Chemical industry Russia is a truly unique industry in which they have learned to create real miracles. Numerous chemical industry plants are engaged not only in the processing of natural raw materials. In laboratories and spacious workshops they obtain unique species raw materials that do not exist in nature.
Store shelves are filled with plastic products and detergents, plastic bags and building materials and other chemical products, without which it is difficult to imagine modern existence.
The Russian chemical industry consists of many factories producing various products. Chemical industry enterprises are usually divided into two large groups:
1. Basic chemical enterprises that produce minerals (acid and soda, fertilizers and dyes, explosives and much more).
2. Organic synthesis enterprises, from the conveyors of which resin, rubber, plastic and rubber, etc. come out.
Chemical industries
In order to understand the volume and importance of chemical production in our country, you should look at certain indicators, namely, the share of Khimprom in total Russian exports accounts for up to 10% of the volume (meaning value terms). Imports of chemical products account for up to 18% of the volume.
Today, the Russian chemical industry is represented by several groups of industries:
· Mining and chemical industry.
· Basic or inorganic chemical industry.
· Organic chemistry.
The latter, organic industry includes the organic synthesis chemical industry, polymer chemistry, processing chemical industry and some other industries.
Sectors of production are distributed on the territory of the state in accordance with several important factors:
· Water.
· Raw materials.
· Fuel and energy.
· Consumer.
The water factor is a raw material for some industries, and an auxiliary one for others.
Chemical industry of Russia: chemical production centers
Basically, mining and chemical plants and petrochemical plants and plastics factories are built in places where raw materials are extracted. The best place for rubber and tire factories are densely populated areas, because production involves employment at the enterprise large quantity workers. For convenience and economy, some chemical production facilities are located directly on the territory of another industrial enterprise; for example, a copper smelter includes factories for the production of phosphate fertilizers, because the ore containing this non-ferrous metal contains a lot of phosphorus. Oil refineries often include a petrochemical plant.
Central economic region: the largest centers are Ryazan, Novomoskovsk, Yaroslavl. Main industries: chemical fibers and paints, mineral fertilizers, household chemicals.
North-Western economic region: the largest centers are Luga, Novgorod, St. Petersburg. Main industries: production of mineral fertilizers, dyes and household chemicals.
Volga region: the largest centers are Volzhsky, Balakovo, Novo-Kuibyshevsk, Nizhnekamsk. Main industries: rubber and tire production, chemical fiber, petrochemical enterprises.
The largest centers are Salavat, Sterlitamak, Perm. Main industries: large-scale production of coal chemicals, petrochemicals, production of mineral fertilizers, plastics and soda.
Western Siberia: the largest centers are Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk. Main industries: coal chemistry (in the first two named cities), petrochemistry.
The crisis of the 90s also had a negative impact on the Russian Chemical Industry. For example, in 1997, factories produced only half of the volume for which the enterprises’ capacities were designed. The Russian chemical industry is capable of producing all the products that the state needs.
The chemical industry is one of the most important sectors of the world economy, thanks to which the full-fledged operation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, construction, Agriculture, pharmaceuticals, Food Industry. IN modern world The importance of the chemical industry is very great, since its achievements significantly make people's lives easier.
general characteristics
The chemical industry is based on the processing of raw materials by chemical means. The basic materials used in this industry are oil and various minerals. Thanks to it, people have the opportunity to use plastic and plastic products, fertilizers for agriculture, medicines, household chemicals and cosmetics, and much more in their everyday lives.
Rice. 1. Household chemicals.
Many industries need chemical products, thanks to which the industry is actively developing. Special meaning The chemical industry has for agriculture, automotive and construction.
The beginning of the development of the chemical industry is considered to be the beginning of the 17th century, when the industrial revolution took place. Before this, chemistry - the “science of substances” - developed extremely slowly, and only when people learned to apply their knowledge in practice, everything changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which still remains essential component in the chemical industry.
Rice. 2. Sulfuric acid.
This industry is characterized by the following features:
- Using a large amount of raw materials to make products. This especially applies to rubber, plastic, soda, and fertilizers.
- Chemical industry materials are very diverse.
- High level of energy costs.
- Low labor intensity combined with the need for highly qualified specialists.
- Large capital investment. The operation of chemical enterprises is impossible without complex structures and mechanisms.
- Complex industry structure.
- Environmental problems associated with the manufacture of chemical products.
Chemical industries
The global chemical industry includes many various fields. Currently, there are more than two hundred different sub-sectors and industries, and the range of its products reaches one million types.
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The main branches of the chemical industry are:
- Mining and Chemical - extraction, processing and enrichment of sulfur, phosphorites and various salts.
- Basic - production of inorganic substances (fertilizers, acids, soda).
- Industry polymer materials - based on organic synthesis and includes production and processing of various polymers (plastic, resin, rubber).
In the era of scientific and technological revolution greatest development in the chemical industry the production of polymer materials has gained momentum. Semi-finished petrochemical products are used as raw materials for these products. Polymers are an essential component of industry and construction.
Rice. 3. Plastic production.
Ecology conservation
The active development of the chemical industry has led to the construction of a large number of production facilities in large and medium-sized settlements around the world.
At the same time, only a small number of enterprises are equipped with low-waste or completely waste-free technologies and modern treatment facilities. All this has led to the emergence of a complex environmental situation, especially in developing countries where little attention is paid to environmental protection.
To improve the environmental situation in the technological processes of the chemical industry, it is necessary to timely introduce the following techniques :
- reduction and oxidation using oxygen and nitrogen;
- membrane technology, thanks to which gas mixtures are separated from liquids;
- biotechnology;
- electrochemical methods.
What have we learned?
While studying the topic “Chemical Industry”, we learned how much influence the chemical industry has on the development of many important industries. We found out what main features it has and what industries it consists of.
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Together with the electric power industry and mechanical engineering, the chemical industry determines the scientific and technological progress of the world economy.
The raw material base of the chemical industry is very diverse. The industry primarily uses natural raw materials (salts, sulfur, oil, gas, coal, wood), as well as numerous wastes from other industries.
Supplying raw materials for all sectors of the economy, processing waste from other industries, the chemical industry uses a lot of energy, raw materials, equipment, and means of transport. Therefore, it is characterized by developed combinations with other industries.
The chemical industry is a complex complex, covering several industries: mining chemicals (extraction of mineral raw materials), basic chemistry (production of mineral fertilizers, acids, soda), chemistry of organic synthesis (produces mainly semi-finished products for the manufacture of polymer materials), processing of polymer materials (manufacturing of tires, polyethylene film, etc.).
The principles for locating chemical enterprises are very different and are similar to the principles for locating mechanical engineering. The mining and chemical industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials. Basic chemistry takes into account two factors: the production of acids is mainly located near the consumer, and mineral fertilizers - mainly near sources of raw materials.
Organic synthesis and polymer chemistry requires a lot of raw materials, energy and water. Its enterprises are often located along pipelines (for example, petrochemical plants). There is a special group of chemical production, such as the pharmaceutical industry, which focuses on skilled labor resources.
Modern production Various plastics are characterized by a large volume of products produced, widespread use, and automation. A special place is occupied by the production of fiberglass, heavy-duty plastics, which are widely used in transport engineering (there are already cars whose bodies are completely plastic), pipe production (they are half the price and lighter than steel).
Great importance have film materials, varnishes, paints, adhesives. Modern adhesives, for example, are used under water, in space, and even in surgery.
Our clothes today also largely consist of chemical fibers. There are artificial fibers, which are made from plant fiber (viscose, acetate), and synthetic fibers, which are made from oil, gas and coal (nylon, lavsan).
The close connection of the chemical industry with other sectors of the economy determines its constant development and improvement. Therefore, this industry changes its product range extremely quickly, quickly responding to modern demands. Distinctive feature chemical industry - the location of its enterprises around the world.
The developed countries significantly ahead of all others in terms of quantity and total volume of chemical industry products. Their gap is especially noticeable in the production of synthetic materials. Stand out in the world large areas and centers of the chemical industry. Among them are the state of Texas and Pittsburgh in the USA, the Volga region in Russia, Donbass in Ukraine, Ruhr in Germany and many others.
In developing countries, not so long ago, the mining and chemical industry dominated predominantly - the extraction and primary processing of chemical raw materials. Most of the products were exported. However, since the mid-70s, oil and gas rich countries of the world ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.) began to independently increase the production of nitrogen fertilizers, polymers and other products.
The main contradiction in the development of the chemical industry is that, on the one hand, it determines scientific and technological progress, and on the other, it is the most dangerous industry from an environmental point of view. New chemical materials in the natural cycle are alien and often deadly to living beings.
Conclusions:
The chemical industry largely determines scientific and technological progress.
The raw material base of the chemical industry is extremely diverse, which determines its complex industrial structure.
When locating branches of the chemical industry, many factors are taken into account: raw materials, transport, availability of qualified labor resources, proximity to the consumer.
The chemical industry is developing rapidly and is environmentally unsafe.
In the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but with a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive production with low and average consumption of raw materials and water.
In areas of Siberia with favorable natural conditions and rich resources of raw materials, fuel and energy, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the labor shortage and the harsh climate for people. conditions and expensive infrastructure.
The chemical industry of Russia is represented by the following industries:
Production of plastics and synthetic resins
Manufacturer of chemical fibers
Production of mineral fertilizers (sulfuric acid, phosphate and potash fertilizers, caustic soda)
Production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products
Leading branch of the Russian chemical complex polymer materials industry includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber. The industry's raw material base consists of associated petroleum and natural gases, refined hydrocarbons, and coal. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in areas with large reserves raw materials (mainly oil and gas) Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk in Samara region, Kazan, Volgograd), Ural (Ekaterinburg; Ufa and Salavat in Bashkortostan; Nizhny Tagil), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), North Caucasus (Budennovsk) and in areas using imported raw materials (oil and gas) Central (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk).
Chemical fiber and thread industry most widely represented in the regions of the developed textile industry: Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan), Volga region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels). More than 2/3 general production chemical fibers and threads account for the European part. The importance of the eastern regions is increasing: Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia(Krasnoyarsk).
Synthetic rubber production located in the areas of natural gas and oil production, oil refining: Volga (Kazan and Nizhnekamsk in the Republic of Tatarstan, Tolyatti in the Samara region, Volzhsky), Ural (Ufa and Sterlitamak in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm, etc.), West Siberian (Omsk), In Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), synthetic rubber is produced from synthetic alcohol by hydrolysis of wood.
Mineral fertilizer industry, sulfuric acid, soda and other branches of basic chemistry in Russia have a powerful raw material base: resources of table and potassium salts, apatites in phosphorites, sulfur pyrites and native sulfur, coal, natural gas; gases from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke ovens are also used as raw materials gases, etc.
Fertilizer industry Russia produces all types of mineral fertilizers: phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. Of the total amount of fertilizers produced, about half are nitrogen fertilizers.
Enterprises nitrogen-fertilizer industries, depending on the raw materials used, are placed
In places of coal mining (Kemerovo in Kuzbass, Berezniki, Gubakha in Perm region on coal from the Kizelovsky basin in the Urals; Angarsk in Irkutsk region Eastern Siberia),
In places where natural gas is produced (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus),
Along gas pipeline routes (Novgorod; Novomoskovsk and Shchekino in the Tula region; Togliatti, etc.)
Or they are combined with metallurgical plants (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk).
Phosphate fertilizer Due to the low material intensity of production (the production of 1 ton of simple superphosphate requires only 0.5 tons of apatite concentrate), the industry has little connection with sources of raw materials and is focused mainly on the consumer. Almost all superphosphate plants in Russia operate on apatites from the Khibiny deposit. However, a number of factories also use local raw materials (phosphorites from the Yegoryevskoye, Polpinskoye, Shchigrovskoye and Vyatsko-Kama deposits). Most of the phosphate fertilizers in the country are produced by Central (Voskresensk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg, Volkhov), Central Chernozem (Shchigry; Uvarove in the Tambov region), Volga (Togliatti; Balakovo in the Saratov region) and Ural (Perm, Krasnouralsk ) areas.
Potash industry, characterized by high material intensity of production (2 tons of feedstock per 1 ton finished products), concentrated in the areas of raw material extraction in the Urals in the Perm region (Solikamsk, Berezniki).
Sulfuric acid industry, the main raw materials for the production of products, which are native sulfur and sulfur pyrites (their specific costs per 1 ton of sulfuric acid are 0.35 and 0.85 tons, respectively), are located mainly in places of greatest consumption of sulfuric acid (regions and centers of phosphorus production fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, fabrics, etc.). The main areas of its production are the Urals (Berezniki, Perm), the Central region (Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk, Shchelkovo) and the Volgo-Vyatka region (Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region).
Soda industry located at the sources of raw materials in places where table salt is produced: in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant), in the Baikal region (Usolye), in the Volga region (Volgograd).
Ecology. The industry is environmentally harmful and requires special attention to compliance technological process and ensuring environmental safety. On this moment A number of production facilities have been closed due to environmental indicators. The issue of urgent decommissioning of 50 enterprises from Moscow is being considered, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.
STRUCTURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA
Large industrial complexes of chemical production:
central District– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid.
Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry
North-West region– production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry
Volga region– petrochemical production, production of polymer products
North Caucasus – production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis products, synthetic resins and plastics
Western and Eastern Siberia– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry.
Main raw material bases:
Northern European. Contains reserves of apatite (Kola Peninsula), forest, water and fuel and energy resources. Basic chemistry is based here (production of phosphate fertilizers); organic chemistry through the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern economic region.
Central. Based on consumer demand for products of the processing industry (oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils). Works on imported raw materials and local raw materials. Local raw materials are used for the production of basic chemicals (mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical industry)
Volgo-Ural. Contains reserves of potassium and table salts, sulfur, oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores. Has hydro and energy resources, forest resources. Produces 40% of chemical products, 50% of petrochemical products.
Siberian. Contains unique and diverse raw material resources (oil and gas, table salt, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals). It has hydroelectric and forest resources. Favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk). Coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo).
Literature:
2. Economical geography Russia: Textbook. ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M. 2007. P.165-181
3. Economic geography/V.P. Zheltikov, E 40 N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids" Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001. - 384 p. Section 7.3 “Mining and chemical raw materials”, Section 9.6 “Chemical industry of the world”, Section 11.2.8 “Geography of the chemical industry”
Questions:
1. Location of raw materials for the chemical industry
2. Chemical industries
3. Factors influencing the location of the chemical industry
4. Chemical production groups
5. Main types of products and main consumers of chemical industry products
6. Location of chemical industry enterprises depending on the types of products produced
7. Geography of the Russian chemical industry
8. Structure of the Russian chemical industry
Knock- a mechanical mixture of one-component fertilizers (for example, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), obtained by simple mixing, sometimes directly in an agricultural enterprise
The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are also gas waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, etc.
My husband, when he opens the shelf in the bathroom where all the cleaning and washing products are stored, says that I have a whole chemical plant. Indeed, I use various products almost every day. But dishwashing gel and washing powder- This is only a small part of the total production of the chemical industry.
What industries does the chemical industry include?
Chemical industry enterprises can be located in any region of the country, but attention must be paid to the presence of all the necessary resources, including labor, to ensure their efficient work. All chemistry is divided into several branches:
- inorganic;
- organic;
- mining chemical;
- petrochemistry;
- pharmaceuticals;
- household chemicals;
- fertilizers;
- paintwork
Any varnishes, paints, as well as artificial fibers and other products would not have appeared on store shelves if the chemical industry had not developed in the country. The chemical-pharmaceutical department is responsible for the production medicines necessary to maintain public health. Chemical plants are very resource-intensive, so often many of them are combined with each other for more economical and efficient operation.
The role of the chemical industry in the state
The products produced by chemical industry enterprises are considered one of the most in demand. This applies not only to the production of various kinds of medicines and detergents, but also other materials that are necessary industrial enterprises in other industries.
Since chemical products are used by both private users and enterprises, it is customary to divide them into two types: personal consumption and industrial. For example, the engineering industry uses plastics and paints and varnishes. And agricultural activity cannot do without various types of fertilizers in order to get a good harvest. And in any other field, chemical materials will definitely be required. Therefore, enterprises are constantly improving to increase the level of production efficiency.