For parents planning to send their child to music school, as well as all art lovers need to know that the instruments they play are divided into several types. Electrical devices, such as a synthesizer, stand apart. Wind instruments sound by oscillating air in a hollow tube. When playing the keyboard, you need to activate the hammer, which strikes the string. This is usually done using finger pressure.
Violin and its variants
There are two types of string instruments:
- bowed;
- plucked
They are very popular among music lovers. Bowed instruments often play the main melodies in orchestral pieces and symphonies. Mine modern look they found it quite late. The violin replaced the ancient viol only in the 17th century. The rest of the bowed strings were formed even later. In addition to the classical violin, there are other varieties of this instrument. For example, baroque. Bach's works are often performed on it. There is also a national Indian violin. Folk music is played on it. In the folklore of many ethnic groups there is a sounding object similar to a violin.
Main group of the symphony orchestra
String instruments are very popular all over the world. Their names are:
- violin;
- alto;
- cello;
- double bass
These tools make up string group symphony orchestra. The most popular of them is the violin. It is she who attracts many children who want to learn music. This is logical, because there are more violins in the orchestra than other instruments. Therefore, art needs specialists of the appropriate profile.
String instruments, the names of which are listed here, were formed in parallel. They developed in two directions.
- Appearance and physical and acoustic properties.
- Musical abilities: melody or bass performance, technical agility.
Antonio Stradivari
In both cases, the violin was ahead of its “colleagues”. The heyday of this instrument was the 17th and 18th centuries. It was at this time that he worked Great master Antonio Stradivari. He was a student of Nicolo Amati. When Stradivari began to learn the profession, the shape and components of the violin were already formed. The size of the instrument was also established, convenient for the musician. Stradivarius contributed to the development of art. He focused on the material from which the body is made and the composition covering it. The master made musical instruments by hand. The violin was an exclusive item at that time. Only court musicians played it. They often made individual orders. Stradivari knew the requirements and preferences of all leading violinists. The master paid a lot of attention to the material from which he made the instrument. He often used used wood. There is a legend that Stradivari tapped fences with a cane while walking. If he liked the sound, then the students, at the command of Signor Antonio, broke out suitable boards.
Secrets of the master
Stringed instruments are coated with a special varnish. Stradivari developed a special composition, which he kept secret. He was afraid of competitors. Researchers have established that the master coated the body with oil to prime wooden boards, which was used by painters of that time. Stradivari also added various natural dyes to the composition. They gave the instrument not only an original color, but also beautiful sound. Today violins are coated with alcohol varnishes.
String instruments developed very intensively. In the XVII and XVIII centuries Virtuoso violinists worked at aristocratic courts. They composed music for their instrument. Such a virtuoso was Antonio Vivaldi. The violin developed as a solo instrument. She acquired unprecedented technical capabilities. The violin could play beautiful melodies, brilliant passages and even polyphonic chords.
Sound features
String instruments were often used in orchestral works. Composers used such a property of violins as continuity of sound. A smooth transition between notes is possible by moving the bow along the strings. The violin sound, unlike the piano sound, does not fade. It can be strengthened or weakened by adjusting the bow pressure. Therefore, the strings were assigned to play long-sounding melodies at different volume levels.
Musical instruments of this group have approximately the same properties. The viola, cello and double bass are very similar to the violin. They differ in size, timbre and register.
The viola is larger than the violin. It is played with a bow, pressing the instrument with the chin to the shoulder. Because the viola's strings are thicker than those of the violin, it has a different range. The instrument is capable of low sounds. He often plays accompanying melodies and backing notes. The large size interferes with the viola's mobility. He cannot master rapid virtuoso passages.
Bow giants
Music under current
Harrison was an electric guitar virtuoso. This instrument does not have a hollow resonator body. Oscillations metal strings are converted into electrical current, which is then transformed into sound waves perceived by the ear. The performer can change the timbre of his instrument using special devices.
There is another type of electric guitar that is widely popular. It sounds exclusively in the low range. This is a bass guitar. It has four thick strings. The function of an instrument in an ensemble is to support a strong bass support.
Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, but if not, then cacaphony. There are so many tools that learning them is like exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of sound, material of manufacture, method of sound production and other characteristics.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of the air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into wooden (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).
1. Flute is a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Boehm in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.
2. Oboe is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amour, English horn, heckelphone.
3. Clarinet is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Constructed in the early 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), and bass clarinets are used.
4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Arose in the 1st half. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.
5. Trumpet - a wind-copper mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe developed to the gray. 19th century
6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.
7. Trombone - a brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch of the sound is regulated by a special device - a slide (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.
8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.
Metallophones are a type of musical instrument, the main element of which is plate-keys that are struck with a hammer.
1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the source of sound of which is their elastic metal body. Sound is produced using hammers, sticks, and special drummers (tongues).
2. Instruments such as the xylophone, in contrast to which the metallophone plates are made of metal.
Stringed musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, gusli, guitar, balalaika), percussion (dulcimer), percussion-keyboard (piano), plucked -keyboards (harpsichord).
1. Violin is a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.
2. Cello is a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15th-16th centuries. Classic designs created Italian masters 17-18 centuries: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.
3. Gidzhak - stringed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uyghur).
4. Kemancha (kamancha) - a 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle East.
5. Harp (from German Harfe) is a multi-string plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form it is found in almost all nations. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.
6. Gusli is a Russian plucked string musical instrument. Wing-shaped psalteries (“ringed”) have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped ones - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.
7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) is a lute-type plucked string instrument. Known in Spain since the 13th century, in the 17th-18th centuries it spread to the countries of Europe and America, including as folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become commonly used; the 7-string guitar has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; in modern pop music an electric guitar is used.
8. Balalaika is a Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known since the beginning. 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the leadership of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the balalaika family, and later - S.I. Nalimov.
9. Cymbals (Polish: cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument ancient origin. Included in folk orchestras Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.
10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - common name keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). The piano was invented in the beginning. 18th century Appearance modern type piano - with the so-called double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the predecessor of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords of various shapes, types and varieties, including the cymbal, virginel, spinet, and clavicytherium.
Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments united by a common feature - the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into various classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments can be combined with other categories.
1. Strings (percussion-keyboards and plucked-keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.
2. Brass (keyboard-wind and reed): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melodica.
3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet
4. Electronic: electronic piano
piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) is the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). It was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments united by the method of sound production - impact. The source of sound is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.
1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) is a cauldron-shaped percussion musical instrument with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Distributed since ancient times.
2. Bells - orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - a percussion, self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a series wooden blocks various lengths.
4. Drum - a percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found among many peoples.
5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.
6. Castanets (Spanish: castanetas) - percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the shape of shells, fastened on the fingers.
Electromusical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a unique timbre and can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include the theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.
1. Theremin is the first domestic electromusical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch of a theremin varies depending on distance right hand performer to one of the antennas, volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.
2. Emiriton is an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreitzer and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).
3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert the vibrations of metal strings into vibrations electric current. The first magnetic pickup was made by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loehr in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.
TALLINN HUMANITARIAN GYMNASUY
Abstract on the topic:
Story string- bowed instruments and their development.
Teacher: Tatyana Bozhko
Student: Ilya Livenson 8 a
T a l l i n n
STRINGED INSTRUMENTS.
Many types string instruments combined according to a special characteristic. Their sound is produced when a stretched strip of material (usually wire, silk or gut) begins to vibrate upon contact with a bow or other object. The parameters of the sound produced by a string depend on its length, flexibility, and tension.
In Western countries, the approved string material was gut or wire, while in the East silk was used. Gut was used in ancient times by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Wire was not used until the 14th century when wire drawing was invented. This discovery also led to the invention of keyboard instruments with strings (clavichord, harpsichord, clavicombalo and piano). Due to the fact that only wire and gut were known in the West as stringing materials, nowadays keyboard instruments are composed of the above materials.
Lyra.
Among the earliest stringed instruments is the lyre. The first mention of lyres was during the Sumerian civilization. These instruments were large, approximately 3 1/2 feet (1 meter). Their strings diverged from the sound box along the bridge to the control box. The sound was produced by fingering the strings. After some time, the lyre became more compact. An instrument known in Egyptian civilization in the 2nd millennium BC. was located almost horizontally. The sound was produced by plucking the strings with a special stick, the predecessor of the modern bow. The number of strings on instruments of that period ranged between six and twelve.
Harps.
One of the oldest stringed instruments is the harp. Harps were depicted in ancient Egypt already in the 4th Dynasty (approximately 26th century BC), and they were very large (more than 1.8 meters). Two types of harps were known in the Syrian civilization (8th-7th century BC).
The earliest harp still in existence is an instrument from the Sumerian civilization, approximately 3000 BC. The modern harp, used by soloists and in orchestras, has a range of 6 1/2 octaves and uses strings made from gut.
Other type modern instrument- a chromatic harp improved at the beginning of the 20th century by Gustav Lyon. This harp does not have any pedals to provide chromatic tones. Although this instrument was recognized, it did not replace the harp improved by Sébastien Erard.
Viola.
Among stringed instruments, members of the viol family ruled throughout Europe from the 15th to the 17th centuries, although they appeared much earlier. At the beginning of the 11th century, viols are depicted in visual arts and mentioned in the literature. While the origins of viols are unclear, it is likely from the late 10th century when the bow was recognized in Europe. When the violin and instruments associated with it appeared in the 17th century, there was a period during which no family of instruments was dominant, but the viol was largely replaced by the violin. However, until the end of the 18th century, the lowest member of this family, the viola da gamba, was still used as a solo instrument.
Compared to violins, the viol is longer and lighter, and as a result it produces a sound that is less intense. Unlike the violin, the viol does not have a characteristic shape. Some instruments have flat backs and sloping shoulders, some have curved backs and more full form. Members of the viol family have six strings.
A group of three to six viols playing together is called a consort, and there are four main sizes: soprano, alto, tenor, and bass. In a group of six such instruments there are usually two sopranos, an alto, a tenor, and two basses.
Violin.
The violin family, which challenged and displaced members of the viol family, appeared in Europe in the early 16th century and was mentioned in works of the period by the mid-16th century. Since then, these instruments violin, viola, violoncello (or cello), and double bass have become a major component of symphony orchestras and chamber music ensembles. Compared to the viol, these instruments are louder and more sensitive, with strings that are heavier and taut.
The appearance of violin family instruments became more modern at the end of the 16th century. At the end of the 18th century, as the pitch rose and the need for a stronger sound arose, the violin was modified. The bridge was raised, the neck was angled and lengthened, and the string tension was increased. The bow was similar to the viol bow until the early 18th century. Towards the end of the 18th century, the modern bow was perfected by a Frenchman, Francois Tourte.
The largest violins were from Italy, and no city was more famous for its instruments than Cremona. It was home to the Amati family, whose tools set international standard for the beauty of sound, and Antonio Stradivari, whose name is still synonymous with the finest violins.
Although only four members of the violin family are encountered today, there are other instruments associated with this group that were once equally famous. Pochette, or Taschengeige, is a miniature violin tuned an octave higher than the normal instrument, whose use is associated with the dancing masters who accompanied students with these instruments.
Guitar.
Guitars are characterized by their flat back, although instruments also exist with backs that gently point outward. Typically guitars are made from maple, beech, spruce or pine. Ancient instruments were often decorated with ivory, ebony or mother-of-pearl inlays. While vintage instruments had as many as ten or twelve strings, modern concert guitars have six separate strings. Standard modern guitars have three strings made of metal and three made of plastic. The strings are tuned at intervals of ascending three-fourths, major-thirds and other fourths.
Although guitars were found throughout Europe, they became the national musical instrument of Spain. The main distributor and possible inventor of the instrument in modern form There was a 16th century Spanish novelist, Vicent Espinel. One of famous composers for guitars were: Fernando Sor and Mauro Guiliani, who lived in the 19th century.
Bibliography:
1. Elizabeth Cowling. “Cello” (Scribner, 1983).
2. George Hart. “The Violin: Famous Makers and Their Imitators” (Longwood, 1977).
3. Siboule Marcuse. “Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary” (Norton, 1975).
Bowed instruments are the basis of symphony and chamber orchestras; it is impossible to imagine music without this group. It is the bowed musical instruments that give the melody smoothness, length, and grace. The sound in instruments of this group is produced using a bow, which is passed along stretched strings. The strings resonate with the body of the instrument and transmit air vibrations to the listeners. Unlike, bowed instruments do not have frets, which makes playing and training difficult for musicians. Finding where to press the string to get the desired sound is a matter of many years of study, talent, painstaking work and a keen ear for music.
The closest ancestor of the modern violin and cello is the viola (Italian for flower), which appeared in the 15th century. Further formation and improvement of bowed instruments, as we see them today, occurred in the second half of the 18th century. Not only playing, but also making stringed bowed instruments was considered great art. The names of the great masters of that time - Antonio Stradivari, Nicolo Amati, Giuseppe Guarneri and others - are known to this day even to people far from music, and the bowed instruments made by the maestro have an amazing sound, not to mention their cost. There is a world a large number of stringed bowed instruments. The most common instruments are those used in academic music playing: violin, viola, cello and double bass. Occasionally, symphonic scores include a part for the lowest-sounding bowed instrument - the octobass.
Academic musical string instruments
Violin."Queen of the Orchestra" It is a string instrument of the upper register. Despite its external fragility and grace, it conceals enormous possibilities and unexpected power of sound, and is absolutely deservedly considered the most perfect musical instrument. The violin consists of two main parts - a body with a specific round shape and a neck on which the strings and the peg box are located. A violin bow is made from a wooden reed stretched with horsehair.
Alto. Despite the total popularity of the violin, the viola is an important component of the symphony orchestra. Both in size and age (appeared at the end of the 15th century), the viola can be called the “big brother” great violin. The sound of the viola is thicker, velvety, but less bright. The size of the instrument requires slightly different playing techniques, greater finger stretch and hand strength. As a rule, violists do not become violists from childhood; violinists with larger physiques switch to the instrument at school or conservatories.
Cello. The cello is almost three times the size of a regular violin. The instrument is placed on the floor, vertically, and played while sitting (in past centuries, the cello was placed on a special chair and played standing, after which a special metal spire was invented). The sound of the cello is thick, rich, melodious, and its timbre is very reminiscent of the human voice (the timbre is baritone). Nowadays, the cello is an indispensable instrument of symphony and chamber orchestras; many solo works have been created; one of the most striking can be considered the cello solo “The Swan” by the composer Saint-Saëns from the orchestral cycle “Carnival of the Animals”.
Double bass. The lowest-sounding bowed string instrument in a symphony orchestra. It rarely performs as a solo instrument, since it is difficult to achieve accuracy and sharpness of intonation, but it acts as a kind of musical “foundation” on which the sound of other instruments rests. The double bass is an integral component not only of a symphony orchestra, but also of jazz and pop musical groups. The instrument is played standing or on a high stool; the height of the instrument can be adjusted by changing the height of the spire.
Bowed musical instruments of the peoples of Europe
Beep. Russian folk bowed instrument, often used by buffoons in the 18th-19th centuries. It consisted of a wooden hollowed-out body of irregular (pear-shaped) shape and a flat soundboard with resonator holes. 3-4 strings were stretched onto a short neck, the top of which was intended to lead the melody, and the rest for accompaniment.
Rebecca. A medieval Spanish stringed musical instrument that came to Europe from the Arab states. In the XIII-XIV centuries it became widespread in countries Western Europe. Somewhat similar to the Russian whistle, it has a pear-shaped body and a short soundboard with two stretched strings. The first to describe the instrument in 1275 was the music theorist and church leader Jerome of Moravia.
Hardangerfele. Norwegian version of the classical violin. It is smaller in size than a violin, has more convex soundboards, as well as a shorter, wide neck. 8-9 strings are stretched onto the fingerboard, four of which are intended for playing, and the rest are resonant. The earliest hardangerfele dates back to 1651 and was made by Ole Jonsen Yastadom. Often the body of the instrument was decorated with patterns, and the neck with inlays.
Bowed musical instruments of the peoples of Asia
Rebab. Instrument of Arab origin, under different names found in culture different nations East, came to Europe under the name rebek. Since the rebab is used not only as an accompaniment to singing, but also to recitation, there are two varieties of it. The rebab-eh-haer (rebab for poets) has only one string. The rebab el moghanni (rebab for singers) has two strings. The instrument is played with a bow, while the rebab is held on the knees.
Huqin(guqin). A type of violin from distant China. It consists of a body having a round (six-eight angle) shape, and a neck attached to the body. The body is made of thin wood or snakeskin. There are about 30 varieties of huqin in China; in addition, instruments similar to huqin are used in China's neighbors Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Japan, and Mongolia.
Kamancha(kamancha, keman, gidzhak, Pontic lyre). Bowed musical instruments, very common in Western and Central Asia, are mandatory for Eastern ensembles. folk music. Often used for solo performance. There are many varieties of kamancha, but the Persian instrument is considered the ancestor. The kemancha consists of a long wooden neck with large pegs; the soundboard is made of thin snake, fish skin, and bull bladder. The number of strings ranges from two to six. The absence of frets on the fretboard opens up enormous opportunities for musicians, both for solo and ensemble performance.
In bowed musical instruments, sounds are produced by rubbing the hair of the bow on the strings; in this regard, their sound characteristics differ significantly from plucked instruments.
Bowed instruments are distinguished by their high sound quality and endless possibilities in the field of performance technique and therefore are leading in various orchestras and ensembles and are widely used for solo performance.
This subgroup of instruments includes violins, violas, cellos, double basses, as well as a number national instruments 1 (Georgian chianuri, Uzbek gidzhak, Azerbaijani kemancha, etc.).
Violin among bowed instruments it is the highest register instrument. The sound of the violin in the upper register is light, silvery, in the middle - soft, gentle, melodious and in the lower register - tense, thick.
The violin is tuned in fifths. The range of the violin is 3 3/4 octaves, from G of the small octave to E of the fourth octave.
They produce solo violins, size 4/4; training, size 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 1/8. Educational violins, unlike solo ones, have a slightly worse finish and lower sound quality. In turn, educational violins, depending on the sound quality and external finish, are divided into educational violins of classes 1 and 2. Class 2 violins differ from class 1 violins in worse sound quality and external finish.
Alto some more violin. In the upper register it sounds tense and harsh; in the middle register the sound is dull (nasal), melodious, in the lower register the alto sounds thick, somewhat rough.
The viola strings are tuned in fifths. Range - 3 octaves, from note to minor octave to note to third octave.
Violas are divided into solo (size 4/4) and educational violas of grades 1 and 2 (size 4/4).
Cello Almost 3 times the size of a full-size violin, it is played while sitting. The tool is placed on the floor, after inserting the stop.
The sound of the upper register of the instrument is light, open, and chesty. In the middle register it sounds melodious and thick. The lower register sounds full, thick, dense. Sometimes the sound of a cello is compared to the sound of the human voice.
The cello is tuned in fifths, an octave below the alto. The range of the cello is 31/3 octaves - from C to the major octave to E of the second octave.
Cellos are divided into solo and study:
♦ solo (4/4 size) are made according to one of the Stradivarius models; they are intended for solo, ensemble and orchestral performance musical works;
♦ educational cellos of classes 1 (size 4/4) and class 2 (sizes 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, 1/8) differ in sound quality and presentation. Designed for teaching music to students of various ages.
Double bass- the largest of the family of bowed instruments; it is almost 31/2 times longer than a full-sized violin in length. The double bass is played while standing, placed on the floor in the same way as a cello. In its form, the double bass retained the features of ancient viols.
The double bass is the lowest sounding instrument of the bow family. Its sound in the middle register is thick and quite soft. The top notes sound liquid, sharp and intense. The lower register sounds very dense and thick. Unlike other stringed instruments, the double bass is built in fourths and sounds an octave below the iota. The range of the double bass is 21/2, octaves - from E counter-octave to B-be-mol small octave.
Double basses are divided into: solo (size 4/4); educational grade 1 (size 4/4); educational 2 classes (size 2/4, 3/4, 4/4).
Five-string solo double basses (4/4 size) are also produced, ranging from notes to counter-octave to notes to the second octave.
In their design, the violin, viola, cello and double bass are of the same type. The difference between them is mainly in size and structure. Therefore, this article describes the design of only one bowed instrument - the violin.
The main structural components of a violin are: body, neck with neck, head, tailpiece, stand, peg box, strings.
The figure-eight shaped body amplifies the sound vibrations of the strings. It consists of upper and lower decks (14, 17), which are the most important resonating parts of the violin, and shells (18). The top deck is thickest in the middle, gradually decreasing towards the edges. In cross-section, the decks have the shape of a small arch. The top soundboard has two resonator holes shaped like the Latin letter "f", hence their name - f-holes. The decks are connected by shells.
The tool shells consist of six parts and are attached to six body posts (16, 19). A neck (20) is attached to the upper body post, on which the neck (10) is mounted. The neck serves to press the strings during performance; it has a conical shape along the length, and a slight curvature at the end. A continuation of the neck and its end is the head (3), which has a peg box (12) with side holes for strengthening the pegs. The curl (11) is the end of the peg box and has different shape(often shaped).
Pegs have the shape of cone-shaped rods with a head and are used to tension and tune the strings. The nut (13) at the top of the neck limits the sounding part of the strings and has a curvature of the neck.
The tailpiece (6) is designed to secure the lower ends of the strings. For this purpose, it has corresponding holes in its wide part.
The stand (15) supports the strings at the required height from the fingerboard, limits the sounding length of the strings and transmits the vibration of the strings to the soundboards.
All bowed instruments have four strings (only the double bass can have five strings).
To produce sound, bows are used, which differ in size and shape.
The bow consists of a reed (2) with a head at the upper end, a tension screw block (5) and a hair (6). The bow reed, on which the evenly spaced hair is pulled, is slightly curved. It has a head (1) at the end and springs in the direction opposite to the hair. A block is used to secure the hair, and at the other end of the bow the hair is secured at the end of the cane in the head. The block moves along the reed by rotating the screw (4), located at the end of the reed, and provides the hair with the required tension.
Bows are divided into solo and educational bows of 1st and 2nd classes.
Spare parts and accessories for bowed instruments
Spare parts and accessories for bowed instruments are: tailpieces and fingerboards, stands, pegs made of stained hardwood or plastic; mutes made of plastic or wood; machines for adjusting the tension of brass strings; plastic violin and viola chinrests; strings; buttons; cases and covers.