M.M. Prishvin is known for his philosophical views, which are reflected in the writer’s diaries, short stories, and novellas. In his work, the writer raises important environmental issues. According to Prishvin, the origins of the environmental crisis are directly related to the spiritual crisis. This is why the author devotes special attention nurturing the soul of a child. Prishvin spiritualizes nature, reminding everyone that she is a living organism, she is capable of feeling, breathing, crying, being upset, frowning and rejoicing. The technique of personification helps the child find an interlocutor, comrade, and friend in every inhabitant of nature.
In the story “The Forest Master,” a tree dies due to a cynical attitude toward nature—arson. The writer reflects on the fact that one misfortune leads to another. A fire from one tree can spread to the entire forest. This is an unreasonable, careless attitude towards nature. Prishvin calls the boy-arsonist a “pest” and a “robber.” At the end of the story, the author shows that any careless act, rash action can lead to an environmental disaster: “... if that man had not come, he had not extinguished the fire, the whole forest would have burned from this tree. If only we could have seen it then!” The narrator not only saved the forest from a fire, but also showed the children the beauty and fragility of nature.
2. V. Rasputin “Farewell to Matera”
The characters in V. Rasputin's story are aware of their responsibility to the departed for the continuation of life. In their opinion, the Earth was given to man “to maintain”: it must be protected, preserved for posterity. In the dialogue between Andrei and Daria, the grandson tries to convince his grandmother that “man is the king of nature.” And Daria answers him: “That’s it, king.” He will reign, he will reign, and he will tan.” “Man must be in unity with nature, with the Cosmos,” the writer is convinced. Civilization can never prevail over what was created before it. That is why at the end of the story we see mighty foliage that will protect the island until it is flooded. The tree did not succumb to man, retaining its dominant principle.
Speaking about environmental problems, one cannot fail to mention the cultural attitude of man to nature. One of the striking examples showing the influence of the “king of nature” on the surrounding world is the episode of the extermination of foliage in V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera”. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Matera have treated the natural world with respect and fear. They believe that the mighty “royal foliage” is the tree that anchors the island to the river bottom. Legend says that “as long as the foliage lasts, Matera will last.” A team of workers clearing the area of vegetation and buildings before flooding is puzzled by the fact that they cannot destroy a century-old tree. Neither an ax, nor fire, nor a chainsaw can take him. The rebellious foliage becomes a silent witness to the burning of the mother's forests: he “alone... continued to rule over everything around.” V. Rasputin bitterly says that man is short-sighted in his actions aimed at realizing grandiose plans. In a world where the connection between generations is lost, where there is no respect for nature, there can be neither harmony nor happiness.
3. E. I. Nosov “Doll”
The story “Doll” begins with a description of a river familiar to the narrator. At first she appears as I remember her main character, and a little later we see what she became a few years later. “The channel narrowed, many unfamiliar shoals and spits appeared.” Old-timer Akimych, who loved fishing, sadly brushes aside questions. He sees the disastrous state of the river, as well as the surrounding nature as a whole, in the fact that people have stopped noticing beauty, are “doing bad things,” and have become hardened in soul. Pointing the narrator to a doll that is lying in a roadside ditch, Akimych draws attention to the fact that it was apparently not children who stripped the toy and tried to set it on fire. And the kids see a torn doll and “get used to such sacrilege.” What strikes the old man most is that the teachers, called upon to educate the younger generation, silently pass by. Thus, E.I. Nosov leads us to the idea that people from an early age need to be educated in a sensitive, caring attitude towards nature, towards all living things, so that in the future they will not be deaf to and blind to what is happening around .
- Updated: May 31, 2016
- By: Mironova Marina Viktorovna
- True and false patriotism- one of central problems novel. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they commit actions in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino; Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. True patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers, who in a minute mortal danger give their lives for their homeland.
- In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, some heroes consider themselves patriots and shout loudly about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldiers' overcoats, soldiers from Tushin's battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine, holy feeling of love for their homeland.
N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"
According to N.S.’s definition, a Russian person belongs. Leskova, “racial”, patriotic, consciousness. It permeates all the actions of the hero of the story “The Enchanted Wanderer,” Ivan Flyagin. While being captured by the Tatars, he does not forget for a minute that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily joins the recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.
V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he vacationed in a southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees that miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for your small homeland- a manifestation of true patriotism.
The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.
M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed through the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.
A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor."
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment the life of the hero and his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.
And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.
L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”,
"Youth".
Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”)
K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”.
A girl, Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When did she, realizing the magnitude possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: the mother is no longer there...
V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.”
Teacher Lydia Mikhailovna from the story by V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only lessons French, but also lessons of kindness, empathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else’s pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.
An example from history.
The teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II was the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, and a desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.
V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.
V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons”
- The formation of the personality of the main character during the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude and self-esteem.
L.N. Tolstoy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irtenyev, comprehends the world of adults and tries to analyze her own and others’ actions.
Fazil Iskander “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”
An intelligent and competent teacher has a huge influence on the formation of a child's character.
And A. Goncharov “Oblomov”
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.
The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.”
The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working have formed a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong upbringing disfigures the human personality.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and learning are fundamental aspects of human life. Chatsky expressed his attitude towards them in monologues, main character Comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited “teachers of the regiment” for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one “knew or studied.” Chatsky himself had a mind “hungry for knowledge,” and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of improper upbringing.
B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying”
Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.
Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.
V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .
A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet Bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values on earth.
Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons fatherland.
L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
- What is the greatness of a person? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly how L.N. created it. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his favorite heroes away from “Napoleonic” principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer asserted. This famous phrase has a modern ring to it.
- One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.
I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, we can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.
V.M. Shukshin "Weird"
“Crank” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who think
I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”.
Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
From history
- Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor’s head to be cut off.
- Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new ways to irrigate land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
- The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This medicinal product saved the lives of millions of people who had previously died from blood poisoning.
- One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”
- The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
- The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages.” The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the French state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he carefully wrote letters.
- For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more insightful eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
- It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of something - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.
- It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
- The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change. life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
- New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” -
- At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since feeding a horse was much cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.
- In the mid-17th century, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee cutting in a pot of soil from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.”
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
Yesenin. "Black man"
The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.
Mayakovsky. "Listen."
Inner conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul.
Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values are dying. He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”
V. Astafiev “The Tsar is a Fish.”
- In V. Astafiev’s story “The Fish Tsar,” the main character, fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. A meeting with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with the fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
- Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also taking retribution. An illustration of punitive power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev’s story “The Tsar is a Fish.” This hero is not punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.
I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons."
- People forget that nature is their native and only home, which requires careful treatment, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” The main character, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” This is exactly how the Author sees a “new” person in him: he is indifferent to the values accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
- I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” raises the current topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic pleasure in nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, Bazarov's friend, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each hero is tested by nature. For Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal mental wounds; for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov felt bad, he “went into the forest and broke branches.” She does not give him the desired peace of mind or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.
M. Bulgakov. "Heart of a Dog"
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!
A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, we need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. This is Blok’s Russia in the poems “Rus” and “Autumn Day”. The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.
B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
- Now, when nuclear power plants are exploding, when oil is flowing through rivers and seas, and entire forests are disappearing, people must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans” the author’s idea about human responsibility for nature is also heard. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is concerned about the behavior of visiting “tourists” and the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
- The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him; they considered him unsuited to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But my son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and take care of his native land.
V. Astafiev “Belogrudka”
In the story "Belogrudka" the children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire world around her, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages until she herself dies from a gunshot
Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony…”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.
A.T. Tvardovsky “Forest in Autumn”
Reading Tvardovsky’s poem “Forest in Autumn”, you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world and nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crack of a broken branch. You see the light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty for as long as possible.
L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly sense the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.
V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, talks about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan’s Memory” is so touching. In this short work, Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in a swamp that scared people and animals. Many years have passed. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, a magpie began to build a nest every year and hatch magpies. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the talnik became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.
M.Yu Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be seen in Lermontov’s story “A Hero of Our Time.” The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by changes in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. Thus, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin’s feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue” and the sun “brightly shining,” then after the duel, looking at Grushnitsky’s corpse, the heavenly body seemed “dim” to Gregory, and its rays “did not warm.” Nature is not only the experiences of the heroes, but is also one of the characters. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that “the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love.” With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the heroes, but also denotes his own authorial presence by introducing nature as a character.
E. Zamyatina “We”
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example E. Zamyatin’s dystopian novel “We.” Refusing the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose lives are determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauty of native nature is replaced by perfectly proportional glass structures, and love is only possible with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is found, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin was trying to express the inextricability of the connection between nature and man.
S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Go you, Rus', my dear,” the poet abandons paradise for the sake of his homeland, its flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real peace that enriches the soul and body.
M. Prishvin “Ginseng”
This topic is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets turned to her. In M. Prishvin’s story “Ginseng” the characters know how to remain silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock cries, his stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. Nowadays this is very important.
I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in “Notes of a Hunter.” He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story “Kasyan” traveled halfway across the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily learning and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with Mother Nature and dreamed that “every person” would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.
M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. Thoughtless interference in the life of nature can lead to such consequences.
Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”
Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.
The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes driving force any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in works that are very different at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.
A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die “like a human being”?
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the main character Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".
Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as his honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the nobility of the hero. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor first and followed them, even if it required incredible effort, suffering, and pain.
Loss of spiritual values
B. Vasiliev "Wilderness"
The events of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Glukhoman” allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
Helen Kuragina deceives Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, borrow good position in society.
N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General”.
Khlestakov deceives officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he makes up many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
- In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people’s pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to release the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
- And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.
A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story “The Captain's Daughter,” his father’s instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest person, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero evokes respect by his behavior.
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father’s behest to “save a penny,” Chichikov devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He's with school years valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, the family that the hero dreamed of.
L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya’s story “Bukhara’s Daughter,” accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through everything later life daughters: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that did she allow herself to leave this life.
Zakrutkin V. A. “Mother of Man”
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man,” during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the war-dispossessed children of the world. That's why she is the Mother of Man.
K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.
I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!
K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.
A. P. Chekhov “Death of an Official”
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is infected to an incredible degree by the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov, who was sitting in front of him (and he did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened that that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
A. P. Chekhov “Thick and Thin”
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave birth to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls.
I. S. Turgenev. "Mumu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim and Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be more terrible?
I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story “Biryuk,” the main character, a forester nicknamed Biryuk, lives a miserable life, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.
N. A. Nekrasov “Railway”
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers who were subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the Poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. The authorities do not take into account the position of the people.
L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball”
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.
N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
There can be nothing holy or right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.
V.V. Mayakovsky
- In the play “The Bedbug,” Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be “full.” Another hero, a former worker, states: “Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river.” This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.
I. S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”
Everyone’s personality is important for the development of the state, but talented people are not always able to develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov (“The Singers”) gets drunk in a tavern. Truth-seeker Mitya (“Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov”) stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk carries out his service responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person within oneself.
A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
A person who is not accustomed to working does not find a worthy place in the life of society.
M. Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an extraordinary person in it.
And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, was unable to overcome himself and reveal his best traits. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.
A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people worked. The heroes of the story “On the Salt” found themselves in the same dead end. There are wheelbarrows around them, salt dust that eats away their eyes. However, no one became embittered. Good feelings arise in the souls of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is work. Everyone will start working conscientiously - you'll see, and together we will become richer and better. After all, “the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people.”
M. I. Weller “The Novel of Education”
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities for the sake of a cause that they consider necessary. The “Novel of Education” by M. I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes you think about this. Indeed, always purposeful people there were quite a few, and now they live among us.
L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
- The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted “to be quite good, to bring good to people.”
- All of L.N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes were engaged in an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel “War and Peace,” it is difficult not to sympathize with Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching man. He read a lot and had an idea about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of love for the homeland.
- In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a complex path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, while walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will tell the hero: “Your road is the road of honor.” I also like extraordinary people who try to live not in vain.
I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
Even the failures and disappointments of an exceptionally talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.
V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.
M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun”
During the Great Patriotic War, Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.
A. P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world”
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.
Ch. Aitmatov Novel “Mother Field”
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working since dawn on the farm, in the melon patch, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, the people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.
A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"
- Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance turned the once good doctor into a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
- The time comes when each of us is faced with choosing a profession. The hero of the story, A.P., dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov “Ionych”, Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small-minded and narrow-minded, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.
N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland and people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases.
F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right” and “trembling creatures.” According to his theory, a person is capable of creating history, like Mohammed and Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of “great goals.” Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.
V. Bykov “Obelisk”
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or die along with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained morally a free man.
A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in his play “At the Lower Depths.” In addition, the writer posed another pressing question: can one who has humbled himself be considered a free person? Thus, the contradiction between the slave's truth and individual freedom is an eternal problem.
A. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation " dark kingdom” and a bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.
A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago”
Pictures of abuse, cruel treatment of political prisoners.
A.A. Akhmatova's Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son; the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.
N. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad”
In Nekrasov’s story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state were always considered “cogs” in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their deaths, who shot people for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.
V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”
K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”
Yu. Gribov
The modern publicist and writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”
V. Rasputin “Deadline”
Children who had come from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.
K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”
K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be passionate about work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.
F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer’s favorite heroes. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted by the life in the world that they lead, worrying after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What is bad? What's good? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.
Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshua himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.
F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.”
Raskolnikov killed the old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a “superior” being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, and the hero distances himself from his loved ones. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder and takes the path of spiritual healing.
M. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man”
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all my relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen tricks Pierre into marrying her and takes advantage of his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”.
Plyushkin subordinated his entire life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she would lay claim to his “riches.”
The role of flowers
I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”.
Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero’s spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, and cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.
M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”.
Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feeling through many trials.
M. Gorky.
The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to receive an education, so it was in books that he gained knowledge, an understanding of the world, and knowledge about the laws of literature.
A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”.
Tatyana Larina grew up reading romance novels. Books made her dreamy and romantic. She created for herself an ideal lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.
Writing an essay in the Unified State Exam is one of the most difficult stages for a future student. As a rule, testing part “A” does not present any problems, but many people have difficulties with writing an essay. Thus, one of the most common problems that are covered in the Unified State Exam is the problem of respect for nature. Arguments, their clear selection and explanation are the main task of a student taking an exam in the Russian language.
Turgenev I. S.
Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is still very popular among both the younger generation and their parents. This is where the issue of caring for nature comes into play. Arguments in favor of the topic addressed are as follows.
The main idea of the work in the field of environmental protection is: “People forget where they were born. They forget that nature is their original home. It was nature that allowed the birth of man. Despite such profound arguments, every person does not pay due attention to the environment. But all efforts should be aimed at preserving it first and foremost!”
Bazarov's attitude to nature
The main figure here is Evgeny Bazarov, who is not concerned about caring for nature. This man’s arguments sound like this: “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker here.” It is difficult to argue with such a categorical statement. Here the author shows the renewed mind of modern man, and, as you can see, he succeeded perfectly! Nowadays, arguments in favor of protecting the environment are more relevant in society than ever!
Turgenev, in the person of Bazarov, presents to the reader a new man and his mind. He feels complete indifference to generations and all the values that nature can give to humanity. He lives in the present moment, does not think about the consequences, and does not care about man’s caring attitude towards nature. Bazarov’s arguments boil down only to the need to realize one’s own ambitious desires.
Turgenev. The relationship between nature and man
The above-mentioned work also touches on the problem of the relationship between man and respect for nature. The arguments given by the author convince the reader of the need to show concern for Mother Nature.
Bazarov completely rejects all judgments about the aesthetic beauty of nature, about its indescribable landscapes and gifts. The hero of the work perceives the environment as a tool for work. Bazarov's friend Arkady appears in the novel as the complete opposite. He treats with dedication and admiration what nature gives to man.
This work clearly highlights the problem of caring for nature; arguments in favor of a positive or negative attitude towards the environment are determined by the behavior of the hero. Arkady, through unity with her, heals his spiritual wounds. Eugene, on the contrary, strives to avoid any contact with the world. Nature does not give positive emotions to the person who does not feel peace of mind and does not consider himself a part of nature. Here the author emphasizes a fruitful spiritual dialogue both with oneself and in relation to nature.
Lermontov M. Yu.
The work “Hero of Our Time” touches on the problem of caring for nature. The arguments that the author gives relate to the life of a young man named Pechorin. Lermontov shows the close relationship between the protagonist’s mood and natural phenomena, the weather. One of the paintings is described as follows. Before the duel began, the sky seemed blue, transparent and clean. When Pechorin looked at Grushnitsky’s dead body, “the rays did not warm” and “the sky became dim.” Here the connection between internal psychological states with natural phenomena.
The problem of caring for nature is addressed here in a completely different way. The arguments in the work show that natural phenomena depend not only on the emotional state, but also become involuntary participants in events. So, a thunderstorm is the reason for the meeting and long meeting between Pechorin and Vera. Further, Grigory notes that “the local air promotes love,” meaning Kislovodsk. Such techniques show respect for nature. Arguments from the literature once again prove that this area vital not only on a physical level, but also on a spiritual and emotional level.
Evgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Zamyatin’s vibrant dystopian novel also shows a caring attitude towards nature. The essay (arguments, quotes from the work, etc.) must be supported by reliable facts. So, describing literary work entitled “We”, it is important to pay attention to the absence of a natural and natural beginning. All people give up a varied and separate life. The beauties of nature are replaced by artificial, decorative elements.
Numerous allegories of the work, as well as the suffering of number “O”, speak of the importance of nature in human life. After all, it is precisely this kind of beginning that can make a person happy, give him feelings, emotions, and help him experience love. It shows the impossibility of the existence of verified happiness and love using “pink cards”. One of the problems of the work is the inextricable relationship between nature and man, without which the latter will be unhappy for the rest of his life.
Sergey Yesenin
In the work “Go you, my dear Rus'!” Sergei Yesenin touches on the problem of the nature of his native places. In this poem, the poet refuses the opportunity to visit heaven, just to stay and devote his life to native land. Eternal bliss, as Yesenin says in his work, can only be found on his native Russian soil.
Here the feeling of patriotism is clearly expressed and the Motherland and nature are inextricably linked concepts that exist only in interrelation. The very realization that the power of nature can weaken leads to the collapse of the natural world and human nature.
Using arguments in an essay
If you use arguments from works of fiction, you must comply with several criteria for presenting information and presenting material:
- Providing reliable data. If you do not know the author or do not remember the exact title of the work, it is better not to indicate such information in the essay at all.
- Present information correctly, without errors.
- The most important requirement is the brevity of the material presented. This means that sentences should be as succinct and short as possible, providing full picture the described situation.
Only if all the above conditions are met, as well as sufficient and reliable data, will you be able to write an essay that will give you maximum quantity exam scores.
In the modern world, the problem of the relationship between man and nature is increasingly on the agenda. The arguments of those who raise this issue are simple - if humanity does not change its consumer attitude towards nature, then the survival of humans as a species may be in jeopardy.
Man's place in the biosphere
Countless amounts of fashionable ideologies and philosophical movements convince a person of his exclusivity. Unproven speculations of ignorant people convinced society that nature should be conquered by man. He placed himself above nature, forgetting that he was only part of it. But we should not forget that nature gets along well without humans, but humans are not able to continue their lives without it.
The result of the consumer attitude towards nature has been a previously unknown level of air and water pollution. Entire species are disappearing from the surface of our planet forever. The fragile natural balance is disrupted, which will inevitably lead to changes in the entire ecosystem. You cannot take resources from the planet without giving it something in return. It has become vitally important for all humanity to find its place in the biosphere and achieve harmony with nature.
Technological progress
In ancient times, people could not make significant changes to the planet’s ecosystem, since their number was much smaller than today, and production technologies had not yet been developed enough to destroy the natural balance. The further progress goes, the more acute the problem of the relationship between man and nature arises. The arguments of environmentalists, unfortunately, do not have any impact on the state of affairs, because nothing can convince those in power to give up the treasured profits that are so generously showered on their natural resources. 
After the industrial revolution, humanity acquired such high production facilities, that he had the power to make significant changes to the ecological balance of the planet. Thus, the relationship between man and nature was disrupted. His activity reached such a global scale that he ceased to be part of the biosphere, creating the sphere of reason or noosphere.
Scientific luminaries talked a lot about the fact that the noosphere would become a continuation of the biosphere, but this did not happen. Despite modern knowledge, which allows us to say with confidence that the current path of society leads to the destruction of our planet, the harmful influence of people on nature is only growing, and the problem of the relationship between man and nature is worsening. Arguments are powerless where money is made. 
Energy
Energy resources play a vital role in the development of technology and industry. Today, the main energy sources are coal, natural gas and oil. When burned, they create harmful compounds that cause serious harm to the environment, but without their use, the modern world as we know it would collapse. This leads to another problem in the relationship between man and nature - for further existence, people need to use energy resources that pollute water and air, but they also put the existence of future generations at risk. Nuclear energy cannot solve all problems, so the future lies with renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources.
Many countries are actively developing technologies for generating energy from sunlight, wind and water. Fossil energy sources will run out in the middle of this century, so switching to renewable sources is vital. Currently, the efficiency of solar panels and wind turbines is too low to meet society's enormous energy needs. We can only hope that the luminaries of science will be able to change such a sad situation. 
Ecology and philosophy
Philosophers have always loved to think about man and his position in this world. What place is given to people in the biosphere? First you need to understand what it is.
The biosphere is the totality of all life on our planet, plus the environment in which all this diversity lives. It was philosophy that shaped views on the correct interaction of a person with outside world around him. This science helps to consider the relationship between nature and man as a factor in the development of the biosphere.
An immoral attitude towards nature, disregard for the value of the lives of our smaller brothers will inevitably lead to decline within society. Many scientists focused their attention on the problem of the relationship between man and nature. The arguments they gave were simple - society must develop according to natural laws, otherwise the Earth's biosphere will be destroyed. 
Contradictions between nature and man
Today, human activity has reached planetary proportions. People persistently influence the parts of the entire system they need, naively believing that the remaining parts of nature will remain untouched. But these mechanisms are too closely related to each other. A failure in one element of the system will inevitably lead to changes in the remaining components. This is where the problem of the relationship between man and nature arises. Arguments from the conscious part scientific world drowning in the ridicule and reproaches of their corrupt colleagues. The people who control fossil fuel production have such unlimited power that they would rather destroy the entire planet than change the established order.
What can be done to save nature? It seems that one person cannot change anything, but this is not so. You need to start changes with yourself: try to be more conscious of nature, do not pollute it or destroy it.
Bank of Unified State Exam arguments in the Russian language
A complete collection of arguments for passing the Russian language exam with convenient sorting by problem
Caring attitude, love for nature - arguments of the Unified State Examination
Abstracts
- Human activity is destroying nature
- The state of nature depends on man
- Preserving the environment is a priority for society
- The future of humanity depends on the state of nature
- Love for nature makes a person cleaner
- People with high moral qualities protect nature
- Love for nature changes a person for the better and contributes to his moral development
- People have forgotten that nature is their home
- Everyone tends to have their own view on the role of nature in human life
- Providing reliable data. If you do not know the author or do not remember the exact title of the work, it is better not to indicate such information in the essay at all.
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Arguments
I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The work contains two completely opposite views on the place of nature in people’s lives. Nihilist Evgeny Bazarov perceives the world around him as material for practice, saying that “nature is not a temple, but a workshop.” He tries to find benefit in everything, rather than see the beauty around him. The hero considers living beings only material for his research. For Arkady Kirsanov, who at first supported the views of Yevgeny Bazarov, nature is a source of harmony. He feels like an integral part of the world around him, sees and feels beauty.
N.A. Nekrasov “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares.” The story of Grandfather Mazay rescuing hares has been known to every person since childhood. From the poem of the great poet it is clear that our hero is a hunter, which means that for him hares should first of all be prey. But grandfather Mazai cannot offend animals when they are absolutely helpless, between life and death. Love for nature turns out to be higher for a person than the opportunity to get easy prey. He shouts after the rescued hares so that they don’t come across him during the hunting period, but at the moment he releases them.
A.I. Kuprin “Olesya”. The attitude towards nature of the main character of the work can be called truly correct. Olesya's life is inextricably linked with the world around her. She feels that she is connected to the forest and that the forest is something alive. The girl loves all living things. Olesya is ready to protect everything connected with nature: grass, shrubs, huge trees. Unity with the outside world allows her to survive at a distance from people, in the depths of the forest.
V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”. The fate of Gosha Gertsev is a striking example of the fact that nature can not only tolerate human attacks, but also actively defend itself with the help of its moral and punitive force. The hero who showed a consumerist, cynical attitude towards the environment is punished. Moreover, punishment threatens not only him, but all of humanity if it does not realize how cruel its activities are. Lack of spirituality, thirst for profit, thoughtless use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress - all this threatens the death of society.
B.L. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans.” The piece shows different attitude people to nature: we see both its defenders and enemies, whose activities are only of a consumer nature. The main character, Yegor Polushkin, takes care of all living things. He often becomes the object of ridicule because those around him do not support his views on the world. Egor Polushkin, while laying a pipe, decides to go around the anthill, which causes laughter and condemnation from people. When the hero needs money, he learns that the population can receive a reward for soaked bast. However, even in a difficult situation, the hero cannot decide to destroy a living thing, while his cousin destroys an entire grove for profit. Yegor Polushkin's son is distinguished by the same moral qualities: Kolka gives his expensive gift (a spinning rod that everyone dreamed of) to Vovka to save a puppy that the boy wanted to torture. The main character himself is killed by evil and envious people for his desire to protect nature.
Chingiz Aitmanov “The Scaffold”. The work shows how a person destroys the world around him with his own hands. People abuse saigas; wolf cubs die due to man-made fires. Not knowing where to direct her maternal love, the she-wolf becomes attached to the human child. People, not realizing this, shoot at her, but one of them ends up killing his own son. The death of a child can be blamed not on the she-wolf, but on the people who barbarously invaded her territory, exterminated her children, and therefore took up arms against nature. The work “The Scaffold” shows the consequences of such an attitude towards the living.
D. Granin “Bison”. The main character realizes with horror that almost all people, including scientists, are confident in the boundlessness of nature and the insignificant impact of humans on it. The bison does not understand how a person can approve scientific and construction projects that cause irreparable damage to all living things. He believes that science in this case works not for the benefit, but to the detriment of humanity. The hero is hurt by the fact that almost no one has come to understand true role nature in human life, its uniqueness and vulnerability.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea.” For the old fisherman, the sea is his breadwinner. In the entire appearance of the hero, a connection with nature is visible. The old man treats everything with respect and gratitude: he asks the caught fish for forgiveness. The work shows the role of nature’s generosity in our lives, and the hero demonstrates a truly correct attitude towards the world around him - grateful.
bank-argumentov.info
The problem of caring for nature: arguments from the literature
Writing an essay in the Unified State Exam is one of the most difficult stages for a future student. As a rule, testing part “A” does not present any problems, but many people have difficulties with writing an essay. Thus, one of the most common problems that are covered in the Unified State Exam is the problem of respect for nature. Arguments, their clear selection and explanation are the main task of a student taking an exam in the Russian language. 
Turgenev I. S.
Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is still very popular among both the younger generation and their parents. This is where the issue of caring for nature comes into play. Arguments in favor of the topic addressed are as follows.
The main idea of the work in the field of environmental protection is: “People forget where they were born. They forget that nature is their original home. It was nature that allowed the birth of man. Despite such profound arguments, every person does not pay due attention to the environment. But all efforts should be aimed at preserving it first and foremost!” 
Bazarov's attitude to nature
The main figure here is Evgeny Bazarov, who is not concerned about caring for nature. This man’s arguments sound like this: “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker here.” It is difficult to argue with such a categorical statement. Here the author shows the renewed mind of modern man, and, as you can see, he succeeded perfectly! Nowadays, caring for nature and arguments in favor of protecting the environment are more relevant in society than ever!
Turgenev, in the person of Bazarov, presents to the reader a new man and his mind. He feels complete indifference to generations and all the values that nature can give to humanity. He lives in the present moment, does not think about the consequences, and does not care about man’s caring attitude towards nature. Bazarov’s arguments boil down only to the need to realize one’s own ambitious desires. 
Turgenev. The relationship between nature and man
The above-mentioned work also touches on the problem of the relationship between man and respect for nature. The arguments given by the author convince the reader of the need to show concern for Mother Nature.
Bazarov completely rejects all judgments about the aesthetic beauty of nature, about its indescribable landscapes and gifts. The hero of the work perceives the environment as a tool for work. Bazarov’s friend Arkady appears in the novel as the complete opposite. He treats with dedication and admiration what nature gives to man.
This work clearly highlights the problem of caring for nature; arguments in favor of a positive or negative attitude towards the environment are determined by the behavior of the hero. Arkady, through unity with her, heals his spiritual wounds. Eugene, on the contrary, strives to avoid any contact with the world. Nature does not give positive emotions to the person who does not feel peace of mind and does not consider himself a part of nature. Here the author emphasizes a fruitful spiritual dialogue both with oneself and in relation to nature. 
Lermontov M. Yu.
The work “Hero of Our Time” touches on the problem of caring for nature. The arguments that the author gives relate to the life of a young man named Pechorin. Lermontov shows the close relationship between the protagonist’s mood and natural phenomena, the weather. One of the paintings is described as follows. Before the duel began, the sky seemed blue, transparent and clean. When Pechorin looked at Grushnitsky’s dead body, “the rays did not warm” and “the sky became dim.” The connection between internal psychological states and natural phenomena is clearly visible here.
The problem of caring for nature is addressed here in a completely different way. The arguments in the work show that natural phenomena depend not only on the emotional state, but also become involuntary participants in events. So, a thunderstorm is the reason for the meeting and long meeting between Pechorin and Vera. Further, Grigory notes that “the local air promotes love,” meaning Kislovodsk. Such techniques show respect for nature. Arguments from the literature once again prove that this area is vital not only on the physical level, but also on the spiritual and emotional level. 
Evgeny Zamyatin
Yevgeny Zamyatin’s vibrant dystopian novel also shows a caring attitude towards nature. The essay (arguments, quotes from the work, etc.) must be supported by reliable facts. Thus, when describing a literary work called “We,” it is important to pay attention to the absence of a natural and natural beginning. All people give up a varied and separate life. The beauties of nature are replaced by artificial, decorative elements.
Numerous allegories of the work, as well as the suffering of number “O”, speak of the importance of nature in human life. After all, it is precisely this kind of beginning that can make a person happy, give him feelings, emotions, and help him experience love. It shows the impossibility of the existence of verified happiness and love using “pink cards”. One of the problems of the work is the inextricable relationship between nature and man, without which the latter will be unhappy for the rest of his life.
Sergey Yesenin
In the work “Go you, my dear Rus'!” Sergei Yesenin touches on the problem of the nature of his native places. In this poem, the poet refuses the opportunity to visit paradise, just to stay and devote his life to his native land. Eternal bliss, as Yesenin says in his work, can only be found on his native Russian soil.
The feeling of patriotism and love for nature is clearly expressed here. Homeland and nature are inextricably linked concepts that exist only in conjunction. The very realization that the power of nature can weaken leads to the collapse of the natural world and human nature.
Using arguments in an essay
If you use arguments from works of fiction, you must comply with several criteria for presenting information and presenting material:
Only if all the above conditions are met, as well as sufficient and reliable data, you will be able to write an essay that will give you the maximum number of exam points.
Arguments in the Russian language for the Unified State Exam essay
Bank of arguments from fiction and journalistic literature
Tips for using table arguments:
You may also be interested in the article on how to write an Unified State Exam essay.
MAN AND NATURE
Human perception of nature as living matter (the influence of nature on the human soul)
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Yegorushka, a 9-year-old boy, amazed by the beauty of the steppe,
humanizes her and turns her into his double: it seems to him that the steppe space is capable of suffering, and rejoicing, and yearning. His experiences and thoughts become not childishly serious, philosophical.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. Andrei Bolkonsky, during a trip to Otradnoye, saw an old oak tree, and the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree.
V. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”
Fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to release her. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature forces this poacher to reconsider his ideas about life.
The mischievous, restless Selyuzhonok was once awakened by nightingales in a pioneer camp. Angry, with a stone in his hand, he decides to deal with the birds, but freezes, mesmerized by the song of the nightingale. Something moved in the boy’s soul; he wanted to see and then portray the forest wizard. And even though the bird he sculpted from plasticine does not even remotely resemble a nightingale, Seluzhonok experienced the life-giving power of art. When the nightingale woke him up again, he raised all the children from their beds so that they too could hear the magic trills. The author argues that the comprehension of beauty in nature leads to the comprehension of beauty in art, in oneself.
Respect for nature
N.A. Nekrasov "Grandfather Mazai and the Hares"
The hero of the poem, during the spring flood, saves drowning hares, collecting them in a boat, and cures two sick animals. The forest is his native element, and he worries about all its inhabitants.
Nature is alive and spiritual, endowed with moral and punitive power, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also inflicting retribution. Fate illustrates the punitive force Gosha Gertseva. This hero is punished for his arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. An imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.
The roles of childhood in human life
Petya Rostov on the eve of his tragic death, in his relations with his comrades, he shows all the best traits of the “Rostov breed” that he inherited in his home: kindness, openness, the desire to help at any moment.
V. Astafiev “Last bow”
Grandmother Katerina Petrovna
imbued her grandson Vitka with deep human wisdom and became for him a symbol of love, kindness, and respect for man.
The roles of the family in the formation of personality
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
In the family Rostov everything was built on sincerity and kindness, that’s why the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya became truly good people, and in the family Kuraginykh, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists.
I. Polyanskaya “Iron and Ice Cream”
The negative psychological atmosphere in the family, the callousness of adults became the reason serious illness Rita, the little heroine of the story, and the cruelty, cunning, resourcefulness of her sister.
Motherhood (the role of the mother in education)
A. Fadeev “Young Guard”
K. Vorobyov “Aunt Egorikha”
Orphan Sanka in the story he will become orphaned again when he loses his aunt Yegorikha, who has become more than a mother to him.
V.P. Astafyev “Participating in all living things. »
The author states: if he were given the chance to repeat his life, he would ask his fate for one thing - to leave his mother with him. The writer missed her all his life, and he appeals to everyone with a request to take care of their mothers, because they come only once and never return, and no one can replace them.
Motherhood as a feat
L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”
Bukhara, the heroine of the story, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself entirely to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through her daughter’s entire future life: she got her a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that allowed herself to die.
V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man”
Maria, The heroine of the story, during the war, took responsibility for her own and other people’s children, saved them, and became their Mother.
Relationships between fathers and children
Olenka, the heroine of the story, a talented girl, but selfish, spoiled by her father and mother. Blind parental love gave rise to Olya’s belief in her exclusivity. The reluctance to understand the feelings and experiences of loved ones and friends ultimately leads to the mother’s severe illness.
N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
Bulba believed that only then could the education of Ostap and Andriy be completed, when they learned the wisdom of battle and became his worthy heirs. However, Andriy’s betrayal made Taras a murderer; he could not forgive his son for his betrayal. Only Ostap warmed his father’s soul with his courage in battle, and then during the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be higher than all blood ties.
R. Bradbury "Veld"
Wendy and Peter The heroes of the story commit an act that is monstrous in its inhumanity: they kill their own parents. And this murder is not accidental: it is the result of upbringing, when children are immensely pampered and indulged in their whims.
F. Iskander “The Beginning of Form”
Hero of the story Georgy Andreevich, I realized that parental authority does not arise from orders and threats, but is won through labor, the ability to prove to the son that there is something to respect the father for.
Using the example of three generations Kovalevsky family You can trace the influence of parents on children. In the novel, not only the son seeks answers from his father to the questions that tormented him, but the father also feels the need for spiritual communication with his son. The writer is convinced: adults must “possess the gift of understanding, and therefore empathy.” If it is not there, children will inevitably become alienated from family, school and, ultimately, from society. From misunderstanding and mistrust, the drama of relationships between loved ones, parents and children is born.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Father's instructions helped Peter Grinev even in the most critical moments, remain honest, true to yourself and duty.
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following my father’s commandment to “save a penny”, Chichikov He devoted his entire life to hoarding, turning into a person without shame and conscience.
Relationships in the family
A. Amlinsky “Return of Brother”
The story creates the image of a very sincere, spontaneous boy who dreamed of a friend, a protector. He hopes to find it in his older brother and looks forward to his return. But the older brother lost himself as an individual and sank to the “bottom” of life. However, the faith of the younger brother and the inability to deceive him help the eldest, Ivan, return to normal life.
A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”
Parents, blinded by the talent of their daughter Olya, who believed in her exclusivity, do not want to understand the class teacher, who strives to “make everyone’s success, everyone’s joy, the success and joy of everyone.” Both Evdokia Savelyevna and the guys are ready to appreciate and love the talent, but they cannot accept and forgive Olya’s arrogance and disregard for them. Much later, the father will understand the teacher and agree that the desire to be first at any cost dooms a person to loneliness.
Relationships between people in the family were built on the principle of “need as long as you need.” Aleksin depicts an open confrontation between two principles: kindness, cordiality, the ability to abandon the personal for the sake of loved ones (grandmother Anisya) and lack of spirituality and pragmatism, covered with beautiful phrases (mother). And between these two close people is Vera. The conflict is resolved by tragedy: the grandmother leaves forever for the village, and Vera again becomes seriously ill.
A. Likhanov “Clean pebbles”
Twelve year old Mikhaska lives on the pages of the book a complex inner life: from the feeling of happiness that his father, who fought heroically, returned home unharmed, to the feeling of bitter disappointment and burning shame for him, who embarked on the path of deception and speculation in pursuit of a well-fed, prosperous life. The boy cannot accept the position of his father, who is convinced that he has won the right to a better life for himself and his family. Mikhaska began to listen carefully to the words and closely look at the actions of his parents, feeling an increasing discrepancy between what they taught him and their own deeds. The loss of trust in his parents became the reason for the hero’s loneliness.
Growing up (roles of adults, schools in personality development)
V. Tendryakov “The Night After Graduation”
The school gave the heroes of the story knowledge, but did not cultivate feelings, did not teach them love and kindness. And Yulia Studentova, the best student at the school, speaks about this at the graduation party, who is simply scared that she does not have these qualities.
E. Grishkovets “Chief”
Vladimir Lavrentievich, the head of the photography club, selflessly loving his work, taught the boys not only the secrets of photography, but also instilled in them the belief that they were capable and talented. This confidence subsequently helped each of them to become individuals.
A. Likhanov “Deception”
The main character Seryozha, mother died. All his further troubles are connected with this main one. A whole series of deceptions befalls him: it turns out that biological father, who left his family, lives in their city, his stepfather and his mother, Serezha’s teacher, frightening his grandmother that he and Serezha cannot live on a pension, move them from a two-room apartment to a miserable little room. The boy and the loneliness that has befallen him are having a hard time: both his father and stepfather actually abandoned him. The hero went through a difficult path until he realized that it was impossible to live in a lie. At the age of fourteen, Seryozha Vorobyov comes to the conviction of the need to make decisions himself.
E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”
The old Cuban fisherman Santiago hopes that his skill will be preserved for centuries, but most importantly, it can be passed on as the most precious inheritance to future generations. Therefore, he teaches the boy all the intricacies of craft and life.
Roles of a teacher in a person's life
A.I. Kuprin "Taper"
Anton Rubinstein, the great composer, having heard the talented piano playing of the unknown young tapper Yuri Azagarov, helped him become a famous musician
V. Rasputin “French Lessons”
teacher Lidia Mikhailovna She taught the hero not only French lessons, but also kindness, empathy, and the ability to feel someone else’s pain.
Teacher Freezing He became a model for his students in everything, he even died with them, believing that a teacher should always be with his students.
A. Likhanov “Dramatic pedagogy”
“The worst thing that can exist in this world is a teacher who does not recognize, does not see, does not want to see his mistakes. A teacher who never once said to his students, their parents, or himself: “Sorry, I was wrong” or: “I failed.”
A. Aleksin “Third in the fifth row”
Teacher Vera Matveevna, reflecting on educational methods, is forced to admit that she was wrong in trying to educate all her students the same way: “You cannot suppress a person. .. everyone must do good in their own way. The dissimilarity of characters should hardly be taken for incompatibility.”
The teacher Evdokia Vasilievna was convinced: the greatest talent in her students was the talent of kindness, the desire to come to the rescue in difficult times, and it was these character traits that she cultivated in them.
A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”
Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.
The narrator remembers with gratitude his first teacher, who raised her students to be true citizens of the Fatherland.
Indifference of the adult world (children's insecurity; innocent child suffering)
D.V. Grigorovich "Gutta-percha boy"
The hero of the story is an orphan Petya, who is mercilessly exploited in the circus: he is a tightrope walker. While performing a difficult exercise, the boy crashed, and his death simply went unnoticed.
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”
Heroes of the story - Kuzmyonyshi- while in an orphanage, they became victims of cruelty and indifference of adults.
F.M. Dostoevsky "The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree"
The boy, the hero of the story, came with his mother to St. Petersburg, but after her death, on the eve of Christmas, no one needed him. No one even gave him a piece of bread. The child was cold, hungry and abandoned.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Development and preservation of the Russian language
A. Knyshev “O great and mighty Russian language!”
In this ironic publication, the journalist ridicules borrowers, showing how ridiculous our speech becomes when oversaturated with them.
M. Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”
V. Stupishin sweet til? What language do we speak and write?
The journalistic article is devoted to the problems of linguistic absurdities, which are full of speeches of politicians and some journalists. The author gives examples of absurd accents in words, foreign borrowings, and the inability of speakers and writers to use the rich arsenal of the Russian language.
A. Shchuplov “From the Party Congress to the Congress of the Roof”
The journalistic article is devoted to reflections on how many abbreviations have appeared and continue to appear in our lives, which sometimes become, according to the author, an example of “official stupidity.”
“Speak Russian, for God’s sake! Bring this novelty into fashion.” (A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov.)
“In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!” (I.S. Turgenev)
“... Voluntarily or unwittingly, we have come today to the line when the word becomes not a part of life, one of many parts, but the last hope for our national existence in the world.”
“To use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult both common sense and common taste.” (V. Belinsky)
“A person’s morality is visible in his attitude to the word.” (L.N. Tolstoy)
N. Gal “The Living and the Dead Word”
The famous translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech;
about bureaucracy that kills living speech;
about caring for our great heritage - the Russian language.
K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as Life”
The writer analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves are distorting and mutilating our great and powerful language.
Correlation between a person’s name and his inner essence
DI. Fonvizin "Nedorosl"
In the comedy, many characters have “telling” surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means “like his mother,” who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid and arrogant ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; He loves pigs very much and in terms of the coarseness of his feelings he is similar to cattle, as his surname indicates.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PERSONALITY QUALITIES
Heartlessness, spiritual callousness
A. Aleksin “Division of property”
Heroine's mother Verochki so callous that she forced her mother-in-law, who raised and healed her daughter, to leave for a remote village and doomed her to loneliness.
Y. Mamleev “Jump into the coffin”
Relatives of a sick old woman Ekaterina Petrovna, Tired of caring for her, they decided to bury her alive and thereby get rid of the problems. A funeral is a terrible evidence of what a person becomes, devoid of compassion, living only in his own interests.
K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
Nastya lives a bright, fulfilling life away from her lonely, old mother. To her daughter, all her affairs seem so important and urgent that she completely forgets to write letters home and does not visit her mother. Even when a telegram arrived about her mother’s illness, Nastya did not go right away, and therefore did not find Katerina Ivanovna alive. The mother never lived to see her only daughter, whom she loved very much.
L. Razumovskaya “Dear Elena Sergeevna”
Heartless, cynical students began to reproach the teacher for her old-fashioned clothes, her honest attitude to work, for the fact that she had been teaching all her life, but she herself had not accumulated any capital and did not know how to profitably sell her knowledge. Their arrogance and callousness became the cause of Elena Sergeevna’s death.
On the night after graduation, classmates for the first time in their lives decided to openly tell each other to their faces what each of them thought about those present. And it turned out that each of them is a heartless egoist who does not value the pride and dignity of the other at all.
V. Tendryakov “Potholes”
Once in car accident. a young man dies, and the culprit of his death becomes the director of MTS, who refused, citing instructions, to give a tractor to take the victim to the hospital.
Loss of spiritual values
B. Vasiliev “Wilderness”
The events of the story allow us to see how in today’s life the so-called “new Russians” strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values have been lost because culture has disappeared from our lives. Society was split, and the bank account became the measure of a person’s merit. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.
E. Hemingway “Where it is clean, it is light”
The heroes of the story, having finally lost faith in friendship, love and having severed ties with the world, are lonely and devastated. They turned into the living dead.
V. Astafiev “Lyudochka”
Growing up in the village amid poverty and drunkenness, cruelty and immorality, the heroine of the story seeks salvation in the city. Having become a victim of brutal violence, in an atmosphere of general indifference, Lyudochka commits suicide.
V. Astafiev “Postscript”
The author describes the behavior of listeners at the concert with shame and indignation symphony orchestra, which, despite the excellent performance famous works, “they began to leave the hall. Yes, if only they left him just like that, silently, cautiously - no, they left him with indignation, shouting, and abuse, as if they had been deceived in their best lusts and dreams.”
Losing contact with the parental home
Dusya, the heroine of the story, having left for the city, has lost all ties with her home, the village, and therefore the news of her mother’s death does not cause her any worries or desire to visit her homeland. However, having arrived to sell the house, Dusya feels lost and cries bitterly at her mother’s grave, but nothing can be fixed.
Loss of connection between generations
V. Astafiev “Izba”
Young people come to Siberian timber industry enterprises for big money. The forest, the land once protected by the older generation, turns into a dead desert after the work of lumberjacks. All the moral values of our ancestors are eclipsed by the pursuit of the ruble.
F Abramov "Alka"
The heroine of the story went to the city in search of a better life, leaving behind her old mother, who died without waiting for her daughter. Alka, having returned to the village and acutely aware of the loss, decides to stay there, but this impulse quickly passes when she is offered a lucrative job in the city. The loss of native roots is irreparable.
Katerina Izmailova, The wife of a rich merchant fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she uses it to kill her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, her husband’s relative.
R. Bradbury "Dwarf"
Ralph, the hero of the story, is cruel and heartless: he, being the owner of the attraction, replaced the mirror in which the dwarf came to look, consoled by the fact that at least in the reflection he sees himself tall, slender and beautiful. Once again, the dwarf, who expected to see himself the same again, flees with pain and horror from the terrible sight reflected in the new mirror, but his suffering only entertains Ralph.
Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”
The hero of the story picked up a dog abandoned by its owners. He is full of concern for the defenseless creature and does not understand his father when he demands to drive the dog out: “What did the dog do? I couldn’t kick the dog out; it had already been kicked out once.” The boy is shocked by the cruelty of his father, who called trusting dog and shot him in the ear. He not only hated his father, he lost faith in goodness and justice.
Betrayal, irresponsible attitude towards the fate of others
V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”
Desertion Andrey Guskov, his selfishness and cowardice caused the death of his mother and the suicide of his pregnant wife Nastya.
L. Andreev “Judas Iscariot”
Judas Iscariot, betraying Christ, wants to test the devotion of his disciples and the correctness of the humanistic teachings of Jesus. However, they all turned out to be cowardly ordinary people, like the people who also did not stand up for their Teacher.
N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"
Sergey, the lover and then the husband of the merchant Katerina Izmailova, committed the murders of her relatives with her, wanting to become the only heir to a rich fortune, and subsequently betrayed his beloved woman, calling her an accomplice in all crimes. At the hard labor stage, he cheated on her, mocked her as best he could.
S. Lvov “My childhood friend”
Arkady Basov, whose narrator Yuri considered his true friend and to whom he entrusted the secret of his first love, he betrayed this trust, exposing Yura to general ridicule. Basov, who later became a writer, remained a vile and dishonest person.
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich-a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Demons"
U Verkhovensky Pyotr Stepanovich, one of the main characters of the novel, the concept of freedom has turned into the right to lies, crime and destruction. He became a slanderer and a traitor.
A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”
As soon as greedy Old woman Having gained from the fish the power of a pillar noblewoman, and then a queen, she began to see in her husband a serf who could be beaten with impunity, forced to do the most menial work, and exposed to public ridicule.
Stupidity and aggressiveness
A.P. Chekhov "Unter Prishibeev"
Non-commissioned officer Prishibeev For 15 years he has been keeping the entire village in fear with his absurd demands and brute physical strength. Even after spending a month in custody for his illegal actions, he could not get rid of the desire to command.
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”
Stupid and aggressive Foolov's mayors, especially Gloomy-Burcheev, amaze the reader with the absurdity and grotesqueness of their orders and decisions.
A. Platonov “Doubting Makar”
Makar Gannushkin, the hero of the story, went to Moscow to look for truth and soul. But the Freaky bureaucrats, as he became convinced, reign everywhere, developing in people lack of initiative, disbelief in their own strengths and capabilities, and fear of government paper. Bureaucracy is the main inhibitor of all living innovative ideas.
Reverence (of human insignificance)
A.P. Chekhov "Death of an Official"
Official Chervyakov to an incredible degree infected with the spirit of veneration: having sneezed and splashed the bald head of General Bryzzhalov sitting in front (and he did not pay attention to it), Ivan Dmitry was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.
A.P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
Hero of the story, official Porfiry, met a school friend at the Nikolaevskaya railway station and learned that he was a Privy Councilor, i.e. advanced significantly higher in his career. In an instant, the “subtle” one turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate himself and fawn.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only “all people without exception,” but even “the janitor’s dog, so that it is affectionate.” The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his affair with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov.
Maxim Petrovich, the “character” of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells for the edification of Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with absurd falls
N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General"
Mayor, Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, bribe taker and embezzler, who deceived on his own century three governors, I am convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to show off.
A.P. Chekhov "Gooseberry"
Chimsha-Himalayan, dreaming of an estate with gooseberries, he is malnourished, denies himself everything, marries for convenience, dresses like a beggar and saves money. He practically starved his wife to death, but he achieved his dream. How pitiful he is when he eats sour gooseberries with a happy, self-satisfied look!
M. Zoshchenko “Case History”
A satirical story telling about the attitude of medical staff towards an unfortunate patient allows you to see how rudeness is ineradicable in people: “Perhaps you will be ordered to be put in a separate room and a sentry will be assigned to you so that he will drive away flies and fleas from you?” - stated nurse in response to a request to restore order in the department.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Drama character Wild- a typical boor who insults Boris’s nephew, calling him a “parasite”, “damned”, and many inhabitants of the city of Kalinov. Impunity gave rise to complete unbridledness in Dikiy.
D. Fonvizin “Undergrowth”
Mistress Prostakova She considers her boorish behavior towards others to be the norm: she is the mistress of the house, whom no one dares to contradict. That’s why she has Trishka as a “cattle”, a “blockhead” and a “thief’s mug”.
S. Dovlatov “This is the untranslatable word “rudeness”
The writer is sure that “rudeness is nothing more than rudeness, impudence, impudence, taken together, but at the same time multiplied by impunity.” Man has nothing to oppose this phenomenon except his own humiliation. With impunity, rudeness kills you outright.
A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon"
Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are higher than him on the career ladder and feels like a formidable boss in relation to those who are lower. In every situation, he changes his opinions to the exact opposite ones, depending on which person - significant or not - is affected by it.
For the love of a beautiful polka Andriy renounces his homeland, relatives, comrades, voluntarily goes over to the side of the enemy. This betrayal was further aggravated by the fact that he rushed into battle against his father, brother, and former friends. An unworthy, shameful death is the result of his moral fall.
The destructive influence of money
Doctor Startsev, in his youth, a talented doctor, gradually getting rich, becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.
Image Stepan Plyushkina, a stingy landowner, personifies the complete death of the human soul, the death of a strong personality, completely consumed by the passion of stinginess. This passion became the reason for the destruction of all family and friendly ties, and Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.
A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
Hermann, the central character of the story, passionately longs to get rich, and for this, he, wanting to take possession of the secret of three card numbers and win, becomes the involuntary killer of the old countess, the cause of the suffering of Lizaveta Ivanovna, her pupil. The treasured three cards helped the hero win several times, but his passion for money played a cruel joke on him: Hermann went crazy when he accidentally put the Queen of Spades instead of the Ace.
F.M. Dostoevsky: “Green is wine. bestializes and brutalizes a person, hardens him and distracts him from bright thoughts, dulls him in front of all good propaganda. A drunk has no time for compassion for animals; a drunk abandons his wife and children.”
A.P. Chekhov: “Champagne is a brilliant cocotte, mixing its charm with the lies and impudence of Gomorrah, it is a gilded coffin full of dead bones and all uncleanness. A person drinks it only in hours of grief, sadness and optical illusion.”
L.N. Tolstoy: “It is impossible to say that wine is tasty, because everyone knows that wine and beer, if they are not sweetened, seem unpleasant to those who drink them for the first time. One gets used to wine, like another poison - tobacco - little by little, and one likes wine only after a person gets used to the intoxication that it produces. To say that wine is good for health is also impossible now, when many doctors, dealing with this matter, have admitted that neither vodka, nor wine, nor beer can be healthy, because they have no nutritional value, but only poison, which is harmful "
Proverbs and sayings:
“There was Ivan, but he became a blockhead, and it’s all his fault”; “Drinking vodka means ruining yourself”; “The wine comes, the shame goes away”; “He who gets drunk with wine washes himself with tears”; “A drunkard among the people is like a weed in the garden”; “Glass and small glasses will reach your purse.”
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Marmeladova drunkenness has made him a pitiful creature who, realizing the extremely poor situation of the family, nevertheless does not find the strength to cope with this vice.
Actor- a drunkard who suffers from the emptiness and meaninglessness of his life. Drunkenness led him to the point that he even forgot his name, favorite monologues and roles. The picture of the terrible “bottom” in the play is the natural ending of those who seek salvation from life problems drunk.
V. Erofeev “Moscow - Petushki”
For Venechki Erofeeva heavy drinking has become an illusory salvation from the vulgarity of life, but this path only leads to death at the very bottom of society.
N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
Chapter "Drunk Night" shows a picture of the complete breakdown of a person under the influence of alcohol.
Drunkenness, according to the writer, is the cause of murders, robberies, the breakdown of family relationships, and the complete decomposition of personality.
Infringement of human rights in modern society
Comparing Western Europe and Russia, the author notes that Europe inherited Roman law from the Catholic Church, in which individual rights were a priority. Ancient Rus' Having accepted the Christianity of Byzantium, she also accepted its law, in which the most important thing was the priority of power. The Soviet government took on board the Byzantine understanding of priority rights, and therefore in Russia, unlike Western Europe, many human rights are still infringed.
Distortions of the concept of “patriotism”
B. Vasiliev “Ring A”
The author claims that now this “great concept is tattered, dirty and worn out” in all speeches from high stands. But love for the Motherland is proven only by deeds. Patriotism is practical activity for the benefit of the country.
Anatol Kuragin invades the life of Natasha Rostova to satisfy her own ambitions.
A, P. Chekhov "Anna on the Neck"
Anyuta, having become the wife of a wealthy official by convenience, feels like a queen, and the rest - slaves. She even forgot about her father and brothers, who are forced to sell the most necessary things so as not to die of hunger.
D. London “In a distant land”
Wetherby and Cuthfert Having gone to the North for gold, they are forced to spend the winter together in a hut located far from inhabited areas. And here their boundless egoism appears with cruel obviousness. The relationship between them is the same competitive struggle, only not for profit, but for survival. And given the conditions in which they found themselves, its outcome could not be different from the ending of the story: the dying Cuthfert, crushed by the body of Wetherby, whom he killed in an animal fight over a cup of sugar.
B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans”
The little hero of this story and his father, forester Yegor Polushkin, are horrified by how barbarically people can treat living nature: poachers burn anthills, peel linden trees, kill defenseless animals.
V. Astafiev “Sad Detective”
D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”
The author tells how indignant he felt when he learned that on the Borodino field in 1932 the cast-iron monument on Bagration’s grave was blown up. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “It’s enough to preserve the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve and not destroy. Likhachev believes that “the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual.”
Bunin assumed that revolution was inevitable, but even in nightmare I could not imagine that brutality and vandalism, like elemental forces, breaking out from the recesses of the Russian soul, would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.
Slave love (uncomplaining, humiliated submission to a loved one)
Story General Anosov about the novels of Lieutenant Vishnyakov and Lenochka, the ensign and the wife of the regimental commander, they allow us to see how unhappy people can be whom love has made slaves: they become a laughing stock in the eyes of others, they are despised and pitied.
Love of convenience
A.N. Ostrovsky “Our people - we will be numbered!”
Podkhalyuzin, the hero of the comedy, loves Lipochka, the daughter of a merchant, as a means of achieving wealth, a profitable place and a symbol of his success in life: he is flattered that his wife speaks French.
D. Granin “I’m going into the storm”
The world of physicists in the novel is a battlefield on which there is a struggle between genuine scientists (Dan, Krylov) and careerists (Denisov, Agatov, Lagunov). Incapable of creativity, seeking an administrative career in science by hook or by crook, these opportunists almost destroyed the scientific search of Tulin and Krylov, who were looking for effective method thunderstorm destruction.
A person’s responsibility to himself and society as a whole for the realization of his abilities
I. Goncharov “Oblomov”
Oblomov, the main character of the novel, with all his positive inclinations and abilities, was unable to realize himself due to laziness and turned into a living corpse.
Loneliness (indifference, indifference to the fate of others)
A.P. Chekhov "Vanka"
Vanka Zhukov- orphan. He was sent to study as a shoemaker in Moscow, where he had a very hard life. This can be learned from the letter he sent “to grandfather Konstantin Makarovich in the village with a request to pick him up. The boy will remain lonely, uncomfortable in a cruel and cold world.
At the cab driver's Iona Potapova the only son died. To overcome melancholy and an acute feeling of loneliness, he wants to tell someone about his misfortune, but no one wants to listen to him, no one cares about him. And then Jonah tells his whole story to the horse: it seems to him that it was she who listened to him and sympathized with his grief.
True and false values in life
A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper"
Olga Ivanovna spent her entire life looking for famous people, trying to earn their favor at any cost, not noticing that her husband, Doctor Dymov, was the very person she was searching for. Only after his tragic death did the heroine realize her frivolity.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POSITIVE MORAL QUALITIES OF PERSONALITY
K.F. Ryleev " Ivan Susanin»
Peasant Ivan Susanin, saving young Mikhail Romanov, a contender for the royal throne, from certain death, he leads one of the Polish detachments into an impenetrable forest wilderness. Realizing that death is inevitable, Susanin says that he is a Russian man, among whom there are no traitors, and is ready to joyfully die for the Tsar and his homeland.
K.F. Ryleev “The Death of Ermak”
Ermak is depicted by Ryleev as a hero who thinks not about Siberian riches, but about honestly serving the Fatherland: “Siberia was conquered by the Tsar, And we did not live idly in the world!”
D.S. Likhachev “Thoughts about the Motherland”
The academician believes that the Motherland is a comprehensive concept. “She is like a huge tree on which you cannot count the leaves. But every tree has roots. what we lived yesterday, a year ago, a hundred, a thousand years ago. This is our story. A people that does not have such deep roots is a poor people. Without the past it is impossible to understand well or appreciate the present.”
B. Ekimov “Moving”
The narrator argues that only in his native land can a person be happy: “Yes, no darkness can hide from a person’s eyes that inch of earth that was born with him and held him in the arms more often than his mother; she offered her soft palm when he fell, unable to stay on his still unsteady legs; I treated his boyish abrasions - without any doctors, with her own grass. ; fed her throughout the years. gave me something to drink clean water and lifted her to her feet. No darkness, except mortal darkness, will hide from a person’s eyes that inch of earth that is called his homeland.”
Nostalgia (longing for the Motherland; love for the Motherland)
S. Dovlatov “Letter from There” (from the series “Invisible Newspaper”)
A. Nikitin “Walking across three seas”
The famous Russian traveler visited many countries, saw the amazing beauty of Southeast Asia, but constantly lived with memories of his homeland and yearned for it.
N. Teffi “Rus”, “Town”
The collections recreate the sad life of emigrants and compatriots deprived of their homeland. Longing for the Russia they left behind forces them to call their existence “the afterlife,” “life above the abyss.”
N. Teffi “Memories”
The writer predicted the fate of an entire generation of emigrants who left Russia during the revolution and the Civil War. These people, homesick for their homeland, are doomed to tragic loneliness together in foreign countries.
Belief in the power of Russia
Let's go together - without "hurray"
Without hysterical reproaches
Let's look, brothers, into yesterday
Into the darkness of historical lessons!
And illuminating the faces of the years,
Let's look into their eyes as if into an abyss.
Yes, it hurts, but it's useful,
To us, running away from troubles.
And then we’ll sit by the fire
And let’s keep quiet for as long as we can.
While the century has not yet lived,
Let us rise up, preserving the spirit of Rus'.
An unbreakable connection with the homeland, native land
A. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”
For Matryona Vasilievna her house, yard, village are much more important than the place where you live. For the heroine, this is the meaning of her existence, a part of her life, a memory of the past, of loved ones.
Loyalty this word
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
Masha Troekurova, married to an unloved man - the old man Vereisky, refuses to break the oath of lifelong fidelity given to him in the church when Dubrovsky, with whom she was in love, was late to save her from this marriage and stopped the wedding procession only on the way back from the church.
Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, rejected the feeling of her secretly beloved Onegin. She became the personification of sincerity and moral strength.
I. Bunin “Youth and old age”
Old Kurdish man With his parable, he made it clear to the handsome Greek that youth is not a physical state, but a mental one: only those who have retained their dignity and humanity remain always young.
A person’s aspirations for goodness and happiness (belief in happiness, one’s own strength; love for life)
V.G. Korolenko "Paradox"
Jan Załuski- a cripple, but he believes that “man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight.” The hero's innate misfortune forced him to learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.
IN Anya Ranevskaya there is a youthful faith in happiness, in one’s own strength. She sincerely rejoices at leaving the old estate, because a new life begins.
A.P. Chekhov "The Bride"
Nadya Shumina leaves the provincial town on the eve of the wedding to start a new, happy life, so as not to turn into an idle creature.
F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
Elder Zosima tirelessly admires the divinity of the world, the godlikeness of man, and teaches love for others.
Prince Myshkin believes in the possibility of heaven on earth, in the ability of people to transform. He does not judge people, but treats others openly and brotherly. His main quality is humility, the ability to understand others and compassion. He believes that beauty will “save the world.”
Selfless life service (ability to
selflessness, sacrificing oneself for the sake of another person
Y. Golovanov “Sketches about Scientists”
Vladimir Arsenyev, an outstanding traveler, ethnographer, historian, geographer, did everything to ensure that the riches of the Far East served for the benefit of Russia.
A.P. Chekhov "Darling"
Olga Semenovna had amazing ability to become a double of the person with whom she fell in love, to look at the world through his eyes, to think like him, giving all of herself to her loved one.
Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected and dies.
N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"
Ivan Flyagin, the hero of the story frees a young peasant from hard military service, going to serve in the army under his name.
K.M. Stanyukovich "Sailor"
The hero of the story, Ilya Kushkin, is infinitely kind and ready to help everyone. He went to serve in the navy instead of his newly married fellow villager. Ilya saved the crew when the ship was in distress, and he himself died.
B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying. »
The writer talks about the doctor Jansene, who had the rare gift of living not for himself. The residents of Smolensk considered him a saint, because there was no more selfless and honest person, giving himself to people, helping them in everything. He died saving children.
Moral strength of a person
Sotnikov, physically weak and sick, mentally turns out to be much stronger than Rybak, the partner with whom he went on reconnaissance. The fisherman became a traitor, and Sotnikov preferred death to such shame.
Be true to your beliefs
A. Petrov “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum”
Habakkuk, a disgraced priest, an Old Believer, who fought for his beliefs during the years church reforms. He did not change his convictions even under the threat of death, and deliberately went to voluntary martyrdom.
M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”
The fate of the hero of the story Andrey Sokolov very tragic; Not every person could endure what the hero had to endure: captivity, the news of the death of his wife and daughters, and subsequently his son. However, Andrei managed to survive and even take in Vanyushka, who was also orphaned by the war.
A. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
Ivan Shukhov retained his dignity, managed to remain human in the hellish conditions of Stalin’s camps and not break. Shukhov's life is not limited to the camp, he remembers the village, family, war, and this gives him the strength to live.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Bazarov believed that “every person must educate himself.”
N. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”
Rakhmetov He devoted his entire life to physical and moral improvement and for many became a model of self-education.
Famous Russian navigator Vasily Golovin I became an orphan early and realized early responsibility for my future. He worked hard on himself and therefore subsequently became an example for all Russian sailors. Polar explorer Roald Amundsen Since childhood, he prepared himself for harsh travels: in winter he slept with the window wide open, skied 50 kilometers a day, worked as a sailor on a hunting schooner. The scientist believed that willpower is the main thing in self-education.
Taras Bulba, the central character of the story, believed that partnership is higher than family, higher than blood kinship, higher than everything earthly.
D. London “In a Distant Land”, “Love of Life”
Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how the gold miners who lost their composure perish in the short story “In a Distant Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life.”
Internationalism (interethnic relations)
K.M. Stanyukovich "Maximka"
The story of the rescue by sailors of a little black man, later named Maksimka, shows that everyone has the right to freedom, love and care
S. Dovlatov “I needed it. "(from the cycle "Sentimental March")
Kenneth Bauer, the hero of the essay, considers all people of the world of different nationalities to be his relatives, brothers, and teaches this wisdom to those around him.
Yu. Bondarev “Shore”
Love of a Russian Lieutenant Nikitina and German Emma, their
humanity is the desire to overcome national and ideological barriers.
Children - Russian Kolka and Chechen Alkhuzur- became real brothers despite the madness that adults were doing in the country, in particular in the Caucasus. The little Chechen felt how hard it was for Kolka after the terrible death of his brother Sashka, he was full of compassion. Only such familiar brotherly help helped Kolka return to life. Alkhuzur renounced his own name, saving his friend: he called himself Sashka. His wise act performed the expected miracle: Kolka got up, but nothing would make him see the Chechen as an enemy.
Children of different nationalities were gathered in the children's reception center: Tatar Musa, Nogai Balbek, German Lida Gross. There lived Armenians, Kazakhs, Jews, Moldovans and two Bulgarians. For them there was no concept of national hostility: the children were friends, protected each other. - Teacher Regina Petrovna asserted: “There are no bad peoples. There are only bad people."
Eleven year old Kolka, despite the horror he experienced, he did not go wild, but tried to understand why the Chechens killed his brother. He thought like a true internationalist: can’t it be done so that no one bothers anyone, no one kills anyone, so that all people live together as one family.
Love and mercy
M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
Margarita capable of deep, devoted, selfless love, and therefore she is morally invulnerable. Just as Yeshua remains a man even when in the power of murderers, and sympathizes with and helps one of them, so Margarita, having found herself in a monstrous company of molesters, hanged men, poisoners, scoundrels of all times and peoples, remains a man: none of them is disgusting to her , she tries to understand them, sympathizes with them. She lost the most precious thing - her Master, but did not become isolated in her grief: she sees the grief of another person and actively sympathizes with him.
Amy, the heroine of the story, sees in the dwarf, who visits the attraction of crooked mirrors and is consoled by the fact that his ugliness in the mirror is transformed into beauty and becomes, a person with a big soul. It was she who decided to give this mirror to the dwarf, so that at least something would bring joy to the poor man in his unhappy life.
In the bishop's house Miriel no constipation, day and night he helps the poor. He distributes his salary to the poor and sets up a hospital in the bishop's palace. The whole life of this person is devoted to serving man.
Courage, heroism, moral duty
B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”
Anti-aircraft gunner girls died while destroying a detachment of saboteurs. They were not afraid of the enemy's numerical superiority.
V. Bykov “Sign of Trouble”
Peasant Stepanida, the heroine of the story, during the war she fights the Germans as best she can: she milks a cow into the grass so as not to give milk to the Nazis, hides a rifle, tries to blow up a bridge and, so that the bomb does not fall to the Germans, burns her house and herself in it.
B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
Lieutenant Pluzhnikov who came to serve in Brest Fortress on the eve of the war, he became one of its last defenders. Even his enemies were amazed by his courage and unbending will.
B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”
Pilot Alexey Maresyev, the hero of the story, only thanks to his will and courage survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled towards ours behind enemy lines. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he had control over his destiny.
Vasily Glechik, still just a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the battalion commander’s order, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, and remained faithful to his oath and duty to his homeland.
E. Hemingway "Undefeated"
The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to admit that he is disabled. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.
Old fisherman Santiago from the breed of unbending people. “Man was not created to fail,” he says. His fight with the big fish is an example of unbending courage, perseverance, and invincibility.
Political eras change, but in our country the attitude of the authorities towards monuments national culture, to churches, museums, and libraries never inspired optimism. Ecology of culture should become one of most important tasks modernity: after all, it contains the origins of morality, without which man is unthinkable.
A. Adamovich “Mute”
During the war, punitive forces were supposed to burn one of the Belarusian villages, but the German Franz cannot kill Polina and her mother, the owners of the house in which he lived. He kills his mentor, a fascist, and, together with Polina and her mother, hides in the cellar. When the Soviet troops arrive, Polina imagines the German as a mute brother, saving him as Franz once saved them.
The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son Peter, fell in love with the enemy, the communist Nikolai Kosykh, as a loved one, a stranger, whom he picked up seriously wounded and left. The all-consuming hatred of the Reds was replaced by fatherly love and care.
B. Ekimov “Night of Healing”
Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who often screams, cries, and begs for help at night: she dreams every night that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he healed her from terrible memories with compassion and love.
B. Ekimov “Sale”
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, mother and daughter, like many others, became refugees from Tajikistan. They left their home to escape robbery and murder. On the train, these women witnessed a drunken mother selling her three-year-old daughter. In rescuing the girl, the refugees gave the drunkard all their meager savings, and this was the last money they had.
B. Ekimov “How to tell. »
Welder Gregory Once I helped Aunt Varya, a frail old woman, dig up a vegetable garden. She invited him to the table and sincerely thanked him. Grigory then left for Moscow, but every spring he came to the Don to help Aunt Varya. He didn’t tell anyone about this, he just felt like she needed help. Gregory, an orphan, was once warmed by the sailor Vasya, who took him to the circus and treated him to ice cream, and the controller, Aunt Katya, who fed him delicious pies with cabbage. A person doesn’t need much to be happy - love and care
B. Ekimov “Just neighbors”
Nyura in the 30s she was fired from the kindergarten where she worked as a cleaner, as the wife of an enemy of the people. She was left without work, without a livelihood, with a nine-year-old son in her arms. They were saved from starvation by their neighbor, a seamstress, who paid Nyura money every day for three years for sewn buttons and simple help.
R. Bradbury "Shore at Sunset"
Hero of the story Volume, an aging man, retained his childlike spontaneity, faith in miracles and goodness. Tom, not listening to his friend promising mountains of gold, resists the power of money and returns the mermaid to freedom.
Faith in the future, love of life
D. London “Love of Life”
The hero sprains his leg, and his partner, Bill, abandons him - after all, the weak cannot survive the battle for life. But the hero survived. The story became a hymn to man - his perseverance, courage, will. Love of life guided the process of struggle for existence.
A. Adamovich, D. Granin “Siege Book”
The feat of the Leningraders was not caused by the threat of annihilation. The 900 days of blockade contained not only unimaginable suffering, but the greatest faith in the future, in victory.
Faith in man
M. Gorky “At the Bottom”
Luke, a character in the play, believes that every person is a mystery, but everyone lives for the best, therefore every person must be respected: “We don’t know who he is, why he was born and what he can do. Maybe he was born for our luck. for our great benefit. "Luke strives to help the hidden powers of a person from being secret become apparent. His faith in people mainly corresponds to their inner aspirations and capabilities (Actor, Ash).
V. Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”
Volodya Tenkov in the hungry year of 1933, he saves a dog from death by giving it bread, and feeds the dispossessed people who are dying at the station.
A. Pristavkin “Goldfish”
The hero talks about his sister Lyusenka, who lived in an orphanage during the war and how she was saved from starvation by the girls who lived in the same room with her.
Jean Valjean lives not for himself, but for other people. He helps all the heroes of Les Misérables: Fantine, Cosette, Marius, Enjolras, and saves the spy Javert, who was sentenced to death.
K. Vorobyov “The Tale of My Contemporary”
Grandfather Matvey During the civil war, he saved a child, Alyosha, warmed his orphan childhood, and adopted his cathode grandson.
Good (love) as a resurrecting force
The power of good, the human power that embodies Yeshua, in that he sees the soul of another, understands him and tries to help him. This is what first of all strikes Pilate with the prisoner. Yeshua performed the greatest miracle: he gave a place in his soul to a person who threatens his life, who could become his executioner - he loved him! And something turned in Pilate’s soul. And from this moment his rebirth begins.
L. Ulitskaya “Poor Relatives”
Asya, a poor and weak-minded woman, regularly gives the money and things she received from Anna Markovna, a relative, to a semi-paralyzed old woman. Asya took money to the sick old woman just for the sake of one “thank you”; she did it secretly and took pleasure in being needed by someone.
L. Ulitskaya “Pearl Soup”
Marina, the mother of the heroine of the story, in the terrible thirties did not remain indifferent to the misfortune of others: she helped the poor, fed them, forgave even lies and betrayal. The pearl barley soup that she cooked for the unfortunate is a reminder of both the indifference of people and the selfless warmth of Marinochka herself.
B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak. »
U old lady Katerina daughter lives in the city. It’s hard for a mother alone on a farm, but her daughter bought her mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got away with only a request to talk specifically about health. But the little things in the life of a mother, loved one, are also important. Fortunately, her daughter realized this in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter and how much she needed to communicate with her.
B. Ekimov “Containers and bars”
Petty grievances destroyed family relationships Lyuba's grandmothers: the daughter and granddaughter almost did not communicate with her, the intimate evening conversations that the old woman lived with stopped. However, a moment came when the family suddenly acutely sensed that Grandma Lyuba was short-lived and humble: she never once reproached them for being heartless. The family realized that they needed to give her their warmth and love while it was possible, while she was alive.
Embittered by the life of a convict, Jean Valjean becomes a highly moral person thanks to the kind deed of Bishop Miriel, who treated him not as a criminal, but as a person in need of moral support.
Relationship between inner and outer beauty
Yu. Yakovlev “Blueberry”
Kolya Lukovkin fell ill in a pioneer camp and was placed in isolation. The boy felt completely alone and suffered greatly from this. An outwardly ugly girl came to him and treated him to blueberries. But behind her plain appearance, he saw a kind heart. For Kolya, the world became completely different, he recovered, and the girl began to seem to him more beautiful and smarter than everyone else.
V. Tendryakov “Nakhodka”
Gloomy, stern fisheries inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned, newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector was unable to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people and sympathize with them.
The uplifting power of love
A. Kuprin “Sulamith”
Tsar Solomon transformed by the power of his love Shulamith, a simple girl from a vineyard, into a queen.
For the little one official Zheltkov love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and the beloved woman became the one in whom “all the beauty of the earth was embodied.” This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera’s brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to prohibit love.
Talent, natural giftedness
N.S. Leskov “Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea)”
Tula gunsmith with an oblique and poor right-handed skills Lefty shoed a flea that was invisible to the eye.
Leonardo da Vinci was not only a sad artist, but also a mathematician, astronomer, biologist, botanist, anatomist, physiologist, military engineer, singer, poet, musician.
Responsibility (for loved ones; others; for one’s actions)
I. Babel “Cavalry”
The old Jew Gedali dreamed that the revolution would bring good and justice. However, he also says: “A good person does good things. Revolution is a good thing by good people. But good people don't kill. This means that the revolution is being made by evil people.”
A. de Saint-Exupéry “Planet of People”
The writer talks about an accident that happened to a pilot in the Andes, about how, lost in the snow, he forces himself to crawl forward, forgetting about the pain. He was saved by a sense of responsibility, first for his wife, then for himself, for the post office, for his comrades who were waiting for his return.
V. Rasputin “Money for Maria”
Kuzma trying to save his wife from prison Maria, who committed embezzlement in the store, and the money that he collects throughout the village allows each of the villagers to be tested for moral strength.
Everyone chooses a woman, a religion, a path for themselves. To serve the devil or the prophet - everyone chooses for himself. Everyone chooses their own word for love and prayer. Everyone chooses a sword for a duel, a sword for battle. Everyone chooses for themselves. Shield and armor. Staff and patches. The measure of final retribution. Everyone chooses for themselves. Everyone chooses for themselves.
V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
Jean Valjean himself dooms himself to loneliness, losing his beloved Cosette to Marius and voluntarily removing himself from her life so as not to interfere with her happiness.
V. Bykov “Obelisk”
Teacher Oles Moroz voluntarily went to execution with his students. He could have lived. But he could not leave the boys alone in the last hours, minutes of their execution, because for him this would mean betrayal of his students, betrayal of his moral principles.
A radio operator dies in an unequal battle with punitive forces. Klava, and wounded Levchuk, saves her newborn son, making his way through forests and swamps, going through inhuman torment.
V. Bykov “Sotnikov”
During the war, performing the next task of the commander of a partisan detachment, Sotnikov goes through difficult trials with honor and accepts death without renouncing his beliefs, and the Fisherman becomes a traitor, saving his life. In the face of death, a person remains as he really is. Here the depth of his convictions and his civic fortitude are tested.
B. Ekimov “Boy on a Bicycle”
One of the characters in the story, reflecting on the meaning of life, comes to the following conclusion: “A person, in general, needs a piece of bread and a mug of water. The rest is superfluous. Bread and water. This is where he lives. And a living soul."
Finding happiness in life
The hero understands that happiness is not in money, not in the world of material interests, but in life itself in his native land:
“I stayed at home for fifteen days. And this is equal to fifteen years of life. Long days, wise, happy. Go to Vikhlyaevskaya Mountain and sit, look, think. How grasses grow. How the clouds float. How does the lake live? This is human life. Work in the garden, weave fence in the yard. And live. Listen to the swallows, the wind. The sun rises for you, the dew falls, the rain - everything is good and sweet. Earn your bread with something and live. Live long and wisely, so that later, at the very edge, you don’t curse yourself, don’t grind your teeth.”
R. Bach “Jonathan Livingston Seagull”
A seagull named Jonathan Livingston has become a symbol of the limitless possibilities of someone who knows how to dream, believes in perfection and loves life.
Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Nature. Part 1.
The problem of nature, attitude towards nature, animals, struggle with the natural world, intervention in the natural world, the beauty of nature, the influence of nature on human character.
Is man the king of nature or a part? Why is consumerism towards nature dangerous? What can man's struggle with the natural world lead to? (V.P. Astafiev “Tsar Fish”)
Astafiev tells us an instructive story about a talented fisherman who has a natural flair that is useful for fishing. However, this hero also trades in poaching, exterminating countless fish. Through his actions, the hero causes irreparable damage to nature. The reason for these actions is not hunger. Utrobin acts this way out of greed.During one of these forays, he gets hooked by a poacher huge fish. Greed and ambition prevents the fisherman from calling his brother for help; he decides to catch a huge sturgeon at any cost. Over time, Ignatyich begins to go under water along with the fish. A turning point occurs in his soul, where he asks for forgiveness for all his sins before his brother, before the bride whom he offended. Having overcome greed, the fisherman calls his brother for help.
Ignatyich changes his attitude towards nature when he feels like the fish “tightly and carefully pressed against him with its thick and tender belly.” He understands that the fish is clinging to him because he is afraid of death just like him. He ceases to see in this living creature only a tool for profit. When the hero realizes his mistakes, liberation and cleansing of his soul from sins awaits him.
At the end of the story we see that nature has forgiven the fisherman and given him a new chance to atone for all his sins.
The struggle between Ignatyich and the king fish is a metaphor for the battle between man and nature, which takes place every day. By destroying nature, man dooms himself to extinction. By causing harm to nature, a person deprives himself of the environment of existence. By cutting down forests and destroying animals, man dooms himself to extinction.
This work also poses the question: can a person consider himself the king of nature. And Astafiev gives the answer: no, man is a part of nature, and not always the best. Only caring for nature can maintain the balance of life; countless destruction of what the world around us gives us can only lead to death. The pride of a person who imagines himself to be the “king of nature” only leads to destruction.
We need to love the world around us, exist in peace and harmony with it, respecting every living creature.