Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Style. general characteristics functional speech styles…………
2. Official business style of speech……………………………………………………….
3. Scientific style ……………………………………………………………
4. Journalistic………………………………………………………..
5. Artistic……………………………………………………….
6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
Application …………………………………………………………………
List of used literature………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION
§1. General idea of styles
The Russian language is a broad and comprehensive concept. Laws are written in this language scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memo addressed to the boss! The same information receives different linguistic expressions.
What is style?
The word style comes from the Latin (stilus), where it meant a pointed writing stick. Nowadays, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics there are more detailed definitions of the term.
1) Style is a type of language assigned in a given society by tradition to one of the most general areas social life and partially differs from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.
2) Style is a generally accepted manner, a common way of performing any specific type of speech act: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.
3) Style is an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary work is performed.
§3. Functional speech styles (general characteristics)
Our speech in a formal setting (giving a lecture, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) is different from that used in an informal setting (talking over festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).
Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, linguistic means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .
Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially established systems speech means used in one or another area of communication or area of professional activity.
In modern Russian literary language there are book functional styles:
· scientific,
· official business
· journalistic,
· literary and artistic
who perform primarily in writing, And
· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by an oral form of speech.
Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.
In the field scientific activity(when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the absence of expression of emotions.
Formal business style serves to transmit information in the field of management. Official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him even in to a greater extent than for a scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standardization. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.
Another book style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of information or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speeches at meetings. In contrast to the scientific and official business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.
All book styles are opposed, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal household, everyday communication between people in previously unprepared oral speech. Therefore it character traits– this is incompleteness of expression and emotionality.
Relates in a special way to everyone listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any style of literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.
The main feature of the style artistic speech becomes a search for specifics literary text, creative self-expression of the word artist.
§4. Genres of functional speech styles
Functional speech styles are implemented in various genres.
1. Scientific: textbooks in the specialty, monograph, scientific article, annotation, essay, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, dissertation.
2. Official business: documentation, business letters, reports, orders, instructions, contracts, decrees, business conversations.
3.Journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note.
4. Art: novel, story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.
5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, clarification of relationships, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.
TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL BUSINESS SPEECH STYLE
§1. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)
Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in different types business oral communication.
Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is linguistic cliches, or so-called cliches (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.
Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale standard.
These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.
Let's consider the features of vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.
§2. Linguistic signs of official business style of speech
Lexical features of official business style of speech
The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps (bureaucracy, clichés) : raise a question based on a decision, incoming and outgoing documents, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.
2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, black cash, shadow business;
3) archaisms : I certify this document.
It is unacceptable to use in official business style polysemantic words, as well as words with figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidy and etc.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic concepts, for example: to arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), populated area (instead of village, town, village etc.) etc.
Morphological signs of official business style of speech
TO morphological characteristics of this style refers to the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:
1) nouns - names of people based on a characteristic determined by the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);
2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, inspector Ivanova);
3) verbal nouns with a particle Not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);
4) derived prepositions ( in connection with, due to, by virtue of, to the extent of, in relation to, on the basis of);
5) infinitive constructions: ( conduct an inspection, provide assistance);
6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behind non-payment will be subject to a fine …).
7) Difficult words, formed from two or more bases ( tenant, employer, logistics, repair and maintenance, above, below and so on.).
The use of these forms is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation.
Syntactic features of official business style of speech
The syntactic features of the official business style include:
1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with Russian legislation for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture ;
2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);
3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( results of the activities of the tax police authorities …);
4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex sentences, with subordinate clauses: If there is a dispute about the amount of amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee .
§3. Genre diversity of official business style of speech
According to the themes and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: I – official documentary style and II – casual business style .
In turn, in the official documentary style one can distinguish j the language of legislative documents related to the activities government agencies(Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations (memorandum, communiqué, convention, statement). In everyday business style, a distinction is made between the j language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and the k language of private business papers, on the other.
All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) are characterized by a certain standardization, facilitating their preparation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy (see details 4.2; 4.3; 4.4).
TOPIC 3. SCIENTIFIC SPEECH STYLE
§1. Scientific style of speech (general characteristics)
Style-forming features of the scientific style
Scientific style is a style that serves the scientific sphere of public activity. It is intended to convey scientific information to a prepared and interested audience.
The scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions functioning and linguistic features, manifesting themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanities) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. These common features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) monological nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of linguistic means; 4) attraction to standardized speech.
Stages of scientific activity. Forms of existence of scientific speech
Science is one of the most effective ways of obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.
In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: � to obtain new knowledge about the world (i.e., to make a discovery) and to make this knowledge available to society (i.e., to communicate one’s discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening registration .
The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of verbal presentation of the acquired new knowledge.
The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial form existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form records information for a long time (and this is exactly what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest information inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, can be perceived in written form by an addressee well prepared in this field in 5 minutes (reading “diagonally”). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.
Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transmitting scientific information, and then reproduced in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.
Terminological systems of each science
Each branch of science has its terminology system. Term (lat. terminus- “border, limit”) is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and the nature of the content of the concept. TO first level most general concepts, equally relevant for all or a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, value, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.
Co. second level include concepts common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of research. For example: vacuum, vector , generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as specialized.
TO third level One should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.
Language of symbols. Scientific graphics
A specific property of the language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. It happens and graphic– these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphs, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names chemical elements, mathematical signs, etc. For example: – infinity, – integral, – sum, – root, etc.
Symbol language– one of the most informative languages of science.
Text, on the one hand, and formulas, symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other, are in a certain relationship in different fields of science.
§2. Linguistic features of the scientific style of speech
Lexical features of scientific style of speech
1. The abstract, generalized nature of a scientific text is manifested at the lexical level in the fact that it widely uses words with abstract meaning: function, disposition, sequestration. Words of an everyday nature also acquire a generalized, often terminological meaning in a scientific text; these are technical terms coupling, glass, tube and many others.
2. A characteristic feature of the scientific style is its high terminology - saturation with terms (as discussed above).
3. The language of science is characterized by the use of borrowed and international models ( macro-, micro-, meter, inter-, graph etc.): macroworld, intercom, polygraph .
4. In the scientific style, nouns and adjectives with a certain type of lexical meaning and morphological characteristics are frequent. Among them:
a) nouns expressing the concept of a sign, state, change in -nie, -ost, -stvo, -ie, -tion (frequency, culmination, construction, property, inertia, wateriness, exemplary);
b) nouns ending in - tel, denoting a tool, instrument, producer of an action ( land surveyor);
c) adjectives with suffix -ist in the meaning of “containing a certain impurity in small quantities” ( clayey, sandy).
Morphological characteristics of the scientific style of speech
The abstractness of the scientific style of speech is also manifested at the morphological level - in the choice of forms of parts of speech.
1. Specifically used in a scientific style verb. Scientific texts often use imperfective verbs. From them forms of the present tense are formed, which have a timeless generalized meaning (for example: in this industry used this is the connection). Perfective verbs are used much less frequently, often in stable forms ( consider …; let's prove, What…; let's do it conclusions; we'll show you with examples and so on.).
2. In scientific style, reflexive verbs are often used (with the suffix -xia) in a passive (passive) meaning. The frequency of use of the passive form of the verb is explained by the fact that when describing a scientific phenomenon, attention is focused on it itself, and not on the performer of the action: In modern philosophy and sociology the norm is defines Xia as a means of regulating the activities of society as a whole; In this sense, the norm understands Xia as a law of activity, a rule.
3. Short passive participles are widespread in scientific texts, for example: Theorem proof on ; The equation composition But right .
4. In scientific speech, more often than in other styles of speech, they are used short adjectives, For example: Diversity us And ambiguous us functions of these elements.
5. The category of person manifests itself in a unique way in the language of science: the meaning of person is usually weakened, vague, and generalized. In scientific speech it is not customary to use the 1st person singular pronoun. h. I. It is replaced by a pronoun We(author's We). It is generally accepted that the use of a pronoun We creates an atmosphere of authorial modesty and objectivity: We researched and came to the conclusion...(instead of: I researched and came to the conclusion...).
6. In scientific speech, there are often plural forms of nouns that are not found in other types of speech: they are used to denote a) a type or type of material nouns ( clay, steel, resin, alcohol, oil, petroleum, teas); b) some abstract concepts ( power, capacity, mathematical transformations, culture) and concepts expressing quantitative indicators ( depth, length, warmth); c) orders and families of the animal and plant world ( artiodactyls, predators).
Syntactic features of scientific style
1. Modern scientific style is characterized by a desire for syntactic compression - compression, increasing the volume of information while reducing the volume of text. Therefore, it is characterized by phrases of nouns in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition ( exchange substances, box gears, device for installation ).
2. Typical for this style is the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb), which helps create the nominal character of the text. For example: Saving – Part disposable income that is not spent on final consumption of goods and services; A promotion is security .
3. Widely used in scientific syntax are sentences with short participles type can be used (this method can be used in the production of "smart bombs").
4. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the writer’s desire to draw attention to what is being presented ( What are the advantages of using plastic cards?)
5. The style under consideration is characterized by a wide distribution of impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal style of presentation has given way to an impersonal one ( You can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for future social reconstruction. For modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).
6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with different types of unions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, whereas, meanwhile, while and etc.).
7. A group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (in our opinion, according to belief, according to concept, according to information, according to message, from the point of view, according to hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, always ahead of its true reason - the goal, and does not follow the external stimulus .
8. Scientific works are characterized by compositional coherence of presentation. Interconnectedness individual parts scientific statements are achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, besides, also, nevertheless, yet, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, in addition, however, despite, first of all, in first of all, first, finally, finally, therefore).
Expressive means of the language of science
The language of scientists is often said to be “dry” and devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. This opinion is erroneous: often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotional, expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, being an additional technique, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose greater persuasiveness: our outstanding linguists, when working with hydrocyanic acid you need to be extremely careful, you can check with very interesting experience and etc.
The linguistic means of creating an expressive, emotional tone of scientific speech are: 1) superlative forms of adjectives expressing comparison ( the brightest representatives of the species); 2) emotionally expressive adjectives ( Development, innovation , progress – wonderful , in essence, phenomena); 3) introductory words, adverbs, intensifying and restrictive particles ( Pisarev believed even that thanks to this Russia can recognize and appreciate Comte much more accurate than Western Europe); 4) “problematic” questions that attract the reader’s attention ( What is the unconscious?).
§3. Genre diversity of scientific style of speech
The scope of application of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and diverse influence on the literary language. The scientific and technological revolution taking place before our eyes is introducing into general use great amount terms. Computer, display, ecology, stratosphere, solar wind – these and many other terms have passed from the pages of special publications into everyday use. If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of the language of fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, now a description of the developed languages of the world is impossible without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society. Suffice it to say that out of 600,000 words in Webster's most authoritative English dictionary, 500,000 are specialized vocabulary.
The widespread and intensive development of the scientific style led to the formation within its framework of the following varieties (substyles): 1) actually scientific (monographs, dissertations, scientific articles, reports); 2) popular science (lectures, articles, essays); 3) educational and scientific (textbooks, methodological manuals, programs, lectures, notes); 4) scientific and business (technical documentation, contracts, test reports, instructions for enterprises); 5) scientific and informative (patent descriptions, informative abstracts, annotations); 6) scientific reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books, catalogs). Each substyle and genre has its own individual stylistic features, which, however, do not violate the unity of the scientific style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.
TOPIC 5. PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
§1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
In Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism . Journalism- this is a special type literary works, which highlight and explain current issues of socio-political life and raise moral issues.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of the journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Journalistic style is represented by many genres :
1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;
2. television – analytical program, information message, live dialogue;
3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
§2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform wide circle readers, viewers, listeners about issues that are significant to society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups; he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful for society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
§3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech
Lexical features
1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.
Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on political arena , behind the scenes struggle, role leader, dramatic events famous in politics trick, nightmare scenario and etc.
3. Characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.
4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice , army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).
6. As an evaluative means in journalism, words of passive vocabulary – archaisms – can be encountered. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow .
Morphological characteristics
We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:
1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: Russian man always had endurance ; Teacher always knows student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: time change, plastic bag proposals, reform prices, exit from crisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscow opens, April 3 begins ;
5) participles on -my: driven, weightless, drawn ;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles and essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
APPLICATION
|
|
Functional styles of modern Russian language
| No. |
Functional style |
Sphere of communication |
Style genres |
Basic form of speech |
| scientific activity |
textbooks in the specialty, monograph, scientific article, annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, thesis, dissertation, report |
written |
||
| Official business |
communication between citizens and institutions |
documents, business letters, reports, orders, instructions, contracts, decrees, business conversations |
written |
|
| Journalistic |
ideology, politics, propaganda and mass activities |
parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note |
written and oral |
|
| Literary and artistic |
verbal- artistic creativity |
novel, story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad |
written |
|
| Colloquial |
communication between people in everyday life |
conversations in the family, clarification of relationships, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote |
|
|
|
List of used literature:
Blokhina N.G. Modern Russian language. Text. Speech styles. Culture of speech: textbook for universities / N.G. Blokhina. Tambov, 2006. 122 p.
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Blue – 2nd ed., rev. M.: Rolf, 1999. 448 p.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….
1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles…………
2. Official business style of speech……………………………………………………….
3. Scientific style………………………………………………………………
4. Journalistic………………………………………………………..
5. Artistic……………………………………………………….
6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
Application …………………………………………………………………
List of used literature………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION
§1. General idea of styles
The Russian language is a broad and comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, language resources must be used skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the utterance, and its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memo addressed to the boss! The same information receives different linguistic expressions.
What is style?
The word style comes from the Latin (stilus), where it meant a pointed writing stick. Nowadays, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics there are more detailed definitions of the term.
1) Style is a type of language, assigned in a given society by tradition to one of the most general spheres of social life and partially differs from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.
2) Style is a generally accepted manner, a common way of performing any specific type of speech act: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.
3) Style is an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary work is performed.
§3. Functional speech styles (general characteristics)
Our speech in an official setting (giving a lecture, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (a conversation at a holiday table, a friendly conversation, a dialogue with relatives).
Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, linguistic means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .
Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially established systems of speech means used in a particular sphere of communication or sphere of professional activity.
In modern Russian literary language there are book functional styles:
· scientific,
· official business
· journalistic,
· literary and artistic
who speak primarily in written language, and
· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by an oral form of speech.
Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.
In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the absence of expression of emotions.
Formal business style serves to transmit information in the field of management. Official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standardness. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.
Another book style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of information or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speeches at meetings. In contrast to the scientific and official business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.
All book styles are opposed, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication between people in oral speech that has not been prepared in advance. Therefore, its characteristic features are incompleteness of expression and emotionality.
Style relates in a special way to all of the listed styles fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any style of literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.
The main feature of the stylistics of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.
§4. Genres of functional speech styles
Functional speech styles are implemented in various genres.
1. Scientific: textbooks in the specialty, monograph, scientific article, annotation, essay, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, dissertation.
2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, instructions, contracts, decrees, business conversations.
3.Journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interviews, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note.
4. Art: novel, story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.
5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, clarification of relationships, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.
TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL BUSINESS SPEECH STYLE
§1. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)
Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.
Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is linguistic cliches, or so-called cliches (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.
Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale standard.
These features find their expression a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.
Let's consider the features of vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.
§2. Linguistic signs of official business style of speech
Lexical features of official business style of speech
The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to general book and neutral words, includes:
1) language stamps (bureaucracy, clichés) : raise a question based on a decision, incoming and outgoing documents, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.
2) professional terminology : arrears, alibi, black cash, shadow business;
3) archaisms : I certify this document.
In an official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words with figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidy and etc.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic concepts, for example: to arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), populated area (instead of village, town, village etc.) etc.
Morphological signs of official business style of speech
The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:
1) nouns - names of people based on a characteristic determined by the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);
2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, inspector Ivanova);
3) verbal nouns with a particle Not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);
Style is the main element of speech. In essence, this is the “clothing” of the text, its design. And people's clothes speak volumes.
A man in a formal suit is probably an employee business sphere, and the guy in sneakers and stretched sweatpants either went out to buy bread, or is still an athlete.
Likewise, by the stylistic “clothing” of the text, one can understand in what area it “works” - functions.
Workshop “Delicious text”
For those who want to write brightly, imaginatively, stylishly. Come if your texts have the following problems:
... boring to read;
… the texts are like an information guide;
... there is a narrative, but no emotions
... the text is impersonal and gray, there is no brightness in it, but there is a lot of repetition and clericalism.
Speaking scientifically, style is a system of various linguistic means and the ways in which they are organized, which has developed over the entire historical period language development. The use of each of the existing systems is typical for a strictly defined sphere of communication between people: for example, the scientific sphere, official business, the sphere of activity of means mass media, fiction or the sphere of communication in everyday life or on the Internet.
By the way, please note: in some sources text styles are called speech styles. Both phrases are the same thing.
Types of text (speech) styles
The Russian language has historically developed four functional styles. Later, the style of fiction emerged from the journalistic style.
Thus, there are currently five styles of speech:
How to distinguish one style from another? For example, a men's business suit is a combination of trousers, shirt, tie, jacket and shoes. And style is also a combination of certain “subjects” - elements: words, sentences (syntactic structures) and text structure.
Characteristics of speech styles
So, how can you recognize the scientific style by “clothes”?
Rich expressive and emotional vocabulary. Metaphors and comparisons at every step. “Colorful” words are slang, abusive, outdated. Sentence structures that are easy to understand (“It was getting dark”). Bright author's position.
How to identify?
First of all, this is a style for everyday live communication between people. In writing, it is used when the author wants to establish a closer, personal contact with his readers. Personal notes on a blog, selling texts, notes with social networks etc. It is characterized by lively speech, pronounced expression, colloquial and colloquial words and phrases, colorfulness, high subjectivity and evaluativeness, repetitions, incomplete sentences. Sometimes obscene language is also used.
Thus, when working on a text, it is important to combine stylistic elements. Otherwise, you risk being left without a reader, and your manuscript being locked in the desk. Why? Are you going to apply for an office job in torn jeans and an elongated T-shirt? I think not.
So you shouldn’t write in a scientific style. However, in artistic style you can use elements of each - scientific, conversational, journalistic... The main thing is to understand why you are doing this, for what purpose, what effect you want to achieve.
Therefore, in order not to look stupid, find out the features different styles, their elements and - learn to work with them.
And don’t forget - you are greeted by your clothes. And not only people, but also texts.
The concept of “text style” implies a system of expressive means of language, which is usually used in a certain communicative sphere. Text styles in the Russian language make it possible to describe the same phenomenon, the same object in completely different ways. For example, snowfall. "Unprecedented snowfall in Nizhny Novgorod region caused traffic congestion. Regional authorities are taking emergency measures.” “It kept snowing and snowing. White flakes slowly fell on trees, roofs of houses, benches in the park, collected in snowdrifts, and wrapped the roads with a thick blanket.” “A strong cyclone moved from the northern part of Scandinavia to the Kola Peninsula, causing heavy snowfalls in the Murmansk region. The amount of precipitation amounted to 50% of the monthly norm.” “I would like to inform you that due to heavy snowfall and poor road conditions, it is not possible for a school bus to travel.” “Well, we had snow yesterday! The snow was knee-deep! Neither pass nor pass! These statements are examples of different styles of Russian text. Text styles in Russian are divided into:
- - Journalistic;
- - Artistic;
- - Scientific;
- - Official business;
- - Conversational.
Text styles in the Russian language have a scope of application, genres, and are characterized by certain lexical and morphological features.
Journalistic style.
The task of style is to influence the audience through the media in order to create a certain public opinion. The texts are intended for the general reader and are aimed not only at logical, but also at emotional perception.
Main genres: article, report, essay. The style is characterized by socio-political vocabulary, imagery, emotionality along with logic.
Art style.
The function is to convey emotions and thoughts from the author to the reader. The style is characterized by imagery and emotionality, which differ from journalistic imagery and emotionality in its aesthetic orientation and a wide variety of expressive means.
Genres of style: story, story, novel, verse, sonnet, drama, fairy tale, tragedy, comedy, hymn, ode, etc.
Scientific style.
Used in scientific journals, dissertations, lectures. The target audience is scientists, students, specialists and people simply interested in science. The objectives of the style are the accurate transmission of scientific information, the description of patterns, the proof of certain judgments, and teaching. Characterized by the widespread use of specific and general scientific terminology, evidence, strict logic, and unambiguous definitions. Typical genres are article, lecture, monograph, textbook.
Official business style.
The scope of use of the style is office work, administrative and legal relations. the main task style - informational. It is in this style that official documents addressed to institutions, administration, etc. are drawn up. Style features are accuracy, standardization, unambiguity, imperative nature, complete lack of emotionality, the use of industrial or legal terminology, and the presence of abbreviations. Style genres - order, statement, memo, etc.
Conversational style
Style of direct communication, exchange of information in everyday life. The style is characterized by expressiveness, semantic capacity, emotionality, and subjective assessments. There is colloquial vocabulary, address words, interjections, . Great importance At the same time, they have non-verbal signals: facial expressions, gestures, intonation, environment. The conversational style is implemented, as a rule, in the form of dialogue.