Social norms are mandatory rules of conduct. What is behavior: concept, types. Rules of conduct. Norms of human behavior in society. Psychology of behavior

They install samples according to which people interact with each other. Social norms indicate what human actions should or can be.

2. Social norms are general rules of behavior

This means that the requirements of social norms are not designed for an individual person, such as individual rules, but for all people living in society.

Moreover, the rules apply constantly, continuously, regarding all cases, which are provided for by the rule.

In short, social norms establish a constant, general criterion against which people's behavior must be measured.

3. Social norms are mandatory rules of behavior

Since norms are designed to streamline social relations and harmonize the interests of people, the requirements of the norms are protected by the power of public opinion, and, if particularly necessary, by state coercion.

Thus, social norms - This general rules behavior that continuously operates over time in relation to an indefinite number of persons and an unlimited number of cases.

Types of social norms

All existing social norms can be classified according to three bases:

1. In terms of regulation public relations social norms are divided into:

- rules of law- generally binding rules of human behavior established and protected by the state;

- moral standards- rules of behavior that are established in society in accordance with people’s moral ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, and dignity. They are protected by the power of public opinion and (or) a person’s inner convictions;

- norms of customs- these are rules of behavior that have developed as a result of long-term repetition of certain actions by people, entrenched as stable norms;

A special role in primitive society belonged to such a variety of customs as rituals. A ritual is a rule of behavior in which the most important thing is the strictly predetermined form of its execution. The content of the ritual itself is not so important - it is its form that matters most. Rituals accompanied many events in the life of primitive people. We know about the existence of rituals for seeing off fellow tribesmen on a hunt, taking office as a leader, presenting gifts to leaders, etc.

Somewhat later, in ritual actions they began to distinguish rituals. Rituals were rules of conduct that consisted of performing certain symbolic actions. Unlike rituals, they pursued certain ideological (educational) goals and had a more serious impact on the human psyche.

- norms of traditions- these are historically established and passed down from generation to generation generalized rules related to the maintenance of family, national and other foundations;

- political norms- these are general rules of behavior that regulate relations between classes, social groups related to the implementation state power, the way of organizing and operating the state.

- economic norms- represent rules of conduct that regulate social relations related to the production, distribution and consumption of material goods.

- norms of public organizations(corporate norms) are rules of conduct that regulate social relations within various public organizations between their members. These standards are set by ourselves public organizations and are protected through measures provided for by the charters of these organizations.

-religious norms as a type of social norms arise in the primitive era. Primitive man, aware of his weakness in front of the forces of nature, attributed divine power to the latter. Initially, the object of religious worship was a really existing object - a fetish. Then man began to worship some animal or plant - a totem, seeing in the latter his ancestor and protector. Then totemism gave way to animism (from lat. “anima” - soul), that is, faith in spirits, soul or the universal spirituality of nature. Many scientists believe that it was animism that became the basis for the emergence of modern religions: over time, among supernatural creatures people have identified several special ones - gods. This is how the first polytheistic (pagan) and then monotheistic religions appeared;

2. By method of education social norms are divided into spontaneously formed(norms of rituals, traditions, morals) and norms, formed as a result of conscious human activity(rules of law).

3. According to the method of fastening social rules behaviors are divided into written and oral. Norms of morality, customs, traditions, as a rule orally are passed on from generation to generation. In contrast, legal norms acquire a mandatory nature and state protection only after they have been written confirmation and publication in special acts (laws, regulations, decrees, etc.).

In modern society there are two main types of social norms (rules of behavior): socio-technical And actually social. Rules are used to regulate human behavior in his relations with nature, technology, or in the sphere of public relations. The variety of human activities in society leads to a variety of rules of behavior, the totality of which ensures the regulation of relationships.

Social norms can develop spontaneously or be created; consolidated and expressed orally or in writing.

The relationship between law and morality includes four components: 1) unity, 2) difference, 3) interaction, 4) contradiction.

1. The unity of law and morality is expressed in the following features:

Varieties of social norms, i.e. they have the same normative basis;

They pursue the same goals and objectives: socialization of society;

They have the same object of regulation - social relations; the requirements of law and morality for social relations coincide. However, law and morality regulate social relations to varying degrees;

Determine the boundaries of proper and possible actions of subjects of social relations;

They represent superstructural phenomena, which makes them socially similar in a given society;

Both law and morality act as fundamental historical values, indicators of social and cultural progress of society. In general, law is morality elevated to law.

2. The difference between law and morality consists of the following characteristics:

Various ways of establishing, shaping. Legal norms are created or sanctioned, repealed, amended or supplemented only by the state, since law expresses the state will of society. Moral norms, in turn, arise and develop spontaneously, in the process practical activities people. At the same time, morality is of an unofficial (non-state) nature;

Law and morality have different methods of ensuring them. Behind legal norms there is an apparatus of state coercion, potential and possible. At the same time, the legal norms enshrined in laws are generally binding. Morality rests on the strength of public opinion. Violation of moral standards does not entail punitive intervention government agencies;

Various forms of external expression, fixation. Legal norms are enshrined in legal acts of the state, they are grouped and systematized. Moral norms, in turn, do not have such clear forms of expression, are not taken into account, are not processed, but arise and exist in the minds of people;

Different nature and way of their influence on the consciousness and behavior of people. Law regulates relationships between subjects in terms of their legal rights and obligations, and morality approaches human actions from the standpoint of moral values;

Different nature and order of responsibility for violation of legal and moral norms, respectively. Illegal actions entail legal liability, which is procedural in nature. Responsibility measures in the form of social influence are applied to the violator of moral norms.

Concept and types of legal relations.

BY– general relations, regulated rules of law*, participants cat have subjective rights and legal rights. responsibilities. Software allows you to “translate” abstract legal entities. norms in the plane of personalized connections, i.e. to the level of subjective rights and legal responsibilities for these entities.

* it comes from the state andprotected by hima generally binding formally defined instruction, expressed in the form of a rule of behavior or a starting establishment and representingebeing a state regulator of general relations

The software has a complex composition structure:

1) subject POs are participants in legal relations who have corresponding subjective rights and legal obligations. The attribute is legal personality (legally secured opportunity to have P. and O., independently implement them, and also be responsible for the results of one’s behavior). Legal personality = legal capacity + capacity.

2) object PO – 2 points of view: 1) this is what the rights and obligations of PO subjects are aimed at, about which they enter into a legal entity. connections (the benefits themselves); 2) what this software is aimed at is the behavior of the subjects of this software, aimed at various kinds of material and intangible benefits (and not the benefits themselves).

3) legal content Software is subjective law and legal. duty. (+ there is an opinion that the content of software is actual behavior aimed at realizing subordinate rights and obligations).

Legal duty- legal measure proper behavior established to satisfy the interests of an authorized person (+ (VN) the need to perform certain actions or refrain from performing them; the need for a legally obligated person to respond to pro-authority demands addressed to him; unwillingness to bear responsibility for non-fulfillment of a requirement) .

Subjective law (Konopch) -

Composition and content of legal relations.

Legal duty- legal measure proper behavior established to satisfy the interests of an authorized person (+ (VN) the need to perform certain actions or refrain from performing them; the need for a legally obligated person to respond to legitimate demands addressed to him; unwillingness to bear responsibility for non-fulfillment of a requirement) .

Subjective law (Konopch)- this is a type and measure of possible behavior of an authorized person guaranteed by law. legal norm, which consists of 3 powers (- the right to one’s own actions (inaction) / - the right to demand the commission of an action (inaction) from another person / - the right to protection - the opportunity to resort to the state. coercion) and follows from objective law.

Material content(actual) (definition of actions in which the rights and obligations of the parties are realized).

+ ??Volitional content(state will, embodied in the legal norm and arising on the basis of legal relations, as well as volitional acts of its members).

The concept and types of subjects of legal relations.

Subjects- these are participants in legal relations who have corresponding subjective rights and legal obligations. The attribute is legal personality (legally secured opportunity to have P. and O., independently implement them, and also be responsible for the results of one’s behavior). Legal personality = legal capacity + capacity.

The following types of subjects of legal relations are distinguished: individual and collective.

1)K individual subjects(individuals) include: 1) citizens; 2) persons with dual citizenship; 3) stateless persons; 4) foreigners.

Stateless persons and foreigners can enter into the same legal relations on the territory of Russia as citizens of the Russian Federation, subject to a number of restrictions established by law: they cannot elect and be elected to representative bodies of power in Russia, or hold certain positions in government. apparatus, serve in the Armed Forces, etc.

2)K collective subjects include: 1) the state as a whole (when, for example, it enters into international legal relations with other states, constitutional and legal relations with subjects of the federation, civil legal relations with regard to federal state property, etc.); 2) government organizations; 3) non-state organizations (private firms, commercial banks, public associations etc.).

Collective subjects have the qualities of a legal entity in private legal relations. According to Part 1 of Art. 48 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “a legal entity is recognized as an organization that has separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management and is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights in its own name, bear responsibilities, be a plaintiff and a defendant in court"

The concept of legal personality.

Subject of law – This is a software participant who has the corresponding subjective rights and legal responsibilities.

Legal personality – legal the assigned ability of a person to have rights and responsibilities, to independently implement them within the framework of specific software, and also to be responsible for the results of his behavior. Legal subject = legal capacity + legal capacity.

Legal personality includes:

1)Legal capacity– this is a potential ability persons act as bearers of subjective rights and obligations.

In subjects-individuals: arises from birth and ends with death; comes immediately in in full; restriction is not allowed.

For collective entities: begins from the moment of their official recognition (registration).

-general- this is the ability of any person or organization to be a subject of law as such, in general.

-industry– legal the ability of a legal entity or organization to be a subject of a particular branch of law. In each industry, the timing of its occurrence may be are not the same (Marchenko).

-special – the ability to be a participant in software arising in connection with the occupation of a certain position (president, judge, member of parliament) or the person’s belonging to certain categories of legal entities (employees of a number of vehicles, law enforcement organs, etc.).

2)Capacity– the actual ability of a person, through his conscious volitional actions, to acquire and exercise rights, create responsibilities for himself and fulfill them (+ in Romashov: ..and also bear responsibility).

Capacity is associated with the mental and age properties of a person and depends on them.

*Types of individual legal capacity by scope:

1) full from the age of 18 (from the age of 16 - marriage, emancipation in the civil society) - can exercise basic rights and responsibilities.

2) incomplete:

Partial (from 14 to 18 years old) - independently can realize only part of their potential P. and O. This is due to objective circumstances.

Limited – associated with the forced restriction of a previously fully capable individual (either a measure of responsibility (N: deprivation of a driver’s license), or a measure of preventive or law-restorative nature (N: restriction in the capacity of an alcoholic)

*Types of individual capacity by nature:

General (implement basic P. and O.)

Special (determined by a special legal status and depends on many factors (occupation, citizenship..)

The legal capacity of collective subjects arises simultaneously with the law at the time of registration. Types: general, special.

*Art. 27 of the Civil Code (emancipation): A minor who has reached the age of sixteen can be declared fully capable if he works under an employment contract, including a contract, or with the consent of his parents, adoptive parents or trustee is engaged in entrepreneurial activity.

Object of legal relationship: concept and types.

Software object- this is what the rights and responsibilities of software subjects are aimed at, for which they enter into a legal entity. communications.

People always participate in software to satisfy their interests. This goal is achieved through rights and obligations that ensure the receipt of certain benefits ( what provides wealth, satisfies needs)

There are 2 approaches to understanding this category:

1) the behavior of the subjects of this software, aimed at various kinds of material and intangible benefits (and not the benefits themselves).

2) according to the second approach, objects may:

a) material goods, objects of the material world - things;

b) results of spiritual, intellectual. creativity (art or documentaries, scientific and artistic books, etc.)

c) people’s behavior - their certain actions or inactions, as well as the consequences, results of this or that behavior;

d) personal indigents. and other social good luck, cat. serve to meet the needs of the participants in the software and regarding the issue, the parties have legal issues. obligations and subjective rights. (honor, dignity)

Central Bank and documents (money, shares, diplomas, certificates).

Concept and classification of legal facts. Actual composition.

YurFakt– specific life circumstances with which the law connects the emergence, change and termination of legal relations. YurFakt- these are specific life circumstances, with a cat. the law binds the onset of various legal entities. consequences.

On legal the fact is indicated by the hypothesis of the rule of law.

They install samples according to which people interact with each other. Social norms indicate what human actions should or can be.

Social norms are rules of behavior general

This means that the requirements of social norms are not designed for an individual person, such as individual rules, but for all people living in society.

Moreover, the rules apply constantly, continuously, regarding all cases, which are provided for by the rule.

Social norms are mandatory rules of behavior

Since norms are designed to streamline social relations and harmonize the interests of people, the requirements of the norms are protected by the power of public opinion, and, if particularly necessary, by state coercion.

Thus, social norms - These are general rules of behavior that are continuously valid over time in relation to an indefinite number of people and an unlimited number of cases.

The structure of the legal norm. Types of legal norms.

Types of social norms

All existing social norms can be classified according to three bases:

1. In terms of regulation social relations social norms are divided into:

• • rules of law- generally binding rules of human behavior established and protected by the state;
  • moral standards- rules of behavior that are established in society in accordance with people’s moral ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity. They are protected by the power of public opinion and (or) a person’s inner convictions;
  • norms of customs- these are rules of behavior that have developed as a result of long-term repetition of certain actions by people, entrenched as stable norms;
  • norms of tradition- these are historically established and passed down from generation to generation generalized rules related to the maintenance of family, national and other foundations;
  • political norms- these are general rules of behavior that regulate relations between classes and social groups related to the exercise of state power, the method of organization and activity of the state.
  • economic norms- represent rules of conduct that regulate social relations related to the production, distribution and consumption of material goods.
  • norms of public organizations(corporate norms) are rules of conduct that regulate social relations within various public organizations between their members. These norms are established by public organizations themselves and are protected through measures provided for by the charters of these organizations.
  • religious norms as a type of social norms arise in the primitive era. Primitive man, aware of his weakness before the forces of nature, attributed divine power to the latter. Initially, the object of religious worship was a really existing object - a fetish. Then man began to worship some animal or plant - a totem, seeing in the latter his ancestor and protector. Then totemism gave way to animism (from lat. “anima” - soul), that is, faith in spirits, soul or the universal spirituality of nature. Many scientists believe that it was animism that became the basis for the emergence of modern religions: over time, among supernatural beings, people identified several special ones - gods. This is how the first polytheistic (pagan) and then monotheistic religions appeared;

2. By method of education social norms are divided into spontaneously formed(norms of rituals, traditions, morals) and norms, formed as a result of conscious human activity(rules of law).

3. According to the method of fastening social rules of behavior are divided into written and oral. Norms of morality, customs, traditions, as a rule orally are passed on from generation to generation. In contrast, legal norms acquire a mandatory nature and state protection only after they have been written confirmation and publication in special acts (laws, regulations, decrees, etc.).

9. Concept, content, problems of lawmaking.

Lawmaking- the activities of subjects endowed with rule-making competence to create legal norms.

Lawmaking covers direct activities authorized state bodies to develop, adopt, amend, supplement or repeal normative legal acts.

Stages of lawmaking:

1. discussion of the draft legal norm.

2. adoption of a legal norm.

3. joining a legal entity. strength.

They also highlight the implementation of the right of legislative initiative

Principles of lawmaking- fundamental principles.

1. legality.

2. systematicity - each newly adopted rule of law must be consistent with the entire complex of already existing legal norms.

3. the principle of scientific validity.

4. The principle of democracy is taking public opinion into account when preparing legal acts.

5. principle of professionalism.

6. principle of procedural security.

Compliance with the principles of lawmaking helps the legislator to avoid legislative mistakes, reduces the likelihood of creating ineffective legal norms, and contributes to the growth of the legal culture of the population and legal entities. So, principles of lawmaking- these are the main principles of law-making activity.

1. Democracy. This principle is manifested in the establishment and steady implementation of a free, truly democratic procedure for the preparation and approval of normative acts, and first of all laws, which ensures the active and effective participation of deputies and the general public in lawmaking, maximum consideration in new normative decisions of public opinion, the needs of social and economic development of the country and the interests of various segments of the population.

2. Legality. Regulatory acts must be adopted strictly within the competence of the relevant law-making body and comply with the constitution of the country, its laws and other acts of higher legal force. The principle of legality also means strict adherence to the established procedure for the preparation, adoption and publication of regulatory decisions, law-making procedures, and the form of adopted acts.

3. Humanism. This principle presupposes the focus of a law-making act on ensuring and protecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, on the fullest possible satisfaction of his spiritual and material needs. The person and his interests should be at the center of legislative activity.

4. Scientific character. Lawmaking is called upon to comply as fully as possible with the urgent needs of social development, its objective laws, to be scientifically grounded, to take into account and use the achievements of science and technology, and to be based on theoretical developments of problems that require a new regulatory solution. Scientific institutions and individual representatives of relevant branches of science, as well as legal scholars, should be involved in the preparation of projects.

5. Professionalism, that is, participation in the development of new law-making decisions by qualified specialists from relevant industries public life with professional training, extensive work experience and sufficient knowledge.

6. Thoroughness and scrupulousness in preparing projects. In legal preparation activities, it is important to make maximum use of foreign and domestic experience, the results of sociological and other studies, various kinds of certificates, memos and other materials. You should avoid rushing through work and making hasty, ill-considered decisions.

7. Technical perfection of adopted acts involves the widespread use of methods and techniques developed by legal science and tested by law-making practice for the preparation and execution of regulatory texts, rules of legislative technique, which should be mandatory regulations for the legislator.

The process of creating a normative act consists of separate stages of its preparation, consideration, approval and promulgation (announcement).

Preliminary formation of the state will (preparation of the project). This is the first stage of the lawmaking process. It starts with making a decision on project preparation. Such a decision may come from the highest legislative body of the country in the form of an instruction to its standing committees, the Government or any other body or a combination of them to develop a draft of a specific act. A bill can also be prepared on the initiative of the President or the Government of the Russian Federation. When preparing projects, a departmental, sectoral principle is usually applied, according to which initial projects are drawn up by those bodies and organizations whose profile of activity they correspond to.

The next stage of the lawmaking process is preliminary work prior to drafting the text of the project. Before preparing the project, it is important to identify the public need for regulatory regulation of the relevant sphere of social relations. At this stage it is very important to obtain detailed information about the current legislation on the issue raised, analyze its state, practice of application. An analysis of the state of legislation on issues related to the topic of the project also helps answer the question of whether it is possible to limit ourselves to introducing amendments and additions to previously adopted acts or whether it is really necessary to prepare a new act. The possible consequences of the act must be determined in advance: economic, social, legal, environmental and others, and the possible costs of material, financial and other resources necessary to resolve the issue, the corresponding income, costs, etc. must be calculated.

The next stage is preparation of the initial draft text . To develop important and complex projects, commissions are usually formed, including representatives of the main interested bodies, public organizations, legal scholars and other specialists.

After the initial draft has been developed, the next stage of the law-making process begins - preliminary discussion of the project . It is usually carried out with the assistance of great circle interested bodies of organizations, the public.

After taking into account comments and suggestions The project is being finalized and edited. As a rule, this is done by the working commission that compiled the original text of the project.

Then a new stage of the law-making procedure begins, when work on the project enters the official phase and is carried out by the law-making body itself. This stage starts with submitting the project officially to the relevant law-making body on behalf of the body or organization that prepared it.

The next stage of the law-making process, characteristic of a collegial law-making body, - inclusion of consideration of the project on the agenda of the meeting. Then follows discussion and official adoption of the project.

Consideration of bills is carried out in three readings, unless the legislative body makes a different decision in relation to a specific project.

During the first reading of the bill, a report from the initiator of the bill and a co-report from the lead committee are heard. Then the deputies discuss the main provisions of the bill and make proposals and comments in the form of amendments, consider proposals to publish the bill for discussion, if necessary. Based on the results of the discussion, the legislature approves the main provisions of the bill or rejects it.

During the second reading, the chairman of the committee leading on this bill or the head of the body finalizing the draft makes a report. The discussion is carried out article by article, by section or as a whole.

As a result of the second reading, the legislature either passes the law, rejects it, or returns it for revision. Each article or section or chapter of the project is put to a vote separately. The article, section, chapter are taken as a basis, then all amendments received in writing are put to a vote.

During the third reading of the bill, it is not allowed to introduce amendments to it and return to its discussion as a whole or on individual articles, chapters, or sections. Collegial law-making bodies (Government, state committees, etc.) adopt normative acts by a simple majority of votes. The President of the state, ministers and other bodies of sole leadership approve their acts (decrees, orders, instructions, etc.) on a personal basis.

Official announcement of the adopted normative act. The final stage of the law-making process is the official publication of the adopted normative act in special printed publications provided for by law (special publications, newspapers), as well as its official announcement in another form (by radio, television, telegraph, by sending official texts to interested bodies and organizations) . Departmental acts issued by ministries, state committees and other institutions are published in bulletins published by these bodies (if any), and are also officially sent to subordinate bodies, institutions, and organizations.

The world around us is constantly changing: entire eras are passing into the past, scientific and technological progress is developing, new professions are appearing and people themselves are becoming different. This means that the rules of behavior in society also do not stand still. Today you can no longer find curtsies and bows that were relevant in the centuries preceding the 21st century. So how should you behave in modern society? Find out about it right now!

What are “rules of behavior in society” in general?

Often a person does not even think about the fact that this broad concept also has a more compact version, which is used mainly in school social studies lessons or by sociologists - these are “social norms”. In scientific terms, the meaning of this term lies in the existence of general established patterns of individual behavior that have developed over a long period of time in the course of the practical activities of society. It is this activity that develops standard models of correct, expected and socially approved behavior. This includes a lot various categories: customs and traditions, aesthetic, legal, religious, corporate, political and a number of other norms and, of course, rules of behavior in society. The latter may vary depending on the country, age and even gender of a particular individual. And yet, in general, there are universal rules and norms of behavior in society, following which, there is no doubt that success in communication and interaction is guaranteed!

First meeting and introduction

The rules of conduct established by society state that in case of acquaintance one should present:

• man - woman;
• younger in age and position - older in the same categories;
• those who came later are already present.

At the same time, the person being introduced to is mentioned first in the address, for example: “Maria, meet Ivan!” or “Alexander Sergeevich, this is Artyom!”

When introducing people to each other, it is recommended to briefly characterize them in order to start a conversation and specify who the “organizer” of the acquaintance is with this person: “Elena, this is my brother Konstantin, he is a geologist.” Then the girl will have the opportunity to continue the conversation, for example, by asking Konstantin about the specifics of his profession, asking in more detail about family affairs, etc.

Greetings

Rules of behavior in society also regulate the manner in which people greet each other. Thus, men are the first to greet women, and those younger in position and/or age are the first to address their elders.

However, it must be taken into account that, regardless of social status and age, the person entering the room should always say hello first.

When two married couples meet, the girls/women greet each other first, then the men greet them, and only after that the gentlemen exchange greetings with each other.

When shaking hands, the one to whom the stranger was introduced is the first to give his hand, but in this case it is always the lady to the man, the elder to the younger, the leader to the subordinate, even if the employee is a woman. The rules of behavior accepted in society indicate: if a hand is offered to a seated person to shake, he must stand up. A man should take off his glove; this condition is not necessary for ladies.

If, during a meeting, one of the couple or company greeted the person they met, then the rest are recommended to also greet him.

Politeness and tact

The rules of behavior in modern society also require a person to be able to be tactful and relaxed in communication, which will allow him not to be considered unpleasant and unethical in certain circles.

So, it is highly not recommended to point your finger at a person. You should not interfere in the conversation of strangers when they are discussing personal topics and are not in the mood to accept another interlocutor. Attentive and intelligent people will not belittle the dignity of others in communication, interrupt the speaking interlocutor, or raise incorrect and inappropriate topics in conversation (for example, political views, religion, painful moments of life, etc.). When communicating with a stranger, it is especially recommended to stick to neutral topics, such as sports, interests and hobbies, culinary preferences, travel, attitude to cinema and music, and others - then all participants in the conversation will have a positive impression of the communication.

We should not belittle the importance of the existing so-called magic words, namely “sorry”, “please”, “thank you”, “goodbye”. The familiar “you” address is not recommended even for successful people who have successfully realized themselves in life, because this is a sign of a lack of elementary culture and upbringing. The rules of behavior of people in society are optimal models established for everyone, regardless of financial status, social status, standard of living, etc.

Correctly delivered speech

The rules of behavior in society require a person to be able to correctly express his own thoughts, because, as you know, whoever thinks well speaks in exactly the same way.

You should speak at a moderate pace, calmly, and not too loudly, because attracting unnecessary attention to yourself by raising your tone is the wrong approach to business. The interlocutor should be captivated by his own erudition, breadth of views and knowledge of certain areas of life.

Unnecessarily complaining about your problems or “pushing” your interlocutor into a frank conversation when he demonstrates a clear reluctance to share intimate things is considered bad manners.

Mood

In addition, the norms and rules of behavior of people in society require, for the period of interaction and conversation, to put aside existing life difficulties, bad mood, pessimism and a negative attitude towards something. It is only possible to say something like this to a loved one. Otherwise, there is a risk of remaining misunderstood by the interlocutor and leaving an unpleasant aftertaste from the conversation. It is also not recommended to talk about bad news, otherwise there is a high chance of “attaching” to your person an association with everything bad, joyless, and unpleasant on a subconscious level.

What tone should you set?

Of course, it is best to give a conversation in a group a light-hearted, half-joking, half-serious tone. You shouldn’t clown around too much in the hope of winning the attention of others, otherwise you can forever gain the reputation of a buffoon with narrow thinking and a view of things, which will be difficult to get rid of later.

How to behave in a cultural place, at an event or as a guest?

It is considered offensive to laugh loudly, openly discuss others, or stare at someone in a public place where people come to rest and relax.

It is recommended to turn off your mobile phone in quiet places, such as cinemas, theaters, museums, performances and lectures, etc., in advance.

When moving between rows of seated people, you need to walk towards them, and not vice versa. In this case, the man passes first, the woman follows him.

It is better to hold off on showing feelings, such as kissing or hugging, and not show them in front of the public, because for some, such open tenderness may be unpleasant.

At exhibitions, you should not take photographs where it is prohibited, or touch the exhibits.

If a person is invited to visit, he needs to take care to arrive as precisely as possible at the specified time. To be late or arrive too early is to show tactlessness and disrespect towards the owner of the house.

The optimal time frame for making a visit, which should not be out of the blue for the receiving party, is considered to be from 12 noon to 8 pm. At the same time, it is impossible to stay up late when you are not asked to do so, because in this way you can simply disrupt the plans of another person and his time schedule. A visit empty-handed, with another uninvited person, in a state of intoxication - all this can become the reason that in the future the owner, most likely, will no longer want to host such an unethical individual.

As you can see, it is not difficult to follow the simplest social rules of behavior, the main thing is to start, and then they will become a habit and, as a result, will bring a lot of benefits!

Unfortunately, we are not always taught this at school. But many people are interested in the rules of behavior among friends and in the company of unfamiliar people. How to make a culture of etiquette a part of your life and become a welcome member of any company?

Norms and rules of behavior in society apply to all forms of human interaction with the outside world. Well-mannered behavior implies that a person reacts correctly to any events and does not respond with outbursts of anger to negativity.

The formation of personality begins in childhood, so most of the responsibility for upbringing lies with the parents. It is adults who must instill in the child love for loved ones, respect for others and, naturally, the rules of good manners. And you need to do this not only with words, but also with your own example.

The next stage of personality development is self-education. Persistent and purposeful movement along this path forms character, allows you to consciously develop the most valuable human qualities and learn the rules of behavior accepted in society. There should be no excuses here, because today there are all the necessary resources for self-education - a wide network of libraries, theaters, television, the Internet. The main thing is not to absorb the entire flow of information, but to learn to select the most valuable grains of truth.

To develop a culture of behavior, focus on aesthetic self-education. It develops a sense of beauty, teaches you to correctly understand and perceive the beauty of nature and art, and enjoy communication in a positive way. But it’s worth making a reservation: simply knowing and applying the rules of behavior accepted in our society is not enough. Lies and pretense are unacceptable here - in the heart of a truly educated person there is only place for natural politeness, sensitivity and tact.

Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.

Basic norms and rules of behavior in society

Kindness and consideration for others are the most important rules social behavior. But the list of good manners is quite extensive. Let's consider the main ones:

1. Think not about yourself, but about others. People around us prioritize sensitivity over selfishness.
2. Show hospitality and friendliness. If you invite guests, treat them as your closest people.
3. Be polite in your interactions. Always say greetings and farewells, thank for gifts and services provided not only in word, but also in deed. A letter of gratitude, although it seems like a relic of the past, will be appropriate and pleasant for the recipient.
4. Avoid bragging. Let others judge you by your actions.
5. Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.
6. Don't point your finger at people or stare with piercing eyes. This confuses them, especially disabled people.
7. Don't violate someone else's personal space - for example, don't get too close to people you don't know and don't wear stuffy perfume. Never smoke in public without asking permission from your interlocutors, especially in the presence of non-smokers - no one likes it.
8. Avoid criticism and complaints. A person with good manners tries not to offend people with negative statements and does not complain about fate.
9. Stay calm in all situations. Anger not only leads to unnecessary conflicts with others, but also brings dissonance into your own inner world. Control your speech so as not to raise your voice, even if you start to get nervous.
10. Be punctual. Being late shows that you don't know how to plan your day and don't value other people's time.
11. Keep your word. An unfulfilled promise can lead to real tragedy in the life of the person you hope for.
12. Repay your debts on time. Failure to comply with this rule often becomes the reason not only for the cessation of friendship and good relationships, but also for serious enmity.

In business it is not enough just to be well-mannered person, but following the rules business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Correct behavior in the company of business people

In a business environment, as well as in social life, there is a certain etiquette. It largely repeats the basic rules of behavior of people in society, but it also has its own nuances. Knowing the rules of business etiquette, you will receive recognition in the world of successful people, you will be able to quickly build a career or promote your own company to a leading position in the market. Of course, in business it is not enough to just be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules of business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

• Punctuality. One of the fundamental tenets of the business world is “time is money.” You can negotiate brilliantly, present presentations charismatically, manage staff professionally, but... “stealing” someone else’s time by being constantly late negates the entire effect of positive qualities. An unpunctual person does not inspire trust and respect and is unlikely to find permanent partners among successful large companies. Correct behavior in society business people requires clear planning of the working day and complete control over the course of events.
• Dress code. Appearance is a person’s business card, which tells about his character and inner world more than any words. A provocative appearance shows protest against the laws and principles of society, and this is not accepted in the business world. But a strict business suit, neat hairstyle and harmoniously selected accessories indicate that a person is ready to obey universal rules and work as a team.
• Competent speech. Mumbling under your breath or using slang words will ruin even the most correct appearance. If you do not have the innate gift of expressing thoughts clearly, work in this direction. Speech to the point, without unnecessary lyrical digressions will help you find common language with colleagues and clients and will become good help for moving up the career ladder.
• Maintaining trade secrets. In life they don’t like talkers and gossips, and in the business world they don’t like disloyal employees. Disclosure of company secrets can not only cause dismissal, but also cause difficulties with subsequent employment - the spy immediately ends up on the secret “black list” of unreliable employees.

• Respect. A professional must show courtesy to his partners, clients and colleagues. The ability to listen to other people's arguments without argument or criticism and to discuss disagreements in a constructive and positive way is an invaluable quality of a business person.
• Mutual assistance. You need to help your colleagues in word and deed, especially those who have recently worked with you. In most cases, good comes back to us a hundredfold.
• Responsibility. Everyone knows that at work you need to work. However, many employees spend working hours for chatter and personal matters. This is direct irresponsibility in relation to the common cause. It’s not so bad if it only affects the idlers themselves. But the failure of an important project can leave the company without profit and employees without wages.
• Telephone etiquette. Business negotiations over the phone require a special approach, because at a distance it is impossible to establish visual and emotional contact with the interlocutor. To leave a positive opinion about yourself, do not interrupt your interlocutor, speak clearly and clearly, ask questions only to the point. If we talk about telephone etiquette within the company, then try to avoid personal calls during working hours - they distract the attention of other employees and position you as a frivolous talkative person.

It is perhaps impossible to list all the rules and norms of human behavior in society and at work. To be considered a well-mannered person, do not forget the basics of etiquette and show people the same attitude that you want for yourself.

Detailed solution Paragraph § 14 in social studies for 11th grade students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. Is it true that the activities of each person are controlled by society? Is this good or bad? Are there rules of conduct for everyone? What kind of person can become a criminal? What are the dangers of alcohol and drugs?

Yes, this is good because society helps a person not to go astray the right path, don't make mistakes.

Social norms are general rules and patterns of behavior that have developed in society as a result of long-term practical activities of people, during which optimal standards and models of correct behavior were developed.

Social norms determine what a person should do, how he should do it, and finally, what he should be like.

The personality of a criminal differs from the personality of a law-abiding person in that it is a social danger; it is characterized by criminal needs and motivation, emotional-volitional deformations and negative social interests.

Alcohol does not solve problems, but on the contrary makes them even worse. In a state of intoxication, a person commits inappropriate actions, the normal functioning of many organs (including the brain) is disrupted, which leads to its gradual degradation, and relationships with other people are also destroyed. And if you don't stop in time, it ultimately leads to death.

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 1. Give your own examples of universal, racial, class, group norms.

Universal ones: raising children, helping the sick and the elderly, and biblical ones (thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not commit adultery).

Racial: let’s say the Caucasian race has general democratic values ​​(equality before the law, elections of the head of state, freedom and value of the individual), while the Mongoloid race usually has a dictatorship of the head of the state or the ruling party, the value is not personal, but collective benefit.

Class: Courchevel for the oligarchs, Türkiye and Egypt for the middle class and a village for the poor.

Group: for students - study and, accordingly, everything connected with it, for athletes - training, for the military - exercises or combat operations.

Question 2. To what level of community can the norms be attributed: “don’t steal”, “before the New Year we go to the bathhouse together”, “separate education for blacks and whites”, “solidarity of workers of all countries”?

1. Universal.

2. Intragroup.

3. International

4. Group.

Question 3. What does a higher or lower level of norms mean? Why do the authors place natural human rights at the highest level?

A higher level of social norms are those norms that play the greatest role in society and the violation of which leads to significant negative consequences for the individual and society as a whole.

Lower level of social norms - the violation of which does not cause much harm to society and therefore informal social control is quite sufficient.

Question 4. Why is the most decisive government action necessary in the event of a violation of higher-level norms?

Because if high-level norms are violated, the consequences can be much more serious.

Question 5. How does social control manifest itself in the event of a violation of a lower level of social norms? Why?

It is expressed in informal pressure from society on the offender. Public censure, ostracism, etc. Because the norms of the lower level, although not written down as law, the implementation of these norms is generally socially justified in the environment.

Question 6. How can we explain that a more democratic society involves a shift in emphasis from external social control to internal self-control?

Self-control is the subject’s awareness and assessment of his own actions. Self-control is closely intertwined with the concepts of conscience and morality. Internal self-control is characteristic of societies with a high moral component, i.e. with conscience. A democratic society advocates weakening external control, relying on internal self-control, which results in an increase in deviance (deviation from generally accepted norms) of the social environment.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

Question 1: Give examples of each type of social norm.

Main types of social norms:

1. Rules of law are generally binding, formally defined rules of behavior that are established or sanctioned, and are also protected by the state. (Laws of the Criminal Code, AK).

2. Norms of morality (morality) - rules of behavior that have developed in society, express people’s ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity. The effect of these norms is ensured by internal conviction, public opinion, and measures of social influence. (We must respect elders and help the disabled).

3. Norms of customs are rules of behavior that, having developed in society as a result of their repeated repetition, are followed by force of habit.

4. Norms of public organizations (corporate norms) are rules of behavior that are independently established by public organizations, enshrined in their charters (regulations, etc.), operate within their limits and are protected from violations by them through certain measures of social influence.

Question 2. What is social control?

Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called social control. The purposeful influence of this system on people's behavior in order to strengthen order and stability is ensured by social control.

Any activity includes a variety of actions, and each person performs them many times, entering into active interaction with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state, other individuals). All these actions, individual actions, and human behavior are under the control of the people, groups, and society around him.

As long as these actions do not violate public order, existing social norms, this control is invisible, as if it does not exist. However, it is worth breaking the rules, deviating from the patterns of behavior accepted in society, and social control manifests itself.

People who reacted to the violation of social norms reflected the attitudes of public consciousness (or public opinion), which supports the order protected by norms. That is why their reaction was to condemn these actions. Expressing dissatisfaction, reprimanding, imposing a fine, punishment imposed by the court - all these are sanctions; Along with social norms, they are an essential element of the mechanism of social control.

Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement or disapproval and punishment aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, sanctions can be either positive, which are aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at stopping undesirable behavior.

Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual also evaluates society, the state, and himself. Perceiving assessments addressed to him from surrounding people, groups, government institutions, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks them through his own experience, habits, and previously acquired social norms. And a person’s attitude towards other people’s assessments turns out to be purely individual; it can be positive and sharply negative.

Thus, along with control from society, a group, the state, and other people, internal control, or self-control, which is based on norms, customs, and role expectations learned by the individual, is of utmost importance.

Question 3. What is the meaning of self-control?

In the process of self-control, conscience plays an important role, i.e., the feeling and knowledge of what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair, the subjective consciousness of compliance or non-compliance of one’s own behavior with moral standards. In a person who, in a state of excitement, by mistake or succumbing to temptation, commits a bad act, conscience causes a feeling of guilt, moral worries, a desire to correct the mistake or atone for the guilt.

The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of a person who independently regulates his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms. Self-control is one of the the most important conditions self-realization of the individual, his successful interaction with other people.

Question 4. What are the causes of deviant behavior?

Researchers have different points of view on this issue.

IN late XIX V. a biological explanation for the deviations was put forward: the presence in some people of an innate predisposition to violations of social norms, which is associated with physical features individual, criminal temperament, etc.

Other scientists have sought psychological explanations for the abnormalities. They came to the conclusion that a large role is played by the value-normative ideas of the individual: understanding of the world around him, attitude to social norms, and most importantly - the general orientation of the interests of the individual. The researchers came to the conclusion that behavior that violates established norms is based on a different system of values ​​and rules than the one enshrined in law.

For example, cruelty can be the result of a cold, indifferent attitude towards a child on the part of parents, and often the cruelty of adults. Studies have shown that low self-esteem in adolescence is compensated for in the future by deviant behavior, with the help of which it is possible to attract attention and gain approval from those who will evaluate violation of norms as a sign of a strong personality.

The sociological explanation of deviant behavior, the causes of which the famous sociologist E. Durkheim saw as depending on the crisis phenomena occurring in society, has received wide recognition. During crises, radical social changes, in conditions of disorganization of social life (unexpected economic downturns and upswings, decline in business activity, inflation), a person’s life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms are destroyed, people become disorientated, and this contributes to the emergence of deviant behavior.

Some scientists have associated deviant behavior with a conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of a group (subculture) that denies generally accepted norms. In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of an individual’s primary communication with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its own subculture, its own norms, opposing the norms recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects how a person (especially young people) learns the norms of antisocial behavior.

Question 5. What is the social danger of crime?

Organized crime poses the greatest danger to individuals, society, and the state. IN in a broad sense the word it means any group of persons organized on a permanent basis to obtain funds through illegal means.

The danger to the individual lies in the suppression of his rights and freedoms through acts of violence and other means. This is manifested in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to obtain protection from criminals (racketeering); forcing women and teenagers into prostitution; spreading influence and control, for example, over trade unions; rising costs of goods and services; the possibility of complete suppression of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens through physical and moral terror.

The danger to society lies in the interception of the rights to own and dispose of the material assets of the entire society by organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the areas of trade, production and distribution of strategic raw materials, precious metals, production and circulation of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, penetrate into areas of legitimate business and ruin their competitors through price controls; propagation of the ideology of the criminal world, its romanticization, cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates conditions for “social contamination” by criminal customs and traditions.

The danger of organized crime for the state is manifested in the creation at the regional level of parallel illegal power structures and illegal armed groups; preparation, financing and organization of direct anti-constitutional actions in the form of inciting national hatred, organizing mass riots, conspiracies to seize power; promoting crimes such as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and state apparatus of corruption; a desire to weaken federal power in order to facilitate the control of organized crime over entire regions.

Question 6. What are the consequences of drug addiction for the individual, family, and society?

The consequences of drug addiction for the family are catastrophic, as well as for the individual himself. The personality itself becomes completely asocial over time. Social attitudes are completely erased - social statuses such as, professional, father, son, comrade, etc. The existence of the subject is reduced only to finding doses and to use; as a rule, with longer use in a person’s life, there are no longer any other needs. The family constantly lives in stress, which in itself is called codependency, that is, the whole life of the family over time becomes focused only on the life of the drug addict. As a rule, the family begins to experience serious financial difficulties, and a lot of serious illnesses are recorded among codependent relatives of drug users.

TASKS

Question 1. How do you feel about the statement of the English historian G. T. Buckle (1821-1862): “Society prepares a crime, the criminal commits it”? Explain it with some example taken from newspapers.

I understand that any crime is conditioned social factors that formed the personality of the criminal, or created the situation that led to his commission. And the criminal, as it were, plays the role of a “performer” who resolves this situation in a negative way.

Question 2. Do you agree with the statement of the French playwright J. Racine (1639-1699): “Major crimes are always preceded by minor ones. Has anyone ever seen timid innocence suddenly turn into rampant debauchery? Give reasons for your answer.

I agree, the reason for this is cause and effect. Many famous criminals started with petty thefts and could not stop.

Question 3. A discussion arose on the issue of fighting crime. One side argued: “Penalties need to be toughened. Look at Singapore. If you were caught with drugs - capital punishment, with an illegal weapon, even if you did not use it - the same. In some Muslim countries, the law requires the hand to be cut off for theft. And no one has been stealing there for a long time.” Another objected: “The cruelty of punishments will make crime more violent. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be solved, crime will decrease dramatically.” What do you think about this issue? Give reasons for your answer.

Any court is not immune from errors, while it must make decisions. With capital punishment, an innocent person may suffer, and this cannot be corrected. The inevitability of punishment makes the chance of committing a crime minimal, because the criminal realizes that he will be found and punished.