African Petrovich Bogaevsky - hereditary nobleman, Cossack commander, ataman, led the White Guard movement.
While abroad, he was known as a prominent figure - he organized the United Cossack Union. A gifted cavalry commander, the courageous officer was repeatedly awarded military decorations.
Biography
The year of birth of African Bogaevsky is 1873 (December 27), his homeland is the ancient village of Kamenskaya in the Donetsk district. His father, Pyotr Grigorievich, who defended Sevastopol, a wealthy military foreman, gave Africanus a decent education.
Study and start of service:
- In 1890 he completed his studies at the Novocherkassk Cadet Corps, and in 1992 he graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School.
Sergei Kuzmich Bunyachenko - a Red Army soldier since the revolution, a communist, a participant in the Civil War, a fighter against the Petliurites and Krasnovites.
He fought with Denikin and Makhnovists, Basmachi and Japanese.
During the Great Patriotic War, he commanded a division of the Russian liberation movement and served with the Germans with the rank of major general.
After the war, Bunyachenko was taken prisoner, the court accused him of betraying the Motherland and sentenced him to hanging, depriving him of all his merits.
Biography
- The year of birth of Sergei Bunyachenko is 1902, October 5.
- Father and mother are poor Ukrainian peasants - Cossacks.
- He spent his childhood in Korovyakovka: Kursk province.
Evgeny Fedorovich Dragunov is a hereditary gunsmith who became a designer.
He created samples of precision shooting rifles, both for combat and for participation in competitions.
Dragunov weapon models are still the best among sniper rifles.
Evgeniy Fedorovich was remembered as a non-conflict person with high feeling debt.
Today's specialist designers consider Dragunov a mentor and teacher. During his lifetime, the famous designer received the Lenin and State Prizes of the Russian Federation.
Vladimir Zelenovich May-Maevsky is an interesting and important personality in Russian history.
During the formation and formation Soviet Union his name was forgotten, like the names of other representatives white movement, but in the 70s of the last century, after the release of the film “His Excellency’s Adjutant,” many learned about the unique personality.
This happened thanks to prototype image Vladimir Zelenovich Kovalevsky, played by actor Vladislav Strzhelchik.
Biography
The biography of Vladimir Zelenovich May-Maevsky is interesting: in his life there are both ups and downs, there are good feedback from contemporaries, but there are opposing opinions.
Vladimir May-Mayevsky was born on September 15 (27), 1867 in St. Petersburg. The Mai-Maevsky family has ancient Polish roots.
Timofey Nikolaevich Domanov led the Cossack movement against Soviet power. Participated in the 1st and 2nd World Wars.
He was awarded the St. George medal and received the rank of major general in the Wehrmacht.
The life of Timofey Nikolaevich is mysterious and strange, with mistakes and merits. While fighting against the Soviets, Timofey Nikolaevich did not betray his homeland. The officer waged war against the regime of the new state, not recognizing the communists.
After Domanov was executed as a traitor to the Motherland.
Biography
Timofey Domanov was born in February 1887, on the Kalinovsky farm, which belonged to the station. Migulinskaya, Verkhne-Donskoy district. Father is a senior sergeant. At the age of 21 he served in the 12th Don Cossack Regiment as a messenger for Panfilov.
Sultan - Girey Klych - Russian military leader, anti-Bolshevik leader. Commander of the "Wild Division".
B acted in concert with the fascists.
Nobleman, princely family, ancestors - Crimean khans. Muslim faith, Nogai Sultan Giray was known as a courageous and valiant general - leader.
Biography
- Born- in 1880 in the village of Uyala, Maikop district, Kuban (Adyghe republic). Father: ensign, Crimean Shan Girey Sultan. In addition to Girey Klych, 4 more brothers grew up in the family.
- Studies: - Larinskaya gymnasium; cadet corps; Elisavetgrad cadet cavalry school (1897); 1909-1910 - staff - captain at the Officer Cavalry School, graduating with honors.
Anna Pavlova is one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century. Performed leading roles on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater.
The founder of the classics of Russian ballet, one of the pioneers of ballet impressionism, which changed the concept of dance art.
All her life, ballet came first for Anna. The dance legend has traveled half the world, glorifying Russian ballet.
Showcasing the art of ballet in places where audiences saw pointe dancing for the first time. With a remarkable performance, “The Dying Swan,” Pavlova showed the high standard of the ballet school.
Years of life
02/12/1881 - 01/23/1931
Fedor Vasilyevich Tokarev is a Tula gunsmith who is a designer of shooting weapons.
Famous for the creation of the Maxim light machine gun, the TT pistol and the self-loading rifle, which played significant role in the war.
Head of an experimental workshop at a weapons factory and doctor of technical sciences. Fyodor Vasilyevich has many awards and regalia.
Biography
Fyodor Tokarev was born in 1871. The family lived in Art. Mechetinskaya. Vasily and Efimya raised three children. Fedya went to parish school for 1 year, but at the insistence of his father, he left his studies and helped around the house.
Mikhail Krug (1962 - 2002) - domestic singer-songwriter. Nicknamed “the king of Russian chanson” for his many “thieves” hits. Within the framework of the “chanson” style, he is the most important and recognizable performer.
Date and place of birth
The singer's real name is Mikhail Vladimirovich Vorobyov. He was born in 1962 on April 7, in Tver - on Soviet time it was called Kalinin (in honor of the politician of the same name).
His family lived in the Proletarsky district of the city, where the famous “Morozov town” complex is located historical buildings late XIX - early XX centuries; Krug subsequently dedicated a song of the same name to him.
At birth, Mikhail weighed almost five kilograms. That's quite a lot. Because of this, the midwives immediately christened the newborn Misha, and the parents only supported them.
Viktor Tsoi - “A Star Called the Sun” cultural period at the end of the USSR.
A legend of Soviet rock culture, and a symbol of an entire generation, he knew how to set hearts on fire, and continues to do so to this day, even after his death.
Rapidly rising in the horizon of Russian rock and quickly fading away, he left a bright mark on history, associating his name with the time of Perestroika.
Life path " The last hero"was short, only 28 years old. A performer, author of brilliant lyrics, a talented musician, artist and actor - Tsoi is like the Leonardo da Vinci of rock.
1) S. Ezenstein, I. Bergman, L. Visconti, A. Tarkovsky.
Eisenstein strived to create a completely new, revolutionary cinematic art. Eisenstein wanted to place the working revolutionary masses at the center of the film. "Strike" was such a plotless and characterless film, summarizing the mass revolutionary experience of the strike struggle. In an effort to have a stronger impact on the viewer, Eisenstein built sharp, impressive episodes, calling them “attractions.” Using montage, he created film metaphors similar to literary ones. By combining the display of spies with close-ups of animals - a monkey, a bulldog, an owl, he ridiculed the enemies of the working class. By juxtaposing footage of the Cossacks dispersing a demonstration with footage showing the slaughter of a bull, he tried to metaphorically express the concept of “slaughter.” Not all experiments succeeded equally well, but still “Strike” was the first truly revolutionary film about the mass actions of the proletariat.
Eisenstein achieved unprecedented success with his second film, Battleship Potemkin (1925). The uprising of sailors on a warship in July 1905 in this film became the image of the first Russian revolution, tragically suppressed, but not defeated.
Ernst Ingmar Bergman born July 14, 1918 in Sweden, in the city of Uppsala. He graduated from Stockholm University, where he studied literature and art history. Bergman began working professionally in cinema in 1941, editing scripts. However, he soon wrote his own script called “Bullying,” which was filmed in 1944. Bergman later began making his own films. World recognition received his directorial works of the 50s and 60s - “Strawberry Field”, “The Seventh Seal”, “Smiles of a Summer Night”, “Silence”, “Persona”, these films brought Ingmar Bergman fame and respect from professionals. The outstanding director continued to work actively in cinema in the following decades, and wrote the scripts for almost all of his films himself. In the 70s and 80s, “Touch”, “Autumn Sonata”, “From the Life of Puppets”, “The Snake’s Egg”, “Fanny and Alexander” were released on the screens. In addition, Ingmar Bergman, who began his creative career as a theater director, subsequently did not part with the theater and staged plays by W. Shakespeare, G. Ibsen, A. Chekhov, A. Strindberg.
Visconti(Visconti) Luchino (b. November 2, 1906, Milan), Italian theater and film director, screenwriter. Born into an aristocratic family. He began working in cinema in 1936. He was part of a group of anti-fascist-minded young film critics, and spoke in anti-fascist film magazines ("Bianco and Nero", etc.). His first directorial work was the film "Obsession" (1942), based on the novel by the American writer J. Cain "The Postman Always Rings Twice." During World War II, Visconti Luchino participated in the Resistance Movement.
Visconti Luchino was one of the founders of neorealism. The most significant films: “The Earth Trembles” (1948), “The Most Beautiful” (1951), “Feeling” (1954), “Rocco and His Brothers” (1960), “The Leopard” (1962, based on the novel by J. T. Dee Lampedusa) and "The Damned" ("Death of the Gods", 1970).
Since 1945 he has also worked as a theater director. He staged the following plays: “Death of a Salesman” (1950) and “View from the Bridge” (1958) by Miller, “Three Sisters” (1952) and “Uncle Vanya” (1956) by Chekhov; operas "La Traviata" and "Il Trovatore" by Verdi, etc. A number of films by Visconti Luchino received awards at international film festivals.
Andremy Arsemnyevich Tarkomvsky(April 4, 1932, Yuryevets, Ivanovo region, RSFSR - December 29, 1986, Paris, France) - film director, screenwriter. According to many foreign critics, after Eisenstein this is the second most important Soviet director on his contribution to world cinema and influence on the history of its development.
2) A. Camus, E. Fromm, A. Schweitzer.
Camus Albert, French writer, publicist and philosopher, was born in 1913 in Mondovi (Algeria) into a working-class family. Actively involved in theater and social activities, collaborated in the left-wing press, published a collection of lyrical essays, “The Inside Out and the Face” (1937). In 1934-1937 was a member of the Communist Party.
In 1938, his novel “The Marriage” was published, after which Camus moved to France, to Paris, where he collaborated in the underground newspaper “Combat”. Camus published the philosophical essay “The Myth of Sisyphus,” comparing human existence with Sisyphean labor, arguing that the meaning of life lies in work and constant activity. In 1947, the novel “The Plague” was published, in which fascism is a symbol of evil and violence. Camus raises the same problems in the play "Caligula", which is based on the work of Suetonius "The Lives of the Twelve Caesars". In 1951, the book “The Rebel Man” was published, in which Camus sharply condemned dictatorship and totalitarianism in all their manifestations, including communism. In 1956, the story “The Fall” was published, in which the problems of guilt and repentance were considered in the spirit of the ethical standards of Christianity.
In 1957, Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his enormous contribution to literature, highlighting the importance of human conscience."
Fromm Erich, German-American psychologist and sociologist, representative of neo-Freudianism. Born on March 23, 1900 in Frankfurt am Main in the family of a Jewish wine merchant.
After graduating from high school, Fromm became one of the organizers of the Society for Jewish Public Education; in 1919 he entered the University of Heidelberg, from which he graduated in 1922, receiving a Ph.D. Under the influence of Z. Freud's theories, he became interested in psychoanalysis and abandoned the circle of previous values. He began to study Buddhism and combine psychoanalysis with practical medicine. For a number of years he practiced as a psychoanalyst, combining it with scientific and literary work, and since 1951 he has been a professor at a university in Mexico City.
Gradually Fromm moves away from Freud's biologism, approaching in his views anthropological psychologism and existentialism. Fromm's books on the direction of analytical social psychology, which he founded, which developed an integral concept of human personality and made the main object of study the mechanisms of interaction of psychological and social factors in the process of its formation, brought Fromm worldwide fame. Main works: "Escape from Freedom" (1941), "Fairy Tales, Myths and Dreams" (1951), "Healthy Society" (1955), "The Art of Loving" (1956), " Modern man and its future" (1959), "Freeing oneself from the captivity of illusions" (1962), "The Soul of Man" (1964), "Anatomy of Human Destructiveness" (1973), "To Have or to Be" (1976).
Schweitzer Albert, German-French thinker, theologian, physician, musicologist and organist; world famous for anti-war protests. Born on January 14, 1875 in Alsace, in Kaysersberg, in the family of a Lutheran priest. Having defended his doctoral dissertation “The Religious Philosophy of Kant” in 1901, he became a professor and then director of the Theological College of St. Thomas. In 1906 he published his main theological work, “The Question of the Historical Jesus.” Simultaneously with his scientific activities, he continued to gain fame as an organist and musicologist - in 1911 he received a doctorate in musicology for creating a biography of J. S. Bach. However, at the age of 22, Schweitzer vowed to study philosophy, music and theology only until he was 30, and to devote the rest of his life to direct service to humanity. In fulfillment of this oath, Schweitzer entered the medical college of the University of Strasbourg in 1905 and received a medical degree in 1911. In 1918 he returned to Europe and until 1924 he acted as a concert organist and wrote books, the most famous of which were “Philosophy of Culture. Decline and Revival of Civilization” and “Philosophy of Culture. Culture and Ethics” published in 1923. which became for Schweitzer the main work of his life and a platform for preaching his ideas.
In 1928, Schweitzer was awarded the Frankfurt Goethe Prize, and in 1952 the Nobel Peace Prize, with funds from which he built a leper colony at his hospital. At the end of his life he became an active fighter for nuclear disarmament and a complete ban on atomic weapons testing. Schweitzer died on September 4, 1965 in Lambarene.
3) Hemingway Ernest Miller, American writer, was born on July 21, 1899 near Chicago in the family of a wealthy doctor. He began writing poetry and stories early, therefore, after graduating from school (1917), he began working as a reporter for the Kansas newspaper "Star", but six months later he went to the front of the First World War, becoming a driver for the American Red Cross. Returning from the war, in 1920-1923. worked for the Canadian newspaper Toronto Daily Star, first as a local and then as a European reporter.
Hemingway's first book, a collection of short stories "In Our Time" (1925), was published in Paris, the following year the novel "The Sun Also Rises" ("Fiesta"), dedicated to " lost generation", as well as the novel "A Farewell to Arms!" (1929), which brought the author worldwide popularity.
During World War II, Hemingway returned to the US Army; At the end of the war, a noticeable decline again occurred in his work - a very weak and largely secondary novel “Across the River, in the Shade of the Trees” (1950) and the unfinished novel “Islands in the Ocean” (published 1970). However, in 1952, the story-parable “The Old Man and the Sea” appeared, which became the result of the writer’s work, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer (1953) and Nobel Prize (1954).
Francis Scott Kay Fitzgerald born September 24, 1896 in St. Paul (Minnesota) in the family of a small entrepreneur.
- 1920 - The first novel, This Side of Paradise, began during the First World War, is published. The plot of the novel is taken from the author's own life. "This Side of Paradise" shows a standard life scenario young man in the USA in the 1920s. The popularity of Fitzgerald's novel opens his way into the world great literature: his works begin to be published in prestigious magazines and newspapers, such as Scribner's, The Saturday Evening Post. In addition to fame, this work brings good income. Such unexpected changes in Fitzgerald's financial situation allowed him and Zelda to live so beautifully that Ring Lardner called them the prince and princess of their generation.
- 1922 - Fitzgerald's second novel, The Beautiful and Damned, is published, describing the torturous marriage of two gifted and attractive representatives of the artistic bohemians. A collection of short stories, Tales of the Jazz Age, is also being published.
- 1923 - the unsuccessful play “Vegetable” (Russian translation “Woah”) is published, which only brought losses.
- 1925 - Upon returning to Paris, Fitzgerald completes and publishes The Great Gatsby.
- 1926 - A collection of short stories, All These Sad Young Men, is published. His wife Zelda experiences several bouts of mental confusion and gradually goes crazy. It cannot be cured. Fitzgerald experiences a painful crisis and begins to drink heavily.
- 1934 - the novel “Tender Is the Night” is published - not devoid of autobiographical motives tragic story young psychiatrist Dick Diver, whose talent was ruined by wealth and the deceptive happiness of an idle and outwardly bright life.
- 1935 - collection of short stories “Wake Up Signals” (Top at Reveille).
- 1937 - Fitzgerald decides to become a screenwriter in Hollywood, where he meets Sheila Graham and falls in love with her. Last years Fitzgerald lives with her, although during regular drinking bouts he becomes violent and even cruel.
- December 21, 1940 - Fitzgerald died of a heart attack at his home in California.
- 1941 - Fitzgerald's unfinished novel The Last Tycoon, a brilliant account of the movie business, is published posthumously.
Russian chemist German Ivanovich (Herman Heinrich) Hess was born in Geneva into the family of an artist who soon moved to Russia. At the age of 15, Hess left for Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), where he studied first at a private school and then at a gymnasium, which he graduated with flying colors in 1822. Returning to Dorpat, Hess was assigned to Irkutsk, where he was to study medical practice. In Irkutsk, he also studied the chemical composition and medicinal effects of mineral waters, investigated the properties rock salt in the deposits of the Irkutsk province. In 1828, Hess was awarded the title of adjunct, and in 1830 - extraordinary academician of the Academy of Sciences. In the same year, he received the chair of chemistry at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where he developed a curriculum for practical and theoretical chemistry. In 1832-1849. was a professor at the Mining Institute and taught at the Artillery School. In the late 1820s - early 1830s. he taught the basics of chemical knowledge to Tsarevich Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II.
Hermann Hess gained worldwide fame as the founder of thermochemistry. The scientist formulated the basic law of thermochemistry - the “law of constancy of heat amounts”, which is an application of the law of conservation of energy to chemical processes. According to this law, the thermal effect of a reaction depends only on the initial and final states of the reagents, and not on the path of the process (Hess's law Hess also discovered the second law of thermochemistry - the law of thermoneutrality, according to which there is no thermal effect when mixing neutral salt solutions. Hess also worked on issues methods of teaching chemistry. His textbook “Foundations of Pure Chemistry” (1831) went through seven editions (the last one in 1849).
4) Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin- great Russian composer and pianist. In his music, Russia heard its present, saw its future... It seemed to his contemporaries that he left too early, leaving them on the path that he himself had outlined, without completing his plan, without reaching the goal. And at the age of three he was already sitting for hours at the instrument. The boy treated the piano as a living creature. He himself made them in childhood - small toy pianos... Anton Rubinstein, who once taught Scriabin's mother, who, by the way, was a brilliant pianist, was amazed by his musical abilities.
Scriabin began composing music early - at the age of seven he wrote his first opera, calling it after the girl with whom he was then in love. Scriabin begins to tour early and successfully. First trip abroad - Berlin, Dresden, Lucerne, Genoa. Then Paris. Reviewers, as well as the public, are favorable to him. “He is all impulse and sacred flame,” writes one. “He reveals in his playing the elusive and peculiar charm of the Slavs - the first pianists in the world,” says another. At the same time, Scriabin writes a lot, and his works immediately enter the repertoire of other pianists. In 1897, his famous Second Sonata (there will be 10 in total) and Concerto for Piano and Orchestra were completed. In the same year, he married V.I. Isakovich, a brilliant pianist, also a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory. They have known each other for a long time, they have common interests, but the marriage will be unsuccessful and will end in divorce after seven years.
D. Shostakovich- One of major composers of our time, an outstanding pianist, teacher and public figure Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich was born in St. Petersburg on September 25 (12 old style) September 1906.
Father is a chemical engineer and a music lover. The mother is a gifted pianist who gave her son initial piano skills. The boy began composing at the age of 9. In 1923 D. Shostakovich graduated from the conservatory as a pianist, and in 1925 as a composer. His thesis was the "First Symphony", which marked the beginning of the author's world fame. After its premiere in Leningrad in 1926, critics started talking about Shostakovich as an artist capable of filling the void left in Russian music due to the emigration of S.V. Rachmaninov, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Prokofiev.
During these same years, D. Shostakovich gave concerts as a pianist. In 1927 he took part in the 1st International Piano Competition. Chopin in Warsaw, where he was awarded an honorary diploma.
In 1932, D. Shostakovich completed work on the score of the opera "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk", which in 1934 was staged in Leningrad and Moscow and was called "Katerina Izmailova". The opera was staged in theaters in North America and Europe.
L. Armstrong - Real name: Louis Daniel Armstrong
Great American jazz musician, trumpeter, cornetist, vocalist, bandleader, composer. He grew up in a poor, dysfunctional family. Since childhood, he was forced to earn his own living as a newspaper seller, coal delivery man, junk dealer, and the like. In Storeville (New Orleans' "entertainment district") I heard many early jazz musicians, sang in a street vocal ensemble, and also played drums. For a random mischievous act, shooting on the street with a pistol stolen from a policeman - one of his mother’s “visitors”, he ended up in a correctional home in 1913. Here, despite the difficulties, he began to study music, mastered the altohorn and cornet, and performed in brass band and choir.
After his release, he returned home, made infrequent earnings, played in bars with amateur ensembles, and continued to study with New Orleans musicians. Thanks to his acquaintance with “King” Oliver and on his recommendation, he was accepted into the orchestra of “Kid” Ory to replace Oliver, who had left for Chicago. During this period he became a professional musician. In November 1925, Louis began recording with the Hot Five studio ensembles he created. In the 1930s he made a number of tours to Europe and North Africa, which brought him wide fame not only abroad, but also at home. Previously in the USA it was popular mainly among the black public.
5) Einstein Albert, German physicist, creator of the theory of relativity and one of the creators of quantum theory and statistical physics. Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm in the family of a co-owner of an electromechanical enterprise. In high school I became interested in philosophy, mathematics and popular literature on astronomy. Graduated from the Zurich Polytechnic Institute (1900), in 1902-1909. -- expert at the Federal Patent Office in Bern. Here Einstein published his first scientific works, one of which, “A New Determination of the Size of Molecules” (1905), was defended by him at the University of Zurich as a doctoral dissertation. In those same years, Einstein developed and proved the general principles of the theory of relativity, which put an end to the so-called. "Newtonian physics", carries out research on statistical physics, Brownian motion, radiation theory, etc. These works brought the scientist wide fame: in 1909 he became a professor at the University of Zurich, in 1911-1912. -- German University in Prague. In 1912, Einstein returned to Zurich and took up a chair at the Zurich Polytechnic. The following year he was elected a member of the Prussian and Bavarian Academy of Sciences and in 1914 moved to Berlin, where until 1933 he was both the director of the Physics Institute and a professor at the University of Berlin. During this period he completes the creation general theory relativity and develops the quantum theory of radiation. In 1921, for the discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect and work in the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and Photochemistry.
With the Nazis coming to power in Germany, Einstein, in protest against fascism in 1933, renounced his German citizenship, left the academy and emigrated to the USA, where he became a member of the Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies. Einstein's scientific works played a major role in the development of modern physics, being the basis of quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory, atomic and nuclear physics, elementary particle physics and other branches of physics and astrophysics. Died April 18, 1955 in Princeton.
Vernadsky Georgy Vladimirovich- the largest historian of Russian diaspora. He was born on August 20, 1887 in St. Petersburg, but spent his childhood and youth in Moscow, where his father, the outstanding Russian scientist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945), was a professor at Moscow University. Even in his student years, along with the topic of Freemasonry, he was interested in studying the influences of the East on Russian history, to which he devoted several early articles. In the future, this topic will become the leading one in his scientific work. During civil war G. Vernadsky, together with his wife Nina Vladimirovna, leaves the capital and moves first to Perm (in 1918-1920 he works as a professor of history at the newly opened Perm University), and then to the Tauride University in Simferopol. For several months he headed the press department in the government of General Wrangel.
After the evacuation from Crimea, G. Vernadsky lived in Athens for about a year, where he studied sources on Byzantine history in the archives, and then moved to Prague, where he received the position of professor of the history of Russian law at the Russian Faculty of Law. The main works of G. Vernadsky created during the existence of the Eurasian movement were such works as “Inscriptions of Russian History” (1927), “The Experience of the History of Eurasia from the Half of the 6th Century to the Present” (1934), “Links of Russian Culture” (1938) .
Wiener Norbert ( November 26, 1894, Columbia, pc. Missouri - March 18, 1964, Stockholm), American mathematician. In his fundamental work “Cybernetics” (1948), he formulated its main provisions. Wiener is the author of works on mathematical analysis, probability theory, electrical networks and computer technology. Wiener formulated the basic principles of a new science - cybernetics, the subject of which was control, communication and information processing in technology, living organisms and human society.
6) S. Dali- On May 11, 1904, a boy was born into the family of Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech, who was destined to become one of the greatest geniuses of the era of surrealism in the future. His name was Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali. Dali spent his childhood in Catalonia, in northeastern Spain, the most beautiful corner of the globe.
Dali showed a talent for painting at a young age. At the age of four, he tried to draw with surprising diligence for such a small child. Salvador Dali painted his first painting when he was 10 years old. It was a small impressionist landscape painted on a wooden board with oil paints. Already at the age of 14, it was impossible to doubt Dali’s ability to draw.
When Dali was almost 15 years old, he was expelled from the monastic school for obscene behavior. But he was able to successfully pass all the exams and enter college (as in Spain they called a school that provides a completed secondary education). He managed to graduate from the institute in 1921 with excellent grades. He then entered the Madrid Academy of Art
At the age of sixteen, Dali began to put his thoughts on paper. From that time on, painting and literature were equally parts of him. creative life. In 1919, in his homemade publication "Studio", he published essays on Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Michelangelo and Leonardo. Participates in student unrest, for which he goes to prison for a day.
The school of painting in which he studied gradually disappointed him and in 1926 Dali was expelled from the academy for his freethinking. In the same 1926, Salvador Dali went to Paris, trying to find something he liked there. Having joined the group united around Andre Breton, he began to create his first surreal works ("Honey is Sweeter than Blood" 1928; "Bright Joys" 1929)
At the beginning of 1929, the premiere of the film “Un Chien Andalou” took place, based on the script by Salvador Dali and Luis Buñuel. The script itself was written in six days! After the scandalous premiere of this film, another film called “The Golden Age” was conceived.
In January 1931, the second film, The Golden Age, premiered in London.
By 1934, Gala had already divorced her husband, and Dali could marry her. The amazing thing about this married couple was that they felt and understood each other. Gala, in the literal sense, lived the life of Dali, and he, in turn, deified her and admired her.
Between 1936 and 1937, Salvador Dali painted one of his most famous paintings, The Metamorphosis of Narcissus.
In 1953, a large retrospective exhibition of Salvador Dali took place in Rome. It presents 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors!
In 1973, the Dali Museum was opened in Figueres. This incomparable surreal creation still delights visitors to this day. Salvador Dali can safely be called unique the greatest genius surrealism of the 20th century!
Pablo Picasso(Ruiz y Picasso) (Picasso) (October 25, 1881, Malaga - April 8, 1973, Mougins, Alpes-Maritimes), French artist, Spanish by birth.
"Blue" and "pink" periods.
The years of travel between Paris and Barcelona (1901-1904) saw the so-called “blue period”: blue shades predominated in the master’s palette. The paintings of this period are characterized by images of poverty, melancholy and sadness (Picasso believed that “he who is sad is sincere”); people’s movements are slow, they seem to be listening to themselves (“The Absinthe Drinker,” 1901; “Date,” 1902, both in the Hermitage; “An Old Beggar with a Boy,” 1903, Museum fine arts, Moscow). In the next period, called the “pink” period, scenes of friendship and admiring the beauty of the naked body appear. A work of the transitional period - from “blue” to “pink” - “Girl on a Ball” (1905, Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow).
In 1907, Picasso created the composition "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (Museum contemporary art, New York) is a large panel, the characters of which - visitors and girls of a brothel in the Barcelona quarter of Avignon (as the poet A. Salmon, who gave the name to the work, believed) - appear as sexless creatures, some kind of frightening idols. “Cubist secret writing” appears in the compositions: encrypted phone numbers, house numbers, scraps of lovers’ names, street names, zucchini shops. Picasso uses collage - pasting advertisements, labels and newspaper clippings into canvas; over time, the volume of foreign material in the painting increases (sprinkling with sand, installing pieces of wood and metal, glass fragments, using plaster, etc.). Neoclassicism.
Already in the painting “The Artist and His Model” (1914) and in a number of drawings, Picasso’s interest in precise contours and plastic forms was evident. After three or four years, neoclassical and realistic tendencies become obvious to everyone. The master makes some drawings from photographs.
Surrealism.
Thus, in the mid-1920s, he experienced the influence of surrealism - he painted several canvases depicting women on the beach, in the interpretation of the forms of which he combined the geometric manner of cubism with emphasized vital elements. He continues to actively engage in sculpture, combining impressions of African sculpture with the techniques of cubism and surrealism. In 1930, the artist made a series of 30 etchings for Ovid's Metamorphoses. In 1930-1937 he created the Vollard Suite;
Post-war period.
In 1944, Picasso became a member of the French Communist Party; in the first post-war Salon of Liberation, an entire hall was dedicated to his works. In 1950 he painted the famous “Dove of Peace”, in 1951 he painted the painting “The Korean War” (collection of the artist’s family). Creates a number of works for the Grimaldi Museum in Antibes, which soon receives the name “Picasso Museum”. In the 1960s, Picasso painted original variations on the themes of famous paintings by famous masters of the past (Las Meninas by Velazquez, Execution of the Rebels by Goya, Luncheon on the Grass by Manet, etc.). Picasso had a tremendous influence on artists from all over the world, becoming the most famous master in the art of the 20th century.
Malevich Kazimir Severinovich(1878, Kyiv - 1935, Leningrad) - avant-garde artist. In 1907, his first participation, known from catalogs, took place in the exhibition of the Moscow Association of Artists, where, in addition to works by Malevich, paintings by V. V. Kandinsky and others were presented. Malevich worked a lot on canvases of a new painting system, which he called “Suprematism” (“Black Square”, 1913), the principles of which were set out by him in the manifesto brochure “From Cubism to Suprematism. New pictorial realism". After February Revolution 1917 Malevich was elected chairman of the Art Section of the Moscow Union of Soldiers' Deputies. He developed a project for the creation of the People's Academy of Arts, was a commissioner for the protection of ancient monuments and a member of the Commission for the Protection of artistic values Kremlin. After the October Revolution, he created the scenery and costumes for the production of “Mystery-bouffe” by V.V. Mayakovsky, wrote a theoretical work “On New Systems in Art”, together with Chagall in Vitebsk he led a workshop in Narodnaya art school, participated in exhibitions. In 1922 he completed the manuscript “Suprematism.” In 1930, his works were exhibited in Austria and Germany; he gave a course of lectures on the theory of painting at the Leningrad House of Arts.
7) J. Lennon- (full name John Winston Lennon) was born on October 9, 1940 in Liverpool, UK, died on December 8, 1980 in New York, USA. In the summer of 1956, John Lennon met Paul McCartney - they began writing songs and tried to put together groups, the last of which was The Beatles. Even before The Beatles officially broke up in 1970 (John wanted to leave the group earlier), he began solo work, which took place mainly in collaboration with his second wife Yoko Ono. The first one was released in November 1966 solo album John Lennon (with Yoko Ono). At the end of 1970, the first album of the new group was released. The epigraph to this album - and the artist’s entire subsequent life - can be considered a phrase from the song “God”: “I don’t believe in The Beatles, I only believe in myself, Yoko and myself.” In October 1971, John Lennon recorded his best album, “Imagine,” which instantly took the top line in the charts in England and the United States.
English rock band Rolling Stones was founded in 1962 in London. Its original lineup included singer Mick Jagger, guitarist Keith Richard, Brian Jones and Ian Stewart.
At the beginning of 1964, negative reviews about the group appeared in the press, which were caused, to put it mildly, by the inappropriate behavior of the musicians, as well as the length of their hair. However, the musicians continued to work. Their first album, “Rolling Stones,” was released in 1964; their third single, “Not Fade Away,” was a bizarre mosaic from the repertoire of Buddy Holly and Bo Diddley, adorned with Jagger’s spectacular voice.
Her contribution to world rock cannot be overestimated; the ROLLING STONES have long become cult figures.
The twentieth century was one of the brightest and most terrible in the history of mankind. People lived and made history in it, whose activities are still hotly debated (Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, Lavrentiy Beria, etc.). Moreover, some personalities are perceived better over the years.
All-Russian Center for Study public opinion I decided to find out which personalities of the 20th century Russians consider their idols. And here's who made it into the top ten.
Tenth place in Russian list the most popular people of the 20th century are divided by the author " Quiet Don", "The Fate of Man", "Virgin Soil Upturned", "They Fought for the Motherland", and a Soviet figure skater, ten-time world champion. Mostly women voted for Rodnina (14% versus 4% of male votes).
It is curious that in 1973 Sholokhov signed the Group’s Letter Soviet writers to the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper, speaking out against the anti-Soviet activities and speeches of two other Russian idols of the 20th century - Sakharov (8th place on the list) and Solzhenitsyn (6th place).
9. Mikhail Bulgakov
The candidacy of Mikhail Bulgakov is more popular among women than among men (12% versus 8%, respectively). Either this is because ladies read more, or because they are more prone to mysticism, which the great writer was so generous with.
8. Andrei Sakharov and Andrei Mironov
Andrei Sakharov is one of the creators hydrogen bomb, and later an ardent fighter for peace, and Andrei Mironov, who embodied many characters on the screen - from the insidious but charming Kozodoev in “The Diamond Arm” to the shy Mr. Fest in “The Man from the Boulevard des Capuchins”, are completely different from each other.
7. Vladimir Lenin
One can perceive the personality of one of the leaders of the October Revolution of 1917 in different ways. However, it is impossible to deny the achievements that the country made during his time in power. Here is a far from complete list of them:
- electrification of Russia began;
- class inequality was abolished;
- aerodynamics, electrical engineering, automotive engineering and a number of other scientific areas vital for the country developed;
- the militia was created and new army- Red Army;
- Most of the territories lost during the First World War and the Civil War returned to the state;
- According to Lenin's recommendations, the USSR was created in 1922.
6. Alexander Solzhenitsyn
The Nobel laureate and author of the book “The Gulag Archipelago”, which for some became a revelation, and for others - “deeply anti-Soviet”, used to be in fifth place in the ranking of Russian idols of the 20th century. Now the situation has changed, he lost 2% of the vote (14% left). The inclusion of Solzhenitsyn in the school curriculum may contribute to the growth of his popularity, as will be seen in the results of the next survey.
In the meantime, in hometown writer - Rostov-on-Don - more than 70% of the townspeople spoke out against the appearance of his monument. It was planned to be installed on December 11, 2018, Solzhenitsyn’s birthday. At the same time, people were not only outraged on Internet forums, but also took to the city streets with banners, demanding that a monument not be erected to a person who “denigrated the history of the country.”
5. Joseph Stalin
The wind of history is slowly sweeping away the debris from the grave of one of the greatest rulers of Russia, who “took over the country with a plow and left with atomic bomb" In 1999, Stalin was chosen as the idol of the twentieth century by 14% of respondents, while in 2018 - already 16%. Most admirers of the Secretary General among the eldest age group(25% versus 15% of young respondents).
In 2008, Stalin led the "Name of Russia" project, which aimed to identify the most popular characters in the country's history. The top three also included Vladimir Lenin and the last Russian autocrat, Nicholas II. However, then the voting was stopped, and its results were canceled due to hacker attacks and other problems. During the television debate on December 28, Alexander Nevsky was chosen “In the Name of Russia.”
4. Leo Tolstoy
Surprisingly, it was not the older generation who voted for the great Russian writer and humanist, but the youth (20-21% versus 11%). What is the reason for this: impressions of “War and Peace”, watching one of the film adaptations of “Anna Karenina” or the dream of learning as freely as the children in the Yasnaya Polyana school - who knows.
3. Georgy Zhukov
The personality of this great man is very ambiguous. He had all the necessary qualities for a brilliant military leader: strong will, courage, determination, a broad strategic outlook and rich military experience gained during the First World War, the Civil War and the Soviet-Japanese conflict of 1939.
During the Great Patriotic War, the marshal led the most important operations, such as Operation Bagration, thanks to which Belarus was liberated.
However, the same Zhukov was accused of “taking the path of looting”, ordering his subordinates to take out a lot of trophy valuables from Germany for personal needs, as well as of “licentiousness.” He did not hesitate to live large when the country had just experienced the most terrible war in its history. Largely thanks to him, Nikita Khrushchev came to power, who subsequently “thanked” Zhukov by sending him to resign.
2. Vladimir Vysotsky
The popularly beloved Zheglov from “The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed” and a brilliant songwriter passed away early. However, his songs still sound and will continue to sound for a long time. Among them there are funny, philosophical, and piercingly sad. But all the songs have one thing in common - a combination of simple rhymes that are understandable even to a child, wisdom, and a strong moral message. And many singers try to copy Vysotsky’s original style of performance, but no one has succeeded completely.
1. Yuri Gagarin
Here he is, the main idol of the 20th century for the people of Russia. 35% of respondents cast their votes for the first cosmonaut on Earth. There was nationwide euphoria in the USSR when the first manned space flight successfully took place on April 12, 1961. And everyone was happy not only because they managed to overtake their main rivals - the United States. And also because a new, cosmic era of human development was beginning.
Gagarin instantly became a national idol, and April 12 was forever included in the Russian calendar as “Cosmonautics Day.” To this day, the phrase “Let’s go”, uttered by Yuri during the launch of the manned spacecraft “Vostok”, is a catchphrase.
There are monuments to the first Soviet cosmonaut not only in Russia, but also in other countries of the world: the USA (in Houston), England (London), Montenegro, and Cyprus (Nicosia).
Complete list of idols according to VTsIOM data
| Choose three people who could most rightly be called “Russian idols of the 20th century?” (closed question, no more than 3 answers, % of all respondents) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 2010 | 2018 | |
| Yuri Gagarin | 30 | 35 | 44 |
| Vladimir Vysotsky | 31 | 31 | 28 |
| Georgy Zhukov | 26 | 20 | 27 |
| Joseph Stalin | 14 | 16 | 22 |
| Alexander Solzhenitsyn | 16 | 14 | 14 |
| Lev Tolstoy | 16 | 17 | 13 |
| Maya Plisetskaya | 7 | 8 | 13 |
| Vladimir Lenin | 16 | 13 | 12 |
| Andrey Sakharov | 26 | 12 | 11 |
| Irina Rodnina | 7 | 9 | 11 |
| Mikhail Sholokhov | 7 | 9 | 10 |
| Michael Bulgakov | 7 | 10 | 9 |
| Anton Chekhov | 6 | 8 | 9 |
| Andrey Mironov | 20 | 12 | 8 |
| Lev Yashin | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Fyodor Chaliapin | 7 | 5 | 5 |
| Joseph Brodsky | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| Lyubov Orlova | 10 | 7 | 4 |
| Vasily Chapaev | 6 | 4 | 4 |
| Dmitry Shostakovich | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Ilya Repin | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | 7 | 3 | 2 |
| Other | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| I find it difficult to answer | 4 | 9 | 5 |
Those who left their mark on history are remembered for centuries. Undoubtedly, all of these outstanding individuals were ambitious, self-confident and purposeful.
At the same time, they are people just like the rest of us - with hidden fears, childhood grievances and a desire to express themselves to the world. So let's remember once again what they were like...
1. Vladimir Lenin (04/22/1870-01/21/1924)
Country RussiaVladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) is a Russian revolutionary who dreamed of leading the country to communism. His childhood was spent in Simbirsk. When Vladimir was 17 years old, his older brother was hanged, proving his involvement in a conspiracy against Tsar Alexander III. This made a painful impression on the child and influenced the formation of his worldview. After finishing school, Ulyanov (Vladimir’s real name) studied abroad, and upon his return founded the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Proletariat. It was created by him printed edition"Iskra", from whose pages communist ideology emanated.
I was in exile. After the revolution in February 1917, he returned to his homeland, where he headed the new government. He is the founder of the Red Army, replacing War Communism with the less onerous New Economic Policy.
2. Adolf Hitler (04/20/1889 – 04/30/1945)
Country: GermanyAdolf Hitler is perhaps one of the most terrible people in history. He was an Austrian by origin; his direct ancestors were peasants. Only his father managed to become an official.
During the First World War he was in the service. He was distinguished by frailty and sycophancy, but masterfully mastered the art of oratory. In the post-war period he worked as a spy, infiltrating gang formations of communists and leftist forces.
He was a participant in a meeting of the German Workers' Party, where he became imbued with the ideas of National Socialism and identified the main enemy - the Jews. The way of thinking of one person subsequently led to millions of casualties and broken destinies of people of various nationalities.
In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. After the death of the German President, he was given the powers of government, which, as we know, ended in terrible, bloody events for the whole world. It is believed that Hitler committed suicide, although there is a theory about the death of his double.
3. Joseph Stalin (12/18/1878-03/05/1953)
Country: USSRJoseph Stalin is a cult figure for an entire era, surrounded by an aura of mystery. 30 variants of pseudonyms, changing the date of birth, hiding one’s noble roots - these are not all the secrets of the great leader.
During his reign, a different opinion was equated to a crime - many executions were carried out, the camps were overcrowded. On the other hand, the totalitarian leadership made it possible to raise the USSR from the ruins of the civil war in record time and win the Great Patriotic War.
4. Mahatma Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948)
Country: IndiaMahatma Gandhi is one of the most outstanding people, a peacemaker who fought aggression with the help of his “aimed” words. He became the father of the entire nation, the “pious soul” of the whole world, and ardently defended human rights.
His personality and ideology were formed under the influence of the Mahabharata, books and correspondence with Leo Tolstoy, and the philosophical teachings of G.D. Thoreau. He fought against caste inequality, organized the movement “Independence of India from Britain,” and tried to resolve the conflict that arose between Muslims and Hindus living in Pakistan using non-violent principles.
5. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (05/19/1881 – 11/10/1938)
Country: TürkiyeMustafa Kemal is considered the father of Turkey, where his personality is honored, remembered and monuments are erected in almost every city. He organized secret societies to combat the corruption of military officials, was the initiator of the liberation movement against the Anglo-Greek intervention, and also abolished the sultanate, introducing a republican form of government.
Kemal is a supporter of a moderate dictatorship. He tried to reform the state along the lines of Western countries. Thanks to his efforts, women's rights were equalized with men's.
6. Konrad Adenauer (01/05/1876 – 04/19/1967)
Country: Germany (Germany)Konrad Adenauer is the first Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, a ruler with positive features in the new history of Germany. During the Nazis' rise to power, Adenauer resigned from his positions due to his personal dislike of Hitler. Since he was an opponent of the regime, he was arrested by the Gestapo. After the end of World War II, he headed the Christian Democratic Union and was Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963.
An energetic and strong-willed politician, a supporter of an authoritarian management style with the simultaneous presence of tough and flexible leadership methods, he was able to raise the country from ruins. The pace of development of the Federal Republic of Germany was far ahead of the GDR. Konrad Adenauer was loved by the people and had the nickname “Der Alte” (“The Old Man” or “The Master”).
7. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (11/30/1874 – 01/24/1965)
Country: UKOne of the most prominent people in Great Britain, a long-liver in the political arena. Churchill twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
His activities were not limited to politics. Winston, son of the Duke of Marlborough, was a versatile personality: historian, artist and writer (honored Nobel Prize on literature). Churchill was the first to be made an honorary US citizen.
8. Charles de Gaulle (11/22/1890 – 11/9/1970)
Country: FranceFamous French politician, first president of the Fifth Republic. He headed the anti-Hitler coalition, and in 1944-1946 he was the head of the provisional government of France. On his initiative, a new constitution was prepared in 1958, which expanded the rights of the president.
Of particular importance is withdrawal from NATO and French-Soviet cooperation. Supported the creation of our own nuclear forces.
9. Mikhail Gorbachev (03/02/1931)
Country: USSRMikhail Gorbachev is the first and only president of the USSR, a politician who wanted to make the country more open and democratic. The restructuring of the state, which was started by Mikhail Gorbachev, became a difficult period for all people of the post-Soviet space. The collapse of the USSR, the decline of the economy, unemployment - all this is well remembered by people who lived at the end of the 20th century.
The undoubted success of Mikhail Sergeevich was his meetings with Ronald Reagan and the first steps towards ending the Cold War with the United States. In 1991, Gorbachev announced that he was leaving the post of President, transferring powers to Boris Yeltsin.
10. Vladimir Putin (07.10.1952)
Country RussiaVladimir Putin - an outstanding politician Russian Federation, successor of Boris Yeltsin. Today, Vladimir Putin leads the country for the third time. Coming from a simple working-class family, he was in the service of the KGB. He worked in the state security agencies of Dresden in the GDR. In 1991, he returned to his homeland, St. Petersburg, where he headed the external relations committee of the mayor's office.
Putin managed to stabilize the situation in Chechnya and adhere to social priorities during the economic crisis of 2008. The third term of the president was crowned with active actions to return Crimea to Russia in connection with the refusal of the population to obey the new illegitimate government in Ukraine. This situation was not accepted by the heads of European countries.
The editors of the site recommend that you read the article about the highest paid professions in our country.
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The history of the 20th century is full of events of world significance. This century can rightfully be called a turning point due to the concentration of events that completely changed the course of events in the political, economic, national, and cultural development of states.
The 20th century is the time of the collapse of all empires in the world, the fall of the colonial system, the emergence of new, original cultural movements, and great revolutions. It is impossible not to note two world wars, which became a factor in the formation of the most powerful blocs in the international arena. In the course of changes in the political and economic system in many countries, new political trends, cultural and social norms. The view of the world and understanding of the essence of power, religion, and the role of man in the world order changed.
One cannot underestimate the importance of outstanding, charismatic personalities who changed the course of events with their actions and decisions. We are talking about rulers of states, leaders of revolutions, cultural figures, military men, creators of well-known ideological movements. There were such personalities in many countries, and history will not forget their contribution and development of society.
Adenauer Konrad | Federal Chancellor of Germany (1949-1963), one of the founders (1946) and in 1950-1966. Chairman of the CDU, made a significant contribution to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the restoration of the German economy after World War II |
Arafat Yasser | Head of the Palestinian National Authority (since 1996), Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (since 1969) |
Brandt Willy | Federal Chancellor of Germany (1969-1974), Chairman of the SPD (1964-1987), Chairman of the Socialist International since 1976, played a prominent role in normalizing relations with the socialist. European countries, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1971) |
Walesa Lech | President of Poland (1990-1995), one of the founders (1980) and leader of the Solidarity trade union, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1983) |
Wilson Woodrow | President of the United States (1913-1921), passed a number of liberal laws, put forward the idea of creating a union of states after World War I (“Fourteen Points”), Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1920) |
Havel Vaclav | President of Czechoslovakia (1989-1992), President of the Czech Republic since 1993, playwright, human rights activist |
Gandhi Mohandas (Mahatma) | Leader and ideologist of the Indian national liberation movement, developed tactics of non-violent struggle in the form of civil disobedience, killed by a member of a Hindu extremist organization |
Hindenburg Paul | President of Germany since 1925, Field Marshal General, in 1914 he commanded the troops of the Eastern Front, since 1916 - Chief of the General Staff, in 1933 he transferred power to the National Socialists |
Hitler (Schicklgruber) Adolf | Fuhrer of the NSDAP from 1921, head of the German state from 1933 (Reich Chancellor), recognized at the Nuremberg trials as the main Nazi war criminal, committed suicide |
de Gaulle Charles | President of France (1959-1969), in 1940 he founded the patriotic movement "Free France", in 1944-1946. - head of the Provisional Government of France, on his initiative the Constitution of 1958 was created, which made France a presidential republic |
Dawes Charles | Vice President of the United States (1925-1929), banker, headed the international committee of experts that developed the so-called. Dawes plan |
Dubcek Alexander | First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969), one of the initiators of the Prague Spring, expelled from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, since 1989 Chairman of the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia |
Deng Xiaoping | Chairman of the Central Commission of Advisors of the Communist Party of China CPC (1982-1987), Chairman of the Central Military Council of the People's Republic of China (1983-1990); one of the founders of the Chinese Red Army, in 1956-1966. Secretary General Central Committee of the CPC, after the start of the “cultural revolution” was persecuted, in 1977, returned to leadership, initiator of economic reform in China |
John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) | Pope from 1978 to 2005 |
Carter James (Jimmy) | President of the United States (1977-1981), signed the SALT II treaty with the USSR, organizer of the Camp David Agreement |
Castro Fidel | Chairman of the State Council and Council of Ministers of the Republic of Cuba since 1976, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba since 1965; in 1953 he led an armed uprising against the dictatorial regime of Batista, in 1959 he came to power, Prime Minister of the Revolutionary Government of Cuba (1959-1976), declared his goal to build socialism |
Kennedy John | US President (1961-1963), leaned towards a more realistic course in relations with the USSR; killed in Dallas |
Clemenceau Georges | Prime Minister of France (1906-1909, 1917-1920), chairman of the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920), sought to establish French military-political dominance in Europe |
Kohl Helmut | Federal Chancellor of Germany (1982-1998), Chairman of the CDU (1973-1998), achieved the modernization of the German economy and the unification of Germany (1990) |
Lloyd George David | Prime Minister of Great Britain (1916-1922), held a number of ministerial posts (1905-1915), introduced a number of social laws into parliament |
Mandela Nelson | President of South Africa (1994-1999), active fighter against apartheid, sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, released in 1990, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1993), President of the African National Congress |
Mao Zedong | Chairman of the CPC Central Committee since 1943, one of the founders of the CPC, under his leadership the “Great Leap Forward” policy and the so-called were carried out. cultural revolution, which caused great damage to the development of China |
Marshall George | General, state US Secretary (1947-1949), Secretary of Defense, initiator of the program (Marshall Plan) for the restoration and development of Europe after World War II, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1953) |
Milosevic Slobodan | President of Serbia (1992-1997), President of Yugoslavia since 1997, Chairman of the Main Committee of the Socialist Party of Serbia since 1990. |
Mitterrand Francois | President of France (1981-1995), participant in World War II and the Resistance movement, First Secretary of the French Socialist Party (1971-1981) |
Mussolini Benito | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943), began his political career in the Socialist Party, founded and led the Fascist Party (1919), executed |
Nehru Jawaharlal | Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of India since 1947, “builder of a new independent India”, associate of Mahatma Gandhi |
Pinochet Augusto | General, seized power as a result of a military coup (1973), President of Chile (1974-1989), Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces (1973-1974, 1989-1998) |
Reagan Ronald | President of the United States (1981-1989), Hollywood film actor, governor of California (1967-1975), pursued a monetarist course of cost reduction and a balanced budget, and in relations with the USSR moved from confrontation to a policy of détente |
Roosevelt Theodore | President of the United States (1901-1909), pursued a policy of government regulation in the economy and an expansionist course in Latin America |
Roosevelt Franklin | President of the United States (1933-1945), led the United States out of the economic crisis (“New Deal”), made a significant contribution to the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition and the UN |
Zapata Emiliano | Leader of the peasant movement in the Mexican Revolution (1910-1917), general, treacherously assassinated |
Sun Yat-sen | Chinese politician, created the Tongmenghui organization in 1905, leader of the revolution of 1911-1912, first president of the Republic of China (1912), founder of the Kuomintang party (1912) |
Tito Josip Broz | Head of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Communist League) since 1937, Supreme Commander of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (1941-1945), head of the government of Yugoslavia since 1945, President of Yugoslavia since 1953, marshal, one of the leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement, put forward his model of socialism |
Thatcher Margret | Prime Minister of Great Britain (1979-1990), leader of the Conservative Party (1975-1990), pursued a tough monetarist policy |
Franco Bahamonde Francisco | Leader of the Spanish phalanx (1937-1975), head of the Spanish state (caudillo) (1939-1975), dictator, led a rebellion against the Spanish Republic in 1936 |
Khomeini Ruhollah | The leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1979, Ayatollah (the highest spiritual rank of Shiites), led the 1979 revolution. |
Hussein Saddam | President of the Republic of Iraq, head of government and supreme commander, marshal since 1979. |
Chiang Kai-shek | Head of the Kuomintang government since 1927, Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese Army since 1935, Generalissimo, after the overthrow of his government in China (1949) headed the government in Taiwan |
Churchill Winston | Prime Minister of Great Britain (1940-1945 and 1951-1955), several times minister since 1908, one of the initiators of the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition, a resolute opponent of totalitarianism, Nobel Prize laureate in literature (1953) |
Eisenhower Dwight | President of the United States (1953-1961), general, supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in the West. Europe (1943-1945) |