For parents planning to send their child to music school, as well as all art lovers need to know that the instruments they play are divided into several types. Electrical devices, such as a synthesizer, stand apart. Wind instruments sound by oscillating air in a hollow tube. When playing the keyboard, you need to activate the hammer, which strikes the string. This is usually done using finger pressure.
Violin and its variants
Stringed instruments there are two types:
- bowed;
- plucked
They are very popular among music lovers. Bowed instruments often play the main melodies in orchestral pieces and symphonies. They acquired their modern appearance quite late. The violin replaced the ancient viol only in the 17th century. The rest of the bowed strings were formed even later. In addition to the classical violin, there are other varieties of this instrument. For example, baroque. Bach's works are often performed on it. There is also a national Indian violin. Folk music is played on it. In the folklore of many ethnic groups there is a sounding object similar to a violin.
Main group of the symphony orchestra
String instruments are very popular all over the world. Their names are:
- violin;
- alto;
- cello;
- double bass
These instruments make up the string group symphony orchestra. The most popular of them is the violin. It is she who attracts many children who want to learn music. This is logical, because there are more violins in the orchestra than other instruments. Therefore, art needs specialists of the appropriate profile.
String instruments, the names of which are listed here, were formed in parallel. They developed in two directions.
- Appearance and physical and acoustic properties.
- Musical abilities: melody or bass performance, technical agility.
Antonio Stradivari
In both cases, the violin was ahead of its “colleagues”. The heyday of this instrument was the 17th and 18th centuries. It was at this time that he worked Great master Antonio Stradivari. He was a student of Nicolo Amati. When Stradivari began to learn the profession, the shape and components of the violin were already formed. The size of the instrument was also established, convenient for the musician. Stradivarius contributed to the development of art. He focused on the material from which the body is made and the composition covering it. The master made it by hand musical instruments. The violin was an exclusive item at that time. Only court musicians played it. They often made individual orders. Stradivari knew the requirements and preferences of all leading violinists. The master paid a lot of attention to the material from which he made the instrument. He often used used wood. There is a legend that Stradivari tapped fences with a cane while walking. If he liked the sound, then the students, at the command of Signor Antonio, broke out suitable boards.
Secrets of the master
Stringed instruments are coated with a special varnish. Stradivari developed a special composition, which he kept secret. He was afraid of competitors. Researchers have established that the master coated the body with oil to prime wooden boards, which was used by painters of that time. Stradivari also added various natural dyes to the composition. They gave the instrument not only an original color, but also beautiful sound. Today violins are coated with alcohol varnishes.
String instruments developed very intensively. In the XVII and XVIII centuries Virtuoso violinists worked at aristocratic courts. They composed music for their instrument. Such a virtuoso was Antonio Vivaldi. The violin developed as a solo instrument. She acquired unprecedented technical capabilities. The violin could play beautiful melodies, brilliant passages and even polyphonic chords.
Sound features
String instruments were often used in orchestral works. Composers used such a property of violins as continuity of sound. A smooth transition between notes is possible by moving the bow along the strings. The violin sound, unlike the piano sound, does not fade. It can be strengthened or weakened by adjusting the bow pressure. Therefore, the strings were assigned to play long-sounding melodies at different volume levels.
Musical instruments of this group have approximately the same properties. The viola, cello and double bass are very similar to the violin. They differ in size, timbre and register.
The viola is larger than the violin. It is played with a bow, pressing the instrument with the chin to the shoulder. Because the viola's strings are thicker than those of the violin, it has a different range. The instrument is capable of low sounds. He often plays accompanying melodies and backing notes. The large size interferes with the viola's mobility. He cannot master rapid virtuoso passages.
Bow giants
Music under current
Harrison was an electric guitar virtuoso. This instrument does not have a hollow resonator body. Oscillations metal strings are converted into electricity, which is then transformed into sound waves perceived by the ear. The performer can change the timbre of his instrument using special devices.
There is another type of electric guitar that is widely popular. It sounds exclusively in the low range. This is a bass guitar. It has four thick strings. The function of an instrument in an ensemble is to support a strong bass support.
Many types of string instruments are combined according to a special characteristic. Their sound is produced when a stretched strip of material (usually wire, silk or gut) begins to vibrate upon contact with a bow or other object. The parameters of the sound produced by a string depend on its length, flexibility, and tension.
IN Western countries the approved material for strings was gut or wire, and in the East silk was used. Gut was used in ancient times by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Wire was not used until the 14th century when wire drawing was invented. This discovery also led to the invention of keyboard instruments with strings (clavichord, harpsichord, clavicombalo and piano). Due to the fact that only wire and gut were known in the West as string materials, keyboard instruments these days are composed of the above materials.
There are a large number of folk bowed instruments. Occasionally, a part is written out for the lowest stringed instrument, the octobass. The range of the entire bowed group covers almost seven octaves from C counter octave to C fifth octave.
Bows were formed and improved around the end of the 17th century, only the bow in its modern form appeared by the end of the 18th century. Despite the timbre differences between individual instruments of the group, they sound homogeneous as a whole. This is explained by the unity of design and the general principle of sound production.
Varieties of stringed instruments:
Harp Lyra Gusli Lute
Violin Alto Cello
Double bass Octobass
The source of sound for all instruments is strings, which resonate with the body of the instrument and transmit vibrations through the air to the listener. Sound production is made with a bow (arco) or fingers (pizzicato).
Bowed instruments are the basis of symphony and chamber orchestras; it is impossible to imagine music without this group. It is the bowed musical instruments that give the melody smoothness, length, and grace. The sound in instruments of this group is produced using a bow, which is passed along stretched strings. The strings resonate with the body of the instrument and transmit air vibrations to the listeners. Unlike, bowed instruments do not have frets, which makes it difficult for musicians to play and train. Finding where to press the string to get the desired sound is a matter of many years of study, talent, painstaking work and a keen ear for music.
The closest ancestor of the modern violin and cello is the viola (Italian for flower), which appeared in the 15th century. Further formation and improvement of bowed instruments, as we see them today, occurred in the second half of the 18th century. Not only playing, but also making stringed bowed instruments was considered great art. The names of the great masters of that time - Antonio Stradivari, Nicolo Amati, Giuseppe Guarneri and others - are known to this day even to people far from music, and bowed instruments, made by the maestro, have an amazing sound, not to mention their cost. There is a world a large number of stringed bowed instruments. The most common instruments are those used in academic music playing: violin, viola, cello and double bass. Occasionally, symphonic scores include a part for the lowest-sounding bowed instrument - the octobass.
Academic musical string instruments
Violin."Queen of the Orchestra" It is a string instrument of the upper register. Despite its external fragility and grace, it conceals enormous possibilities and unexpected power of sound, and is absolutely deservedly considered the most perfect musical instrument. The violin consists of two main parts - a body with a specific round shape and a neck on which the strings and the peg box are located. A violin bow is made from a wooden reed stretched with horsehair.
Alto. Despite the total popularity of the violin, the viola is an important component of the symphony orchestra. Both in size and age (appeared at the end of the 15th century), the viola can be called the “big brother” great violin. The sound of the viola is thicker, velvety, but less bright. The size of the instrument requires slightly different playing techniques, greater finger stretch and hand strength. As a rule, violists do not become violists from childhood; violinists with larger physiques switch to the instrument at school or conservatories.
Cello. The cello is almost three times the size of a regular violin. The instrument is placed on the floor, vertically, and played while sitting (in past centuries, the cello was placed on a special chair and played standing, after which a special metal spire was invented). The sound of the cello is thick, rich, melodious, and its timbre is very reminiscent of the human voice (the timbre is baritone). Nowadays, the cello is an indispensable instrument of symphony and chamber orchestras; many solo works have been created; one of the most striking can be considered the cello solo “The Swan” by the composer Saint-Saëns from the orchestral cycle “Carnival of the Animals.”
Double bass. The lowest-sounding bowed string instrument in a symphony orchestra. It rarely performs as a solo instrument, since it is difficult to achieve accuracy and sharpness of intonation, but it acts as a kind of musical “foundation” on which the sound of other instruments rests. The double bass is an integral component not only of a symphony orchestra, but also of jazz and pop musical groups. The instrument is played standing or on a high stool; the height of the instrument can be adjusted by changing the height of the spire.
Bowed musical instruments of the peoples of Europe
Beep. Russian folk bowed instrument, often used by buffoons in the 18th-19th centuries. It consisted of a wooden hollowed-out body of irregular (pear-shaped) shape and a flat soundboard with resonator holes. 3-4 strings were stretched onto a short neck, the top of which was intended to lead the melody, and the rest for accompaniment.
Rebecca. A medieval Spanish stringed musical instrument that came to Europe from the Arab states. In the XIII-XIV centuries it became widespread in Western Europe. Somewhat similar to the Russian whistle, it has a pear-shaped body and a short soundboard with two stretched strings. The first to describe the instrument in 1275 was the music theorist and church leader Jerome of Moravia.
Hardangerfele. Norwegian version of the classical violin. It is smaller in size than a violin, has more convex soundboards, as well as a shorter, wide neck. 8-9 strings are stretched onto the fingerboard, four of which are intended for playing, and the rest are resonant. The earliest hardangerfele dates back to 1651 and was made by Ole Jonsen Yastadom. Often the body of the instrument was decorated with patterns, and the neck with inlays.
Bowed musical instruments of the peoples of Asia
Rebab. Instrument of Arab origin, under different names found in culture different nations East, came to Europe under the name rebek. Since the rebab is used not only as an accompaniment to singing, but also to recitation, there are two varieties of it. The rebab-eh-haer (rebab for poets) has only one string. The rebab el moghanni (rebab for singers) has two strings. The instrument is played with a bow, while the rebab is held on the knees.
Huqin(guqin). A type of violin from distant China. It consists of a body having a round (six-eight angle) shape, and a neck attached to the body. The body is made of thin wood or snakeskin. There are about 30 varieties of huqin in China; in addition, instruments similar to huqin are used in China's neighbors Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Japan, and Mongolia.
Kamancha(kamancha, keman, gidzhak, Pontic lyre). Bowed musical instruments, very common in Western and Central Asia, are mandatory for Eastern ensembles. folk music. Often used for solo performance. There are many varieties of kamancha, but the Persian instrument is considered the ancestor. The kemancha consists of a long wooden neck with large pegs; the soundboard is made of thin snake, fish skin, and bull bladder. The number of strings ranges from two to six. The absence of frets on the fretboard opens up enormous opportunities for musicians, both for solo and ensemble performance.
IN chordophones, as their name suggests (from the Greek “chord” - string), sound is produced by vibrating tightly stretched strings:
1) through the influence of a bow on them: violin, viola da gamba, ravel, rebec:
Violin
viola da gamba
rebec
2) by directly plucking the strings with your fingers or a plectrum (mediator).In this case, instruments may have a neck, neck and resonators - lute, guitar, mandolin:
Lute.
Guitar.
Mandolin.
or not have a neck with a neck, but represent only a harmonic box or resonator, such as, for example , citharas:
String instruments can be plucked (plucking strings) - psaltery, harp, zither:
Psaltery.
Zither
Gusli.
or drums —dulceme, cimbalone:
Cymbalon.
It is worth noting that in the Middle Ages, the “descendants” of percussion string instruments received a keyboard mechanism. Thus, we must consider the harpsichord, spinet and virginel to be a direct inheritance of the medieval psalterions and zithers, due to the fact that their strings are struck by small picks.
harpsichord
Spinet.
Virginel.
Meanwhile, dulceme belongs to the “genealogy” clavichord, piano and grand piano.
Clavichord.
Piano.
Piano.
Stringed bowed instruments.
The sound of string instruments.
Bowed instruments have been known since the 8th century, and their homeland is considered to be the region of Uzbekistan and the territories near the Aral Sea. From here, bowed instruments spread to the east - into the musical cultures of India and China, while at the same time along the Persian route - to the south and west, reaching Islamic territories. A bowed tongue appeared in the Balkan zone cordafon, who arrived on the European continent through Byzantium. Also on the Iberian (Iberian) Peninsula already in the 11th century we find extensive information and iconography related to bowed instruments, primarily to Ravels(three-string shepherd's fiddle). Lizherika- also an ancient three-stringed instrument of Croatia. Externally, the lizherika is a pear-shaped wooden musical instrument consisting of three strings. The game is played with a bow and accompanies various dances. The musician plays the instrument while sitting, holding the lizherica on his left knee. At the same time, the performer beats out the required rhythm for the dancers with his right foot. When performing in pairs, dancers move around the musician in a circle.
But the most significant bowed instrument of the Middle Ages was viola, also called bowed vihuela and known among musicologists (organologists) as fidula.
In fact, from the named instrument at the end of the 15th century. happened viola da gamba, also known in Castile as vihuela de pierna, bowed vihuela or violon, whose instrumental family was one of the most significant in the Renaissance and Baroque era.
These viols had different timbres and sizes, and they were played resting on the knees (soproano) or placed between the legs (tenor and bass). The range of the viol was fixed by frets, and therefore they were polyphonic in nature. With a flat back and a slightly convex harmonic cover, they had five or six strings, tuned in fourths (seven strings at the end of the 17th century). The repertoire for viols was extremely diverse, primarily from the French school, in which the names of Saint Colombe (d. between 1691 and 1701), De Mache (1685 - 1692), Louis de Ca d'Hervelois (1670 or 1680 - ca. . 1760), Antoine Forqueret (1671 or 1672 - 1745) and Maren Mare (1656 - 1728). Also in England in the 16th - 17th centuries there appeared a whole galaxy of composers who wrote music for viols: Tobias Hume (c. 1569 - 1645), Orlando Gibbons (1583 - 1625), Christopher Tye (1498 - 1572), Matthew Locke (c. 1630 - 1677), Henry Purcell (c. 1659 - 1695) and John Jenkins (1592 - 1678).
But already in the 17th century. viols began to be displaced from musical Olympus which replaced them with another family of bowed instruments - family of violins (violin, viola, cello and double bass). These instruments immediately gained popularity among both composers and listeners. Compared to violas da gamba, violins have a more pinched body, narrower side contours (shells), a higher stand (and therefore have greater sonority and pitch), four strings tuned in fifths, and a longer bow.
Double bass, cello, viola, violin (from left to right)
Tomaso Albinoni - Adagio - String Quartet
Finally, among the family of bowed string instruments, mention should be made of the so-called viola de rueda (wheel viola), derived from a medieval instrument called "organistrum".
The sound of this instrument is produced by friction against the strings of a wheel driven by a handle. As the wheel begins to rotate, it hits the strings and produces a sound that resembles (to a certain extent) the sound of bagpipes. The instrument had several different bass strings and, in addition, two melody strings in unison. Although its origins are associated with monastic music, it quickly became a folk instrument, typical of traveling musicians who used it to accompany their singing.
Stringed plucked instruments.
Plucked chordophones have also been known since antiquity.
The sound of plucked string instruments.
Already in the 3rd millennium BC. a lyre-like instrument was very popular in Mesopotamia. Exported to Greece, it was improved here and later spread in Rome. According to myth, the first lyre was made by Hermes from a tortoise shell and given to Apollo. It had a flat, round body with a leather membrane. At first, wooden and bone pegs were used to tension the strings, later - metal ones.
Ancient plucked string instruments also include kithara, having a narrow rectangular wooden body (resonator), two handles attached to the body in the longitudinal direction, and a crossbar connecting the handles. The strings were the same length, but of different thicknesses, which made it possible to adjust the pitch of the sound.
Another branch of plucked string instruments is harps are already mentioned in the Book of Samuel (Old Testament). These instruments were also known in Mesopotamia, Africa and parts of Asia. Later the Harp penetrated into Europe, and in the 5th century. became famous in Ireland.
It is also necessary to mention lute, which was very popular in all musical cultures peace.
Allemande performed by Robert Barto on Baroque Lute. This sonata can be heard on the Naxos recording "Weiss volume 8" 8.570109
But the most popular of the group of plucked chordaphones is undoubtedly the guitar. True, during the Renaissance, the guitar was inferior in popularity to the viol and lute.
According to reference books, stringed musical instruments (chordophones), according to the method of sound production, are divided into bowed instruments (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha); plucked strings (harp, gusli, guitar, balalaika); percussion (various types of cymbals); percussion keyboards (piano); plucked keyboards (harpsichords).
Below are the most famous varieties of bowed musical instruments.
Violin, 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest sounding instrument in the violin family, which also includes viola and cello. Originated from the improvement folk instruments. It took shape in a classical form in the work of Northern Italian violin makers of the 16th-18th centuries, which in particular included: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari and others.
In this regard, a few words about the above-mentioned masters:
Amati is a family of Italian bowed instrument makers. Ancestor-Andrea (born around 1520, died around 1580). He is the creator of the classical type of violin. His sons are Andrea Antonio (around 1540-after 1600) and Girolamo (1561-1630). The most famous is the son of Girolamo Nicolo Amati (1596-1684), whose instruments are especially highly valued. Students of Nicolo Amati: his son Girolamo 2nd (1649-1740), Guarneri, Stradivari.
Guarneri is a family of Italian bowed instrument makers. Its head, Andrea (1626-1698), a student of N. Amati, developed his own model of the violin. His sons: Pietro (1655-1720) and Giuseppe (1666-1739). Grandsons on the side of Giuseppe's son: Pietro 2nd (1695-1762) and Giuseppe (Joseph), nicknamed Guarneri del Gesu (1698-1744). It should be noted that the most valuable are the violins and violas of Giuseppe (Guarneri del Gesu), which were played by N. Paganini, F. Kreisler and others.
Stradivari Antonio (1644-1737) - Italian master of bowed instruments (head of a family of masters). Initially he imitated his teacher N. Amati; subsequently created his own models of violin, viola, cello, which are most highly valued (along with Guarneri del Gesù instruments). Famous masters were his sons: Francesco (1671-1743) and Omobeno (1679-1742).
But let's return to the topic of musical instruments:
Alto- a stringed bowed musical instrument of the violin family, larger in size than a violin.
Cello(Italian violoncello), a bowed string musical instrument of the violin family of bass-tenor sound. Appeared in the 15th-16th centuries. Classic designs cellos created Italian masters 17-18 centuries: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari and others. Used as a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument.
Violas(Italian viole), a family of bowed string instruments common in Western Europe in the 15th-18th centuries. Looks like big violin. Based on the size and position of the instrument during play, a distinction is made between viola da braccio and viol da gamba. Viol da braccio (Italian da braccio - hand) was held horizontally like a violin, and viol da gamba (da gamba - foot) was held vertically, like a cello. It should be noted that the modern double bass is closest to the viol family.
Double bass(Italian contrab(b) asso), the largest in size and low-sounding stringed bowed musical instrument. The double bass was created in the mid-17th century based on the double bass viola da gamba. Since the 18th century, the double bass has been used as an ensemble and also as an orchestral instrument, and since the 20th century as a solo instrument.
Gijak, stringed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Ussuri). Similar to kemanche.
Kamancha(kamancha), a 4-string bowed instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle East. 
Now about plucked string instruments. These include:
Harp(from Old Germanic Ћarрa), multi-stringed plucked instrument in the form of a large triangular frame. The earliest depictions of the harp date back to the 3rd millennium BC. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1810 by S. Erard in France. Various types of harps are found among many peoples of the world. The harp is used as an orchestral, ensemble and solo instrument.
Balalaika, a Russian 3-string plucked instrument with a triangular soundboard. The balalaika has been known since the beginning of the 18th century. Improved in the 1880s.
Lute(Polish lutnia, from Arabic al-ud, literally tree), an ancient stringed (6-16 strings) plucked musical instrument of Arab-Iranian origin. The sound is similar to a guitar. It spread to Europe since the Arab conquest of Spain (from the 8th century).
Oud(al-ud) is an ancient Arabic musical instrument, the prototype of the modern lute. It is also common as a folk Azerbaijani musical instrument such as the lute.
Sitar(setar), an individual plucked string musical instrument of the lute family. Distributed in India, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan (setar). Used in rock music since the 1960s.
Mandolin (Italian mandolino), a lute-type plucked string musical instrument with an oval body. The sound is produced by a plectrum. Tool Italian origin, known since the 17th century. The most popular is the Neapolitan soprano mandolin with four-pair strings.
Guitar(Greek kitЋara-kifhara, Spanish guitarra), a lute-type plucked string musical instrument with a figure-eight wooden body. Known in Spain since the 13th century, then in Italy, from the 17th-18th centuries - in the ancients countries of Europe and America (including as a folk instrument). Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become commonly used; in Russia, the 7-string guitar is predominantly used. Modern pop music uses the electric guitar.
Lyra(Greek lyra), an ancient Greek plucked string musical instrument that is considered a symbol of poetic creative inspiration. Playing the lyre accompanied the performance of works of epic and lyric poetry (hence “lyrics”). Among the many varieties is the improved kithara. This type of instrument was widespread in many ancient civilizations. Since the 11th century in Western and Eastern Europe the so-called hurdy-gurdy. It is a musical instrument of Ukrainian and Belarusian singers (Ukrainian relya, rylya, Belarusian lera). In Western Europe of the 15th-18th centuries, the lyre was a bowed string instrument, similar to the viola, lute, and violin.
Kifara(kitara), Greek kitЋare, ancient Greek stringed musical instrument.
Gusli, Russian plucked string instrument. Varieties of gusli are wing-shaped, helmet-shaped, rectangular. Wing-shaped (ringed) harp has 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-56 strings. This musical instrument has been mentioned since the 6th century. Since the 20th century, mainly rectangular harps have been used.
Dombra, a Kazakh 2-string plucked musical instrument. Traditional kyui plays are performed on the dombra.
For information: kuis, Kazakh folk instrumental pieces, which were performed on the dombra, as well as on other folk musical instruments.
Domra, an ancient Russian stringed musical instrument with an oval body. The domra was used by buffoons in the 16th and 17th centuries. At the end of the 19th century, a family of 3-string orchestral domras was created, and at the beginning of the 20th century, a family of 4-string domras.
For information: buffoons are traveling actors in Ancient Rus' who performed as singers, wits, musicians, skit performers, and acrobats. Known since the 11th century. They were especially common in the 15th-17th centuries.
Saz, a plucked string musical instrument with 3-4 paired or triple strings. Saz is widespread among the peoples of Transcaucasia, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and other Eastern countries. Usually ashugs accompany themselves on the saz.
Tar(tara, tari) is a multi-string plucked musical instrument, common in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
Zither(German zitЋer), a small stringed musical instrument, usually in the form of a figured box with strings. Most common in Austria and Germany in the 19th century. Known since ancient times. 
Let's move on to a group of percussion string musical instruments. Here is one of the representatives of this group:
Cymbals (from Polish cymbaly), a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument ancient origin. Presented in the form of a box with strings that are struck with hammers. This instrument is most common in Hungary. Included in folk orchestras Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and others.
And now a little about percussion-keyboard string instruments:
Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte-loud and piano-quiet), common name stringed percussion keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). The piano was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. Modern type The concert piano has been known since 1820.
Piano(from the French royal-royal, regal), a type of piano. The strings, soundboard and action are arranged horizontally.
Piano(Italian pianino, literally small piano), a type of pianoforte. The strings, soundboard and mechanics are located in a vertical plane. The modern design has been known since the mid-19th century.
Clavichord (from Latin clavis - key and Greek cЋorde - string). Russian name in the 18th and 19th centuries it sounded like a clavichord. It is a string percussion keyboard musical instrument. The clavichord acquired its main popularity in the 15th-19th centuries, mainly in solo chamber music playing, then it was completely replaced by the piano.
And here is a representative of the group of plucked-keyboard string instruments:
Harpsichord(cymbalo, harpsichord), French clavecin, Italian cembalo, English ËarрsicЋord - a stringed plucked-keyboard (as opposed to the clavichord) musical instrument. The harpsichord has been known since the 16th century. It has various shapes, types and varieties. It is one of the forerunners of the piano. Widely used since the 20th century.
And about some types of string instruments:
Harmonic(accordion), (from the Greek harmonikos - consonant, harmonious), keyboard-pneumatic musical instrument. It is a movable bellows with two boards equipped with a keyboard. The harmonica was invented by the German master F. Buschmann (1822). Distributed among many peoples of Europe. Improved types - button accordion, accordion.
Accordion, one of the most advanced and widespread types of chromatic harmonica, larger in size than a harmonica with a complex system of frets. Named after the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Bayan (Boyan). It is used as a solo and ensemble instrument, and is part of a folk instrument orchestra.
Accordion (French accordion), in Russian terminology, is one of the most advanced types of chromatic harmonics with a right-hand piano-type keyboard for right hand. The name of the instrument was given by the Viennese master K. Demian (1829).
Harmonium(German fisЋarmonium, from Greek рЋysa-bellows and Ћarmonia-harmony), a keyboard pneumatic musical instrument with an air-injecting pedal device. Known since the beginning of the 19th century. The sound is produced by skipping metal reeds. The shape of the harmonium is similar to that of a piano. Another name is harmonium.
Organ, keyboard and wind instrument. Modern look formed since the 16th century. Consists of an air injection mechanism, a set of wooden and metal pipes different sizes and keyboards - manual (manuals) and foot (pedal), placed in a special department. It should be noted that the air injection mechanism was manual until the mid-19th century, and then became electric. Since the 7th century, the organ has been used in Catholic church music.
Organ organ(probably from the opening line of the German song "SЋarmante KatЋarine" - "Lovely Katarina"), a mechanical musical instrument in the form of a small portable organ without a keyboard. The barrel organ appeared in Europe as an instrument for traveling musicians at the end of the 17th century, and was widespread in Russia from the beginning of the 19th century.