A list of them will be given in this article. It also contains information about the types of wind instruments and the principle of extracting sound from them.
Wind instruments
These are pipes that can be made of wood, metal or any other material. They have different shape and produce different timbres musical sounds, which are extracted by air flow. The timbre of the “voice” of a wind instrument depends on its size. The larger it is, the more air passes through it, which makes its vibration frequency lower and the sound produced low.
There are two ways to change the output of a given type of instrument:
- adjusting the air volume with your fingers, using rockers, valves, valves, and so on, depending on the type of tool;
- increasing the force of blowing an air column into the pipe.
The sound depends entirely on the flow of air, hence the name - wind instruments. A list of them will be given below.
Varieties of wind instruments
There are two main types - copper and wood. Initially, they were classified in this way depending on the material from which they were made. Now in to a greater extent The type of instrument depends on the way the sound is produced from it. For example, the flute is considered a woodwind instrument. Moreover, it can be made of wood, metal or glass. The saxophone is always produced only in metal, but belongs to the woodwind class. Copper tools can be made from various metals: copper, silver, brass and so on. There is a special variety - keyboard wind instruments. The list of them is not so long. These include harmonium, organ, accordion, melodica, button accordion. Air enters them thanks to special bellows.
What instruments are wind instruments?
Let's list the wind instruments. The list is as follows:
- pipe;
- clarinet;
- trombone;
- accordion;
- flute;
- saxophone;
- organ;
- zurna;
- oboe;
- harmonium;
- balaban;
- accordion;
- French horn;
- bassoon;
- tuba;
- bagpipes;
- duduk;
- harmonica;
- Macedonian gaida;
- shakuhachi;
- ocarina;
- serpent;
- horn;
- helicon;
- didgeridoo;
- kurai;
- trembita.
You can name some other similar tools.
Brass
Brass wind musical instruments, as mentioned above, are made of various metals, although in the Middle Ages there were also those made of wood. The sound is extracted from them by strengthening or weakening the blown air, as well as by changing the position of the musician’s lips. Initially, brass instruments were played only in the 30s of the 19th century, valves appeared on them. This allowed such instruments to reproduce a chromatic scale. The trombone has a retractable slide for these purposes.
Brass instruments (list):
- pipe;
- trombone;
- French horn;
- tuba;
- serpent;
- helicon.
Woodwinds
Musical instruments of this type were initially made exclusively from wood. Today this material is practically not used for their production. The name reflects the principle of sound production - there is a wooden reed inside the tube. These musical instruments are equipped with holes on the body, located at a strictly defined distance from each other. The musician opens and closes them while playing with his fingers. Thanks to this, a certain sound is obtained. Woodwind instruments sound according to this principle. The names (list) included in this group are as follows:
- clarinet;
- zurna;
- oboe;
- balaban;
- flute;
- bassoon.
Reed musical instruments
There is another type of wind instrument - reed. They sound thanks to a flexible vibrating plate (tongue) located inside. The sound is produced by exposing it to air, or by pulling and plucking. Based on this feature, you can create a separate list of tools. Reed wind instruments are divided into several types. They are classified according to the method of sound extraction. It depends on the type of reed, which can be metal (for example, as in organ pipes), freely slipping (as in Jew's harp and harmonicas), or beating, or reed, as in reed woodwinds.
List of tools of this type:
- harmonica;
- Jew's harp;
- clarinet;
- accordion;
- bassoon;
- saxophone;
- kalimba;
- harmonic;
- oboe;
- hulus.
Wind instruments with a freely slipping reed include: button accordion, labial. In them, air is pumped by blowing through the musician’s mouth, or by bellows. The air flow causes the reeds to vibrate and thus produce sound from the instrument. The harp also belongs to this type. But its tongue vibrates not under the influence of an air column, but with the help of the musician’s hands, by pinching and pulling it. Oboe, bassoon, saxophone and clarinet are of a different type. In them the tongue is beating, and it is called a cane. The musician blows air into the instrument. As a result, the reed vibrates and sound is produced.
Where are wind instruments used?
Wind instruments, the list of which was presented in this article, are used in orchestras of various compositions. For example: military, brass, symphonic, pop, jazz. And also occasionally they can perform as part of a chamber ensemble. It is extremely rare that they are soloists.
Flute
This is a list related to this has been given above.
The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments. It does not use a reed like other woodwinds. Here the air is cut through the edge of the instrument itself, due to which sound is formed. There are several types of flutes.
Syringa - single-barreled or multi-barrel instrument Ancient Greece. Its name comes from the name of the bird's vocal organ. The multi-barreled syringa later became known as the Pan flute. On this instrument ancient times peasants and shepherds played. IN Ancient Rome Syringa accompanied the performances on stage.
The recorder is a wooden instrument belonging to the whistle family. Close to it are the sopilka, pipe and whistle. Its difference from other woodwinds is that it back side there is an octave valve, that is, a hole for closing with a finger, on which the pitch of other sounds depends. They are extracted by blowing air and closing the 7 holes located on the front side with the musician’s fingers. This type of flute was most popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. Its timbre is soft, melodious, warm, but at the same time its capabilities are limited. Such great composers as Anthony Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel and others used the recorder in many of their works. The sound of this instrument is weak, and gradually its popularity declined. This happened after the transverse flute appeared, which is by far the most used. Nowadays, the recorder is used mainly as a teaching instrument. Beginning flutists master it first, only then move on to the longitudinal one.
The piccolo flute is a type of transverse flute. It has the highest timbre of all wind instruments. Its sound is whistling and piercing. Piccolo is half as long as usual. Its range is from “D” second to “C” fifth.
Other types of flutes: transverse, panflute, di, Irish, kena, flute, pyzhatka, whistle, ocarina.
Trombone
This is a brass instrument (the list of those included in this family was presented in this article above). The word "trombone" is translated from Italian as "big trumpet". It has existed since the 15th century. The trombone differs from other instruments in this group in that it has a slide - a tube with which the musician produces sounds by changing the volume of air flow inside the instrument. There are several types of trombone: tenor (the most common), bass and alto (used less frequently), double bass and soprano (practically not used).
Khulus
This is a Chinese brass reed instrument, having additional tubes. Its other name is bilandao. He has three or four pipes in total - one main (melodic) and several bourdon (low-sounding). The sound of this instrument is soft and melodic. Most often, hulus are used for solo performance, very rarely - in an ensemble. Traditionally, men played this instrument when declaring their love to a woman.
MILITARY ORCHESTRA - spirit. an orchestra that is a regular unit of a military unit (see Brass band). In Sov. Army of V. o. exist in combat units and formations (in regiments, divisions, on ships), during military operations. educational institutions and military academies, at military headquarters. districts.
The basis of V. o. is a group of copper spirits. instruments - saxhorns. It includes cornets in B, altos in Es, tenors and baritones in B, basses in Es and in B (in some V. altos are replaced by horns in Es). In addition, the typical composition of the Sov regimental orchestra. Army (so-called medium mixed composition) includes a group of wooden spirits. instruments: flute, clarinets in B, as well as horns in Es or in F, trumpets in B, trombones, percussion instruments, snare and bass drums and cymbals. Orchestras with a larger composition (the so-called large mixed composition) also have oboes, bassoons, clarinet in Es, timpani, and sometimes saxophones and strings. double basses, and a group of horns, trumpets and trombones is represented by a large number of instruments.
Unlike the symphony. orchestra, compositions of the V. o. not completely unified; in armies different countries Diff. apply combinations of the above tools. In French orchestras. armies have long been dominated by a wooden spirit. tools in it. armies - brass, in American orchestras. army means. Saxophones take the place.
V. o. Sov. The Army and Navy are staffed by qualified profs. military musicians over conscript service and from private conscripts. With many V. o. there are music pupils. At the head of V. o. costs military conductor with a higher education in music. education and being at the same time an officer-commander.
Among V. o. Sov. There are many highly professional people in the army. groups (Exemplary Orchestra of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, Exemplary Orchestra of the Navy, exemplary orchestras of the Air Force Engineering Academy named after H. E. Zhukovsky and the Military Academy named after M. V. Frunze, headquarters of Moscow, Leningrad, etc. . military districts).
Repertoire of V. o. consists of plays for service purposes (marching, counter, funeral marches, music of military ceremonies - evening dawn, changing of guards), conc. plays and entertaining music (dances, pieces of light, so-called garden music, fantasy music, rhapsodies, medleys, overtures). See also Military music.
Literature: Matveev V., Russian military orchestra, M.-L., 1965; Saro J. H., Instrumentationslehre für Militärmusik, V., 1883; Kalkbrenner A., Die Organization der Militärmusikchöre aller Länder, Hannover, 1884; Parés G., Traite d'instrumentation et d'orchestration a l'usage des musiques militaires..., P.-Bruss., 1898; Laaser C. A., Gedrängte theoretisch-praktische Instrumentationstabelle für Militär-Infanterie-Musik, Lpz., 1913 ; Vessella A., La banda dalle origini fino ai nostri giorni, Mil., 1939; Adkins H. E., Treatise on the military band, L., 1958.
P. I. Apostolov
Military band
Military band- a special full-time military unit designed to perform military music, that is, musical works during drill training of troops, during military rituals, ceremonies, as well as for concert activities.
Central Band of the Czech Army
There are homogeneous military bands, consisting of brass and percussion instruments, and mixed ones, which also include a group of woodwind instruments. The leadership of a military orchestra is carried out by a military conductor. The use of musical instruments (wind and percussion) in war was already known to ancient peoples. The use of instruments in the Russian troops is already indicated in the chronicles of the 14th century: “and the many voices of the military trumpets began to blow, and the jew's harps teput (sound), and the nobles roared unwolfed."
Admiralty Band of the Leningrad Naval Base
Some princes had 140 trumpets and a tambourine with thirty banners or regiments. Old Russian military instruments include timpani, which were used under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Reitar cavalry regiments, and nakras, currently known as tambourines. In the old days, tambourines were small copper bowls covered with leather on top, which were struck with sticks. They were tied in front of the rider at the saddle. Sometimes the tambourines reached extraordinary sizes; They were carried by several horses, and eight people struck them. These same tambourines were known to our ancestors as timpani.
History of military music
Peter the Great cared about improving military music; were discharged from Germany knowledgeable people to train soldiers who played from 11 to 12 noon on the Admiralty Tower. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna and later, at operatic court performances, the orchestra was reinforced by the best musicians from the guards regiments. Currently, our military orchestra has reached such perfection that it is possible to give an annual monster concert for the benefit of the disabled, in which several hundred musicians harmoniously perform very complex pieces. Our regimental bands consist of woodwinds, brass and percussion instruments, or only brass instruments (horn music; see French horn). Military music should also include choirs of regimental songbooks.
See Kastner, "Manuel de musique militaire", "Proceedings of the First Archaeological Congress" and general works on the history of music.
Notes
Additional links
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See what “Military Band” is in other dictionaries:
See Brass Band...
Spirit. an orchestra that is a regular unit of a military unit (see Brass band). In Sov. Army of V. o. exist in combat units and formations (in regiments, divisions, on ships), during military operations. educational institutions and military. academies, at... ... Music Encyclopedia
See brass band. * * * MILITARY ORCHESTRA MILITARY ORCHESTRA, see Brass band (see BRASS BAND) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
A brass band, which is a regular unit of a military unit. See brass band, Military music … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Honor guard full-time musical group Russian Army. Created in December 1956 on the basis of the exemplary demonstration orchestra of the 40th Minsk detachment of the Convoy Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Moscow Region and the orchestra of the 1st motorized rifle regiment 1... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
Military parade on Red Square in Moscow on November 7, 1941- The parade of November 7, 1941 on Red Square in Moscow, in terms of its impact on the course of events, is equated to the most important military operation. It was of great importance for raising the morale of the entire country, showing the world that Moscow does not give up and is fighting... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
- (from the Greek ορχήστρα) a large group of instrumental musicians. Unlike chamber ensembles, in an orchestra some of its musicians form groups that play in unison. Contents 1 Historical sketch ... Wikipedia
- (from the Greek orxestra, a round, later semicircular platform of the ancient theater, where, making rhythmic movements, the choir of tragedy and comedy sang their parts, from orxeomai I dance) intended for the joint performance of music. prod. group of musicians... Music Encyclopedia
Noun, m., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? orchestra, why? orchestra, (see) what? orchestra, what? orchestra, about what? about the orchestra; pl. What? orchestras, (no) what? orchestras, why? orchestras, (I see) what? orchestras, what? orchestras, about what? about… … Dictionary Dmitrieva
- (from an orchestra) a group of musicians (12 people or more) playing various instruments and performing together musical works. the term orchestra in the 17th and 18th centuries. replaced the term capella, common in European countries. In terms of composition... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A brass band is a group of wind and wind players percussion instruments, one of the mass performing groups. A similar composition is typical for military bands. Used in many countries of the world since ancient times.
Brass band instruments
Main brass group
The core of the brass band is wide-bore copper wind instruments with conical bore:
- cornets
- flugelhorns
- euphoniums
- violas
- tenor
- baritones
Another group consists copper narrow-bore instruments with cylindrical bore:
- pipes
- trombones
- horns
Woodwind group:
labial lingular
- flutes
lingual reed
- clarinets
- saxophones
- oboes
- bassoons
Group of main percussion instruments:
- big drum
- snare drum
- dishes
Group of secondary percussion instruments:
- triangle
- tambourine
- timpani
Also used jazz and Latin American drums:
- rhythm cymbals
- conga and bongo
- tom-toms
- claves
- Tartaruga
- agogo
- maracas
- castanets
- pandeira et al.
The main groups of the orchestra, their role and capabilities
The basis of a brass band is a group of instruments that exists under common name "saxhorns". They are named after Adolphe Sachs, who invented them in the 40s of the 19th century. Saxhorns are distinguished by their uniform scale and shape.
At first the saxhorn family consisted of seven and then nine varieties: from sopranino to subcontrabass. In musical practice, three types of conventional brass instruments are most often called:
- tenor
- baritone
Saxhorns were an improved type of instrument called bugles (byugelhorn). Currently, this group is usually referred to as the main copper group.
Saxhorn group:
- high tessitura instruments: sopranino saxophone (cornet in Es), soprano saxophone (cornet in B);
- middle register instruments: alto, tenor, baritone;
- low register instruments: saxhorn-bass and saxhorn-double bass (tuba Es, Bb)
The other two groups of the orchestra are woodwinds and percussion.
The group of saxhorns actually forms a small brass band. With the addition of woodwinds to this group, as well as horn, pipes, trombones And drums- form small mixed and large mixed compositions.
In general, a group of saxhorns with a conical tube and wide scale characteristic of these instruments have a fairly large, strong sound and rich technical capabilities. This especially applies to cornets, instruments of great technical flexibility and bright, expressive sound. They are primarily entrusted with the main melodic material of the work.
Middle register instruments (altos, tenors, baritones) perform two important tasks in a brass band:
- Firstly, they fill the harmonic “middle”, that is, they perform the main voices of harmony, in a wide variety of types of presentation (in the form of sustained sounds, figuration, repeated notes, etc.).
- Secondly, they interact with other groups of the orchestra, primarily with the cornet (one of the usual combinations is the performance of the theme by cornets and tenors in an octave), as well as with the basses, which are often “helped” by the baritone.
Wooden group
An important addition to the main brass band composition is a group of woodwind instruments:
- flutes
- clarinets (with their main varieties)
V large composition Also:
- oboes
- bassoons
- saxophones
Introduction to Orchestra wooden instruments(flutes and clarinets) allows you to significantly expand its range, for example: the melody (as well as the harmony) played by cornets, trumpets and tenors can be doubled one or two octaves upward.
Strike group
Finally, it is necessary to emphasize the particularly important importance strike group in a brass band. Main percussion instruments:
- big drum
- snare drum
- dishes
Given the very unique specificity of the brass band and, above all, the high density, massive sound, as well as frequent cases of playing in the open air, on a hike, with a significant predominance of marching and dance music in the repertoire, the organizing role of the drum rhythm is especially important.
Therefore, a brass band, in comparison with a symphony band, is characterized by a somewhat forced, emphasized sound of the percussion group. When we hear the sounds of a brass band coming from afar, then, first of all, we perceive the rhythmic beats of the big drum, and then we begin to hear all the other voices.
Small mixed brass band
The decisive difference between small copper And small mixed the orchestra is pitch factor: thanks to participation flutes And clarinets with their variations the orchestra gains access to the high register "zone". Consequently, the overall volume of sound changes, which has a very great importance, since the fullness of the orchestra’s sound depends not so much on absolute strength, but on register breadth and spaciousness of arrangement.
In addition, there are opportunities to compare the sound of a brass orchestra with a contrasting wooden group. Hence a certain reduction in the boundaries of the “activity” of the brass group itself, which to a certain extent loses the universality that is natural in a small brass orchestra.
Thanks to the presence of a wooden group as well as the characteristic copper ( horns and trumpets), it becomes possible to introduce new timbres that arise from mixing colors both in the wooden and copper groups, and in the wooden group itself.
Thanks to great technical capabilities wooden "copper" is relieved of technical force, the overall sound of the orchestra is made lighter, it does not feel typical for technology brass instruments"viscosity".
All this taken together makes it possible to expand the boundaries of the repertoire: a small mixed orchestra has access to more wide circle works of various genres.
Thus, a small mixed brass band is a more advanced performing group, and this, in turn, imposes broader responsibilities both on the orchestra members themselves (technique and ensemble coherence) and on the leader (conducting technique and selection of repertoire).
Large mixed brass band
The highest form of brass band is a large mixed brass band, which can perform works of considerable complexity.
This composition is characterized primarily by the introduction trombones, three or four (to contrast the trombones with the “soft” group of saxhorns), in three parts pipes, in four batches horn.
In addition, a large orchestra has significantly more full group woodwind, which consists of three flutes(two full and piccolo), two oboes(with the replacement of the second oboe with a cor anglais or with its independent part), large clarinet groups with their varieties (clarinet "A", "C" and bass clarinet), two bassoons(sometimes with contrabassoon) and saxophones.
In a large orchestra, bass instruments are tubes, can be replaced sousaphones or helicons(their structure, principles of play, fingering are the same as that of the tuba), and sometimes a double bass or bass guitar is added.
The strike group is becoming denser timpani(usually three):
- big
- average
- small
It's clear that big orchestra Compared to the small one, it has significantly greater colorful and dynamic capabilities. It is typical for him to use more diverse playing techniques - the widespread use of the technical capabilities of wooden instruments, the use of “closed” sounds (mute) in a brass group, a wide variety of timbre and harmonic combinations of instruments.
IN big orchestra It is especially advisable to contrast trumpets and cornets, as well as the widespread use of techniques divisi (duplication of the common batch) for clarinets and cornets, and the division of each group can be up to 4-5 voices.
It is natural that large mixed orchestra significantly exceeds small orchestras in terms of the number of musicians (if a small brass orchestra has 10-12 people, a small mixed orchestra has 25-30 people, then a large mixed orchestra has 40-50 musicians or more).
Brass band. Brief essay.
I. Gubarev
Soviet composer, 1963
As soon as I heard the sound of a military band...
What emotions does it evoke in you? instrumental music? Most likely positive. How do you feel when you hear solemn drum sounds and brass instruments? Undoubtedly, cheerfulness, cheerfulness, high spirits. The role of a military orchestra in the life of every person is amazing and irreplaceable. In childhood, delighted boys run after the mustache trumpeters, dreaming of being like them; in adulthood, not a single wedding ceremony takes place without the famous Mendelssohn March, at the end of life orchestra sounds accompany the deceased on his final journey. If you think about it, music performed by a military brass band accompanies us everywhere. Moscow railway stations, hospitably welcoming and seeing off passengers, are filled with a variety of sounds: loudspeakers, the voice of dispatchers, screams, noise, din. But there is one song that immediately comes to mind if you remember the crowd on the platform and the train sounding its last whistle. Yes, this is the “Farewell of the Slav” March, again performed by a military brass musical group. In Russia, historically, such orchestras played an important role in society. After the decree of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who in 1547 ordered the creation of the first court military brass band, it was difficult to imagine any significant event in the vast country without a march. Remember Soviet film“Ivan Vasilyevich changes his profession”, the troops leave the capital city on the orders of the Tsar to the famous “Marusya”, since then they went to war with music and came back from the war to the sounds of percussion and wind instruments.
Today at Peaceful time any military band song evokes emotions among contemporaries, because it is associated with the events of the recent past - the Great Patriotic War. Annually 9th May In every city in the country, trumpeters and drummers in beautiful military uniforms walk along the avenues, boulevards, parks and stadiums. Solemn sounds trombones, trumpets, horns, clarinets, saxaphones, drums and timpani resound through the city streets, announcing to residents that they need to celebrate, rejoice, remember their exploits and live peacefully today.
IN modern world The brass band performs military marches not only during parades, shows, and special events that need to be given a certain flavor. Nowadays, orchestra members are invited to weddings and anniversaries; a popular service is ordering a military orchestra for corporate events and large-scale city holidays. Their repertoire includes music from different times and genres; do not be surprised if at the wedding ceremony you hear the song “Yesterday” by the legendary The Beatles from a military orchestra or some jazz composition.
In European countries, people are creative in their own way, they invite groups of trumpeters and drummers to the discharge of a newborn from a maternity hospital, to graduations from schools and colleges, military bands are presented on YouTube in videos various options, you can admire these vibrant and unusual performances.
If you also have an idea to decorate your holiday, add solemnity to some event, add a musical zest to the evening, invite a military band. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Samara, Vladivostok - let high-quality live music, let every event be held on an unprecedented scale.