Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element on earth, and what is the second most abundant element?
- The most common element in my opinion is NITROGEN.
- Oxygen 49.5%
Silicon 25.3%P.S.
Carbon 0.1%, nitrogen 0.01%, hydrogen 0.97% cannot possibly be second in abundance
And H2O is not a chemical element, but a substance :) - Silicon. 26% by weight in the earth's crust.
- Carbon, (all vegetation).
- IN pure form The cream was isolated in 1811 by French scientists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard.
In 1825, the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius obtained pure elemental silicon by the action of potassium metal on silicon fluoride SiF4. The new element was given the name silicium (from the Latin silex flint). Russian name silicon was introduced in 1834 by the Russian chemist German Ivanovich Hess. Translated into Greek kremnos cliff, mountain.
In terms of abundance in the earth's crust, silicon ranks second among all elements (after oxygen). The mass of the earth's crust consists of 27.629.5% silicon. Silicon is a component of several hundred different natural silicates and aluminosilicates. The most common is silica or silicon (IV) oxide SiO2 ( river sand, quartz, flint, etc.), constituting about 12% of the earth's crust (by mass). Silicon does not occur in free form in nature.
The crystal lattice of silicon is cubic face-centered like diamond, parameter a = 0.54307 nm (other polymorphic modifications of silicon have been obtained at high pressures), but due to the longer bond length between SiSi atoms compared to the length of the C C bond, the silicon hardness is significantly less than diamond Silicon is fragile, only when heated above 800 C does it become a plastic substance. Interestingly, silicon is transparent to infrared radiation.
Elementary silicon is a typical semiconductor. The band gap at room temperature is 1.09 eV. The concentration of charge carriers in silicon with intrinsic conductivity at room temperature is 1.51016 m-3. The electrical properties of crystalline silicon are greatly influenced by the microimpurities it contains. To obtain silicon single crystals with hole conductivity, additives of group III elements - boron, aluminum, gallium and indium - are introduced into silicon; with electronic conductivity, additives of elements V group phosphorus, arsenic or antimony. The electrical properties of silicon can be varied by changing the processing conditions of single crystals, in particular, by treating the silicon surface with various chemical agents.
Currently, silicon is the main material for electronics. Monocrystalline silicon material for gas laser mirrors. Sometimes silicon (commercial grade) and its alloy with iron (ferrosilicon) are used to produce hydrogen in the field. Compounds of metals with silicon, silicides, are widely used in industry (for example, electronic and nuclear) materials with a wide range of useful chemical, electrical and nuclear properties (resistance to oxidation, neutrons, etc.), and silicides of a number of elements are important thermoelectric materials. Silicon is used in metallurgy in the smelting of cast iron, steel, bronze, silumin, etc. (as a deoxidizer and modifier, and also as an alloying component).
The most abundant substance on Earth
From the book 100 Great Mysteries of Nature authorTHE MOST MYSTERIOUS SUBSTANCE IN THE UNIVERSE Oxygen plus hydrogen plus cold create ice. At first glance, this transparent substance seems very simple. In reality, ice is fraught with many mysteries. Ice created by the African Erasto Mpemba did not think about fame.
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There is the most common chemical element and the most common substance on our amazing planet, and there is the most common chemical element in the vastness of the Universe.
The most abundant chemical element on Earth
On our planet, the leader in abundance is oxygen. It interacts with almost all elements. Its atoms are found in almost all rocks and minerals that form the earth's crust. The modern period of development of chemistry began precisely with the discovery of this important and primary chemical element. The credit for this discovery is shared by Scheele, Priestley and Lavoisier. The debate about which of them is the discoverer has been going on for hundreds of years, and has not yet stopped. But the word “oxygen” itself was introduced into use by Lomonosov.It accounts for a little more than forty-seven percent of the total solid mass of the earth's crust. Bound oxygen makes up almost eighty-nine percent of the mass of fresh and sea water. Free oxygen is found in the atmosphere, making up about twenty-three percent by mass and almost twenty-one percent by volume. At least one and a half thousand compounds in the earth's crust contain oxygen. There are no living cells in the world that do not contain this common element. Sixty-five percent of the mass of every living cell is oxygen.
Today, this substance is obtained industrially from the air and supplied under a pressure of 15 MPa in steel cylinders. There are other ways to get it. Areas of application – food industry, medicine, metallurgy, etc.
Where is the most common element found?
It is almost impossible to find a corner of nature where there is no oxygen. It is everywhere – in the depths, and high above the Earth, and under water, and in the water itself. It is found not only in compounds, but also in a free state. Most likely, it is precisely because of this that this element has always been of interest to scientists. 
Geologists and chemists study the presence of oxygen in combination with all elements. Botanists are interested in studying the processes of plant nutrition and respiration. Physiologists have not fully elucidated the role of oxygen in the life of animals and humans. Physicists are trying to find new way its use to create high temperatures.
It is known that regardless of whether it is hot southern air or cold air from northern regions, the oxygen content in it is always the same and amounts to twenty-one percent.
How is the most common substance used?
As the most abundant known substance on the planet, water is used everywhere. This substance covers and permeates everything, but it remains little studied. Studying it in depth modern science I took it up relatively recently. Scientists have discovered many of its properties that cannot yet be explained. 
Not a single day is complete without this most common substance. economic activity person. It's hard to imagine Agriculture or industry without water, just as nuclear reactors, turbines, and power plants where water is used for cooling will not operate without this substance. For household needs, people use an increasing amount of this substance from year to year. So for a Stone Age man, ten liters of water per day was quite enough. Today, every inhabitant of the Earth uses at least two hundred and twenty liters daily. Humans are made up of eighty percent water; everyone consumes at least one and a half liters of liquid every day.
The most abundant chemical element in the Universe
Three-quarters of the entire Universe is hydrogen, in other words, this is the most common element in the Universe. Water, being the most common substance on our planet, consists of more than eleven percent hydrogen. 
In the earth's crust, hydrogen is one percent by mass, but by the number of atoms it is as much as sixteen percent. Such compounds as natural gases, oil and coal cannot do without the presence of hydrogen.
It should be noted that this common element is extremely rare in the free state. On the surface of our planet, it is present in small quantities in some natural gases, including volcanic ones. There is free hydrogen in the atmosphere, but its presence there is extremely small. It is hydrogen that is the element that creates the radiation inner earth belt, like a flow of protons.
But the largest star in the universe has a diameter of 1,391,000.
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Scientists explain the emergence of chemical elements with the Big Bang theory. According to it, the Universe was formed after the Big Bang of a huge fireball, which scattered particles of matter and energy flows in all directions. Although, if in the Universe the most common chemical elements are Hydrogen and Helium, then on planet Earth they are Oxygen and Silicon.
Of the total number of known chemical elements, 88 such elements have been found on Earth, among which the most common in the earth’s crust are Oxygen (49.4%), Silicon (25.8%), also Aluminum (7.5%), Iron, Potassium and other chemical elements found in nature. These elements account for 99% of the mass of the entire Earth's shell.
Composition of elements in Earth's crust differs from the elements found in the mantle and core. So the Earth's core consists mainly of iron and nickel, and the Earth's surface is saturated with oxygen.
The most common chemical elements on Earth
(49.4% in the Earth's crust)
Almost all living organisms on Earth use oxygen for respiration. Tens of billions of tons of oxygen are consumed every year, but there is still no less of it in the air. Scientists believe that green plants on the planet emit oxygen almost six times more than it is consumed...
(25.8% in the Earth's crust)
The role of Silicon in the geochemistry of the Earth is enormous, approximately 12% of the lithosphere is silica SiO2 (all hard and durable rocks consist of a third of silicon), and the number of minerals that contain silica is more than 400. On Earth, Silicon is not found in free form, only in compounds ...
(7.5% in the Earth's crust)
Aluminum does not occur in nature in its pure form. Aluminum is part of granites, clay, basalts, feldspar, etc. and is found in many minerals...
(4.7% in the Earth's crust)
This chemical element is very important for living organisms, as it is a catalyst for the respiratory process, is involved in the delivery of oxygen to tissues, and is present in blood hemoglobin. In nature, Iron is found in ore (magnetite, hematite, limonite and pyrite) and in more than 300 minerals (sulfides, silicates, carbonates, etc.)...
(3.4% in the Earth's crust)
It is not found in nature in its pure form; it is found in compounds in soil, all inorganic binders, animals, plants and natural water. Calcium ions in the blood play an important role in regulating the functioning of the heart, and allow it to clot in air. When there is a lack of Calcium in plants, the root system suffers...
(2.6% in the Earth's crust)
Sodium is common in the upper part of the earth's crust and occurs naturally in the form of minerals: halite, mirabilite, cryolite and borax. It is part of the human body; human blood contains about 0.6% NaCl, due to which normal osmotic pressure of the blood is maintained. Animals contain more sodium than plants...
(2.4% in the Earth's crust)
It is not found in nature in pure form, only in compounds; it is found in many minerals: sylvite, sylvinite, carnallite, aluminosilicates, etc. sea water contains approximately 0.04% potassium. Potassium quickly oxidizes in air and easily enters chemical reactions. It is an important element in plant development; if it is deficient, they turn yellow and seeds lose their viability...
(1.9% in the Earth's crust)
In nature, Magnesium is not found in its pure form, but is part of many minerals: silicates, carbonates, sulfates, aluminosilicates, etc. In addition, there is a lot of Magnesium in sea water, groundwater, plants and natural brines...
(0.9% in the Earth's crust)
Hydrogen is part of the atmosphere, all organic substances and living cells. Its share in living cells by number of atoms is 63%. Hydrogen is found in petroleum, volcanic and natural combustible gases; some hydrogen is released by green plants. Formed during the decomposition of organic substances and during the coking of coal...
(0.6% in the Earth's crust)
It is not found in nature in free form, often in the form of TiO2 dioxide or its compounds (titanates). Contained in the soil, in animal and plant organisms and is part of more than 60 minerals. In the biosphere, Titan is resplendent, in sea water it is 10-7%. Titan is also found in grains, fruits, plant stems, animal tissues, milk, chicken eggs and in the human body...
The rarest chemical elements on Earth
- Lutetium(0.00008% in the Earth's crust by mass). To obtain it, it is isolated from minerals along with other heavy rare elements.
- Ytterbium(3.310-5% in the Earth's crust by mass). Contained in bastensite, monazite, gadolinite, talenite and other minerals.
- Thulium(2.7 .10−5 wt.% in the Earth's crust by mass). Just like other rare earth elements, they are found in minerals: xenotime, monazite, euxenite, loparite, etc.
- Erbium(3.3 g/t in the Earth's crust by mass). It is mined from monazite and bastenizite, as well as some rare chemical elements.
- Holmium(1.3.10−4% in the Earth’s crust by mass). Along with other rare earth elements, it is found in the minerals monazite, euxenite, bastenizite, apatite and gadolinite.
Very rare chemical elements are used in radio electronics, nuclear engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and chemical industry and etc.
The universe hides many secrets in its depths. For a long time, people have sought to unravel as many of them as possible, and, despite the fact that this does not always work out, science is moving forward by leaps and bounds, allowing us to learn more and more about our origins. So, for example, many will be interested in what is the most common one in the Universe. Most people will immediately think of water, and they will be partly right, because the most common element is hydrogen.
The most abundant element in the Universe
It is extremely rare for people to encounter hydrogen in its pure form. However, in nature it is very often found in association with other elements. For example, when it reacts with oxygen, hydrogen turns into water. And this is far from the only compound that includes this element; it is found everywhere not only on our planet, but also in space.
How did the Earth appear?
Many millions of years ago, hydrogen, without exaggeration, became building material for the entire Universe. After all, after big bang, which became the first stage of the creation of the world, nothing existed except this element. elementary because it consists of only one atom. Over time, the most abundant element in the universe began to form clouds, which later became stars. And already inside them reactions took place, as a result of which new, more complex elements appeared, giving rise to planets.
Hydrogen
This element accounts for about 92% of the atoms in the Universe. But it is found not only in stars, interstellar gas, but also in common elements on our planet. Most often it exists in a bound form, and the most common compound is, of course, water.
In addition, hydrogen is part of a number of carbon compounds that form oil and natural gas. 
Conclusion
Despite the fact that it is the most common element throughout the world, surprisingly, it can be dangerous for humans because it sometimes catches fire when it reacts with air. To understand how important a role hydrogen played in the creation of the Universe, it is enough to realize that without it nothing living would have appeared on Earth.