one of the largest plains on our planet (second largest after the Amazon Plain in Western America). It is located in the eastern part. Since most of it is within the borders Russian Federation, sometimes called Russian. In the northwestern part it is limited to the mountains of Scandinavia, in the southwestern part - and other mountains of central Europe, in the southeastern part -, and in the East -. From the north, the Russian Plain is washed by waters and, and from the south by, and.
The length of the plain from north to south is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers, and from west to east – 1 thousand kilometers. Almost the entire length of the East European Plain is dominated by gently sloping plains. Within the territory of the East European Plain, most and most major cities countries. It was here that many centuries ago it was formed Russian state, which later became the largest country in the world by its territory. A significant part of Russia's natural resources is also concentrated here.
The East European Plain almost completely coincides with the East European Platform. This circumstance explains its flat terrain, as well as the absence of significant natural phenomena associated with movement (,). Small hilly areas within the East European Plain arose as a result of faults and other complex tectonic processes. The height of some hills and plateaus reaches 600-1000 meters. In ancient times, the shield of the East European Platform was at the center of glaciation, as evidenced by some landforms.
East European Plain. Satellite view
On the territory of the Russian Plain, platform deposits lie almost horizontally, making up lowlands and hills that form the surface topography. Where the folded foundation protrudes to the surface, hills and ridges are formed (for example, the Timan Ridge). On average, the height of the Russian Plain is about 170 meters above sea level. The lowest areas are on the Caspian coast (its level is approximately 30 meters below the level).
Glaciation left its mark on the formation of the relief of the East European Plain. This impact was most pronounced in the northern part of the plain. As a result of the passage of the glacier through this territory, many arose (Pskovskoe, Beloye and others). These are the consequences of one of the most recent glaciers. In the southern, southeastern and eastern parts, which were subject to glaciations for more early period, their consequences are smoothed out by processes. As a result of this, a number of hills (Smolensk-Moscow, Borisoglebskaya, Danilevskaya and others) and lake-glacial lowlands (Caspian, Pechora) were formed.
Even further south is a zone of hills and lowlands, elongated in the meridional direction. Among the hills one can note Priazovskaya, Central Russian, and Volga. Here they also alternate with plains: Meshcherskaya, Oksko-Donskaya, Ulyanovskaya and others.
Even further south are the coastal lowlands, which in ancient times were partially submerged under sea level. The flat relief here was partially corrected by water erosion and other processes, as a result of which the Black Sea and Caspian lowlands were formed.
As a result of the passage of the glacier through the territory of the East European Plain, valleys were formed, tectonic depressions expanded, and even some rocks were polished. Another example of the influence of the glacier is the winding deep peninsulas. When the glacier retreated, not only lakes formed, but also concave sandy depressions appeared. This happened as a result of deposition large quantity sand material. Thus, over many millennia, the multifaceted relief of the East European Plain was formed.
Russian Plain
On the East European Plain there are almost all types of natural zones found in Russia. Off the coast in
Geographical location of the East European Plain
The physical and geographical name of the Russian Plain is East European. The plain occupies about $4$ million sq. km. and is the second largest in the world after the Amazonian lowland. Within Russia, the plain stretches from the Baltic Sea coast in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. In the north, its border begins from the banks of the Barents and White Seas to the shores of the Azov and Caspian seas in the south. The Russian Plain is bordered in the northwest by the Scandinavian Mountains, in the west and southwest by the mountains of Central Europe and the Carpathians, in the south by the Caucasus Mountains and in the east by the Ural Mountains. Within Crimea, the border of the Russian Plain runs along the northern foot of the Crimean Mountains.
The following characteristics determined the plain to be a physical-geographical country:
- The location of a slightly elevated plain on the plate of the ancient East European Platform;
- Moderate and insufficiently humid climate, which is largely formed under the influence of the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean;
- The flatness of the relief influenced the clearly defined natural zonation.
Within the plain there are two unequal parts:
- Basement-denudation plain on the Baltic crystalline shield;
- The East European Plain itself with layered erosion-denudation and accumulative relief on the Russian and Scythian plates.
Relief crystal shield is the result of prolonged continental denudation. Tectonic movements of recent times have already had a direct impact on the relief. In the Quaternary period, the territory occupied by the Baltic crystalline shield was the center of glaciation, so fresh forms of glacial relief are common here.
A thick cover of platform sediments within actually East European Plain, lies almost horizontally. As a result, accumulative and stratal-denudation lowlands and hills were formed. The folded foundation protruding to the surface in some places formed basement-denudation hills and ridges - the Timan Ridge, the Donetsk Ridge, etc.
The East European Plain has an average altitude of about $170$ m above sea level. On the coast of the Caspian Sea, the heights will be the smallest, because the level of the Caspian Sea itself is $27.6$ m below the level of the World Ocean. Elevations rise $300$-$350$ m above sea level, for example, the Podolsk Upland, whose height is $471$ m.
Settlement of the East European Plain
The Eastern Slavs, according to some opinions, were the first to populate Eastern Europe, but this opinion, others believe, is erroneous. In this territory for the first time in the $30$ millennium BC. Cro-Magnons appeared. To some extent, they were similar to modern representatives of the Caucasian race, and over time their appearance became closer to characteristic features person. These events took place in harsh winter conditions. By the $X$ millennium, the climate in Eastern Europe was no longer so harsh, and the first Indo-Europeans gradually began to appear on the territory of the South- Eastern Europe. No one can say exactly where they were before this moment, but it is known that they were firmly established in eastern Europe in the $6th millennium BC. e. and occupied a significant part of it.
Note 1
The settlement of Eastern Europe by the Slavs occurred much later than the appearance of ancient people there.
The peak of the settlement of the Slavs in Europe is considered to be $V$-$VI$ centuries. new era and under the pressure of migration in the same period, they are divided into eastern, southern and western.
Southern Slavs settled in the Balkans and nearby areas. The clan community ceases to exist, and the first semblances of states appear.
At the same time, resettlement occurs Western Slavs , which had a northwestern direction from the Vistula to the Elbe. Some of them, according to archaeological data, ended up in the Baltic states. On the territory of modern Czech Republic in the $7th century. the first state appeared.
IN Eastern Europe the settlement of the Slavs took place without big problems. In ancient times they had a primitive communal system, and later a tribal system. Due to the small population, there was enough land for everyone. Within Eastern Europe, the Slavs assimilated with the Finno-Ugric tribes and began to create tribal unions. These were the first state formations. Due to climate warming, agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing are developing. Nature itself came to meet the Slavs. Eastern Slavs gradually became the largest group of Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. The East European Plain began to be populated by the Slavs in the early Middle Ages, and by the $8th century. they already dominated it. Along the plain, the Eastern Slavs settled in the vicinity of other peoples, which had both positive and negative traits. The colonization of the East European Plain by the Slavs took place over half a millennium and was very uneven. On initial stage land development took place along the route, which is called " from the Varangians to the Greeks" In more late period The Slavs were advancing to the east, west and southwest.
Colonization of the East European Plain by the Slavs had its own characteristics:
- The process was slow due to the severity of the climate;
- Different population densities in colonized territories. The reason is the same - natural climatic conditions, soil fertility. Naturally, there were few people in the north of the plain, but in the south of the plain, where conditions were favorable, there were much more settlers;
- Since there was a lot of land, there were no confrontations with other peoples during settlement;
- The Slavs imposed tribute on the neighboring tribes;
- Small nations “merged” with the Slavs, adopting their culture, language, customs, morals, and way of life.
Note 2
In life Slavic people, settling across the territory of the East European Plain, began new stage associated with the rapid development of the economy, changes in the system of life and way of life, and the emergence of prerequisites for the formation of statehood.
Modern exploration of the East European Plain
After settlement and resettlement of the East European Plain Eastern Slavs, with the beginning of the development of the economy, the question of its research arose. Outstanding scientists of the country took part in the study of the plain, among whom the name of mineralogist V. M. Severgin can be mentioned.
Studying Baltics in the spring of $1803$ V.M. Severgin drew attention to the fact that to the southwest of Lake Peipus the nature of the area becomes very hilly. To test his thoughts, he walked along the $24$ meridian from the mouth of the Gauja River to the Neman River and reached the Bug River, again noticing many hills and sandy upland fields. Similar “fields” were discovered in the upper reaches of the Ptich and Svisloch rivers. As a result of these works, in the west of the East European Plain, for the first time, the alternation of low-lying spaces and elevated “fields” was noted with the correct indication of their directions - from southwest to northeast.
Detailed Study Polesie was caused by a reduction in meadow spaces due to the plowing of land on the right bank of the Dnieper. For this purpose, in $1873, the Western Expedition to Drain the Swamps was created. The head of this expedition was the military topographer I.I. Zhilinsky. Researchers covered about $100$ thousand sq. km for a $25$ summer period. territory of Polesie, $600$ of height measurements were made, a map of the region was compiled. Based on the collected materials I.I. Zhilinsky’s work was continued by A.A. Tillo. The hypsometric map he created showed that Polesie is a vast plain with raised edges. The results of the expedition were mapped $300$ lakes and $500$ rivers of Polesie with a total length of $9$ thousand km. A great contribution to the study of Polesie was made by the geographer G.I. Tanfilyev, who concluded that draining the Polesie swamps will not lead to shallowing of the Dnieper and P.A. Tutkovsky. He identified and mapped hills in the wetlands of Polesie, including the Ovruchsky ridge, from which the right tributaries of the lower Pripyat originate.
Studying Donetsk Ridge was carried out by the young engineer of the Lugansk foundry E.P. Kovalevsky, who found out that this ridge is geologically a huge basin. Kovalevsky became the discoverer of Donbass and its first researcher who compiled a geological map of this basin. It was he who recommended searching and exploring ore deposits here.
In $1840, master of field geology R. Murchison was invited to Russia to study the natural resources of the country. The site was examined together with Russian scientists southern coast of the White Sea. In the course of the work carried out, rivers and hills in the central part of the East European Plain were explored, hypsometric and geological maps of the area were compiled, on which the structural features of the Russian Platform were clearly visible.
On south of the East European Plain The founder of scientific soil science, V.V., carried out his work. Dokuchaev. In 1883, while studying chernozem, he came to the conclusion that there was a special chernozem steppe zone on the territory of Eastern Europe. On the map compiled in $1900 by V.V. Dokuchaev identifies $5$ the main natural zones on the territory of the plain.
In subsequent years, numerous scientific works according to her research, new ones were made scientific discoveries, new maps were drawn up.
The Russian Plain is one of the largest plains on the planet. It is located in the eastern part of Europe, which is why its second name is the East European Plain. Since most of it is located on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is also called the Russian Plain. Its length from north to south is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers.
Relief of the Russian Plain
This plain is dominated by gently sloping terrain. There are many natural resources of Russia here. Hilly areas on the Russian Plain arose as a result of faults. The height of some hills reaches 1000 meters.
The height of the Russian Plain is approximately 170 meters above sea level, but there are some areas that are 30 meters below sea level. As a result of the passage of the glacier, many lakes and valleys arose in this area, and some tectonic depressions expanded.
Rivers
The rivers flowing along the East European Plain belong to the basins of two oceans: the Arctic and the Atlantic, while others flow into the Caspian Sea and are not connected with the world ocean. The longest river, the Volga, flows through this plain.
Natural areas
On the Russian Plain there are all types of natural zones as in Russia. There are no earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in this area. Tremors are quite possible, but they do not cause harm.
The most dangerous natural phenomena on the East European Plain are tornadoes and floods. The main environmental problem is soil and atmosphere pollution due to industrial waste. There are many industrial enterprises in this area.
Flora and fauna of the Russian Plain
On the Russian Plain there are three main groups of animals: arctic, forest and steppe. Forest animals are more common. Eastern species - lemmings (tundra); chipmunk (taiga); marmots and gophers (steppes); saiga antelope (Caspian deserts and semi-deserts). Western species - pine marten, mink, forest cat, wild boar, garden dormouse, forest dormouse, hazel dormouse, black polecat (mixed and broad-leaved forests).
The fauna of the East European Plain is greater than that of any other part of Russia. Due to hunting and changes in the habitat of animals, many fur-bearing animals suffered for their valuable fur, and ungulates for their meat. River beaver and squirrel were trade items among the Eastern Slavs.
Almost until the 19th century in mixed and deciduous forests lived a wild forest horse - tarpan. Bison are protected in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha Nature Reserve. Beavers have begun to be successfully bred in the Voronezh Nature Reserve. The Askania-Nova steppe reserve is home to a variety of animals from Africa, Asia and Australia.
IN Voronezh regions An elk appeared and the previously destroyed wild boar was restored. The Astrakhan Nature Reserve was created in the Volga delta to protect waterfowl. Despite negative impact person, fauna The Russian Plain is still great.
Lesson objectives.
1. Find out the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region.
2. Develop research skills.
3. Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature.
Lesson objectives.
1. Formation of ideas and knowledge about features natural area- The Russian Plain, its role in the formation of the Russian state.
2. Study of the nature and resources of the Russian Plain.
3. Deepening and expanding knowledge about the components of the plain PTC.
Equipment: maps of Russia - physical, climatic, vegetation of natural zones, contour maps, video film, books, mobile classroom, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard.
Forms of work: group with elements of role-playing game.
Lesson type:
for didactic purposes - learning new material;
according to teaching methods - role-playing game.
Lesson Plan
1. Organization of the lesson.
2. Updating students' knowledge. Setting learning objectives. Studying a new topic.
3. Students work in groups. Student answers. Relaxation.
4. Lesson summary. Evaluating student responses. Achieving the goal.
5. Test solutions when using laptops. Practical part, completing tasks in contour maps.
6. Homework.
1. Stage - organizational.
Greetings. Ready for the lesson. Mark those absent in the log.
2. Stage - updating students' knowledge.
Teacher. We are beginning to study the physical and geographical regions of Russia.
Question No. 1. Name and show all these areas on physical map Russia.
Lesson topic. Russian (East European) Plain. Geographical location and natural features.
Teacher. Guys, we have to find out what in the nature of the Russian Plain enchants a person, gives him spiritual and physical strength, and influences economic activity.
To solve the problems, you need to explore the following questions.
1. Geographical location and relief of the Russian Plain.
2. Climate and inland waters.
3. Natural areas of the Russian Plain.
4. Natural resources and their use.
5. Environmental issues Russian (East European) Plain.
We begin our study of the Russian Plain by determining the geographic location of the area, since it determines the features of the PTC.
Give a definition of the concept “geographical location”.
Geographical location is the position of any object or point on the earth's surface in relation to other objects or territories.
Updating knowledge
Question No. 2. What underlies the division of Russia into regions or physical-geographical areas?
Answer. The division is based on relief and geological structure - azonal components.
Question No. 3. The first PTC (physiographic region) that we will get acquainted with is the Russian Plain, or as it is also called the East European Plain.
Why do you think this plain has such names?
Answer. Russian - because here is the center of Russia, Ancient Rus' was located on the plain. Most Russians in Russia live here.
Question No. 4. Why Eastern European?
Answer. The plain is located in eastern Europe.
3. Stage. Work in groups.
Today work in groups, you receive tasks and instructions for completing tasks, for which 5 minutes are allotted.
Students are divided into groups of 4-5 people, consultants are assigned, cards with research tasks are distributed (as the students work, they draw up an outline of their answer on separate sheets of paper), and they receive evaluation sheets.
Score sheet
| No. | Last name, first name | Score for answers |
Score for test |
Final mark |
Student Research.
Group No. 1
Problematic question: How does the geographical location determine the nature of the Russian Plain?
1. The seas washing the territory of the Russian Plain.
2. Which ocean basin do they belong to?
3. Which ocean has the greatest influence on the natural features of the plain?
4. The length of the plain from north to south along 40 degrees east. (1 degree=111 km.).
Conclusion. The plain occupies the western part of Russia. The area is about 3 million sq. km. The Arctic and Atlantic Ocean s.
The Russian Plain occupies almost the entire western, European part of Russia. It extends from the coasts of the Barents and White Seas in the north to the Azov and Caspian Seas in the south; from the western borders of the country to the Ural Mountains. The length of the territories from north to south exceeds 2500 km, the area of the plain within Russia is about 3 million sq. km.
The geographical position of the plain is associated with the influence on the characteristics of its nature by the seas of the Atlantic and the less severe seas of the Arctic oceans. The Russian Plain has the most complete set of natural zones (from tundra to temperate deserts). In most of its territory natural conditions sufficiently favorable for life and economic activity population.
Group No. 2
Problematic question: How was the modern relief of the plain formed?
1. Comparing the physical and tectonic maps, draw the following conclusion:
How does tectonic structure affect the relief of the plain? What is an ancient platform?
2. Which territories have the highest and lowest absolute altitudes?
3. The relief of the plain is varied. Why? What external processes shaped the relief of the plain?
Conclusion. The Russian Plain is located on the ancient Russian platform. The highest height is the Khibiny Mountains 1191 m, the lowest is the Caspian Lowland - 28 m. The relief is varied, the glacier in the north had a strong influence, and flowing waters in the south.
The Russian Plain is located on an ancient Precambrian platform. This determines the main feature of its relief – flatness. The folded foundation of the Russian Plain lies at different depths and comes to the surface in Russia only on the Kola Peninsula and Karelia (Baltic Shield). In the rest of the territory, the foundation is covered by a sedimentary cover of varying thickness.
The cover smoothes out the unevenness of the foundation, but still, as in an x-ray, they “shine through” through the thickness of sedimentary rocks and predetermine the location of the largest hills and lowlands. The Khibiny Mountains on the Kola Peninsula have the highest height, they are located on the shield, the lowest is the Caspian Lowland - 28 m, i.e. 28 m below sea level.
The Central Russian Upland and the Timan Ridge are confined to basement uplifts. The Caspian and Pechora lowlands correspond to depressions.
The relief of the plain is quite varied. In most of the territory it is rugged and picturesque. In the northern part, small hills and ridges are scattered against the general background of a low-lying plain. Here, through the Valdai Upland and Northern Uvaly, there is a watershed between rivers carrying their waters to the north and northwest (Western and Northern Dvina, Pechora) and flowing to the south (Dnieper, Don and Volga with their fairly numerous tributaries).
The northern part of the Russian Plain was formed by ancient glaciers. The Kola Peninsula and Karelia are located where the destructive activity of the glacier was intense. Here, strong bedrock often comes to the surface with traces of glacial processing. To the south, where the accumulation of material brought by the glacier took place, moraine ridges and hilly moraine relief were formed. Moraine hills alternate with depressions occupied by lakes or wetlands.
Along the southern edge of the glaciation, glacial meltwater deposited masses of sandy material. Flat or slightly concave sandy plains arose here. Currently, they are crossed by weakly incised river valleys.
To the south, large hills and lowlands alternate. The Central Russian, Volga Uplands and General Syrt are separated by lowlands along which the Don and Volga flow. Erosive terrain is widespread here. The hills are especially densely and deeply dissected by ravines and gullies.
The extreme south of the Russian Plain, which was flooded by seas in the Neogene and Quaternary times, is distinguished by weak dissection and a slightly wavy, almost flat surface. The Russian Plain is located in a temperate climate zone. Only its extreme north is in the subarctic zone.
Relaxation. The guys look at slides with natural landscapes and musical accompaniment.
Group No. 3
Problematic question: Why did a temperate continental climate form on the Russian Plain?
1. Name the climate-forming factors that determine the climate of the plain.
2. How does the Atlantic Ocean affect the climate of the plain?
3. What kind of weather do cyclones bring?
4. According to the climate map: determine the average temperatures in January and July, the annual amount of precipitation in Petrozavodsk, Moscow, Voronezh, Volgograd.
Conclusion. The climate is temperate continental, continentality increases towards the southeast. The Atlantic has the greatest influence.
The climate of the Russian Plain is temperate continental. Continentality increases to the east and especially to the southeast. The nature of the relief ensures free penetration of Atlantic air masses to the eastern edges of the plain, and Arctic air masses far to the south. During transition periods, the advance of arctic air causes a sharp drop in temperature and frost, and in summer – drought.
The Russian Plain receives the most precipitation compared to other large plains in our country. It is influenced by the westerly transport of air masses and cyclones moving from the Atlantic. This influence is especially strong in the northern and middle parts of the Russian Plain. The passage of cyclones is associated with precipitation. The moisture here is abundant and sufficient, so there are many rivers, lakes and swamps. In the strip maximum quantity the sources of the largest rivers of the Russian Plain are located: the Volga, Northern Dvina. The northwest of the plain is one of the lake regions of the country. Along with large lakes - Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen - there are many small ones located in depressions between moraine hills.
In the southern part of the plain, where cyclones rarely pass, there is less precipitation than can evaporate. Insufficient hydration. In summer there are often droughts and hot winds. The climate becomes increasingly dry to the southeast.
Group No. 4
Problematic question: How do you explain the words of A.I. Voeikov: “Rivers are a product of climate”?
1. Find and name large rivers plains, which ocean basins do they belong to?
2. Why do rivers flow in different directions?
3. Climate affects rivers. What does it mean?
4. There are many large lakes on the territory of the Russian Plain. Most of them are located in the northwest of the plain. Why?
Conclusion. The rivers have spring floods, and the food supply is mixed.
Most of the lakes are located in the northwest of the plain. The basins are glacial-tectonic and dammed, i.e. influence of an ancient glacier.
All rivers of the Russian Plain are predominantly snow-fed and spring floods. But the rivers of the northern part of the plain differ significantly from the rivers of the southern part in terms of the amount of flow and its distribution over the seasons. Northern rivers are full of water. Rain and groundwater play a significant role in their nutrition, which is why the flow is more evenly distributed throughout the year than that of southern rivers.
In the southern part of the plain, where moisture is insufficient, the rivers have low water. The share of rain and groundwater in their nutrition is sharply reduced, so the overwhelming majority of the runoff occurs during a short period of spring floods.
The longest and most abundant river of the Russian Plain and all of Europe is the Volga.
The Volga is one of the main riches and decorations of the Russian Plain. Starting from a small swamp on the Valdai Hills, the river carries its waters to the Caspian Sea. It has absorbed the waters of hundreds of rivers and streams flowing from the Ural Mountains and emerging on the plain. The main sources of nutrition for the Volga are snow (60%) and groundwater (30%). In winter the river freezes.
Crossing several natural zones on its way, it reflects in the water surface large cities, majestic forests, high slopes of the right banks, and coastal sands of the Caspian deserts.
Nowadays the Volga has turned into a grand staircase with mirrored steps of reservoirs regulating its flow. Water falling from dams provides electricity to the cities and villages of the Russian Plain. The river is connected by canals to five seas. The Volga is a river - a worker, an artery of life, the mother of Russian rivers, glorified by our people.
Of the lakes on the Russian Plain, Lake Ladoga is the largest. Its area is 18,100 km. The lake stretches from north to south for 219 km with a maximum width of 124 km. The average depth is 51 m. The lake reaches its greatest depths (203 m) in its northern part. North Shore Lake Ladoga– rocky, indented by long narrow bays. The remaining banks are low and flat. There are many islands on the lake (about 650), most of which are located near the northern shore.
The lake freezes completely only by mid-February. The ice thickness reaches 0.7–1 m. The lake opens in April, but ice floes float on its water surface for a long time. Only in the second half of May the lake is completely free of ice.
On Lake Ladoga there are hours of fog making navigation difficult. Strong, prolonged storms often occur, with waves reaching a height of 3 meters. According to navigation conditions, Ladoga is equated to the seas. The lake is connected via the Neva to the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea; through the Svir River, Lake Onega and the White Sea - Baltic Canal - with the White and Barents Seas; through the Volga-Baltic Canal - with the Volga and Caspian Sea. In recent years, there has been severe pollution of the water of Lake Ladoga by industrial activities in its basin. The problem of maintaining the cleanliness of the lake is acute, since the city of St. Petersburg receives water from Ladoga. In 1988, a special resolution was adopted to protect Lake Ladoga.
4. Stage. Lesson summary. Evaluating student responses.
Conclusion on the topic studied
The East European (Russian) Plain has extremely diverse natural conditions and resources. This is due geological history development and geographical location. The Russian land began from these places; for a long time, the plain was populated and developed by people. It is no coincidence that the capital of the country, Moscow, and the most developed economic region, Central Russia, with the highest population density, are located on the Russian plain.
The nature of the Russian Plain enchants with its beauty. It gives a person spiritual and physical strength, calms, and restores health. The unique charm of Russian nature is sung by A.S. Pushkin,
M.Yu. Lermontov, reflected in the paintings of I.I. Levitan, I.I. Shishkina, V.D. Polenova. People passed on the skills of decorative and applied arts from generation to generation, using natural resources and the very spirit of Russian culture.
5. Stage. Practical part of the lesson. To consolidate and assimilate the educational material, the children perform a test on laptops (exercises with eyes); at the teacher’s command, press the “result” key.
Summing up, preparing evaluation sheets.
Practical part in workbooks p. 49 (task No. 2).
Giving grades in diaries.
6. Stage. Homework: paragraph 27, workbook page 49 (task No. 1).
Self-analysis of a geography lesson
The lesson was held in a classroom with good learning opportunities, a developmental education class.
Students have analytical thinking skills.
Type of lesson - combined, with elements of role-playing game. Based on the topic and type of lesson, the characteristics of the student group, the following lesson goals were determined:
Identify the features of the nature of the plain as a factor in the formation of the most populated and developed region;
Improve the ability to work with atlas maps, textbook text, a computer, and draw up logical support diagrams;
Ensure the development of abilities for evaluative actions and express judgments;
Develop research skills;
Develop the ability to work in a team, develop mutual assistance;
Develop a moral and aesthetic attitude towards nature.
To achieve these goals, various methods training:
1. By sources of transmission and perception of information:
- verbal- formulation of targets, explanation of methods of activity;
- visual- cards, interactive whiteboard, multimedia projector, mobile classroom;
- practical- work with atlas maps, textbooks, workbooks, using laptops.
2. By the nature of cognitive activity:
- reproductive- the student worked with terms;
- research- identified features, established cause and effect;
- compared, explained, analyzed problematic issues.
The following were used in the lesson forms of organization educational activities:
1. Individual - each student worked with the text of the textbook, atlas maps, and completed control tasks.
2. Pairs - discussions, mutual control.
3. Group - creative work.
When developing the lesson, I adhered to principles:
1. The principle of motivation is the creation of passion and interest in knowledge.
2. The principle of a conscious learning process.
3. The principle of collectivism.
Used techniques mental thinking activity:
1. Method of comparison - favorable and unfavorable conditions.
2. Technique of analysis and synthesis - determining the features of the placement of natural resources.
3. The technique of generalization when formulating conclusions and summing up.
Lesson steps
Stage 1 – organizational.
The task of this stage is to provide a favorable psychological environment for learning activities.
Stage 2 – updating of background knowledge.
At this stage, the teacher ensures the reproduction of the knowledge and skills on the basis of which new content will be built. Implementation of goals, formation of skills to determine goals, plan one’s educational activities.
Stage 3 – learning new material, working in groups.
The objectives of the stage are to ensure perception and understanding of the concepts acquired by students, creating conditions for students to master knowledge in the form of activity.
1. Creating problematic situations.
2. Using the research method of teaching to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
3. Improving skills in text analysis and diagramming.
4. Working with the textbook text in order to develop scientific thinking.
5. Creative task is aimed at strengthening the ability to analyze atlas maps, as well as at developing mental thinking activity. development of logic.
Stage 4 – the result of the lesson, consolidation of new knowledge and methods of activity.
The task of the stage is to ensure an increase in the level of comprehension of the studied material. Improving assessment activities.
Stage 5 – practical part, the logical conclusion of the lesson.
Stage 6 – information about homework.
The form of the lesson made it possible to combine traditional and non-traditional forms of work: a combined lesson with elements of role-playing game. The psychological regime was supported by the teacher’s benevolent attitude towards students. The feasibility of tasks for each student, the atmosphere of business cooperation. The high density, pace of the lesson, and the combination of different types of work made it possible to implement the entire volume of the proposed material and solve the assigned tasks.
1. Determine distinctive features geographical location of the European part of Russia. Please rate it. Show on the map the main geographical objects of the East European Plain - natural and economic; largest cities.
The European part of Russia occupies the East European Plain. In the north, the East European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the Barents and White Seas, in the south by the warm waters of the Black and Azov Seas, and in the southeast by the waters of the world's largest Caspian Lake. The western borders of the East European Plain are bordered by the shores of the Baltic Sea and extend beyond the borders of our country. The Ural Mountains limit the plain from the east, and the Caucasus Mountains partially from the south.
Geographical objects - Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Valdai Upland, Donetsk Ridge, Malozemelskaya tundra, Oka-Don Plain, Volga Upland, Caspian Lowland, Northern Uvaly, Smolensk-Moscow Upland, Central Russian Upland, Stavropol Upland, Timan Ridge.
The rivers Akhtuba, Belaya, Volga, Volkhov, Vychegda, Vyatka, Dnieper, Don, Zap. Dvina, Kama, Klyazma, Kuban, Kuma, Mezen, Moscow, Neva, Oka, Pechora, Svir, North. Dvina, Sukhona, Terek, YugOzeraBaskunchak, Beloe, Vygozero, Ilmen, Caspian Sea, Ladoga, Manych-Gudilo, Onega, Pskov, Seliger, Chudskoye, Elton.
Large cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don.
Ancient Russian cities: Veliky Novgorod (859), Smolensk (862), Yaroslavl (1010), Vladimir (1108), Bryansk (1146), Tula (1146), Kostroma (1152), Tver (12th century), Kaluga (1371 ), Sergiev Posad (XIV century), Arkhangelsk (1584), Voronezh (1586).
2. What do you think are the characteristics that unite the East European Plain given the enormous diversity of its landscapes?
The East European Plain is united by a single tectonic basis (Russian Platform), the flat nature of the surface, and the distribution of a temperate climate, transitional from marine to continental, over most of the territory.
3. What is the uniqueness of the Russian Plain as the territory most inhabited by people? How has its appearance changed as a result of the interaction of nature and people?
Home characteristic feature The East European Plain has a well-defined zonality in the distribution of its landscapes. On the coast Barents Sea occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains, a narrow strip of tundra zone is located, giving way to forest-tundra to the south. Harsh natural conditions do not allow farming in these landscapes. This is an area of developed reindeer husbandry and hunting and commercial farming. In mining areas, where villages and even small towns arose, industrial landscapes became the predominant landscape. The northern strip of the plain is the least transformed by human activity.
IN middle lane A thousand years ago, the East European Plain was dominated by its typical forest landscapes - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, and then broad-leaved oak and linden forests. In vast areas of the plain, forests have now been cut down and forest landscapes have turned into forest fields - a combination of forests and fields. The best pasture and hay lands in Russia are located in the floodplains of many northern rivers. Forest areas are often represented by secondary forests, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species have been replaced by small-leaved trees - birch and aspen.
The south of the plain is the boundless expanse of forest-steppes and steppes stretching beyond the horizon with the most fertile chernozem soils and the most favorable for agriculture climatic conditions. Here lies the main agricultural zone of the country with the most transformed landscapes and the main stock of arable land in Russia.
4. Do you think it worked? special role in the economic development and development of the Russian Plain, what it is - historical center Russian state?
The role of the center of the Russian state definitely influenced the development and development of the Russian Plain. It is characterized by dense population, the greatest variety of economic activities, high degree transformation of landscapes.
5. In the works of which Russian artists, composers, poets are the features of the nature of Central Russia especially clearly understood and conveyed? Give examples.
In literature - K. Paustovsky " Meshcherskaya side”, Rylenkov’s poem “Everything in a Melting Haze”, E. Grieg “Morning”, Turgenev I.S. "Notes of a Hunter", Aksakov S.T. “Childhood years of Bagrov the grandson”, Prishvin M.M. - many stories, Sholokhov M.M. - stories, " Quiet Don", Pushkin A.S. many works, Tyutchev F.I. "Evening", "Noon", "Spring Waters".
In music - to G. Ibsen’s drama “Peer Gynt”, K. Bobescu, “The Forest” from the suite “ Forest fairy tale", "Where the Motherland Begins" (music by V. Basner, lyrics by Matusovsky).
Artists - I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. G. Perov, V. M. Vasnetsov, I. I. Levitan, I. I. Shishkin.