former was used more often. More than a dozen types of letters are known for legal purposes.
Deeds of gift - deeds of gift, according to which government officials As a reward for good service, they formalized the transfer of villages, money and property to their subjects with corresponding rights and obligations.
Serfdom and sales letters certified the purchase or sale, mainly of real estate.
Mortgage deeds formalized loans of money against certain real estate.
Separate certificates were issued by officials in case of misunderstandings between neighbors when using adjacent lands, forests, tracts, etc.
Confirming letters ensured the right of children to inherit their parents' property.
The sworn letters certified the oath of local princes to faithfully serve the Grand Duke of Lithuania or the Polish King.
The handrails of the letter were given by relatives or close people of the one who lost the trust of the Grand Duke of Lithuania or the Polish King.
Treaty letters, or agreements concluded between two or more principalities after the end of hostilities.
Since the time of the Khmelnytsky region, the differentiation of documentary sources has been growing, and their total number has been increasing. In the first half of the 18th century. a major role in the formation of the official business style was played by charters, station wagons, letters from hetmans, acts of the General Military Chancellery, the General Military Court, the General Treasure, the General Artillery, the regimental administration and court, hundreds of governments, city government, acts and documents of church and cultural-educational institutions, international treaties, constitutions. Subsequently, under the influence of the Russian government, the leading administrative document became a decree. An order as an administrative document first appears in everyday life, and subsequently begins to be used in the socio-political sphere. In the same century, procedural, legal and clerical documentation appeared and developed.
Sources of foreign origin are of great importance during this period: documents of an international legal nature, Moscow, Polish, Turkish-Tatar chronicles, memoirs of Western European travelers, letters, diaries, descriptions ("Diary" by Brich Lyassoti von Steblau, "Description of Ukraine" by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan).
Scientists note that the modern official business style originated in late XIX, and developed especially actively at the beginning of the 20th century. At this time, the amount of documentary materials, handwritten and printed, increases significantly, a process of further differentiation and specialization of life occurs, as a result of which documents are classified. Foreign materials of this period are losing their importance, however, as before, documentary materials from state, public institutions and organizations, private archives.
Several groups of documents from this era can be identified:
1. Diaries, letters, memoirs of Ukrainian figures of the XIX- XX centuries (Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Mikhail Drahomanov, Vladimir Antonovich, etc.).
2. Acts and documents of institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian state of Hetman Skoropadsky and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1921)
3. Documentary materials of political emigration.
4. Documents of institutions of the Ukrainian SSR.
5. Business papers of independent Ukraine.
In linguistic works of the 50-60s of the XX century. business style is sometimes called “official-documentary”, defining the following substyles in it: the style of decrees, official orders or orders, legislative documents, business speech.
The very concept of “business language” correlates with the development of official business style. The modern history of business communication in Ukrainian begins in the 20s of the 20th century. against the backdrop of socio-political shifts in Ukraine. It covers three periods:
1) 20-30s;
2) 40-80s;
3) from the 90s to today.
In the 20s, the dictionaries “Russian-Ukrainian Phraseological Dictionary. Phraseology of Business Speech” were published. Podmo-gilny and Yes. Pluzhnik; "Practical Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of business speech (office and farm)"; "Dictionary of business language (terminology and phraseology)" by M. Doroshenko, M. Stanislavsky, V. Strashkevich. These publications served as language advisers.
In the 40-70s, the business Ukrainian language was used only in some political and ideological literature, legislative acts, that is, it was implemented as a written form of the official business style. Mandatory study of the rules of writing business documents was also introduced into secondary school programs.
For a long time, business language practice was influenced by the Russian language, so the question of dictionaries and reference books that would provide comprehensive information about words and terms was not raised.
As a style, official business speech was formed in the 50s and 60s. Some archaic forms of terms ("announcement" instead of "announcement") are recognized as abnormal, Russianisms are assessed very negatively (event, dear, coincide, compare, conclude an agreement, travel certificate).
At this time the dictionary business man is filled with the following words: party organizer, trade unionist, planner, financial agent, cultural fund, plannedness, standard, goods, order, progressive, public reception, party worker (functionary), chief of finance, illiquid, people's assessor, etc. The compiled names of officials are strengthened as terms: acting, trust manager, head of the department (after 1990 - acting, head of the trust, head of the department).
In the 70-80s, scientists actively researched this style, determined its constructive features, and the foundations of the culture of the Ukrainian business language. The main function of the official business style is defined as edifying and informative; the following main features of the business sphere of communication are presented:
o unambiguity, accuracy, logical completeness of the statement, which is achieved by the use of infinitive, adjective, participial phrases;
o predominance of complex long sentences, similar syntactic constructions, “stringing” homogeneous members offers;
o conservatism (available cliches, cliches), which contributes to a uniform understanding and interpretation of the document by different people;
o lack of figurative expressions, emotionally charged words and syntactic structures, synonymous terms;
o constancy and uniformity of the forms of a particular document, which makes it possible to standardize its production;
o active functioning of book elements, the use of foreign words, especially in the diplomatic sphere (affirmation - ratification, probable - authentic, termination - denunciation).
Since the 80s, the following substyles have been distinguished in the official business style:
o legislative (laws, decrees, charters, regulations);
o diplomatic (international agreements, conventions, messages - communiques, appeals - notes, protocols);
o administrative and clerical (orders, instructions, orders, statements, reports).
After the declaration of independence of Ukraine begins new stage development of style, polishing its norms. New dictionaries, reference books, and manuals are published. There is an increasing interest in publications from previous periods, such as “As We Talk” By. Antonenko-Davidovich. There is a critical approach to the dissemination of certain statements in the official business sphere, an orientation toward the language practice of the 20s and 30s, and a selection of vocabulary that would emphasize the specifics of Ukrainian language, primarily in comparison with Russian.
It was during this period that the following main features of this style were highlighted:
1. High degree of standardization of linguistic expression,
2. Expressive logical presentation.
3. Complete lack of emotionality and imagery.
4. Widespread use of command and impersonal forms.
5. The vocabulary is predominantly neutral, used in its literal meaning.
6. Own “clerical” vocabulary and phraseology, which is almost never used in other areas of communication due to its specific stylistic coloring.
7. Official business and legal terminology, borrowings, and international vocabulary are used.
8. They use specific syntactic structures and clichés.
9. For a clearer organization of the text, division into paragraphs, paragraphs, subparagraphs (categorization) is used.
10. In the diplomatic, and now in the administrative spheres, titles are used (Mr., Madam, Mister, Gentlemen).
11. Undefined shape and imperative mood verbs.
12. The nominal predicate prevails over the simple predicate.
13. Available characteristic descriptive word-nominal stamps and attributive phrases with a noun in the form of the genitive case in the definition function.
14. Sentences characteristic of this style are simple common ones (several subjects with one predicate, several adjectives with one subject, several applications with one of the main members of the sentence, etc.).
15. From different types complex sentences They use complex sentences, with isolated turns, with inserted and inserted structures.
16. Larger share have split clauses (conduct research, recruit, give consent), as well as clauses expressed by verbs in the present tense with the meaning of timelessness (organizes, applies, considers),
17. Minor tracing of the author’s linguistic individuality.
18. Dividing a complex syntactic structure into paragraphs.
19. Stability of presentation form.
Krasivova A. Business Russian language
Business Russian is a discipline that studies the norms of modern business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax and stylistics.
Business speech is a normative literary speech, the features of its manifestation are associated with the official business style.
Word official(from lat. officialis– “official” has the following meanings:
1) “established by the government, administration, official, emanating from them”;
2) “in compliance with all rules and formalities.”
In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life is assigned its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels: lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.
The official business style is assigned, as already mentioned, to the sphere of social and legal relations implemented in lawmaking, economics, management and diplomatic activity. The periphery of business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech. Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech, the ORD represents the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.
A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, not allowing for misinterpretation, placed on the text of documents. Only written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement.
A high degree of unification, standardization as the leading feature of syntax, a high degree of terminology of vocabulary, logic, unemotionality, information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are characteristic of the language of documents.
The purpose of this manual is to show the lexical, phraseological and grammatical features of the official business style; introduce the norms of business language in the field of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, stylistics; help to master specific language means of official business style; develop stylistic flair; develop skills in editing texts of business papers; introduce sample documents and their options compositional structure; teach the design and preparation of certain types of documents.
History of the formation of business style
Since business writing represents an official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.
The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life:
foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need to formalize contracts, laws, records of debts, and formalize the transfer of inheritance in writing began to form a special “language”, which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.
Business documents appeared in Rus' after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth”, appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. After the “Russian Truth”, the oldest document is considered to be the “Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”.
The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.
Since the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 18th to 18th centuries. – a mandatory requisite for a business letter. State-mandatory language of the 16th–18th centuries. for all its lexical diversity, it is a more standardized, standard language than living spoken language. He introduces into use a number of command formulas that become clichés and clericalisms (to take on bail, this is given in that, to give a confrontation, to put on trial, to inflict reprisals, etc.).
There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Rus' required the development of unified approaches to the preparation and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, received further development.
And in the “General Regulations” of Peter’s Collegiums, a complete system of documentation standards was given. “General forms”, i.e. document forms provided for design standards, etiquette standards for addressing the addressee indicating rank, title, rank, uniform standards for naming and self-designation. The vocabulary of business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, living speech; a huge number of foreign words (province, act, run, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.
In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was largely completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Documents of official correspondence were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and in quantitative terms significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official letterhead, included a certain set of details,
The adoption in 1811 of the “General Establishment of Ministries” consolidated the process of unifying the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: formal logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (prevalence of the nominative and genitive cases), standardization.
As a result of the reform of office work (rules for the preparation of documentation), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be conceptualized as a task of national importance.
In the 20th century the unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a unified form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s, work began to create new standards for business writing, and stencil texts appeared.
A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.
The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant from several possible ones is justified economically, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technical progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain linguistic means to a typical situation. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms in which the stencil looks like a formalized text are subject to special standardization.
The process of creating stencil texts consists of allocating constant parts for a group of texts of the same type, containing pre-known information, and spaces for entering changing information.
“The form is a kind of ideal basis for a business paper; when completed, this is the standard that it strives for and achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form reduces to zero all the possibilities of multiple interpretations,” rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading specialists in the field of documentary linguistics.
Standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.
The questionnaire is a collapsed text in the form of nominations of generic type correspondence. A table is an even more capacious organization of a document: permanent information is placed in column and sidebar headers (row headers), and variable information is placed in table cells.
These types of textual organization can be used in various genres of business documentary: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, reports, explanatory notes; The following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing table, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Contracts and business letters are often stenciled. Thus, stencilization determines a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including through machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.
The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmatively ascertaining or prescriptive-ascertaining nature. Hence the syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, and high repetition of words.
Document typing allows you to model text of any type according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of contracts this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the contract, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the contract.
These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on purchase and sale). The text of the initial module of the contract itself remains virtually unchanged (variations of sentence members and synonymous substitutions are allowed); the legal terms that define the social roles of the contracting parties change.
All the features of the official business style, its iconic nature are determined by the action of the dominant and the function of obligation, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.
Economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the tendency towards simplification, purification of outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.
The language of business correspondence represents the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, today the practice of business communication is increasingly including unregulated business letters, along with official - semi-official (congratulatory, advertising) letters, in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other.
Undoubtedly, the official business style, as well as the Russian language in general, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations created the need to identify a special functional variety of the literary language.
Regulating relations between people, institutions, and countries required written evidence, acts, and documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized:
a) high degree of terminology of vocabulary:
- legal terms (owner, law, registration, property, acceptance of objects, privatization, ownership, redemption, personal matter, etc.);
- economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget expenditure, etc.);
- economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, product sales period, quality certificate, etc.);
b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:
- loan repayment deferment of payment in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to, in relation to, by virtue of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, during, for the purpose of, to the extent of, along the line, upon expiration, for reason , provided, in relation to, in accordance with, according to, accordingly (what), etc.;
c) the development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles in the class of adjectives and pronouns:
- these rules are these rules
- a real agreement - this agreement (cf.: a real guy, a real terror) in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;
d) standardization of lexical compatibility: narrowing the meaning of words explains the limitation of lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:
- control is usually assigned, the deal is concluded, the price is set
Positions can be constructive/non-constructive; activity – successful; necessity – urgent; discounts – significant disagreements – significant/insignificant, etc.;
e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but are reproduced as a formula in the text of a document that establishes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:
according to established order; in accordance with the agreed agreement; in case of default on debt obligations;
The Agreement comes into force from the date of signing;
f) the formal-logical principle of text organization, expressed in the division of the main topic into subtopics, considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:
I. Subject of the agreement
1.1. The contractor assumes responsibilities for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.
1.2. The customer pays for the services provided on time;
The UDS stood out earlier than other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of state life: foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need to formalize contracts, laws, record debts, and formalize the transfer of inheritance contributed to the formation special language, which, despite many changes, has retained its basic distinctive features.
In Rus', business documents appeared after their emergence in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between Kievan Rus and Byzantium, concluded after the campaigns of the Russian princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav to Constantinople.
Already in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth,” was compiled, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. Here is one of the articles from Russkaya Pravda.
“If there will be free man killed 10 hryvnia silver per head.” “If a merchant gives a merchant a kun in exchange for a purchase, then the merchant should not tell the rumors of the kun; the rumors are of no use to him. But he should go to the company himself if he starts locking him up.”
Translation: “If a free person is killed, the payment is 10 hryvnias of silver per head.” “If the merchant gives Money for trade, then to return the Debt, he does not need witnesses to the conclusion of the transaction, and to receive the Debt, if the Debtor begins to deny, it is enough to take an oath.”
Since the 14th century. In the process of formation of the Russian state, special departments appeared - orders that were in charge of managing certain aspects of state life, and the first civil servants - clerks. Words and constructions that are still used in our time date back to that time: to take bail, to be in disgrace, to be put on trial, etc.
From the end of the 15th century. the so-called Sudebniks (codes of laws) appear: Sudebnik of Ivan III, dating back to 1497; Code of Law of Ivan IV, created in 1550
In the Peter the Great era, business speech experienced Europeanization. Until this time, business speech bore the imprint of Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian-Polish and German influence. In the 18th century Peter I reforms the system of public administration. He introduces a system of collegiums, reminiscent of modern ministries, and in 1722 publishes the “Table of Ranks,” which includes 14 ranks. Hence the name of civil servants - officials. The vocabulary of business language is increasingly moving away from live colloquial speech; a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it: province, act, run, appeal, etc.
At this time, a system of norms for addressing the addressee is being developed, indicating rank, title, rank; uniform norms of naming and self-naming: field marshal general, admiral general, chancellor, warrant officer, fendrik, midshipman, collegiate registrar, state councilor, brigadier, colonel, collegiate councilor. Office work is handled by a separate unit - the office.
In the 19th century A system of ministries and unity of command is introduced. Institutional forms with corner details are being developed.
In the 20th century, under Soviet rule, standards for official letters were developed. In the 80s XX century United government system documentation.
Beginning of the 21st century characterized by the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy and the adaptation of standards adopted in Russia to world ones; master the principles of business speech and business etiquette, accepted in world practice.