Playing most wind instruments involves using human breath. This is where their name comes from: ancient Russian word"spirit" means air. The sounding body of any wind instrument is a column of air enclosed in the bore.
The classification of musical instruments is based on their division according to the nature and conditions of use of the sounding bodies. According to the method of sound production, the type of vibrator that sets a column of air into vibration, wind instruments are divided into flute, reed and mouthpiece. Flute (labial or sibilant)
The vibrator of these instruments is a stream of air, cut by the sharp edge of the labial opening or the wall of the barrel. Flutes include:
- ocarina-shaped instruments - various ceramic whistles with playing holes;
longitudinal flutes:
- open - instruments whose barrel is open at both ends;
- multi-barreled - instruments that are a set of tubes of various sizes, with one end of each tube closed and the other open;
- whistle - instruments in the upper end (head) of the barrel of which a bushing, lip or tongue of the performer is inserted, forming a gap through which a stream of air is directed to the sharp edge of the cut of the whistle hole;
- transverse flutes are instruments with one closed end (head), where there is a sound hole, onto the edge of which a stream of air is directed.
Reed
The vibrator for this group of instruments is an elastic plate - a breaker (cane, squeak). This group includes:
- instruments with a free tongue: in the form of a birch bark plate, grass leaf, etc.;
- instruments with single or double beating tongue;
- instruments with a slipping reed: harmonicas, harmoniums, etc.
Mouthpieces
The vibrator of these instruments is the performer’s lips, which are properly closed and collected. The position, degree of elasticity and flexibility of the performer's labial and facial muscles, their training, endurance and strength when playing a wind instrument are usually called embouchure. Performers on mouthpiece instruments press their lips tightly against the mouthpiece, and the stream of air sent causes them to vibrate. Thus, unlike all other wind instruments, mouthpiece embouchures do not simply participate in the process of sound formation, but are a direct exciter of vibrations - a vibrator. And although performers on flute and reed instruments must also have an embouchure (the flutist uses it to direct a stream of air to the cut of the instrument, the performer on a reed instrument, covering the reed with his lips, uses the embouchure to control its vibration), it is the mouthpiece instruments that are called embouchure.
Flute and reed instruments instruments used in professional performance are usually called woodwinds, despite the fact that the material for their manufacture is not always wood; mouthpieces - brass instruments.
The frequency of vibration of the column of air enclosed in the tube of a wind instrument (the pitch of the sound) depends on the length of the tube. As its length increases, the oscillation frequency decreases (the pitch of the sound decreases); as its length decreases, the oscillation frequency increases (the pitch of the sound rises). In addition, by increasing the tension of the embouchure and the speed of the blown air (blowing), the air column can be made to vibrate not only as a whole, but also divided into 2, 3, 4, etc. equal parts. The entire column of air produces the fundamental tone. A column of air, divided into two equal parts, sounds an octave above the fundamental tone, into three equal parts - a duodecima above the fundamental tone, into four equal parts - two octaves above the fundamental tone, etc. This sequence of sounds produced on a wind instrument by blowing , is called a natural scale, and the sounds themselves are called natural or overtones. On oboe, clarinet, and bassoon, blowing occurs using special “octave” valves. For clarity, we present a natural scale built from sound to a major octave (see example 1).
As already indicated, the absolute height of the fundamental tone depends on the length of the instrument tube, but the intervals between overtones do not depend on the absolute height of the fundamental tone, but always remain constant: between the first and second overtones there is a pure octave, between the second and third there is a perfect fifth, between the third and the fourth - a perfect fourth, etc. The intervals between the overtones do not correspond to the intervals of the same name in the equal-tempered scale, but this discrepancy is not so great as to not use natural sounds in practice. The exception is the seventh, eleventh, thirteenth and fourteenth overtones, which are so different from the corresponding sounds of the equal-tempered scale that they are perceived by ear as false. Despite this, before the invention of chromatic instruments, they were widely used when playing natural horns and trumpets.
Brass musical instruments known since prehistoric times. Presumably during the Paleolithic era (approximately 80-13 thousand years BC), the flute, trumpet, and shell-pipe appeared; in the Neolithic era (approximately 5-2 thousand years BC) flute with playing holes, Pan flute, transverse flute, transverse trumpet, single-reed pipes, nose flute, metal trumpet, double-reed pipes.
Flute and reed wind instruments are hollow tubes of cylindrical or conical, and sometimes reverse-conical cross-section. The simplest flute and reed instruments made it possible to produce only a small amount of natural sounds on them. On the Pan flute, a progressive sound scale was achieved through tubes of different sizes (the shorter the tube, the higher the sound). However, changing them during the game made the technique difficult. The idea arose to try to vary the length of the air column within one tube by drilling holes in it. The open hole allowed the air sent by the performer into the instrument to exit the tube before its end, which shortened the air column and thus increased the sound. The hole, closed with a finger, restored the integrity of the tube.
The flute became widespread in Ancient Egypt (mem - longitudinal flute with five playing holes and sebi - transverse), Palestine (ugab - longitudinal open flute), in China (paixiao - a type of Pan flute; xiao - longitudinal bamboo flute with six playing holes; di - bamboo transverse flute with six playing holes, four holes for tuning and one for coloring timbre; xuan - longitudinal clay flute with six playing holes), India (vansha - transverse flute and layu - longitudinal). To a much lesser extent, the instrument was widespread in Ancient Greece and Rome. These are varieties of the syrinx (pipe): the harmonic (a high register type of longitudinal flute) with playing holes and the Pan flute.
In countries Ancient world In addition to flutes, reed instruments were widespread. In Ancient Greece, one of the most beloved instruments was the aulos. The instrument was a cylindrical or conical tube with 3-4 or 6 playing holes and a double reed. The performer usually used two aulos at the same time. On one the melody sounded, on the other the constant tone accompanying it. IN last century BC aulos was improved. The number of playing holes increased to 15. Some of them were closed with rotating rings, which made the execution process easier. Avlos accompanied theatrical performances, gymnastic exercises, it was also used as a military instrument in military campaigns. Pythian (low) and choral (high) aulos were popular. In Rome, aulos was called tibia.
Argul became widespread in Ancient Egypt. The instrument consisted of two interconnected tubes of different lengths and beak-shaped mouthpieces with single reeds. The short tube had 6 playing holes, and the longer one had only a hole for sending air. They played two pipes at the same time, like an aulos. Unlike the argul, the Arabian tsummara had playing holes on both tubes. In China, instruments of the guan and son type were used.
The emergence of the European oboe is associated with two medieval types of eastern oboe. This is Indian zurna and Arabic zurna. European musicians used the eastern way of playing: the reed of the instrument was completely immersed in the mouth and vibrated freely, which made the sound very loud and monotonous. During the Middle Ages, an offshoot of the oboe group arose - a family of Western European pipes with a conical barrel. Treble and soprano pipes were called shawls, alto and tenor pipes were called pommers, and bass pipes were called bombards or large bass pommers. These instruments had a diatonic scale of almost two octaves and had different tunings. The total range of the pipe family was by the end of the 16th century. five and a half octaves: from F counter octave to B third.
The improvement of woodwind instruments is primarily associated with an increase in the number of playing holes. Located at certain distances from each other, they began to be divided into main ones and into holes with valves. The latter, in turn, were divided into holes with valves initially in the closed position and holes with valves initially in the open position.
The main holes made it possible to obtain the main diatonic scale of the instrument. As a rule, they are covered with rings (glasses) connected to special correction valves. Holes with valves that are in a closed position and open when pressed make it possible to obtain altered tones on the instrument. Holes with valves that are in an open position and close when pressed are used to produce the lowest sounds of the instrument.
The oboe, clarinet and bassoon also have octave valves. They are located on the opposite side of the main holes and help the performer to overinflate. For the octave overtone, the same fingering is used as for the fundamental tone (more complicated on the bassoon), only the entire scale of the instrument will sound an octave higher.
The flute, oboe and bassoon belong to the “octave” instruments. They produce both even and odd overtones. The clarinet is a “quint” instrument, since when blown it immediately produces a fifth an octave from the fundamental tone. It is impossible to obtain even overtones on it.
The predecessors of modern brass instruments were shells and horns, which originated in prehistoric times. Simple horns, made from the horns of animals and even elephant tusks, were widely used in cases where it was necessary to produce a signal that was stronger than the human voice. They produced several natural sounds, timbrally inexpressive, with a predominance of low overtones.
In Ancient Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Rome, the straight metal natural pipe became widespread as a military and signaling instrument. IN Ancient China bronze pipes were used: da-chun-ku (with a large bell) and xiao-chun-ku (with a small bell). IN Ancient India The most common wind instruments were the shankha (sea shell trumpet) and the rana-sringa (horn).
In a primitive communal society, Slavic squads had the simplest musical instruments. Tury horns were used to gather squads and give military signals. In the chronicles of the X-XI centuries. trumpets and tambourines are mentioned, and on the frescoes of the Kyiv St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century) there are images of flutes and straight trumpets. The Ipatiev Chronicle of 1151 says that the movement of troops in the Kyiv squads began with the sound of trumpets. During the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky (90s of the 11th century - 1157), the number of troops was determined by the number of banners and the corresponding number of trumpets and tambourines.
In the 12th century. there was a division between trumpets and horns. Trumpets began to be used in military practice, horns came into use as guards, hunters and shepherds. During the era of the Crusades, pipes became the property of the privileged classes (1096-1270); in their significance they were equated to weapons.
Simple horns were used by many peoples of Europe until the Middle Ages. There were three types of horns: small (zinc), medium and full, or half. They were made from buffalo horn. In the XIV century. the trunk of the horn began to bend. This is how ring-shaped curved hunting or forest horns were created, and at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries - somewhat smaller signal (postal) horns. At the beginning of the 16th century. In Germany, hunting horns with three turns appeared.
Further improvement of brass instruments is associated primarily with the replenishment of their natural scale. As a result, on long, narrow-bore 12 instruments, it became possible to extract a natural scale from the second to the sixteenth overtones, and on short, wide-bore instruments, from the second to the sixth to eighth overtones. Along with the improvement of brass instruments, performing technique also improved. So, at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. A new playing technique arose - clarino (from Latin clarus - clear). It consisted in the maximum use of the upper segment of the natural scale, where the sequence of sounds produced becomes progressive. The constant use of the upper register of the instrument (trumpet or horn) required the highest skill from the performer. The highest achievements of this technique are reflected in the works of composers A. Vivaldi (1678-1741), G. Handel (1685-1759) and J.-S. Bach (1685-1750).
The search associated with the creation of chromatic brass instruments can be most clearly seen in the example of improving the French horn (see French horn). Sometimes these searches led to completely unexpected results. Thus, the experience of creating a horn with valves, undertaken in 1760 by F. Kelbel, led to the creation of bugelhorns - wide-bore instruments with valves, which became widespread in brass bands.
Valve mechanism invented in early XIX c., significantly expanded the capabilities of brass instruments, although in terms of timbre, natural instruments were superior to chromatic ones. There are two types of valve mechanism: pump-action (piston) and rotating. The pump was first used by the Berlin masters F. Blümel and G. Stölzel in 1814 for the horn. The rotary valve design was created in 1832 by P. Riedl from Vienna. The valve mechanism consists of several additional tubes or crowns of various lengths. Each of the crowns corresponds to two valves, which include the crowns in the main tube and, accordingly, lower the entire tuning of the instrument.
All chromatic brass instruments except the trombone have three main valves. The first valve lowers the entire tuning of the instrument by 1 tone, the second by 1/2 tone, the third by 2.5 tones. All three valves pressed together lower the pitch of the instrument by 3 tones. In this way, all intervals between natural sounds (except for the octave between I and II) are chromatically filled. It must be taken into account that when the crowns are turned on separately, the scale of the main tube is reduced exactly by the required amount: to decrease by 1/2 tone, the length of the main tube must be increased by 1/15 of its part, to decrease by a tone - by 1/8, to decrease by one and a half tone - by 1/5. When you turn on two or three crowns at the same time, the ratio will change dramatically. So, if you press the third valve simultaneously with the first, the length of its crown will no longer be 1/5 of the length of the main tube, but a slightly smaller value, since the length of the first crown has already been added to the length of the main tube. When you turn on all three crowns at the same time, this difference will become even more noticeable (instead of decreasing by 3 tones, the overall scale will decrease by 2.3/4 tones). Therefore, each crown is made slightly longer than the calculated one, which only slightly reduces the sounds when any one valve is pressed. But when combining valves, intonationally purer sounds are obtained. However, in combinations involving a third valve, the calculated relationships between the main and additional tubes change significantly.
The use of a fourth valve (quart valve) on some instruments makes it possible to chromatically fill the intervals between the I and II overtones, but almost all sounds taken using combinations of valves sound significantly higher, and when all four valves are pressed simultaneously instead of lowering by 5.1/2 tones, the main scale will decrease by only 5 tones. However, the use of a quarter valve simplifies valve combinations. In addition, the use of a quarter valve increases the range of the instrument by a major third down.
The rocker mechanism has a single instrument - a trombone (
The existing classification involves the following types of wind instruments: copper and wood. The main difference between them is the features of sound production.
Wind instruments, classification
Woodwind musical instruments are distinguished by the fact that their sound depends on the vibrations of air that enters the hollow pipe along with the reed. The height of the sound is adjusted by opening and closing small holes. The most popular types woodwind instruments:
- flute;
- clarinet;
- oboe;
- bassoon;
- saxophone.
The sound in brass instruments is supplied to the player directly through the mouthpiece, and control occurs using a system of special valves. Wind instruments, the types of which not everyone knows, have an extraordinary sound.
The following brass instruments are known:
- French horn;
- cornet;
- trombone;
- pipe;
- tuba
The appearance of wind instruments has changed since its inception until today. That is why there is a division into wooden and copper groups. Modern flutes, as well as saxophones, are often made of metal, and some parts of oboes and clarinets are made of plastic.
What is the purpose of wind instruments?
Each group of tools has its own purpose. In an orchestra they usually act as accompanists. Thanks to the brass 
instruments musical parts string instruments, as well as the entire orchestra as a whole, are supported, strengthened, and diluted.
In other matters, you can also hear the solo sound of such instruments as flute, oboe and clarinet during the performance of classical compositions.
The best jazz soloists are the saxophone and trumpet.
Brass instruments in the orchestra occupy the back positions along with the drums, this is important so that their sound does not interrupt all other instruments. At the same time, the woodwinds are placed directly behind the strings.
Popular wind instruments
Naturally, the flute is considered the most popular and famous wind instrument. The name itself speaks of a melodic sound, because in translation a flute is a breath.
Some historians are confident that this instrument originated from the most common whistle and has existed for several millennia.
In the territory Ancient Egypt the flute had almost the same appearance How modern instrument. It was made of wood and richly decorated, and also had a beveled edge. At the same time, such types of wind instruments as the block flute and transverse flute appeared.
There are many types of flutes - this is the ocarina (an instrument made of clay), and the pan-flute (an instrument with several pipes), and the flute, and the duduk (an instrument of Armenian origin, having two reeds), and the whistle (a longitudinal instrument of Celtic origin ).
Thanks to the sound of various wind instruments, any musical composition become more soulful and convey the most subtle mood swings. For example, trumpets with their roar deafen and even frighten, and the gentle sound of a flute penetrates into the depths of the soul.
Video: Types of brass instruments
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Wind instruments include tube-shaped musical instruments in which sound is created by oscillating a column of air. The body (tube) can be made of any material (wood, metal) and take any shape. In a symphony orchestra, wind instruments stand out with their bright and strong sound.
Origin of wind instruments
The prototype of the first wind instrument in the history of music was a bone, which primitive I tried to blow. Much later there would be a flute, a trumpet, a bassoon, etc., but all of these instruments used the same principle that made the bone make sounds. We are talking about air vibrations in a hollow tube.
A little later, primitive musicians thought of drilling holes in the bones - this way the sound would acquire different shades: from low to high. And then a tongue made of reed will appear in the hole of the tube. Its vibrations will cause this tube to produce a melodious sound. This is how the clarinet appeared. And after it the oboe - of a similar design, only with two reeds.
The structure of wind instruments using the example of a flute
In principle, all wind instruments are designed extremely simply. Let's look at their structure using the example of a flute. A modern flute can be wooden, less often metal. In any case, it is a hollow tube with many valves. There is a hole on the side into which the flutist blows, extracting sound from the instrument.
Obviously, there is air inside the tube, which the musician forces to move by the pressure of his breath. Hence the sound. Moreover, the shorter the tube, the higher the sound. There are holes for this purpose: by closing or opening them, you can adjust the length of the tube.
For convenience, these holes are closed with special valves. This is especially convenient for wind instruments with a long tube - it is difficult for the musician to reach all the holes with his fingers.
Varieties of wind instruments
The oboe has a very rich history and several ancestors among ancient musical instruments (its design can trace the features of the Caucasian zurna and the ancient pipe).
Oboe
Bassoon
The clarinet, whose name comes from the Latin word for “clear,” takes pride of place in symphony orchestras and is distinguished by its warm, rich sound.
The trumpet is rightfully considered one of the most widely known wind instruments. But few people know that it came to Europe from distant Asian countries. The first pipes had a straight or slightly curved shape; much later pipes appeared modern look, rolled up. Trumpets are characterized by a loud, warlike sound - which is why they were most often used in military campaigns. In the orchestra the trumpet appeared with light hand Italian Monteverdi. In addition, in Europe the trumpet was equipped with valves to adjust the length and produce sounds of different pitches. But the original form of this instrument has been preserved - only now under the name trombone.
Another wind instrument is the button accordion, created by Pyotr Sterlyagov on an individual order from harmonica player Yakov Orlandsky. It was a completely new instrument with a rich sound, providing the musician with many more possibilities than the accordion. The buttons in the button accordion are located on the sides: 100 on the left and 53 on the right.
Wind instruments are very different in their structure and sonority from all other instruments, and they have stood out in the music of all cultures since prehistoric times. The classification of these instruments well reflects the relationship and differences between different types brass.
How are wind instruments constructed?
A wind instrument consists of a certain type of resonator (usually in the form of tubes). In them, vibrations occur in the column of air that the player blows into the wind instrument, and as a result, the sound intensifies.
The sound range of a wind instrument is determined by the size of its resonators. For example, the sound produced from a thick tube is low because the length of its air channel promotes low-frequency vibration of the air flow. And the sound of a thin flute will be high due to the narrower shape of the instrument, and, accordingly, the smaller volume of the resonator: under such conditions, the air column vibrates more often against its walls, therefore, the sound becomes higher.
The oscillation frequency of the column can be increased by accelerating the air injection, that is, by creating a faster and sharper air stream.
Classification of wind instruments
Wind instruments are divided into two groups:
- brass instruments;
- woodwind instruments;
- keyboard wind instruments.
Initially, this distribution arose due to the materials used to make a particular tool, but later it became to a greater extent refers to the method of extracting sound from it. The material of instruments made in our time is not limited to copper and wood and can be very diverse - from metal to plastic, from brass to glass, but these instruments will still be assigned to one of the above groups.
When playing them, sound is produced by changing the length of the air column. This can be achieved by opening special holes that are on the tool, and which ones exactly depend on the distance at which these holes are located from each other.
Woodwind instruments are divided into two subgroups: labial and reed. The distribution depends on how the air is blown into the instrument.
IN labial air is blown through a transverse slot located on the head of the instrument itself: thanks to this, the air stream is cut and promotes internal air vibration.
Labial wind instruments include the pipe, as well as the flute and its varieties.
IN reed injection occurs with the help of a tongue - a thin plate at the top of the instrument, as a result of which the air column vibrates.
Reed wind instruments include: saxophone, clarinet, bassoon and their varieties, as well as instruments such as balaban and zurna.
The method of sound production, caused by a certain position of the lips on the instrument and the force of blowing the air stream, determines whether the instrument belongs to a brass wind instrument. These wind instruments were there before copper, later brass, and sometimes silver.
Brass instruments are also divided into subgroups.
Peculiarity valve instruments is that they are, in fact, equipped with three or four valves, which the player controls with his fingers. They are needed in order to increase the length of the air stream by increasing the length of the instrument itself and thus reduce the sound. This happens when you press the valve, when an additional crown is turned on in the tube and the tool is further extended.
Valve instruments include: trumpet, horn, tuba, saxhorn and others.
But at natural wind instruments have no additional tubes at all: they extract sounds only from the natural scale and are not able to play melodic lines, therefore they practically ceased to be used at the beginning of the 19th century. This subgroup includes the bugle, fanfare, hunting horn and similar instruments.
An additional retractable tube in the shape of the letter U, which is called backstage, characterizes this type of brass instrument, such as the trombone. The movement of this tube affects the length of the air flow and, accordingly, the tone of the sound.
Keyboard wind instruments
Separately in this classification are keyboard wind instruments. Their peculiarity is that their structure contains reed and movable tubes - air is pumped into them through special bellows.
Among them there are two subgroups:
- reed - harmonium, accordion, melodica, button accordion;
- pneumatic - organ and some of its types.
Wind instruments of a symphony orchestra
Flute, bassoon, oboe, tuba, horn, trombone, clarinet and trumpet are those wind musical instruments that are included in symphony orchestra. Let's consider some of them.
Flute
Initially, the flute was indeed made of wood, but later, in the 19th century, silver became the main material for this instrument. The word “flute” itself goes back to ancient times; then this name applied to all wind instruments without exception. It is believed that the flute is one of the most ancient musical instruments in principle - the first ancestors of this instrument appeared about 43 thousand years ago.
Previously, there was a longitudinal flute, which the musician holds in front of him, like a pipe, but in the post-Baroque period it was replaced by a transverse one, which is held at the side, with the arms moving to the side. It is the transverse version that most people imagine when they hear the concept of “flute.” A symphony orchestra primarily uses two flutes. The flute is most often used for classical works. Among other wind instruments, mastering the flute is best for most people, and learning notes for the flute is no more difficult than learning notes for the piano or guitar.
Trombone
The trombone is the only brass instrument that has not undergone any changes after centuries of its existence, and remains the same as the ancient musicians knew it. The trombone is the only instrument that does not transpose, that is, the pitch of the actual sound is the same as the pitch of the notated sound. The word “trombone” usually refers to a variety of it called a tenor trombone. There are also alto and bass trombones, but they are used very rarely.
A symphony orchestra usually has three trombones. Most often the trombone is found in such musical genres, like jazz and ska-punk.
Oboe
The oboe has the appearance it has now in the 18th century. Its predecessors since ancient times were such instruments as aulos, zurna, bagpipes and others. The oboe is characterized by a melodious timbre, similar to the human voice. It itself has a conical shape and a set of twenty-three cupronickel valves on the body.
The symphony orchestra includes two oboes. Works from the Classical and Baroque eras are the main repertoire of this instrument.
Pipe
Among the brass instruments, it is the trumpet that can sound the highest. It is made from materials such as brass, copper or silver. It is one of the most ancient instruments. Initially it was used as a signaling instrument, but since the 17th century it has become an element of the symphony orchestra.
A symphony orchestra uses three trumpets. This instrument is used in a wide variety of genres: classical, jazz, etc.
Tuba
The tuba, unlike the trumpet, on the contrary, is the lowest-sounding element. In addition, the tuba also exceeds all other brass instruments in size and weight. Because of this, it is often played standing up, which, among other things, implies appropriate physical training for the musician. It is an invention of the 19th century Belgian Adolphe Sax. Like the trumpet, the tuba is a valve instrument.
The orchestra mainly uses one single tuba.
A more or less serious level of playing any wind instrument can be achieved in three to four years of systematic practice. Developing an ear for music will help speed up progress. Woodwind instruments are considered to be slightly easier to learn than brass instruments; and the most difficult things for students to learn are the horn and trombone.
It will be easier to explain to young children what brass instruments are with the help of a video. We invite you to watch the following video:
Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, but if not, then cacaphony. There are so many tools that learning them is like exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of sound, material of manufacture, method of sound production and other characteristics.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of the air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into wooden (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).
1. Flute is a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Boehm in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.
2. Oboe is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amour, English horn, heckelphone.
3. Clarinet is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Constructed in the early 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), and bass clarinets are used.
4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st half. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.
5. Trumpet - a wind-copper mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe developed to the gray. 19th century
6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.
7. Trombone - a brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch of the sound is regulated by a special device - a slide (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.
8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.
Metallophones are a type of musical instrument, the main element of which is plate-keys that are struck with a hammer.
1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the source of sound of which is their elastic metal body. Sound is produced using hammers, sticks, and special drummers (tongues).
2. Instruments such as the xylophone, in contrast to which the metallophone plates are made of metal.
Stringed musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, gusli, guitar, balalaika), percussion (dulcimer), percussion-keyboard (piano), plucked -keyboards (harpsichord).
1. Violin is a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.
2. Cello is a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15th-16th centuries. Classic designs created by Italian masters in the 17th and 18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.
3. Gidzhak - stringed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uyghur).
4. Kemancha (kamancha) - a 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle East.
5. Harp (from German Harfe) is a multi-string plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form it is found in almost all nations. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.
6. Gusli is a Russian plucked string musical instrument. Wing-shaped psalteries (“ringed”) have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped ones - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.
7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) - stringed plucked instrument lute type. Known in Spain since the 13th century, in the 17th-18th centuries it spread to the countries of Europe and America, including as folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become commonly used; the 7-string guitar has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; in modern pop music an electric guitar is used.
8. Balalaika is a Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known since the beginning. 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the leadership of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the balalaika family, and later - S.I. Nalimov.
9. Cymbals (Polish: cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument ancient origin. They are members of folk orchestras of Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.
10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). The piano was invented in the beginning. 18th century The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the predecessor of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords various forms, types and varieties, including cymbal, virginel, spinet, clavicytherium.
Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments united by a common feature - the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into various classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments can be combined with other categories.
1. Strings (percussion-keyboards and plucked-keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.
2. Brass (keyboard-wind and reed): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melodica.
3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet
4. Electronic: electronic piano
piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) is the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). It was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments united by the method of sound production - impact. The source of sound is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.
1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) is a cauldron-shaped percussion musical instrument with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Distributed since ancient times.
2. Bells - orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - a percussion, self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a series wooden blocks various lengths.
4. Drum - a percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found among many peoples.
5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.
6. Castanets (Spanish: castanetas) - percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the shape of shells, fastened on the fingers.
Electromusical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a unique timbre and can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include the theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.
1. Theremin is the first domestic electromusical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch of the sound in a theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.
2. Emiriton is an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreitzer and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).
3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert vibrations metal strings into hesitation electric current. The first magnetic pickup was made by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loehr in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.
