Detailed solution topic Topic 6 in geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Using atlas maps, characterize the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use a standard characterization plan EGP of the country(see plan on p. 233).

Task 2. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify their characteristics political system. Explain why no other part of the world has as many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Map republics and monarchies to contour map. Also use the table. 2 in Applications.

Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. Modern European monarchs have limited power or simply serve a ceremonial role.

Task 3. Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).

Task 4. Using Fig. 44, characterize foreign Europe as the main region of immigration. Highlight countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Extract from rice. 44 as much information as possible.

In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, and in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from countries Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, African and Asian countries. At the same time, there is population migration within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from less economically developed countries of Europe (Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.

Task 5. Based on the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, characterize the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with uninational, binational and multinational populations.

Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. Ural family represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.

Task 6. Using Fig. 45 and physical card foreign Europe in the atlas, classify millionaire cities in the region according to their EGP. Identify cities located: 1) on sea coasts; 2) at river mouths; 3) far from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) far from the seas. Reflect the classification results in the table. Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

In Belarus, Spain, Poland.

Task 7. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, atlas maps and tables 22-27 in the “Appendices”, specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. Using Figures 21-26, determine where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from in foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering is focused primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), and Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows) and Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, and Canada.

Task 8. Using the map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore basins; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including sea).

Examples of the orientation of ferrous metallurgy centers towards: 1) coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, Ural in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).

Task 9. Using Fig. 49 identify the crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the Central and Southern European types of agriculture. Establish similarities and differences. For explanation, also use the agroclimatic map in the atlas.

The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig farming and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. The South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, is characterized by the predominance of crop farming, while livestock farming plays a major role minor role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).

Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and sea ports of the region on a contour map. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

Transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).

Task 11. Using plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a report on cultural and historical attractions. Why did they become major tourism centers?

There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol of London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also in Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Over Trafalgar Square Two more landmarks of London rise up - the London National and Portrait Galleries. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located a five-minute walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the British Crown Treasures. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.

London and Paris are oldest cities Europe and its cultural centers.

Task 12. Make a project for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know World Cultural Heritage sites. Offer one or two route options.

European countries have a large number of attractions that are included in the list World Heritage UNESCO. To get acquainted with them, you can create 2 routes, one will go along Northern Europe, some Central European countries and the UK. The second route will pass through the countries of Central Europe.

1 route (main points):

Suomenlinna Fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drotningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geirangerfjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Rune stones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk area - Elshout (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, the Netherlands) - 17th century concentric canals in the Singelgracht quarter (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) - Historical center city ​​of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in the area of ​​Spienne (Mons, Belgium) - Megalithic monuments Stonehenge (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)

Route 2 (main points):

Palace and park complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historical center of Warsaw (Poland) - Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (Auschwitz, Poland) - Royal salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka , Poland) - Historical center of Krakow (Poland) - Historical center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Column of the Holy Trinity in the city of Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral ( Speyer, Germany) - St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)

Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Identify its main industries and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production has formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industry, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers in the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, and Bochum.

Task 14. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, do it short message about one of the countries (of your choice).

When preparing your message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. Territory area - 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people. According to the government structure, it is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high level life.

The country's urbanization level is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. IN ethnic composition The population is dominated by Germans (92%).

Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr Basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated primarily in the industrial production and service sectors. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% is manufacturing. The agricultural sector accounts for 0.5-1.5% of GDP, employing the same amount of the country’s economically active population.

Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% of marketable agricultural products come from livestock farming. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. Pig farming ranks second in importance.

Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and is a member of the G7.

Task 15. Using atlas maps, plot on a contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural areas, transport routes and seaports of one of the foreign European countries (of your choice).

Task 16. Review the material in Part I of the textbook and Topic 6 “Foreign Europe”, as well as the tables in the “Appendices” and write down in a notebook all the information and digital data related to Germany. Use your notes for more full characteristics economic and social geography of this country.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of Germany is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes in latitudinal and meridional directions, and the presence of access to the Baltic and North Seas.

In terms of its form of government, the Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary republic, and in terms of its administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.

In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the USA, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.

The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.

In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.

Mechanical engineering focuses on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. In Great Britain and the Czech Republic, there are enterprises in this industry in almost every city.

The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.

The country has a developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. In terms of the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry, the copper industry stands out.

The transport network of Germany is multi-center.

Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of yield of field and garden crops and livestock productivity. The industry is characterized by the predominance of livestock farming. They raise mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the population's food needs. From food crops highest value have wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets.

The international specialization of Germany is the export of automobiles, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronics products, sea ​​vessels, chemicals and light industrial products.

Task 17. Work in a notebook

17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) size of territory; 2) population size; 3) level of urbanization. Draw conclusions.

By territory size

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. Europe contains part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).

By population

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among European countries there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people and less than 1 million.

By level of urbanization

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with an urbanization percentage above 80% are dwarf states and the most economically developed countries in Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by climate influences. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

17.3. Using the tables, figures and text from Topic 6, determine which countries in the region are among the top ten countries in the world in terms of production individual species industrial and agricultural products. Present the obtained data in the form of a table.

17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual journey along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). The Danube is often called an “international” river, as it flows through the territory of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. Main feature Danube - the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off from the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the muddiest among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. Territories water basin, covered by the Danube along its entire length, have the most diverse landscape. These include high-mountain regions with glaciers, medium-height mountain ranges covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. In its lower reaches, the Danube branches and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.

17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates Western Europe.

San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. Located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is entirely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, rising above the hilly plain of the Apennine foothills. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all the attractions are concentrated. Business card, and the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country) is the medieval complex “The Three Towers of San Marino”, located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

17.6. Identify the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

The following methods were used to compile maps on this topic:

The method of map diagrams, with which you can trace the structure of industry;

Traffic signs that are used to show the spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena (for example, transport routes, population migration, etc.);

Icon method (reflection of production volume by country);

Qualitative and quantitative background method.

Self-control and mutual control block

Test your knowledge of specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries in foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?

Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.

2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?

Answer: Of the above, let Hungary and Serbia use the Danube Waterway for access to the sea, since they do not have access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of the listed countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.

3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe are classified as world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?

Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)

4. Which of the following areas are considered highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?

Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are the characteristic features of a Western European city?

In the center of such a (Western European) city there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which the narrow streets of the old city with residential buildings, shops and buildings radiate. Architectural and historical landmarks are usually preserved in the old city. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.

2. What are they? specific features fuel and energy economy of Eastern European countries?

In the fuel and energy sector of most foreign European countries leading place occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). IN Eastern Europe, unlike Western European countries, the focus on coal as an energy source has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region also focus on coal basins.

3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?

In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. The southern part is dominated by ore deposits, and the reserves of fuel resources here are much smaller.

4. What are the characteristic features of the transport system of foreign Europe?

The region's transport system is of the Western European type. In terms of transportation range, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But in terms of transport network availability, it ranks first in the world. It is characterized by high traffic density and the great importance of international and transit transport. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe the role of the capital is not played by the largest city of the country?

Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.

2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?

Answer: The highest population density is typical for Monaco (more than 10,000 people/km2). High densities are also typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. How can you get from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland Peninsula?

Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Seas. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.

4. Which industries are most typical for industrial areas and hubs formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal basins?

Industrial areas formed in metropolitan regions are characterized by mechanical engineering, electronics, food industry. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (fish processing and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.

5. Which metallurgical plants use imported raw materials and fuel?

Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate using imported raw materials and fuel. Such plants are found in Italy (Taranto), Germany, France, and Great Britain.

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of immigration?

Europe is characterized by the “aging of nations”, when the proportion of the elderly population increases and the proportion of young and working-age people sharply decreases. When superimposed on the still low birth rates, Europe's demographic problem becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, European countries for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of wars in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has increased sharply. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).

2. Why is there a sharp preponderance of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?

These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This is precisely what explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always the political centers of their countries. So Rome became the modern capital of Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was moved from Rome to other cities.

3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden 60-80% comes from industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - from agriculture?

Southern European countries have more favorable agroclimatic resources in comparison with the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This makes it possible to actively develop agriculture; a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.

4. Why do oil monopolies explore and produce oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?

Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires costs to deliver this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries are pursuing an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries in order to reduce the dependence of the country’s energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, oil is being developed and produced on its territory.

5. Why Norway has more income from fishing than from agriculture?

Agricultural land in Norway occupies 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country's territory. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, strongly dissected by fjords and cut by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has an extended coastline and is washed by seas on 3 sides. In connection with this, fishing is developed.

6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?

The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through countries such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. The river is also navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, combined with the climatic conditions of the region (the Rhine does not freeze throughout the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are located major cities, characterized by a high level of industrial development.

7. Why has Europe been and remains the main region of international tourism?

This region has a rich history and cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural attractions, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.

8. Why is the state of the environment, as a rule, the most threatening in depressed old industrial areas?

In old industrial regions, the main energy resource was coal. When coal is burned, large amounts of particulate matter and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which economic activity person.

Please indicate:

1. In which of the following countries does the population speak languages ​​of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?

Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.

2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?

Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is typical for Italy, Germany and France.

3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.

Statement 2 is true for France and Finland.

Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.

Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.

Statement 5 is true for Germany and Switzerland.

Can you:

2. From memory, identify countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia?

Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 – Portugal; 3 - Austria.

4. Name a country in foreign Europe where there is practically no rural population?

Answer: Monaco, Vatican.

5. Should we exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?

Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.

Choose the correct answer:

1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.

Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.

2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Holland.

Answer: Paris metropolitan area.

3. From the capital cities of the region to sea ​​coast are located: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.

Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.

4. Most oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (13th place in the world ranking as of 2016 according to OPEC).

Find out the country:

1. An island country in Western Europe, characterized in the past by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.

Answer: Ireland.

2. A country located on a peninsula in Northern Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.

Answer: Sweden.

3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, whose population speaks four official languages.

Answer: Switzerland.

Rivers in Europe were considered borders, trade and transport routes, and sources of livelihood. Many are noted in famous songs, as well as in folk art, and have played a very important role not only in commerce and economics, but also in world history. The largest rivers are scattered throughout Europe, but the largest is in the European part of Russia.

The largest

Danube

The deep-water Danube flows through the territories of Germany, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria. This river, probably more than others, influenced the rapid development of many European countries. At 1,780 miles in length, the Danube is considered the longest river in Western Europe. Many travel companies are now actively offering river tours along the Danube - this is the most convenient way, to visit several countries along the coast of this important European waterway.

Elbe

Famous river of Europe– The Elbe is located on the border and divides East and West Germany. Nowadays, the Elbe also flows through the Czech Republic and Germany. The Elbe has long been considered a major destination for international trade, linking major European cities including Berlin, Prague and Dresden. Barges still carry cargo down the Elbe, and the many dams along the river help with flood control.

Dnieper River

The Dnieper is a deep river that flows through the territory modern Ukraine, Belarus and Russian Federation. Since ancient times, the Dnieper River served as the main trade route, which was called “the Greeks Izvariag,” connecting the south and north of the continent in this region. The river is 1,333 miles long and is considered a unifying link for numerous Slavic states for several centuries.

Today, the Dnieper River offers an incredibly interesting journey through the most historical places of Ukraine and Belarus. In Ukraine, the Dnieper River is the largest. It is important to remember that the Dnieper originates from a small lake. By the way, the classification of lakes by origin is carried out by separate bodies and confirmed by world experts.

Rhine

The Deep Rhine is one of the largest rivers of Europe, originates in the Swiss Alps, and flows 776 miles into the North Sea in Holland. Along the way, the Rhine passes through Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, France and Germany. The Rhine is considered one of the main waterways not only for trade, but also for exciting tourism, with quite a large number of organizations that offer river cruises on the Rhine River.

After quite severe pollution in the last century, the Rhine River has been completely restored. Now it is considered the main source of crystal clear and drinking water. The most important thing is that the most beautiful views open here. In general, the Rhine, like the Dnieper, originates from the lake, and the official classification of lakes by origin was carried out back in 1956.

Volga

The Volga River is entirely within the Russian Federation - its total length is 3,692 miles. Today it is the largest river in Europe. Forty percent of all Russia lives on the Volga and its tributaries. This river irrigates many farms, supplies fish, and is also considered the main trade artery of the Russian Federation. A cruise along the Volga River will take tourists from Moscow and directly to the north-west of the Russian Federation.

It was just brief overview largest rivers of Europe. These rivers are home to many unique plants and animals that have a wide variety of species. I will talk about this in more detail in my new articles.

Half of European cities were built on rivers, which is not surprising, because rivers have always had important transport and economic importance for the development of cities. After all, people just love to relax on the banks of rivers, enjoying the scenery and clean water, and many - and fishing in it. The size of the rivers on which cities stand can vary greatly, and this does not mean that the largest cities should be on the largest rivers. What is the longest river in Europe will be discussed below.

1. Volga (3531 km)

It is the great Russian river that is the longest water artery in Europe. It must be admitted that in terms of length the European record holder is far behind the longest rivers in the world, such as the Amazon, Nile, Yangtze, but in a fairly compact Europe this is already a good result. The Volga, like many other Eastern European rivers (Dnieper, Western Dvina, etc.) begins on the Valdai Upland, then flows along the Central Russian Upland to the southeast, at the foothills of the Urals it turns south and flows into the internal Caspian Sea. The source of the Volga is located at an altitude of 228 meters above sea level, but its delta goes 28 meters below this level. Usually the Volga flow is divided into three sections: the upper, middle and lower Volga. In its basin, which occupies 8% of the territory of Russia, there are over 150 thousand large and small rivers.

2. Danube (2860 km)

This is the longest river in Western Europe. It begins in Germany, and then flows through the territories of 10 countries until it flows into the Black Sea. Over such a long journey, the landscapes of the Danube banks change greatly: high mountains, glaciers, mountain plateaus, karst plateaus, forested plains and fields. The Danube water has a yellowish-brown tint due to the abundance of suspended particles of silt carried away from the banks, so the “blue” Danube, praised by Johann Strauss, is also considered the muddiest European river. For Western Europe, the Danube is not only the longest, but also the deepest river.

3. Ural (2428 km)

The sources of the Ural River are located in Bashkiria, at the top of the Kruglaya Sopka mountain. Almost its entire path, the Urals flows through the territory of Russia, capturing a small piece of Kazakhstan, after which, like the Volga, it flows into the Caspian Sea. Along the upper part of the Ural channel runs the conventional border of dividing the Eurasian continent into 2 continents - Europe and Asia. The cities of Orenburg and Magnitogorsk were built on the Ural River. From the point of view of navigation, the Urals are not of too much importance - there are few river vessels that sail here. But there is active fishing here, since there is a lot of it in the Urals - catfish, stellate sturgeon, pike perch, sturgeon. The Ural basin covers an area of ​​231,000 square meters. km.

On our planet there are areas where a person experiences special sensations: a surge of energy, euphoria, a desire to improve or spiritually...

4. Dnieper (2201 km)

The Dnieper River flows through the territories of Russia, Belarus and then Ukraine, and for the latter it is the longest river. The Dnieper begins very close to the Volga - on the Valdai Hills, but at the end of the road it flows into the Black Sea. On the banks of the Dnieper there are such large cities as Kyiv and Dnepropetrovsk. The Dnieper, like a typically flat river, has a calm, slow flow, and everyone has long forgotten about the Dnieper rapids, which became the bottom of reservoirs. The Dnieper is home to over 70 species of fish, including sturgeon, carp, ram and herring. Also, many types of algae grow in the Dnieper water: the most common are green, but there are also golden, diatoms, and cryptophytes.

5. Don (1870 km)

The sources of the Don are located on the Central Russian Upland, and it flows into the Sea of ​​Azov. Eat misconception that the source of the Don is in the Shatsky reservoir, but in fact its beginning is the Urvanka stream, which flows in Novomoskovsk, Tula region (tap water flows at the site of the formal source). The Don is a navigable river, and its basin covers 422,000 square meters. km. River boats rise from the mouth of the Don to the city of Liski. Many cities were built on this ancient Russian river, including such large ones as Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Azov. Unfortunately, the Don was heavily polluted, which led to a reduction in its fish stocks. But even now it is home to almost 70 species of fish. The most common fish caught here are roach, bream, rudd, pike and perch.

6. Pechora (1809 km)

This northern river flows through the territory of Komi and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and then flows into the Barents Sea. The sources of Pechora are located in the Northern Urals. Perm and Naryan-Mar stand on its banks. Pechora is navigable, but only to Troitsko-Pechorsk. Whitefish, salmon and vendace are actively caught here. The Pechora basin, occupying 322,000 square meters. km, is rich in mineral deposits: coal, gas and oil.

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7. Kama (1805 km)

This is the longest river in Europe, which is a tributary and the largest river of the Western Urals. The sources of the Kama are located on the Verkhnekamsk Upland, near the village of Karpushata. In the area of ​​the Kuibyshev Reservoir, the Kama flows into the Volga, the longest European river. The area of ​​the Kama basin is 507,000 square meters. km, where there are almost 75 thousand rivers and streams. True, the vast majority of them are only about ten kilometers long. It is interesting that the Kama is much older than the Volga; before the last glaciation, it itself flowed into the Caspian Sea, while the Volga merged with the Don. After the passage of the glacier, which greatly changed the terrain, much changed - the Kama became the largest tributary of the Volga.

8. Oka (1498 km)

The largest right tributary of the Volga is the Oka River, which has a basin with an area of ​​245,000 square meters. km. It begins as an ordinary spring near the village of Aleksandrovka in the Oryol region. Many ancient Russian cities were built on the Oka: Ryazan, Kaluga, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod, therefore, like the Volga, it is closely connected with the history of Russia. Divyagorsk was also built there - one of the most ancient cities of Rus', which is now almost completely washed away fast waters rivers. Due to the gradual shallowing of the Oka, navigation on it is unstable, which was suspended more than once (2007, 2014, 2015). For the same reason, the number of fish in the Oka is gradually decreasing.

9. Dniester (1352 km)

The Dniester River begins in the Lviv region, in the village of Volche, and at the end of the journey to the south it flows into the Black Sea, during which time it crosses the territories of Ukraine and Moldova. In many places, the border between these countries runs along the Dniester riverbed. Tiraspol, Rybnitsa, and Bendery were built on the Dniester. The area of ​​the Dniester basin is approximately 72,100 square meters. km. With the collapse of the USSR, navigation on this river decreased, and recently it has almost completely disappeared, so at present only excursion ships and small vessels can occasionally be found there.

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10. Vyatka (1314 km)

The Vyatka River begins, like the Kama, on the Verkhnekamsk Upland in Udmurtia. But at the end of its journey it still flows into this largest tributary of the Volga. The area of ​​the Vyatka basin is 129,000 square meters. km. This meandering river has a typically flat character. People use it not only for shipping, but also for timber rafting. River routes end in Kirov, having a length of approximately 700 kilometers from the mouth. There is a lot of fish in Vyatka; local residents catch perch, pike, pike perch, roach and other species there. Cities such as Kirov, Orlov, and Sosnovka were built on its banks.

Rivers Foreign Europe are not the largest in the world; Their length is barely 3000 km, but they have created an extensive shipping network. Even where there is no natural mouth, people dug canals and drained the sea to ensure the delivery of cargo far into the interior of the continent. Today, European waterways play a key role in the development of the region.

Largest water arteries

We list the largest rivers in Western Europe:

• Danube – 2850 km.
• Rhine – 2200 km.
• Elbe (Laba) – 1140 km.
• Loire – 1010 km.
• Tahoe – 1010 km.

Rice. 1. Map of rivers of Foreign Europe

All rivers from the above list perform a transport function. They transport thousands of tons of cargo and hundreds of passengers every day. In addition, navigable rivers are:

• Vistula;
• Audra;
• Ebro;
• Maas;
• Scheldt.

Danube

The Danube is a legendary river, the longest in Western Europe. The enormous length has helped connect many states that do not have access to the sea. The sources are in the mountains in Germany, and the mouth is on the border of Romania and Ukraine. The river flows into the Black Sea.

Rice. 2 Danube

10 states were formed along the Danube. On the river there are four of the most beautiful capitals in Europe: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade. And the Romanian part of the river delta is even included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Rhine

The Rhine is considered an important connecting water system between Germany, France and Holland. The movement begins in a small city in Switzerland - Basel. The Rhine is connected to the rest of the main rivers of Europe by canals. The mouth begins in the Netherlands and ends in the North Sea. It flows into the North Sea.

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Rice. 3. Rhine River on the map

Elbe

Another large river in Germany is the Elbe. However, it also occurs in the Czech Republic, a little in Poland and Austria. Like the Rhine, it originates in the Alps and ends in the waters of the North Sea. The mouth is quite wide, so a port was founded there - the city of Hamburg.

Loire

It is a waterway of France. It originates in the Seven Heights and is a wide mountain river crossing deep gorges and forming waterfalls of unprecedented beauty. On the flat territory it has a very wide flood, especially in the spring, which affects settlements located close to the river.

Tacho

The Tagus feeds the Iberian Peninsula. It is the main navigable river of Spain and Portugal. The upper course is a mountain river. At the mouth of the river there is the largest port in the Atlantic Ocean - Lisbon. It was from this place that sailors began their journey in the era of the Great Discoveries.

The most popular trips along the river are tourist cruises. Along the river there are many ancient Spanish and Portuguese cities that have preserved their medieval flavor.

Cities at river mouths

• Rhine – Haringvliet, Rotterdam;
• Elbe – Hamburg;
• Laura - Saint-Nazaire;
• Tagus - Lisbon.

What have we learned?

All major rivers of Western Europe play a key navigation role. They connect cities and countries with the World Ocean, allowing for the cheap transportation of goods deep into the continent. Among them, the most significant are: Danube, Rhine, Laura, Elbe, Tagus.

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There are many large and beautiful rivers in Europe, but which of them are the longest? We will talk about this in this article. To prevent our article from becoming endless, we will consider only the 5 longest rivers in Europe.

The Volga is not only the longest river, but also the longest in Europe. It is 3,530 kilometers long and has a drainage basin of an impressive 1,361,000 square kilometers, accounting for one third of the entire European territory Russia.

Due to its length, the Volga flows through many regions of our country, including Chuvashia, Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, as well as such regions as Volgograd, Yaroslavl, Saratov, Tver, Astrakhan, Ivanovo, Ulyanovsk, Moscow, Samara, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod. Along the Volga there are four cities with a population of more than one million. These are Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara and Volgograd.

The longest river in Europe originates on the Valdai Hills and flows into the Caspian Sea. The Wave is the longest river that does not flow into the ocean.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe, as well as the longest river in Western Europe. The length of the Danube is 2960 kilometers. The basin area is 817 square kilometers.

The Danube originates in Germany in the Black Forest mountains near the city of Donaueschingen. Further, the Danube flows east through the territories of such countries as Slovakia, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. In addition, the capitals of four European states are located on the Danube: Vienna (Austria), Bratislava (Slovakia), Budapest (Hungary), and Belgrade (Serbia). The end point of the Danube is the Black Sea.

Following the creation of the Main-Danube Canal, the river became part of a 3,500-kilometer trans-European water route that connects Rotterdam on the North Sea and Sulin on the Black Sea.

The Ural has a length of 2,428 kilometers and ranks third in the rankings of the longest rivers in Europe. The basin area is 231 square kilometers.

The Urals originates on the slope of the Kruglaya Sopka peak in Bashkortostan, flows through Russia and Kazakhstan and flows into the Caspian Sea.

One of the features of the Urals is that it is traditionally considered the border between Europe and Asia. Although in fact it is a border only in its upper part, which flows through the territory of Russia.

The Dnieper is the third longest river in Europe. The Dnieper is best known as the largest river. This is true, but in addition to Ukraine (981 km), the Dnieper flows through the territory of Russia (485 km) and Belarus (595 km). The total length of the Dnieper is 2201 kilometers, and the area of ​​its basin is 504 square kilometers.

The Dnieper begins in a small swamp called Akseninsky moss in the south of the Valdai Hills and flows into the Black Sea. Rivers such as the Volga, Lovat, Western Dvina, Mologa and Syas also flow from the slopes of the Valdai Upland.

There are many cities on the banks of the Dnieper, the largest of which are Kyiv (4,130,000 inhabitants), Dnepropetrovsk (1,040,000) and Zaporozhye (786,000).

The Don is the fifth longest river in Europe. Its length is 1870 kilometers, and the basin area is 422 square kilometers.

The Don begins its flow in the northern part of the Central Russian Upland and flows into the Sea of ​​Azov. On the banks of the Don there are cities such as Novomoskovsk, Dankov, Epifan, Lebedyan, Semiluki, Zadonsk, Voronezh, Liski, Novovoronezh, Pavlovsk, Kalach-on-Don, Serafimovich, Tsimlyansk, Volgodonsk, Konstantinovsk, Aksai, Semikarakorsk, Rostov-on-Don and Azov.