Form of government - territorial structure. Parliamentary republic, unitary state, consisting of 19 regions (medye) and 6 cities. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is the unicameral State Assembly. Capital: Budapest (1.7 million people).
At the end of the 9th century. Hungarian tribes settled on the territory of modern Hungary. Since 1000 Hungary has been a kingdom. In 1521, Turkey started a war against the Hungarian king and as a result, the southern and central regions of the country came under Turkish rule. The western regions, together with the Czech Republic, were captured by Ferdinand of Habsburg.
Hungary gained independence in October 1918. In 1989, the country was proclaimed a democratic state governed by the rule of law.
Geographical position. South-Eastern part of Central Europe, river basin. Danube. It borders with Ukraine, Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia and Austria. Landlocked.
Territory area: 93 thousand km2 (comparable to the area of the Altai Republic).
Natural conditions of Hungary.
The terrain is predominantly flat, with mountains in the north (spurs of the Carpathians). Average temperatures in January: 2... +4 °C, July: +20...+23 °C. Precipitation ranges from 450 mm to 900 mm per year. About a fifth of the territory is covered with forests.
There are reserves of bauxite, coal, natural gas, and manganese ore.
Population: 10.0 (7.5) million people. Hungarians (Magyars) (90%), Romanians (4%), Germans (3%), Serbs (2%), Slovaks, Croats. Density: 108 people/km2. Average annual growth: 5 people. per 1,000 inhabitants. Balance of migration: +0.78 people. per 1,000 inhabitants. Unemployment: 5%.
Age composition:
0-14 years - 17%;
15-59 years old - 63%;
60 or more years - 20%.
Average age: 38.4 years, average life expectancy: 72 years. Religion: Catholics and Protestants.
Urban population: 65%, largest cities: Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged.
Official language: Hungarian.
Economy: GDP per capita: 8,384 (13,400) US dollars.
GDP structure:
agriculture - 4.1%;
industry - 33.8%;
service sector - 62.1%.
Industry: mechanical engineering (including transport, radio electronics), chemical, pharmaceutical, light (textiles, shoes), food (canned vegetables and fruits, wine, meat products). Agriculture: crop production (corn, pshe
rice, vegetables, fruits, grapes), livestock (pigs, sheep, cattle). Income from tourism (more than 10 million tourists per year).
International trade.
Exports: $31.4 billion (per capita $3,104). Machinery and equipment (including buses), food products, fuel, raw materials. (Germany 35%, Austria 8%, Italy 6%, USA 6%).
Imports: $33.9 billion (per capita $3,390). Machinery and equipment, automobiles, electricity, fuel, mineral raw materials (Germany 26%, Italy 8%, Austria 8%, Russia 7%).
Attractions and resorts. Budapest: Holy Trinity Square with Matthias Temple (1247), fishermen's bastion of the Buda Fortress, Vajdahunyad fortress, National historical Museum Hungary, Hungarian Art Museum, Széchenyi Bath (the largest hydropathic bath in Europe). Eger: Eger Fortress (XIII century), Bishop's Palace.
Geographical location and general information
The Republic of Hungary is located in East-Central Europe. In the north it borders with the Czech Republic and Slovakia (along the Danube River). In the east it has a common border with Ukraine, as well as with Romania. In the south with Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, in the west with Austria. Does not have access to international seas, strategic location - on the main routes between Western Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, as well as between Ukraine and the Mediterranean basin. The country's area is 93,030 km2. The capital is Budapest. Large cities: Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pecs, Győr.
The climate in Hungary is temperate with cool, wet winters and warm summers. The terrain varies from lowlands to hilly plains, with only small mountains located on the border with Slovakia. Highest point: Kekesh (1,014 m), lowest point: Tisza River (78 m). Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soil, arable land. Land use: arable land - 49.587%, perennial crops - 2.06%, other - 48.36% (2006); irrigated land: 2,300 km 2 .
The political system of Hungary is a parliamentary republic. The current president is Laszlo Szoim, the head of government is Ferenc Gyurcsany.
Hungary has made the transition from centralized to market economy, its GDP level is almost two-thirds of the average level of the EU countries. Hungary, which joined the European Union in May 2004, continues to experience stable economic growth. The private sector produces 80% of GDP. Thus, according to 2008 estimates: the country's GDP (based on purchasing power) amounted to 203.9 billion US dollars, GDP per capita (based on PS) - 20,500 US dollars. Distribution of GDP by sector: agriculture - 3.2%, industry - 31.9%, services - 65% (as of 2008). Public debt in 2007 – 70.2% of GDP.
According to 2008 estimates, the country's working population was 4.2 million people, and the unemployment rate was 8%. The labor force is distributed by industry as follows: agriculture - 5%, industry - 32.4%, service sector - 62.6% (2008).
Products Agriculture: wheat, corn, sunflower seeds, potatoes, sugar beets, pigs, cattle, dairy products.
Industry: metallurgy, building materials, food, textile, chemical (especially pharmaceutical) industries, vehicles, information technology, electronics, software. In 2007, the growth rate of industrial production amounted to 8.1%.
The current account balance for 2007 is 6.681 billion US dollars, which is 1.7 lower than in 2006.
Hungary's foreign exchange and gold reserves as of December 2007 amounted to about 24.25 billion US dollars.
Thus, Hungary has favorable agroclimatic and recreational conditions and is favorably located geographically. The neighborhood with 8 European countries contributes to the development of trade and, accordingly, the strengthening of the country's economy. The entry of the Hungarian Republic into the European Union can also have a positive impact on its economy.
Natural resources
Water resources. Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest after the Volga European river. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, out of a total length of 960 km. almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or Carpathians. The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in runoff occurs in October–December. The amplitude of fluctuations in water levels in rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube in the Budapest region reaches almost 9 meters. Large areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydraulic construction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and eliminate the possibility of it overflowing its banks, which ensured stable navigation.
Hungary has the most big lake Central Europe – Lake Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, length – 78 km, width – 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance. There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially between the Tisza and Danube rivers. They are surrounded by seating areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming.
Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and medicinal springs. Groundwater reserves are found throughout almost the entire territory of the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. IN Lately underground sources are increasingly used to supply populated areas clean water. From geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily influx of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton area, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alfold.
Thus, thanks to the wealth of water resources, shipping is widely developed in Hungary, numerous lakes are used for fish farming, and also attract a large number of tourists with its picturesqueness. But hydrotherapy resorts are even more popular. On a per capita basis, Hungary turns out to be the richest in mineral and healing waters country in Europe, which is an undeniable advantage in view of the increasingly increasing problem of water shortage in the world.
Mineral resources. Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The country does not have large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil; reserves of many other types of raw materials are quite limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.
Fuel and energy resources in Hungary are represented by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The total geological reserves of coal are currently estimated at almost 9 billion tons. The quality and calorific value of coal is low. Of all reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown coal and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development are characterized by unfavorable conditions: very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique bedding, and fragmentation. Therefore, in the coal industry, mining in small and even medium-sized low-profit mines has recently been curtailed, and at the same time large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in those places where they can be mined. open development. Coal reserves are concentrated in the Mecek Mountains. Coal found in the Komolo region is classified as coking coal.
Gas and oil reserves are small in size. They are concentrated in deposits of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods, in intermountain troughs of various sizes. At the beginning of this century, oil deposits were discovered in the foothills of the Bükk massif, where small-sized layers lay in volcanic tuffs. After several years of mining, they were completely depleted. Larger oil deposits were discovered later southwest of Lake Balaton, in the Zana region. Their development began in the late 30s and was carried out quite intensively over two and a half decades. By now, reserves here are also largely exhausted. In the 50-60s, the development of the Alföld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the level of production at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves have been found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one below the other. They are located at a depth of 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure. Currently, the country is exploring predicted oil reserves at a depth of 6-9 thousand meters.
Natural gas fields in Hungary are located in approximately the same areas as oil fields. Most large reserves discovered in the Alföld province. Behind last decade More than ¾ of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here are gas. The country's natural gas reserves are characterized by low sulfur content, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it varies depending on the field from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal/m 3. The recently discovered reserves contain a high proportion of inert gases, some of which are also used.
Table 1. Characteristics of fuel and energy resources (as of 01/01/2007)
Note:
¬ - insignificant amount
The only iron ore deposits in the country are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%. Therefore, its production was constantly reduced, and in the second half of the 50s it was completely stopped.
The manganese ore reserves in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Manganese ore deposits are located in the Bakon Mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.
Figure 1. Dynamics of production of commercial manganese ores
Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the Bakony and Vertes mountains. The largest deposits cover an area of several square kilometers, the thickness of the layers varies from 2 to 30 meters. Total reserves are estimated at more than 100 million tons. Approximately 45% of them have medium and high quality. Hungary ranks sixth in the world in bauxite mining. In the mountains of Börzeny, Matra and Zemplén there are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum.
Figure 2. Dynamics of bauxite production, thousand tons/year
The uranium ores discovered in Hungary are important. Their deposits were discovered in the south of the country, near the city of Pecs. Uranium ore here it lies at a depth of up to 1 thousand meters. These reserves are sufficient to provide fuel for nuclear power plants with a total capacity of about 400 MW.
Hungary is well supplied with raw materials for production building materials. These are limestones, sand, building stone, kaolin, perlite, quartzites. At the same time, there are no other types of minerals in the country; there are no reserves of rocks containing potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and used in the production of mineral fertilizers.
Thus, we can say that Hungary is not rich in natural resources. The only mineral found in significant quantities is bauxite.
Labor resources
The population of Hungary as of July 2008 was 9,930,915 people. In Europe, the country ranks 14th in terms of population. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km 2.
The official language is Hungarian, which belongs to the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. It is spoken by 97% of the population. Germans and Slovaks make up the largest ethnic minorities. The South Slavs (mainly Croats and Serbs) and Romanians ( ethnic composition according to the 2006 population census: Hungarians - 92.3%, Gypsies (Roma) - 1.9%, others - 5.8%). By religious affiliation, 51.9% of Hungarians are Catholics, 15.9% are Calvinists, 3% are Lutherans, 2.6% are Greek Catholics, other Christians 1%, representatives of other religions 11.1%, not affiliated with a particular religion - 14.5%.
Before World War II, Hungary was an agricultural country. The share of the agricultural population was above 70%. Since the late 40s, during the development of industrialization, the proportion of rural residents has been increasingly reduced. Currently it is about 40%. About 60% of all residents live in cities, incl. 29.1% in cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, 30.2% in cities with a population of 10 to 100 thousand people, 33.1% in villages with a population of 1 to 10 thousand people. and 7.6% - in settlements with a population of less than 1 thousand people. Approximately 1/5 of the country's population lives within the metropolitan area of Budapest. Most Big city after Budapest, Miskolc is almost 10 times inferior in population. Large cities: Debrecen, Szeged, Pecs, Győr, Székesfekervár.
In the 90s, the mortality rate exceeded the birth rate, and natural increase was thus negative. Hungary's population is aging, with almost 1/5 of the population aged 60 years or above. However, a favorable change in the demographic situation is predicted in the future.
The labor market in Hungary has 4.2 million highly skilled and educated workers. Approximately two thirds of them have secondary technical or vocational education. Hungary is famous for its traditions and high standards in education, particularly in fields such as science, engineering, medicine, economics, etc. Foreign employers believe that Hungarian employees are flexible, highly motivated and efficient. Young people in Hungary usually speak English and/or know other Western languages.
Figure 3. Distribution of labor by industry for 2007
Employment levels and labor availability vary by region: northwest Hungary has experienced labor shortages at times, especially in finance and marketing. In areas east of the Danube, unemployment rates are generally higher than the national average (8% in 2008) and sometimes exceed 10%. The main elements of an employment agreement are provided for in the Hungarian Labor Code (Law XXII of 1992), which is largely in line with the labor laws of other European Union countries. The law provides for the possibility of negotiations with trade unions or other employee representatives (for example, works councils).
The share of foreigners in the ownership structure of the Hungarian economy has reached 30%. Of the 200 largest Hungarian enterprises, about 160 are partially or fully foreign-owned, and every tenth enterprise in Hungary has a foreign partner, co-founder or owner. Foreign capital controls 90% of the communications and long-distance communications industry, 70% of the banking and financial sector, and 60% of the country’s energy sector. 2/3 of the production of the Hungarian manufacturing industry comes from foreign-owned enterprises.
Conditions of employment are set out in labor agreements, which can be terminated by mutual consent of both parties. Typically the working day consists of 8 hours, the maximum number of working hours per week reaches 48, and two days off are provided. Employees cannot be forced to work on national holidays. Every employee calendar year is entitled to regular leave, the duration of which is 20 days, but with increasing length of service the number vacation days increases.
The employment agreement must not contradict the provisions of the current Labor Code. An employment agreement may provide an employee with more benefits than those provided for in Labor Code or Collective Agreement.
Social insurance contributions are mandatory for Hungarian employees; those employees who are not required to pay but wish to benefit from the Hungarian social insurance system are also given the opportunity to pay contributions. Pension system on this moment consists of three levels: public, private and voluntary scheme.
Deductions paid by the employer:
– 21% - for pensions,
– 8% - for health insurance,
– 1.950 forints/month - health care contribution,
– 3% - contribution to unemployment insurance,
– 1.5% - contribution for advanced training.
As of January 2008, the minimum wage is 69,000 forints gross, which equals approximately 267 euros.
Thus, over 63% of the Hungarian population is able to work. The majority of the economically active population is employed in the service sector, which contributes to the further development of the tertiary sector of the economy. In Hungary there is relatively high level unemployment, therefore, currently state policy is aimed at reducing this indicator. One of the advantages of education in Hungary is its high quality. In Hungary, the share of foreigners in the ownership structure is very large, which makes a significant contribution to the economic development of the country and helps strengthen various ties with other countries. Employment conditions are enshrined in employment agreements, which makes it possible to clearly define the rights and responsibilities of employees.
Competitive advantage for the development of the Hungarian economic complex
Hungary's greatest advantage is that, from a geographical, historical, cultural and economic point of view, it is located in the very heart of Europe. From here it is easy to get to any region of Europe.
Hungary can become a starting point for investors planning large-scale development of their business, including those who come from afar and seek to conquer European markets. After the country's accession to the European Union, opening a business in Hungary means entering the markets of EU countries with a population of 500 million people.
The quality of life offered to foreign investors in Budapest and the province is an important factor when choosing a country. Foreigners working in Hungary for a long time are quite satisfied with the living conditions: they consider their stay in the country pleasant, Budapest - interesting and less expensive than other large European capitals.
The development of the Hungarian economic complex is also facilitated by a rich, internationally recognized culture, exceptional cuisine, excellent wines, historical spas with healing springs, international schools of high academic level (for example, Chinese, American, British and Japanese) and numerous sports (golf, horseback riding, water sports, etc.) and entertainment.
Thus, we can highlight the main advantages of the Hungarian Republic (based on a survey of foreign investors):
· membership in the European Union (in terms of geography, trade and economics);
· the economy is based on developed system services;
· stable political and economic situation;
· competitive suppliers, qualified workforce;
· creative and innovative skills;
· presence of other multinational firms;
· legal stability;
effective dialogue between business sphere and the government;
· reliable information technology structure;
· excellent local supply system;
· high quality of the education system;
· desire for cooperation from universities and research institutes;
· opportunities to improve foreign language knowledge and management skills;
· special emphasis on R&D and innovation;
· favorable living conditions.
To the question Name natural conditions and resources of Hungary given by the author Masko the best answer is Hungary is a country in central Europe. The capital is Budapest.
In the north, Hungary borders the Czech Republic and Slovakia (along the Danube River). In the east it has a common border with Ukraine, as well as with Romania. In the south with Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, in the west with Austria.
The territory of the country is 93 thousand km2, the population is 10.6 million people.
Internal political structure
The internal political structure of Hungary is determined by the Constitution adopted on August 18, 1949, as amended later.
Republic of Hungary – independent Democratic state, the highest legislative body of which is the State Assembly (parliament). Hungary is a presidential republic. The head of the republic is elected for a term of five years.
There are various parties in the country and public organizations. The Hungarian Democratic Forum is one of the largest and most widely supported parties. Other parties include the Union of Free Democrats, the Independent Party of Smallholders, the Hungarian Socialist Party, the Union of Young Democrats, and the Christian Democratic Party.
Administratively, Hungary is divided into regions. The capital of the state is Budapest - along with five others major cities(Miskolc, Debrecen, Gyor, Seid, Pecs) is under republican subordination. Budapest plays special role in the life of the country. About 20% of the population is concentrated here, 40% of industrial products are produced, government bodies are located in the capital, the majority educational institutions, theaters, museums.
Relief.
Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Lowland. The country occupies about
2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by the Carpathian massifs.
The topography of the country defines the slightly hilly, vast plains of the middle Danube basin, as well as its large tributaries Tisza and Drava. The ancient floodplains of these rivers, covered with a thick layer of sand and loess deposits, occupy about 70% of the territory of Hungary. Almost the entire rest of the country lies in hilly areas and small elevations ranging from 200 to 400 meters above sea level. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes, 1015 m.
There are 2 leaks in Hungary large rivers- Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).
Climate.
The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of different natures that form over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and also over the continental part of Eurasia.
At the end of spring, summer and autumn, the weather-climatic role of Mediterranean air masses increases significantly, which is associated with the increasing influence of the Azores anticyclone in the summer months. This explains the hot weather characteristic of Hungary, starting at the end of April, rainfall in May-June, as well as the long warm and mild autumn period.
The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees.
Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees. Winter is short and relatively warm. The average temperature in January is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn.
On average, about 600 mm of precipitation falls throughout the country throughout the year. Precipitation is distributed unevenly over the territory. In the Alföld regions, their amount does not exceed 50 mm per year, and in the west, near the Bakony, Pilim and Matra massifs, the amount of precipitation reaches 900 - 1000 mm. Short-term droughts often occur.
Natural resources.
Water resources.
Answer from papilla[active]
Handsome guys
Answer from Neurosis[guru]
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Answer from Toss[guru]
Mineral resources. Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The country does not have large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil, quite
There are limited supplies of many other raw materials. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding. Fuel and energy resources in Hungary are represented by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. Total geological reserves of coal are currently estimated at almost 9 billion tons. Quality and calorific value
coal are low. Of all reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately
25% - for brown coal and only 15% - for hard coal. A significant portion of eligible
field development is characterized by unfavorable conditions: very
limited thickness of layers, their oblique occurrence, fragmentation.
Therefore, the coal industry has recently been curtailing production
in small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time
large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in places where
their open development is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in
Mechek mountains. Coal occurring in the Komolo region is classified as
coking. Gas and oil reserves are small in size. They are concentrated in sediments
Cretaceous and Jurassic periods, in intermountain troughs of different sizes. At first
this century, oil deposits were discovered in the foothills of the massif
Answer from Olvira Andreeva[guru]
And "WIKIPIDIA" will not quickly give an answer to this question? Or are only Hungarian experts on the site at the moment? They will write you something like this.... You are somehow reckless with such a question:0)
Answer from Ilnur Rafikov[active]
Bükk, where small-sized layers lay in volcanic tuffs.
After several years of mining, they were completely depleted. Larger ones
oil fields were discovered later southwest of Lake Balaton, in
Zana region. Their development began in the late 30s and throughout
for two and a half decades it was carried out quite intensively. By now
In time, the reserves here are also largely exhausted. In the 50-60s, the development of the Alföld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the level of production at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves have been found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one under
to others. They are located at a depth of 3-4 thousand meters and differ
relatively low pressure. Currently in the country
exploration of predicted oil reserves is underway at a depth of 6-9 thousand m. Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located in approximately the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were discovered in the Alföld province. Over the last decade, more than ½ of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here have been gas. The country's natural gas reserves are characterized by low sulfur content, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it
varies depending on the deposit from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal/m3.V
recently discovered reserves contain a high proportion of inert gases, some
which is also used. The country's only iron ore deposits are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. Average iron content in ore here
is less than 30%. Therefore, its production was constantly declining, and in the second
half of the 50s completely stopped. The reserves of manganese ore available in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Manganese ore deposits are located in the Bakon Mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined. Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the Bakony and Vertes mountains.
Answer from Alex48[active]
The territory of Hungary has a predominantly flat terrain. Most of it is located on the Middle Danube Plain. The western part of the plain (Dunantul) is dissected by numerous hills up to 300 m high, while the eastern part (Alföld) has a flat, low-lying terrain. The north-west of the country is occupied by the Kishalföld lowland, limited in the west by the foothills of the Alps, with an altitude of 500-800 m (Irott-kö: 883 m). To the north of Lake Balaton stretch the Middle Hungarian Mountains with plateau-like massifs 400-700 m high (Bakony, Vertes, Dunazug). In the southern part of Dunantul, the blocky Mechek Mountains rise up to 681 m high (Mount Zengyo). In the north of Hungary there are spurs of the Western Carpathians up to 1000 m high. They are dissected by wide river valleys and represent isolated volcanic massifs and limestone plateaus (Börzeny, Cserhat, Matra, Bükk, Cserehat, Zempleni-Hegyszeg...). Here (in Matra) is located highest point Hungary - Mount Kekes (1014 m). In the mountains on the border with Slovakia there is one of the largest karst caves in Europe, Agtelek, with underground rivers and lakes.
Mineral resources in Hungary include bauxite, brown coal, oil, gas, iron, manganese, copper, lead-zinc ores, mineral and thermal waters.
Hungary's position, surrounded by mountains, results in a continental climate with mild winters and hot summers. Precipitation per year ranges from 450 mm in the east to 900 mm in the mountains.
All rivers in Hungary belong to the Danube basin. The Danube itself crosses the country from north to south for 410 km. Largest lake- Balaton is an important international tourist center. Near its western end there is Europe's largest lake of thermal origin - Heviz, near which a balneological and mud resort is located.
The vegetation cover of Hungary has been significantly modified by humans. Most of the territory is dominated by cultivated vegetation - arable lands, gardens, vineyards. Forests have been preserved in the mountains and occupy about 20% of the territory (they grow up to a height of 800-1000 m broadleaf forests, spruce-fir trees are found higher up). Soil cover The plains are represented by chernozem, on the Alföld there are salt marshes, in the mountains there are brown soils and rendzins.
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Geography of Hungary on Wikipedia
Look at the Wikipedia article about Geography of Hungary
Territory— 9.3 thousand km
Population— 10.6 million people
Capital— Budapest
Geographical location, natural resources
Hungary- a state in Eastern Europe located in the Middle Danube Lowland. Hungary is a presidential republic.
Hungary borders Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, the countries of the former Yugoslavia, and Austria. In the west, the Alps approach the borders of the country, and from the north and east - the Carpathians.
The relief is slightly hilly, flat, determined by the vast plains of the middle reaches of the Danube and its large tributaries. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The eastern part of the country is generally lower than the western part.
Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The main deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous areas. Coal, oil, and gas are mined in the country, but their importance, like most ore deposits, is insignificant.
Hungary stands out for its reserves of manganese ore, bauxite and raw materials for the production of building materials. The country provides itself 2/3 with mineral raw materials and 1/2 with energy resources.
The climate of the country is moderate continental, with sufficient precipitation (250 - 1000 mm). This, along with good security water resources, creates an excellent basis for agriculture.
Forests occupy about 18% of the area, mostly in mountainous areas.
Population of Hungary
During the post-war period, the population of Hungary grew by more than 16% and in the early 90s. XX century amounted to about 10.6 million people. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km2.
A significant part of Hungarians live outside the state, which is due to historical features formation of its boundaries. Ethnically, the country is quite homogeneous. National minorities (gypsies, Germans, Slovaks, etc.) make up less than 5%.
The level of urbanization has now reached 60%, although Hungary was predominantly an agricultural country before the Second World War.
Economy of Hungary
The breakthrough made in the post-war period in economic and social development led to the formation of a new industrial-agrarian image of the country. GNP per capita in the early 90s. amounted to 2.6 thousand dollars.
Hungary occupies one of the leading places in the world in per capita production of electrical measuring instruments, buses, plant protection products, medicines, footwear, and aluminum products. The successes of agriculture look even more impressive (this is especially true for the per capita production of basic agricultural products: grain and meat, wheat, corn, etc.).
These achievements became possible thanks to the structural restructuring of the economy (decrease in the share of agriculture) and the intensification of production. As a result, in the early 90s, the share of agriculture in Hungary’s GNP decreased to 16%, and the share of industry increased to 35%; services account for about 16%.
The development of the Hungarian industry was based in the 1950s - 70s. V to a greater extent on deepening cooperation with the USSR and countries of Eastern Europe. The main place among the branches of Hungarian industry belongs to mechanical engineering, accounting for about 25% of GNP, light and food industry together give about 30% of GNP. Metallurgy is of less importance. Hungarian pharmaceuticals have a long tradition and are known throughout the world.
Hungarian agriculture before the war was characterized by a low level of productivity, but as a result of the industrialization of agriculture in the 60s - 90s. The growth rate of the agricultural sector was one of the highest in the world. Agricultural production volume from 1960 to 1990 doubled, the country became a major exporter of agricultural raw materials and food products. The main crops in Hungary are wheat, corn, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and fruits, and grapes. In terms of grain yield, Hungary is ahead of all Eastern European countries.
Foreign economic relations
Among the significant features of the Hungarian economy, it should be noted high degree her participation in MGRT. About 35% of manufactured products are exported; in a number of industries this share is 50% (in the aluminum industry, pharmaceuticals, instrument making, a number of branches of agriculture and the food industry).
- 118.50 KbCoursework plan
Introduction.......................... ................................... ... .............................. ...4
Chapter 1. Relief........................ ...................... ........ ..................5
Chapter 2. Climate........................ ...................... ....... .............6
Chapter 3. Water resources....................... ......................... ..... ...7
- Lake Heviz........................ ...................... ....... ...........8
- Lake Tisa......................... ...................... ........ ............9
Chapter 4. Natural areas................ .............................. .....10
4.1. Great Plain...................... ......................... .10-11
4.2. Small Plain...................... ......................... ..... 11-12
4.3. Hills........................ ........................ ...... ...................12
Chapter 5. Flora........................ ..................... ......... .........13-14
Chapter 6. Fauna......................... ..................... ......... ..........15-16
Chapter 7. Tourism development...................................................... .....17
7.1. Medical tourism............... ................................. ... .17-22
7.2. Holidays on the lakes............... .................................. ....23-26
Conclusion.................... ............................. .........................27
Bibliography.................... ............................ .. ............28
Introduction
Hungary is a country where one of the most beautiful capitals in the world is located - Budapest, the “pearl of the Danube”, the central panorama of which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage of Humanity list. Here, despite the whirlwinds of history that are destructive for the people and their culture, many masterpieces have been preserved that are worth getting acquainted with. Two-thousand-year-old monuments of the Roman Empire coexist with buildings from the time of the Turkish yoke, Romanesque temples in Jak, Lebenszentmiklos and Pannonhalm and proudly impregnable medieval fortresses in Eger, Sumeg and Siklos.
Chapter 1
1. RELIEF
Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Lowland. The country occupies about 2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by the Carpathian massifs.
The topography of the country defines the slightly hilly, vast plains of the middle Danube basin, as well as its large tributaries Tisza and Drava. The ancient floodplains of these rivers, covered with a thick layer of sand and loess deposits, occupy about 70% of the territory of Hungary. Almost the entire rest of the country lies in hilly areas and small elevations ranging from 200 to 400 meters above sea level. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes, 1015 m.
Two large rivers flow in Hungary - the Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).
Chapter 2
2. CLIMATE
The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of different natures that form over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and also over the continental part of Eurasia.
At the end of spring, summer and autumn, the weather and climatic role of Mediterranean air masses increases significantly, which is associated with the increasing influence of the Azores anticyclone in the summer months. This explains the typical hot weather in Hungary starting at the end of April, rainfall in May-June, as well as the long warm and mild autumn period.
The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees.
Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees. Winter is short and relatively warm. The average temperature in January is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn.
On average, about 600 mm of precipitation falls throughout the country throughout the year. Precipitation is distributed unevenly over the territory. In the Alföld regions, their amount does not exceed 50 mm per year, and in the west, near the Bakony, Pilim and Matra massifs, the amount of precipitation reaches 900 - 1000 mm. Short-term droughts often occur.
Chapter 3
3.Water resources
Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, out of a total length of 960 km. almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or Carpathians.
The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in runoff occurs in October-December. The amplitude of fluctuations in water levels in rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube in the Budapest region reaches almost 9 meters. Large areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydraulic construction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and eliminate the possibility of it overflowing its banks, which ensured stable navigation.
Hungary is home to the largest lake in Central Europe - Lake Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km 2 , length – 78 km, width – 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance.
There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially between the Tisza and Danube rivers. They are surrounded by seating areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming. Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and medicinal springs. Groundwater reserves are found throughout almost the entire territory of the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. Recently, underground sources are increasingly used to supply populated areas with clean water.
From geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily influx of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. Thanks to this, per capita, Hungary is the country richest in mineral and medicinal waters in Europe. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton area, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alfold.
3.1 Lake Heviz
The attraction of the balneological resort of Heviz, which is located northeast of Lake Balaton, is a unique, most famous lake in Europe, formed in early geological periods, with an area of about 47,000 sq.m. and a depth of about 38 m. It is fed by the waters of a powerful underground mineral spring. The water temperature in the lake in summer is 33-35 C, and in winter 25-28 C, so you can swim in it all year round.
The water in the lake changes completely within 72 hours. Highly active silt, which covers the bottom of the lake with a layer of approximately 1 m, contains mineral components and extragenic compounds, and is recommended for mud baths. Thanks to the lush vegetation, a unique microclimate is created around the lake, the beneficial effects of which are felt from the first minutes of your stay at the resort. The first medicinal baths on Lake Heviz were built in 1795
G.
3.2 Lake Tisza
Once upon a time, several decades ago, a man decided to create a lake in the heart of the endless steppe of the Hungarian Alfeld: a unique artificial reservoir with an area of 127 square kilometers, filled as a result of blocking the Tisza River, was called “Tisza Lake”. Seeing its individual sections, where yachts and windsurfers glide across the lake’s ripples, and the shore, full of boarding houses, hotels and restaurants, is buzzing with the cheerful hubbub of sunbathers, one gets the impression that we are visiting Lake Balaton. But already a few kilometers from here, our gaze is captivated by the enchanting beauty of untouched nature: a bay overgrown with flowers of water lilies and water lilies, the surface of which is covered with a carpet of leaves of a rare plant for European waters - water chestnut or chilim, listed in the Red Book, willows hanging over the water with sheltering tents underneath them. Thanks to the fortunate hydrographic features of the reservoir, lovers of active water sports recreation, swimmers, vacationers basking in the rays of the sun, fishermen who do not tolerate noise, and wildlife researchers - botanists and ornithologists, whether real scientists or just amateur naturalists, coexist perfectly here.
Chapter 4
4.Natural areas
A significant part of the territory of Hungary is occupied by the Central Danube Plain, in the western part of the country there is the hilly plain of Dunantul, to the east of the Danube there is the Alfeld lowland. In the west and north of the country there are spurs of the Alps and Carpathians, where the highest point of the country, Mount Kekesh (1015 m), is located in the Matra massif.
The climate of Hungary is temperate continental.
The river network of Hungary is part of the Danube basin, the main water artery of the country (length 417 km in Hungary). The largest tributaries are the Tisza, Keresh and Drava. Large lakes are Balaton, the Tisza reservoir and Lake Neusiedlersee, which is partly part of Hungary. A sixth of the country is covered with forests (oak, beech); a large part is occupied by mixed-grass steppes (Pashta) and agricultural land. Pashto national parks and reserves in the Hortobágy and Kecskemét regions.
4.1 Great Plain
Almost three-quarters of modern Hungary lies on the Great Plain, which becomes hilly in the west. This plain is the main agricultural region of Hungary, where crops such as corn, wheat, sunflowers, sugar beets, peppers and fodder crops are grown, as well as meadows for pasture. It is believed that the Great Plain was previously covered with forests, but later it supported the life of the empty (slav. “empty” - abandoned or empty land). The great plain is crossed by the south-flowing Danube and Tisza rivers, which divide it into three historically and topographically distinct regions.
West of the Danube and east of the Bakony Mountains lies a part of the plain known to history as Transdanubia, a fertile, hilly region rising to 610 m in the Mecsek Mountains. The climate of Transdanubia is one of the mildest in Hungary; the area is famous for its fruits, wines and liqueurs.
Between the Danube and Tisza rivers there is a flatter area. Its northern regions are covered with deep deposits of sand and silt, on which wheat, corn and sugar beets are grown. The southern region now abounds with wines, fruit trees and acacias.
East of the Tisza River the area is generally similar to the rest of the plain, but the rivers draining the surrounding uplands and mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia and Romania are sometimes subject to severe flooding. The southwestern part of this region is the most fertile region of Hungary. In the northeast lies Hortobágy, one of the few areas of the country where pockets of virgin dry steppe, typical of desert, remain.
4.2 Small Plain
A small area of flat plain is located on the northwestern edge of the country, between the Danube and the Bakony Mountains (Bakony Forest). An almost exact copy of the Great Plain (Hungarian: Nagyalföld) surrounded by mountains is called the Lesser Plain (Kishalföld in Hungarian). It is drained by the Raba River and other small rivers that flow from the Austrian Alps to the Danube.
Description of work
Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Lowland. The country occupies about 2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by the Carpathian massifs.
Chapter 1. Relief.................................................... ..........................5
Chapter 2. Climate................................................... ...........................6
Chapter 3. Water resources................................................ .......7
Lake Heviz................................................ ..................8
Lake Tisa........................................................ ....................9
Chapter 4. Natural areas.................................................... ......10
4.1. Great Plain........................................................ .10-11
4.2. Small Plain........................................................ .....11-12
4.3. Hills................................................ .........................12
Chapter 5. Flora................................................... ...................13-14
Chapter 6. Fauna................................................... ...................15-16
Chapter 7. Tourism development.................................................. .....17
7.1. Medical tourism........................................................ .17-22
7.2. Holidays on the lakes................................................... ....23-26
Conclusion................................................. ...........................27
Bibliography................................................ ...............28