Among the famous military leaders of Armenian origin, the name of Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan rightfully occupies one of the leading places. In the Soviet Union, Amazasp Babajanyan managed to build a brilliant military career, rising to the rank of Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces. Amazasp Babajanyan took part in the Great Patriotic War from July 1941, during the war years he was awarded numerous orders and medals, including the Gold Star medal and the honorary title Hero of the Soviet Union. Marshal Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan passed away 40 years ago on November 1, 1977.
Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan was born on February 5 (February 18, new style) 1906 in the village of Chardakhly, Elizavetpol province, today it is the territory of the Shamkir region of Azerbaijan. His parents were ordinary peasants. At the same time, the family of the future marshal represented an average unit of society Russian Empire the beginning of the 20th century, the family had many children, there were 8 children at once, all of them required care and attention. In order to feed big family Amazasp's father was almost never at home, as he was forced to constantly work while his mother was busy with the housework and looked after the younger children. At the same time, the children in the Babajanyan family began to work early. Amazasp Babajanyan, after finishing 5 years of high school, began working on his father’s farm and then as a farm laborer.
It is worth noting that an early start to work and only primary or secondary incomplete education is found in the biographies of many military men and simply famous people of that era. For most ordinary people, especially non-urban residents, studying did not come first at that time. It was much more priority to feed myself, my family and children. At the same time, Amazasp Babajanyan not only worked on the land, in 1923-1924 he worked on the construction of highways in the territory of today’s Shamkir region.
In 1924, the future Marshal of the Soviet Union joined the Komsomol, becoming the first secretary of the rural Komsomol cell. In those years, the Komsomol gave people more opportunities for their development and self-realization, and was one of the steps in new social elevators. Contemporaries noted that Babajanyan was an active Komsomol member who literally gushes with various ideas and proposals. We can say that a young man with an active life position was noticed and in September 1925 he was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army not by ordinary, but by Komsomol conscription. By assignment, he was sent to study at the Armenian Infantry School, which at that time was located in Yerevan, and it was here that his brilliant officer career began. In September 1926, after this school was disbanded, he was transferred to the Transcaucasian Military Infantry School, which was located in Tbilisi.
After graduating from the infantry school, Amazasp Babajanyan was sent to serve in the 7th Caucasian Rifle Regiment (Caucasian Red Banner Army), where he served as a platoon commander, party bureau secretary of a separate battalion, and company commander. As part of the regiment, he took part in battles against gangs and participants in anti-Soviet protests, and was wounded in one of the battles. Later, his colleagues recalled that Amazasp was a very active and proactive person who did not like to sit still and was constantly busy with some kind of business. At the same time, he especially emphasized the fact that he always treated his subordinates and juniors with respect.
In March 1934, Hamazasp Babajanyan was transferred to the 3rd Machine Gun Regiment, which was stationed in Baku at that time. In the regiment he served as commander of machine gun companies and battalions, as well as assistant chief of staff of the regiment. In October 1937, he was appointed head of the 1st department of the air defense point of the Transcaucasian Military District in Baku. In August 1938, he became the chief of staff of the 3rd machine gun regiment, and in October of the same year he was transferred to the Leningrad Military District to the position of assistant commander of the 2nd machine gun regiment. As part of the units of the Leningrad Military District, Babajanyan took part in Soviet-Finnish war 1939-1940. During one of the battles, which took place on February 18, 1940, the future marshal was wounded for the second time in his life; this wound was not his last.
After recovery in December 1940, the officer was appointed to the post of deputy commander of the 493rd Infantry Regiment, and in January 1941 - to the post of deputy commander of the 751st Infantry Regiment, both were located in the North Caucasus Military District. Just before the war in April 1941, Amazasp Babajanyan was appointed to the post of assistant to the head of the 1st department of the operational department of the headquarters of the 19th Army, located in the Kiev Special Military District.
Since July 1941, Babajanyan took part in the Great Patriotic War; this month his 19th Army arrived on the Western Front, where the situation was very difficult. In August, he became commander of the 395th Infantry Regiment as part of the 127th Infantry Division. He took an active part in the Smolensk defensive battle and the Elninsk offensive operation. Already on September 18, 1941, the 127th Rifle Division became the 2nd Guards Division, and the regiment commanded by Amazasp Babajanyan became the 1st Guards Rifle Regiment.
At the end of September 1941, the guards were included in the task force A. N. Ermakova, who was transferred to the eastern Glukhov area, where she fought heavy defensive battles against superior enemy forces. On October 3, the division was transferred to Kursk; in November, units of the division fought fierce defensive battles in the area of the city of Tim. In December 1941, the 2nd Guards Rifle Division took part in the counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow, after which it was transferred to the Southwestern Front, and then, as part of the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps, became part of the Southern Front. In March 1942, units of the division took part in the Soviet offensive against Taganrog.
In April, according to other sources, at the beginning of June 1942, Babajanyan was sent from the front to study. He attended accelerated courses at the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze, which was evacuated to Tashkent. He studied in Uzbekistan until the end of August 1942, after which he was again sent to the front, where he became the commander of the 3rd mechanized brigade, which he led until September 1944. So the former infantryman suddenly became a tanker. Before that, of course, he had to interact with tanks in a combat situation, but he had a very vague understanding of the structure of combat vehicles. Therefore, literally immediately after his appointment, he had to persistently master the new technique. According to his recollections, work took up to 18 hours a day. Immediately upon arrival at his mechanized brigade, he called his technical deputy and asked him to work with him every day for 5 hours a day, explaining and talking about the structure of the tanks and their features. These lessons were not in vain and he soon proved this in a combat situation. Already in October 1942, the brigade under his leadership received the Red Banner of battle. The banner of the unit was personally presented by a member of the Military Council of the Moscow Defense Zone, Major General K. F. Telegin.
Together with his brigade, Colonel Hamazasp Babajanyan took part in the Battle of Kursk, for participation in which the brigade was nominated for the Order of the Red Banner. In October 1943, it received the honorary name of the Guards, becoming the 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade. Subsequently, the soldiers of this formation took part in the Zhitomir-Berdichev, Korsun-Shevchenko, Proskurov-Chernovtsy and Lvov-Sandomierz offensive operations of the Soviet troops, in which they gained fame for themselves and their commander.
The 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade of Colonel Babajanyan's guard especially distinguished itself during the Proskurov-Chernovtsy offensive operation. The fighters of the brigade, together with other formations of the 1st Ukrainian Front, managed to break through the German defenses and from March 22 to 24, 1944, liberated a number of cities of Right Bank Ukraine from the enemy: Trembovl, Kopychintsy, Chertkov and Zalishchyky. One of the first front formations to cross the Dniester was the 20th Guards Mechanized Brigade, whose fighters were able to hold a bridgehead that was important for the further offensive. Later, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief V.I. Stalin, Colonel Babajanyan’s brigade was given the honorary name “Zaleshchitskaya”, and gratitude was declared to the troops who took part in the liberation of the cities of Chertkov and Zalishchiky from the Nazis. In their honor, on March 24, 1944, a salute was given in Moscow with 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.
Modern panorama of the city of Zalishchyky
For skillful leadership of the combat operations of the entrusted mechanized brigade, personal courage in battles and the successful crossing of the Dniester, by decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of April 26, 1944, Guard Colonel Hamazasp Babajanyan was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal numbered 2077.
The officer's successes were rewarded by the fact that on August 25, 1944, he was appointed commander of the 11th Guards Tank Corps. Commanding the corps, Babajanyan took part in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin offensive operations. And again, his tankers were able to distinguish themselves in battles and cover themselves with the glory of victors. For the liberation of the cities of Tomaszow, Lodz, Kutno, Leczyca and Gostyn, the corps was presented with the Order of the Red Banner, and for the capture of the cities of Tczew, Wejherowo and Puck, it was awarded the Order of Suvorov, II degree. Babajanyan’s tankers also distinguished themselves in the battles for Berlin; for their participation in the successful assault on the capital of the Third Reich, the corps was given the honorary name “Berlin”. The corps commander was not spared the awards either. For excellent leadership of the troops during the storming of Berlin, personal courage, dedication and heroism, Babajanyan was nominated for the second title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but his award was replaced by the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree.
It is worth noting that Hamazasp Babajanyan was a real combat commander who did not hide behind the backs of his subordinates and actively participated in the battles. During the Great Patriotic War he was seriously wounded twice. The first time was during the Battle of Kursk, the second time was during the fighting on the Sandamir bridgehead. He was wounded in the throat by a fragment of an exploding shell, and his trachea was damaged. Despite his injury, he refused hospitalization and continued to lead the battle. At the same time, it was difficult for him to speak, and he gave commands in a whisper, and then began to write them down on paper.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, Amazasp Babajanyan continued to build his army career and improve himself. In January 1947, he was sent to study at the Higher Military Academy named after K. E. Voroshilov, after completing his studies there he received further assignments to the army. In particular, in 1950 he became commander of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Army. And in August 1953 he was already a lieutenant general of tank forces. In 1956, he again had to put his combat skills into practice; he took part in the suppression of anti-Soviet protests in Hungary, receiving another military award - the Order of Kutuzov, 1st degree.
Further important milestones in his career were: appointment to the post of commander of the Odessa Military District in June 1959; head of the Military Academy of Armored Forces named after Marshal of the Soviet Union R. Ya. Malinovsky in September 1967; and finally, the pinnacle of his career - the position of chief of tank forces of the Soviet Army and member of the Military Council of the Ground Forces in May 1969. On April 29, 1975, Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan became the Chief Marshal of the armored forces; during the entire existence of the title “Chief Marshal” in the Soviet Union, only 4 artillerymen, 7 pilots and only 2 tank crews received it.
Amazasp Khachaturovich Babajanyan passed away in Moscow in the hospital named after P.V. Mandryka, this happened on November 1, 1977. He died at the age of 72. The Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces was buried with due honors in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Monument to the Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces Hamazasp Babajanyan in Yerevan
Streets in Yerevan and Odessa and a square in the North-Western Administrative District of Moscow were named in honor of the famous Soviet military leader. Also bears his name high school in Etchmiadzin (Armenia). On May 23, 2016, a monument dedicated to the Chief Marshal of the Armored Forces was inaugurated in Yerevan. The unit with which Babajanyan took Berlin still exists. After the end of the war, the 11th Guards Tank Corps passed long haul, already in June 1945 it was reorganized into the 11th Guards Tank Division, and today it is the 11th Guards Separate Carpathian-Berlin Red Banner, Order of Suvorov II degree mechanized brigade, which is the pride of the armed forces of the Republic of Belarus.
Based on materials from open sources
On the afternoon of May 24, 2012, His Beatitude Archbishop Jerome of Athens and All Greece took part in the official opening ceremony of the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture in Moscow.
Your Holiness, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' and beloved brother in Christ Kirill, Eminence archpastors, respected representatives of the authorities, venerable fathers, beloved Christians!
With a feeling of deep emotion and gratitude, I am called to remember the greatness of Slavic culture, reviving in my memory the bountiful harvest that the vineyard of Saints Cyril and Methodius produced in these blessed lands. It was here that Archpastor Christ placed them to confess the faith and teach people. The result of their teachings was a multifaceted culture, in every manifestation connected with the faith of our Church.
Being on this sacred land of glorious Russia, I reflect on and admire its long and very diverse tradition, its history. I admire its art, sports achievements and culture: literature, philosophy, classical music, folk and classical dances, architecture, painting, cinema, serious developments in the field of technology and space science, but above all, church art and tradition as they formed and found expression in music, icon painting and church chants.
The centuries-old path of Russian culture was outlined and determined by our common Byzantine roots, the development of Western philosophy and, to a large extent, two centuries of cultural flourishing, starting with the era of Peter the Great.
Today, Russian cultural heritage occupies one of the highest positions in the world, spreading its spiritual influence everywhere. Numerous talented Russian artists and scientists have made enormous contributions to the field of culture, decisively contributing to the significant increase in modern scientific achievements in medicine, genetics, biotechnology, space science and many other fields.
Russian literature is one of the richest and most beloved in the whole world. Its strong foundations were laid in the 10th century, and in the 18th century it received significant impetus thanks to the works of such prominent literary figures as M.V. Lomonosov and D.I. Fonvizin. The 19th century gave us writers whose names are inscribed in golden letters in the fund of world literature. This is A.S. Pushkin, who is considered the Russian Shakespeare, M.Yu. Lermontov and A.P. Chekhov, considered fathers literary drama, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskov and many others. In particular, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky were so outstanding personalities, What literary critics The whole world unanimously ranks them among the greatest writers of all time. This tradition was continued in subsequent years by the great writers I.A. Bunin, V.V. Khabokov, I.E. Babel, Yu.K. Olesha and many others who do your country a great honor.
Russian philosophy also had a decisive influence on the world community. Its heyday, which occurred in the 19th century, brought such great names as N.Ya. Danilevsky and K.N. Leontyev. Russian philosophy is distinguished by a deep connection with literature and a spirit of revival in the world of politics, arts and science. It should be noted the large figures of N.A. Berdyaev and V.N. Lossky.
I must also mention Russian architecture with its majestic buildings, both from the period of the influence of Byzantine architecture, and from the subsequent period when it followed in its own unique direction. The 16th century gave us the excellent St. Basil's Cathedral; The 17th century, which coincided with the heyday of the Baroque style and the reforms of Peter the Great, led to the development of the so-called “flaming” Baroque; The 18th century, the Rococo century, the era of Catherine the Second and her grandson Alexander the First, turned the city of St. Petersburg into an open-air museum of neoclassical architecture.
Here are some of the typical examples of buildings - works of art: St. Sophia of Novgorod, Golden Gate in Vladimir, Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Annunciation Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral, St. Basil's Cathedral, Kazan Cathedral, Grand Kremlin Palace, Simonov and Novodevichy Monasteries, Lenin's Mausoleum, White House and many others.
Classical painting has influenced the entire world, giving us works of historical significance. Creativity of masters I.I. Shishkina, V.D. Polenova, B.M. Kustodiev and others who belonged to the school of realistic painting, determined the direction and set the boundaries in the development of this art.
I would need more than one hour to talk about the valuable contribution of Russian icon painters, such as Andrei Rublev and many others, who represent shining examples of development Byzantine icon painting. They laid the foundation for entire schools and directions based on the manner of their writing, which is proof of the fruit of the spirit of Philokalia and Orthodox spirituality that adorns your people.
Russian classical music has made its way throughout the world. She continues to touch us all to this day. Timeless, it is capable of strengthening and ennobling the spirit. I consider it my duty to cite several great names, such as M.I. Glinka, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.I. Rimsky-Korsakov and S.V. Rachmaninov.
In conclusion short speech dedicated to the world-famous culture of your beautiful country, I would like to talk about the great scientific discoveries that you gave to the world, thereby changing our lives forever. DI. Mendeleev discovered the periodic system of chemical elements, which is the basis of modern chemistry. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - pioneers in the field of electrical engineering, invented the first electric light bulb. A.S. Popov is one of the inventors of radio. N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov jointly invented the laser. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the father of theoretical cosmonautics. His works inspired outstanding rocket engineers S.P. Koroleva, V.P. Glushko and many others who contributed successful development Soviet space program in its early stages. In 1957, you were the first to launch an artificial satellite into orbit. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin successfully completed the first manned space flight.
The list of your country's achievements cannot be contained in a few lines. I have tried only to describe with praise the fate of your culture and in these few words to express to you our common gratitude for everything you have done for us, and also to inform you that we expect much more from you as a natural continuation and development of your illustrious people for the glory of God .
Patriarchy.ru
1. This country is one of the main maritime powers in the world. It occupies the western and northern parts of a large peninsula. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. A small, ethnically homogeneous population professes Christianity (Protestantism). Most of the territory is occupied by mountains, cut by narrow valleys containing rivers and lakes. In terms of indicators such as electricity generation per capita, exports of oil, gas and aluminum, the country occupies one of the leading places in the world.
2.
This island state is located in the eastern part of the sea, washing the coast of three parts of the world. In the past, this country was a British colony. It is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of the size of its merchant fleet. One of the country's main exports is citrus fruits. International banks are active here. The country attracts a large number of tourists.
3.
A small European country by type of government is a federal republic. The largest city by population that is not the capital of the country, the headquarters of many international organizations are located. The country is multinational. There are several official languages European languages. Deprived of natural resources of industrial importance, this country has long relied on the skills of its artisans and traders. In this country, one of the first in the world, they began to use picturesque natural landscapes for the development of tourism business.
4.
This highly developed country has access to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders by land with only one state. A profitable EGP creates the opportunity for economic cooperation with many countries of the world. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. A peculiarity of its nature is the marine type of climate. The area of new development in this country is the shelf zone of one of the seas washing its territory, where oil production is carried out. The largest urban agglomeration in the part of the world where this country is located has formed around the capital.
5.
This country is located entirely in the Western Hemisphere and has access to three oceans. On the mainland where the country is located, it is the first in area and third in population. The country has well-developed sectors of both the mining and manufacturing industries. In the international geographical division of labor, it acts as a supplier of products from the mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel, chemical and forestry industries.
6.
The territory of this country is located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In terms of population, it is one of the ten largest countries in the world. The predominant religion is Islam. In the international geographical division of labor, the country is represented as an exporter of oil and natural gas, light industry products, valuable types of wood, palm oil and natural rubber. International tourism is developing. Tourists from all over the world are attracted here not only by beautiful beaches with white sand, but also by formidable volcanoes and impenetrable jungles inhabited by exotic animals and birds.
7.
This highly developed country is one of the largest countries in Europe. Of the mineral resources, it is most abundant in iron ore, bauxite, and uranium raw materials. The structure of its electric power industry is dominated by nuclear power plants. Natural conditions are favorable for agriculture, which is characterized by the development of crop production and livestock farming to the same extent. Growing wheat, sugar beets, and grapes are industries of international specialization.
8.
This country, home to approximately 2% of the world's population, is one of the main centers of economic power modern world: It accounts for about 14% of global GDP. Its form of government is a constitutional monarchy. One of the world's largest importers of mineral raw materials and fuel resources. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of many types of mechanical engineering products, is among the leading countries in the production of electricity, chemical industry, steel smelting. One of the world's largest urban agglomerations has formed around its capital.
9.
This country is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by high plateaus, turning into mountains in the south and southeast. In the central part and in the west of the country, where the climate is the driest, there are deserts. The country has largest reserves mineral raw materials, about 80% of which are exported. The country ranks first on the continent in terms of basic economic indicators, but there are many socio-economic problems. One of them is the low average life expectancy: approximately 46 years.
10.
This country has access to the seas of two oceans. In terms of population, it is the second on the mainland on which it is located. Both the mining and manufacturing industries are developing in the country. Agriculture continues to play a significant role in the economy, the main export crop of which is cotton. The main sources of foreign exchange earnings are the export of natural gas, international tourism and the operation of its international sea canal connecting the two oceans.
11.
This federal republic has access to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. The country's topography is dominated by plains, with the exception of the extreme south: mountains rise here. The country is located in a temperate climate zone. There are reserves of hard coal (the largest coal basin in the region) and brown coal, and potassium salts. The country contains one of the largest urban agglomerations in the part of the world in which this country is located.
12.
The territory of this country is washed by the waters of two oceans. The natural landscape - humid equatorial forests - alternates with agricultural plantations, where rice, hevea and other tropical crops are grown on fertile soils fertilized by volcanic ash. The country's population exceeds 200 million people. The country actively participates in the international geographical division of labor, being a member of OPEC.
13.
A Latin American country with a federal form of administrative-territorial structure. It is one of the world's largest oil producers and the only country in its region that is part of OPEC. Recently, oil refining, petrochemistry, and metallurgy have been developing dynamically. The country is systematically implementing a regional policy aimed at developing “new development” areas.
14.
This country is located in two parts of the world, its territory is washed by the waters of the seas belonging to two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by deserts. The country has its own oil reserves. One of the largest hydroelectric power stations on the continent was built here. The capital is the largest city in the country.
15.
This country is located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is landlocked. A large river flows through its territory, which divides the state into two almost equal parts - western and eastern. The official language is Spanish. The main exports are cotton, soybeans and vegetable oils. The country's main trading partners are Argentina and Brazil, with which it borders.
16
. This country is one of the ten largest countries both in terms of area and population. Difficult ethnic composition population - the result of mixing local residents, African blacks and European immigrants. Almost half of the total population lives within a narrow coastal strip in the east of the country. The development of its economy is facilitated by a good supply of natural resources - forest and water, hydropower, reserves of iron, manganese and aluminum ores. Its own oil reserves are also significant. Despite the stable positive rates of economic development, in terms of GDP per capita, the country lags 3–4 times behind economically developed countries.
17.
This country is located in Asia. The relief is predominantly mountainous and therefore almost the entire population is concentrated in the coastal lowlands and river valleys. It is one of the ten largest countries in terms of population and has one of the highest levels of urbanization in the world. The country is a leader in the production of many types of manufacturing products, which form the basis of its exports.
18.
The significant extent of the country along the Pacific coast from north to south determines the presence of natural zones on its territory from deserts to mixed forests. The country's main mineral wealth is copper, which is exported to the world market.
19.
This peninsular state is a constitutional monarchy in form of government. It is one of the economically developed countries, but is not among the top ten countries in terms of total GDP. It has a modern diversified industry, and favorable agro-climatic resources contribute to the development of agriculture, the basis of which is subtropical agriculture. A variety of recreational resources attract numerous tourists from all over the world.
20.
This country has a land border with Russia. The population has a homogeneous national composition and professes mainly Catholicism. In the economy, along with mechanical engineering, chemistry and textile industries, the coal industry is of great importance.
21.
This country was a colony of Spain for a long time. Currently, it is one of the leaders among developing countries in many socio-economic indicators. Despite the fact that the country has a rich raw material base for industrial development, there are almost no world-scale deposits here. The natural basis for the development of the country, located in three climatic zones, was the rich land resources. The country is one of the major exporters of wheat, corn, and meat.
22.
The country's territory extends in the meridional direction for more than 3.7 thousand km and is located in the temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. The level of urbanization is very high (86%), with a third of the country's population living in the capital. It acts as a major supplier of food and agricultural raw materials on the world market.
23.
July is the height of winter in this country. One of the characteristic features of nature is the widespread occurrence of deserts. The capital is not the largest and not the “oldest” city. The average population density is less than three people per 1 sq. km. One of the directions of state policy pursued for the purpose of its sustainable development is the implementation of uniform population distribution throughout the country.
24
. The peninsular state is a kingdom in form of government. In terms of economic structure, it is an agricultural country with intensively developing industry, the share of which in GDP is almost a third. Priority industries: electronics, light. Wonderful sea coasts, protected islands, palaces and Buddhist temples attract foreign tourists here.
25.
This country is the largest on the continent in terms of population. Its capital is not the most large city countries. The main wealth of the country is oil. The country is part of OPEC.
26.
The country is entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere. A significant area of territory and varied terrain (mountains in the west and plains in the east) determine the diversity of landscapes. The capital, located in the eastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast, is the center of one of the world's largest urban agglomerations. The country has a developed modern industry, but in the international geographical division of labor it is represented, first of all, as one of the largest exporters of agricultural products and the food industry.
27.
It is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. Half of its territory lies below sea level, and only in the south does the terrain rise to 30 meters or more. Coastline formed by alluvial dunes. Behind them come lands that were once reclaimed from the sea, called polders and protected by dunes and dams from sea waters.
28.
This country is washed by the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is the most populous of the Spanish-speaking countries. Moreover, in some areas they speak more than 50 Indian dialects. The population is more than 100 million people, of which more than 10 million people live in the capital, which is one of the largest agglomerations in the world. The south of the country is the cradle of one of the greatest cultures in human history - the Mayans.
29.
This peninsular state is home to many ancient civilizations. Even in ancient times it was the center of important trade routes. Until the mid-twentieth century it was a colony of the British Empire. Having gained independence, it achieved significant success in economic development, but approximately 25% of the population lives below the poverty level. Only about 30% of the population are urban residents.
30.
This country is economically developed and located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is one of the largest territories on the mainland where it is located. Its depths are rich in a variety of minerals: diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, coal, etc. The leading sectors of its specialization are the mining industry, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry.
31.
This African country, a former colony of France, is located on the sea coast. But despite this, the climate in most of it is hot and dry. The form of government is a republic. The country's economy is based mainly on the extraction of hydrocarbons; there are also significant deposits of iron, zinc, lead, copper, arsenic, mercury, and phosphates. In addition, the country has developed the cultivation of wheat, oats, as well as fruits, in particular citrus fruits, and vegetables. The capital of the state is consonant with the name of the country.
32.
This state is located in the Southern Hemisphere. The official language is English. The capital of the state is not the largest city in the country. Most of the territory is occupied by vast deserts and low-lying areas. At the same time, there are a large number of lakes in the country, which are located in basins that are filled with water only after rains. The main natural wealth of the country is mineral resources. The country occupies one of the leading places in the world in reserves of bauxite, zirconium, and uranium (1/3 of the world). It has significant reserves of coal, manganese, gold, iron ores, and diamonds. At the same time, the extraction of natural resources accounts for only 5% of GDP. Agriculture accounts for 3% of GDP. The services sector, which includes tourism, education and banking, accounts for 69% of GDP.
33
. A state in Africa that was a former colony of France and Spain. On its territory there is a large deposit of phosphorites, which it exports to the world market.
34.
This country is located on a peninsula. It is one of the largest countries in terms of area on the continent on which it is located. Most of its territory is occupied by a plateau. Desert landscapes dominate here. Huge oil reserves are concentrated in the depths. One of the features is the low average population density - less than 10 people per sq. km.
35.
This country is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of territory and population. It has access to three seas of one ocean. Two great rivers flow through its territory. The country is home to many cultivated plants: rice, millet, soybeans, tea. Coal, iron ores and many non-ferrous metals are mined.
36.
It is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population and area. It is located in the south of the continent, in the subequatorial belt. The main part of its territory is occupied by a plateau, which to the north turns into a lowland composed of sediment from two rivers. To the northeast of the lowland stretches the greatest mountain system.
37.
This country has no access to the World Ocean, and main feature climate – sharp continental climate. Its largest river flows into the deepest lake in the world. 4/5 of the country's territory is occupied by pastures. The main occupation of the population is nomadic animal husbandry. The population density is one of the lowest in the world - about 1 person per 1 sq. km.
38.
This small country is an archipelago. The terrain is predominantly mountainous, so almost the entire population is concentrated in the coastal lowlands and river valleys. In terms of population, it is one of the ten largest countries. 80% of the population lives in cities. The country is a world leader in the production of steel, marine vessels, televisions, and computers, most of which it exports abroad.
39.
This is a country of ancient culture and many achievements of civilization. By state system is a federal republic. The country's economy is industrial-agrarian in nature. Currently, from a country of light and food industry, it has turned into a country with developed heavy industry. Agriculture employs 2/3 of the country's active population. Agricultural products occupy an important place in exports: the country supplies rice, tea and spices to the world market.
40.
This peninsular state of Europe is a republic in form of government. It is one of the economically developed countries, one of the top ten countries in terms of total GDP and has a modern diversified economy. Favorable agroclimatic resources contribute to the development of agriculture, the basis of which is subtropical agriculture. Numerous cultural heritage sites attract tourists from all over the world.
41.
This island state is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most economically developed countries. Population growth is largely due to migrants. The terrain is predominantly mountainous and hilly. Approximately 51% of the country's territory is occupied by pastures and arable land. Agricultural products account for more than half of exports. The main agricultural products include meat, dairy products and wool.
42
. This economically developed capitalist country is inland in geographical location. Its capital is located on the Danube, ½ of the territory is occupied by young mountains, the slopes of which are covered with coniferous, oak, beech and ash forests. It has 500 lakes, which is why this country is called the lake region.
43
. Despite the fact that in this economic developed country industry and the service sector predominate; agriculture not only provides the population with food, but is also an export industry. However, the contrasts between the agricultural specialization of the north and south of the country are significant. In the north they grow wheat, corn, and rice; in the south, viticulture predominates, allowing the country to be one of the largest wine producers in the world.
44.
This country owns archipelagos in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, which have now become famous resorts. The country ranks second in the world in the total number of tourists and in the production of grape wines, and first in the production of olives. The once powerful maritime power is now a moderately developed capitalist country with an industrial-agrarian economy.
45.
This country is a republic in its form of government, a unitary state in its territorial-administrative structure, and an island state in its geographical location. Located in the northern part of the ocean, near Arctic Circle. Almost the entire territory of the country is a volcanic plateau. The basis of the economy is fishing. Most of the electricity is generated in geothermal power plants. National composition homogeneous The population density is low, but the standard of living is very high.
46.
This country is a monarchy in terms of its form of government, a unitary state in terms of its territorial and administrative structure, and a peninsular state in terms of its geographical location. The northwestern part of the territory is occupied by flat-topped mountains, the main natural zone is the zone of coniferous forests. The country's main natural resources are timber, iron ore, and hydropower resources. The main industry is automobile manufacturing, the leading agricultural sector is dairy farming.
47.
This country is a monarchy in its form of government, a unitary state in its territorial-administrative structure, and has a land border with only one state. The main mountain range is the Pieniny Mountains, all rivers belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin, high tides are observed on the coast. In the Middle Ages the basis economic activity The country consisted of sheep breeding; today it is a powerful industrial country with a predominance of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, coal and textile industries.
48.
This state belongs to Eastern Europe and is inland in geographical location. Most of the territory is plains surrounded by a ring of low mountains. The country's capital is located on the Vltava River, which is a major tributary of the Elbe River. On the world market, the country is known for its glass, beer, and cars.
49.
The main mineral resources of this country are potassium and rock salts, peat Most of the territory is occupied by a low plain, 1/3 of the territory is swampy. Pine and birch forests alternate with numerous lakes; Numerous rivers (Neman, Berezina, Dnieper, Western Dvina) formed wide floodplains covered with oak forests. On the territory of this country there is a unique reserve where part of the nature characteristic of Eastern Europe of the medieval period is preserved.
50.
This country is a constitutional monarchy, a kingdom. It is located on peninsulas, the southern part is washed by the sea from the west, and by the bay from the east. The main territory is occupied by mangrove and variable-humid forests and thickets, in the north-west there are mountains. The national composition is diverse, Buddhism predominates. The mining industry is developed: mining of tin, lead, tungsten, and precious stones; mechanical engineering: consumer electronics; agriculture: rice and rubber, tourism is also developed. The harvest is harvested several times a year. Member of ASEAN.
51.
This is a state in Southeast Asia, a former British colony. A large river flows through the territory of the state, originating in Tibet and belonging to the Indian Ocean basin. Over millions of years, alluvial deposits have filled the valley, which produces three crops of rice a year. A large number of tame elephants work in logging. In the capital of the country there is the world's tallest golden Pagoda, which is 2.5 thousand years old.
52.
This state of South-West Asia is a sultanate, absolute monarchy. Like many Gulf countries, it has significant oil reserves. However, this country is not a member of OPEC. In addition to oil and petroleum products, gold, silver and edged weapons are supplied to the world market.
53.
This Central Asian state is part of the CIS. The climate here is continental, with sharp temperature changes. Most of the country is occupied by dry steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone. A large amount of mineral resources allows the development of mining, fuel industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy here. The country occupies a leading position in the CIS in the production of uranium (40%), chromium (97%), and lead (70%). Agroclimatic conditions allow the development of sheep breeding, camel breeding, and horse breeding. One of the main areas of specialization is astrakhan sheep breeding.
54.
This state of South-West Asia is located at the junction of several civilizations - Christian, Muslim, Buddhist. Since the 19th century, the country has become the object of struggle between Great Britain and Russia, and since the mid-50s of the 20th century - the USA and Russia. Currently, it is one of the poorest countries in the world, where small-scale agriculture (pomegranates, apricots, quiche grapes, almonds) and the mining industry (precious stones, gas, oil) are developed. In addition, in the shadow sector of the economy, the main source of income is funds from the sale and transportation of drugs to Europe.
55.
This Asian country is a monarchy, a federation; occupies part of the peninsula and big island, divided by the sea. According to the UN classification, it belongs to developing newly industrialized countries. Currently, the manufacturing industry is rapidly developing here, and many transnational corporations invest in the country's economy. According to some parameters, the state has taken first place in the world in the production of microprocessors and household air conditioners, the mining of tin ores, and the production of palm oil.
56.
This West African country is located on the Atlantic coast. The territory is covered with humid equatorial forests. This is one of the wettest places in Africa; in some years it rains for seven to eight months. Hevea plantations, brought here from Brazil, are located on fertile lands. About 20% of the world's tanker fleet flies under the flag of this country. The country ranks first in Africa in iron ore production.
57
. This African country is a former colony of Belgium. Located in the center of the mainland, it has a narrow exit to the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the territory is located in a flat depression occupied by humid equatorial forests. The country is multinational, the most numerous people are Bantu. The republic occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of cobalt, germanium, and industrial diamonds; ranks first in Africa in reserves of copper, zinc, and tin. Agricultural export crops: coffee, cocoa, natural rubber. Despite its rich mineral resources, the country is one of the poorest countries in the world.
58.
This state is called the cradle of human civilization. It is known primarily for its huge monuments of ancient culture dating back to the 2nd – 3rd millennium BC. Currently, it is a developing country, known in the world market as a major producer of long-staple cotton, a supplier of oil and phosphate rocks to the world market, and a major tourist center.
59.
This African country is located between the Limpopo River and Lake Nyasa and is crossed by the largest river in the Indian Ocean basin, the Zambezi. This is a typically agricultural country with primitive agriculture; since the beginning of the 19th century, it began to attract the attention of foreign capital: large deposits of copper and cobalt were found here, the production of which this state ranks third and second in the modern world.
60.
In terms of its geographical location, this state of South America is inland. The country speaks two languages - Spanish and Guarani (the language of the Indian tribe that lived here before colonization by Spain). The main wealth of the country is its forests, where many valuable trees grow. For example, the wood of the Quebracho tree is harvested here, from which the tannin necessary for processing leather is produced. This is where mate tea, so popular in Latin America, comes from; this is where the unique wax palm grows, the leaves of which are covered with a thick layer of wax.
61.
This Latin American country is part of the southern wheat belt and is one of the largest suppliers of wheat to the world market. In addition, export products include meat, sunflower oil, soybeans, grapes and grape wines. Over the past decades, there has been a qualitative leap in the production of industrial products, and industries such as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and energy began to develop. The capital of the country is one of largest cities Latin America contains about half of the country's population.
62.
This Latin American country is a member of OPEC and is the largest oil exporter. Its territory, located in the subequatorial belt, is covered with wet tropical forests and savannas, called here llanos. In the impenetrable forests of the country, on one of the tributaries of the Orinoco, there is the highest waterfall on our planet.
63.
This highly developed American state is the largest importer of oil, gas, and iron ore. There are arctic and subtropical deserts, vast forests and endless steppes. The country ranks first in the world in terms of resource consumption and volumes of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and one of the last places in terms of the share of undernourished people.
64
. This state is located in the Caribbean Sea and is the largest exporter of bauxite. In 1670 it became an English colony and the largest slave market in the region. Having gained independence (1962), the country remained in the Commonwealth, and British capital still plays a large role in the development of its economy. Currently, this small state is known not only for bauxite and alumina, but also for large supplies of rum, sugar, tobacco and fruit.
65
. The territory of this country has access to one of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. On its territory is the northernmost point of the continent on which this country is located. The country's nature is diverse: here you can see desert landscapes, olive and orange groves, and evergreen Mediterranean forests. The country has a land border with only two countries. The name of the capital coincides with the name of the country.
66. This is the most northern country in the world after Iceland. At least a third of this country is located beyond the Arctic Circle. This is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in Europe. More than two thirds of its territory is covered with forests with many lakes. The “Lake District” covers the eastern and central parts of the country. The climate is moderate continental, with mild snowy winters and fairly warm summers.
67. Feature geographical location This federal republic has access to the Atlantic Ocean. The country is characterized by high natural population growth. The population of this country is multinational and multi-religious. The country has one of the ten largest urban agglomerations in the world, but more than half of the country's population are rural residents. The country is a member of OPEC and is one of the world's most important oil producers and exporters.
68. This small African country, the name of which coincides with the name of its capital. She has a variety of mineral resources, including iron, lead-zinc ores, phosphorites. It also produces oil, but the country is not a member of OPEC. Its diverse recreational resources, unique ancient monuments (the legendary Carthage was located on its territory) and the warm sea contributed to the transformation of tourism into the leading sector of its economy.
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Canada
- Indonesia
- France
- Japan
- Egypt
- Indonesia
- Venezuela
- Egypt
- Paraguay
- Brazil
- Japan
- Spain
- Poland
- Argentina
- Argentina
- Australia
- Thailand
- Nigeria
- Argentina
- Netherlands
- Mexico
- India
- Algeria
- Australia
- Morocco
- Saudi Arabia
- China
- India
- Mongolia
- Japan
- India
- Italy
- New Zealand
- Austria
- Italy
- Spain
- Iceland
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Czech Republic
- Belarus
- Thailand
- Myanmar
- Kazakhstan
- Afghanistan
- Malaysia
- Liberia
- DR Congo
- Egypt
- Zambia
- Paraguay
- Argentina
- Venezuela
- Jamaica
66. Finland
67. Nigeria
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The art of building relationships with business partners and employees is an important part of the multifaceted activity of a manager. One of the leading places here belongs to the ability to influence people. According to American scientists M, Woodcock and D. Francis, everything is important here, even seemingly secondary things.
Clothing and appearance. It is appropriate for managers to remember the Russian proverb: “If you are greeted by your clothes, you will be seen off by your mind.”
Posture. An example of good posture is the position of a person who does not hide his head in his shoulders and looks into the eyes of his interlocutor. Conducted research has established that there is a direct connection between the emotional and physical state of a person, his posture. If a manager feels calm and confident and has correct posture, this usually makes a positive impression on others.
Behavior. A confident manager usually speaks clearly and convincingly. He knows what he wants, his actions to achieve his goal are clear.
The main reasons for insecurity: insufficient practice, upbringing, lack of clear goals, underestimating oneself, inability to present oneself in the best possible way.
Ways to achieve confidence: avoid emotional situations; be simpler; strive to achieve your goal without letting others (subordinates) confuse you; when making mistakes (which everyone makes), do not despair; persistently strive to complete the assigned task.
Improving personal relationships. The main ways to establish good personal relationships: recognition (you need to pay attention to the person); establishing individuality (each person is individual); interest (express interest in a person); expression of views (disclosure of thoughts and feelings); providing support (willingness to encourage).
Reward. There are two types of managers: one who finds the positive in employee performance and celebrates it; the other looks for the negative (mistakes) in subordinates and punishes them. The first method allows you to achieve better results.
Ability to give instructions to subordinates. The following approaches are distinguished:
vague instructions - the result is usually negative;
persuasion (appeal to the logic of developments, personal or general interest) - the result can be positive if the employee shares the beliefs;
threats (based on fear) - a feeling of resentment may arise, as a result someone will lose, the business will suffer;
requests - the result is positive if there is a good relationship between the manager and employees;
presenting the employee with certain benefits for more intense work - the result is positive if the promises are kept;
requirement (combines respect for the employee and respect for subordination), clear instructions (rather a formal approach) - the result may cause offense, but the problem, as a rule, is solved.
One of the most important qualities of a manager is ethics. Ethics (from Latin ethika - custom, character) is a system of norms, the morality of human moral behavior. In relation to a certain social]! For a group of professions, we can talk, for example, about deputy ethics, medical ethics, and managerial ethics.
Ethics of business communication in modern management is given increased attention. Special role business ethics plays a role in Russia, which is in the process of establishing a market economy. Compliance with ethics creates a favorable background for establishing strong, trusting, honest business relationships between the manager and his work partners.
The activities of a manager are extremely diverse. In addition to the need to constantly resolve various issues of organizing production and sales of products, and managing a team, he has, essentially, to deal with various ethical problems on a daily basis. Examples of such situations could be: using one’s official position for personal purposes, concealing omissions in one’s own work from senior management or one’s subordinates, etc. Finally, the extreme degree of unethical behavior in relation to one’s own company can be, for example, transferring information about production costs, market action strategies, or describing a new product model to a competing company, which, in essence, can simply be called treason, betrayal. Thus, we can talk about the so-called business ethics, managerial ethics.
There is no doubt that ethics is directly related to the performance of the company; it affects the well-being of the team and the company as a whole. People have long wondered what is good and what is evil in human behavior, what is right and what is wrong. When they say that such and such a person is good, they usually mean that he does the right thing. And, accordingly, vice versa. This kind of discussion of human behavior is what we most strongly associate with the concept of “ethics.” Human behavior is the most common subject of ethical judgment. We can say that ethics deals with the question of what good, correct behavior is. A person’s individual perception of the concepts of “good” and “evil” is realized in his behavior and in his actions. The lifestyle and specific actions that embody a person’s behavior provide an answer to the question of his ethics.
Humanity for its long history developed the principles of ethics and its norms. These are, in essence, standards of behavior that make it possible to compare and contrast specific human actions with them. Such principles are, for example, the following: the end never justifies the means; You should never do evil in order to do good. Of course, it is necessary in each specific case to take into account the real possibilities of carrying out any actions and their consequences. In other words, one must consider not only the relative value of different consequences, but also the relative feasibility of their occurrence.
A lesser good, the most likely to be achieved, should be preferred to a greater, but less likely, good if the difference in the likelihood of the two types of good being achieved is sufficiently great to outweigh the difference in value.
Since almost every person gives preference to what closely concerns him, it is considered correct that a person strives more to achieve the good that excites him and in which he is personally interested.
Some actions tend to evoke specific moral feelings, while others do not. For example, the term "duty" is usually applied only to that group of actions that attract moral approval or the failure of which causes moral disapproval.
Those actions with which moral feelings are associated have two characteristics. One is that “duties” are among the things that many people are strongly tempted not to do. Another characteristic feature of such actions is that failure to fulfill duties generally leads to consequences that are unpleasant not for the person who did not fulfill his duty, but for someone else. The first of these traits is more common than the second. This is due to the fact that the consequences unpleasant for other people and arising from failure to fulfill duties towards oneself, as well as moderation and restraint, are not so obvious.
The centuries-old history of management has developed specific norms (canons) of business communication, which have become generally accepted in the civilized world. For a manager who strives to strengthen business relationships with partners, it is important not only to know them, but also to use them to create and strengthen his own positive image in the eyes of others.
Image is collective image(a set of impressions) that takes shape in people’s minds and is associated with specific ideas. We can talk about the image of a person, enterprise, product, country, etc.
The creation and maintenance of a worthy image, which is an important part of a manager’s activity, is facilitated by compliance with the following rules of official relations based on ethics:
if you want to criticize an employee, then first mark positive aspects his work;
do not speak to people in a commanding tone;
respect the opinions of others;
the best way to achieve an optimal result in a controversial situation is to avoid the dispute;
if you are wrong about something, then admit it openly.
The experience of outstanding managers confirms these recommendations. Thus, the American manager L. Iacocca, who at different times headed the famous automobile corporations Ford Motors Company and Chrysler, said: “A good manager needs to be able to listen as well as be able to speak. Too many people fail to understand that true communication is a two-way process. If you want to instill in the people who work for you the desire to work hard and take initiative, you need to be able to listen carefully. As a manager, it gives me the greatest satisfaction to see how an employee who has already been labeled mediocre or untalented by the apparatus actually achieves recognition, and only because someone listened to him, delved into his difficulties and helped him overcome them.” .
In the process of communicating with subordinates, a manager can use the so-called body language, i.e. with the help of a person’s facial expressions, his postures and gestures, determine with a certain degree of approximation the state of people, their thoughts and desires. Body language helps a manager talk with people, understand and inspire their trust, negotiate, and resolve conflicts.
Let's look at some examples of variants of this language:
Glance: 1) first a glance at you, and then a pause (the interlocutor is waiting for your answer); 2) pause in speech, the interlocutor looks away (he asks not to interrupt him).
Position: 1) opposite each other (this is how the opponents sit); 2) nearby (desire for cooperation, open attitude towards you, expectation of success); 3) obliquely (the interlocutor gives you the opportunity to avert your eyes, helps you to organize yourself correctly).
Posture: leaning back (the interlocutor wants to stop communicating, the matter you are discussing is hopeless. If the interlocutor agrees to accept the interlocutor’s idea, the posture will be different).
Gesture: 1) open hands, relaxation (the openness of the interlocutor and his trust in you); 2) unbuttoning the jacket, taking it off (the same thing); 3) arms crossed, jacket buttoned (the partner is closed, his readiness to protect or defend); 4) the partner’s hands are clasped (you need to stop convincing and insisting; the conversation should be transferred to another topic; transfer the initiative to the interlocutor); 5) the interlocutor sits on the edge of the chair, his gaze unblinking, his feet firmly planted on the floor (highest attention to you and at the same time assessment of what you are telling him); 6) hand on the cheek, head tilted to the side, scratching the chin (the interlocutor doubts and thinks hard; “Okay, let’s think again together”); 7) the business partner manipulates the glasses (this allows him to pause for thought); 8) rearranges objects on the table (he lacks information); 9) a person walks around the room; (he is thinking, maybe trying to resolve the doubt. There is no need to interfere with him, try to speak at this time); 10) covers his mouth with his hand, averts his eyes (suspicion has arisen, he is trying to hide his position, he completely disagrees with you); 11) the interlocutor turned his feet to the side, collected his papers, did something else, listening to you (the interlocutor has lost interest in you and wants to leave); 12) hands in pockets, body tilted forward (the interlocutor shows his superiority and confidence); 13) the interlocutor is sitting, ankles crossed, hands tightly gripping the armrests of the chair (he is trying to control himself and not enter into conflict); 14) the partner stands, hands behind his back, hands squeezing his wrists (same thing); 15) the head lies on the palm, the eyes are half-closed (the person is trying to hide his boredom from communicating with you); 16) palms of the hands are placed on the chest (a sign of honesty and openness); 17) leg over leg, arms crossed on the chest (the person is worried, it’s better not to approach him with your problems); 18) standing, the interlocutor holds his hands in his pockets with his thumbs sticking out, his leg extended forward (he shows that he is the master of the situation and is confident in himself); 19) “Napoleon pose”: chest forward, one hand tucked over the side of the jacket, the other, as a rule, in the pocket (same thing); 20) the interlocutor is sitting with his hands behind his head (highest self-confidence); 21) the person has a lowered head, a bent body, crossed arms and legs (an extreme expression of closedness. The person is completely fenced off from you and does not perceive what you say to him. You need to leave him alone or try to get him out of this state).
Distance: 1) up to 0.5 m (emotionally close relationships); 2) about 1 m (informal business relationships); 3) more than 1 m (formal relationship or anxiety and nervousness in the one who stays away. The best way to improve relationships with a partner is to move to the distance that is convenient for him); 4) the person sits far away from you, moves away or leans back (you are unpleasant to him or he is afraid of you).
In conclusion, we present general recommendations developed by the two American scientists mentioned above for creating a favorable psychological climate in a team. For Russian managers they are of particular interest, since in a concise, imaginative and lively form they provide rich information about ways to solve one of the most pressing management problems.
The process of creating a constructive environment in a team depends on a wide variety of factors. Many of them (the views, motives and needs of people) are difficult to control. Human biases, prejudices, and stereotypical ideas can nullify all the efforts of a manager. There are some general recommendations for creating an environment of trust and mutual understanding.
Creating an atmosphere of cooperation. At the first meeting with employees and at the beginning of each subsequent meeting, you should spend a few minutes in an informal conversation. Representatives of the parties at the meeting should be given equal time to speak. From time to time it is necessary to emphasize the moments that bring employees together and unite the team.
Striving for clarity of communication. It is necessary to prepare for a meeting with staff as thoroughly as possible. The manager prepares diagrams, tables, drawings, diagrams, and draft solutions in advance. This is done to ensure that information reaches employees quickly and without possible distortion. Equally important in communication is the ability to listen. It is useful to clarify and summarize what others have said. Questions are also useful, but when there are too many of them, one of the parties involved in the discussion can become defensive.
Mastery of emotions. It is emotions that underlie the so-called gift of persuasion that good speakers possess. However, emotions must be kept under strict control, otherwise logic may suffer. You need to calmly think: did your offender have any reason to treat you this way? Instead of trying to convince the other party that they are wrong, the manager should explain why he treats his subordinate the way he does. It is known that anger is a bad advisor. If someone treated you unfairly, do not rush to repay him in the same coin, “turn on your reason.”
You shouldn't be led by your feelings. Perhaps the manager himself took a defensive position in response to fair, but not delicately formulated comments? Having thought everything over and calmed down, you can safely express your claims and comments if you consider them justified.
Energetic achievement of your goals. People usually have much more energy than they realize.
You can increase your energy potential, for example, by improving your skills, developing innovative approaches, showing persistence, and taking risks.
Power is a necessary element of organizing the effective operation of an enterprise. To successfully manage production, a manager must have appropriate authority. By influencing his subordinates, the manager must ensure the mobilization of the team to accomplish the tasks facing the enterprise.
Power can be based on coercion, reward, authority and knowledge, example, legal rights.
The concepts of “power” and “leadership” are interconnected. The manager, having the necessary power, must be a leader for his subordinates, which requires him high level professionalism.
The manager must strive to create and constantly maintain his own positive image, as this has a beneficial effect on the team of employees and business partners.