Norms of human behavior in society. Social behavior and its factors

29.09.2019

Behavior- a set of human actions performed by him over a relatively long period under constant or changing conditions.

Two people may be engaged in the same activity, but their behavior may be different. If activity consists of actions, then behavior consists of actions.

The concept of “social behavior” is used to denote human behavior in society.

Social behavior– human behavior in society, designed to have a certain influence on the people around them and society as a whole.

There are many types of so-called social behavior, the most important of which are: mass; group; prosocial; antisocial; helping; competitive; deviant (deviant); illegal.

Examples:

antisocial:
1) An 11th grade student sits on the last desk all the time, without communicating with any of the students.
2) Fight among 11th grade students.
competitive:A competition was held among the students of grade 11, the behavior of the students is competitive.
helping:a student of 11th grade, not understanding the topic in physics, asked her friend, also a student of 11th grade, to explain the material to her. This friend's behavior is helping.
deviant: 11th grade student Vasya Pupkin, without looking away from the computer all day, plays CS, this addiction is calledGambling (gaming addiction) is a form of deviant behavior.

Mass behavior – mass activity that does not have a specific goal and organization eg fashion, panic, social and political movements, etc.

Group behavior– joint actions of people in a certain social group, which is the result of processes occurring in it.

Prosocial behavior– human behavior based on prosocial motives, i.e. motives for providing people with kindness, help and support.

Example:

Creation of charitable foundations.

A man sitting on the sofa saw an advertisement. It said that you need to send an SMS, and the money raised from the SMS will go to help children.

IN recent years The following types of behavior have acquired particular significance for the state of society, the position of a person and his fate:

– associated with the manifestation of good and evil, friendship and enmity between people;

– associated with the desire to achieve success and power;

– associated with confidence or self-doubt.

Types of social behavior are based on patterns accepted in society, which include morals and customs.

Manners and customs, being unwritten rules, nevertheless determine the conditions of social behavior.

Sample assignment

A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following statements about social behavior true?

A. Social behavior is manifested in purposeful activity in relation to other people.

B. Social behavior is based on patterns accepted in society, which include morals and customs.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

Answer: 3.

Deviant behavior

Deviant behavior- this is behavior that deviates from generally accepted, socially approved, most widespread and established norms in certain communities at a certain period of their development.

Deviant- an individual who differs in his personal characteristics and behavioral manifestations from generally accepted norms: social, psychological, ethnic, pedagogical, age, professional and others.

Classification of deviant behavior

Definition of “deviant behavior” according to various sciences:

Social sciences: social phenomena that pose a real threat to the physical and social survival of a person in a given social environment, immediate environment, a group of social and moral norms and cultural values, disruption of the process of assimilation and reproduction of norms and values, as well as self-development and self-realization in that society, to which a person belongs.

Medical approach: deviation from the norms of interpersonal interaction accepted in a given society: actions, deeds, statements made both within the framework of mental health and in various forms of neuropsychic pathology, especially at the borderline level.

Psychological approach: Deviation from socio-psychological and moral norms, presented either as an erroneous antisocial pattern of conflict resolution, manifested in violation of socially accepted norms, or in damage caused to public well-being, others and oneself.

V. N. Ivanov distinguishes two levels of deviant behavior:

1. Pre-criminogenic: minor offenses, violation of moral standards, rules of behavior in public places, evasion of socially useful activities, use of alcohol, narcotic, toxic substances that destroy the psyche, and other forms of behavior that do not pose a danger.

2. Criminogenic: actions and deeds that are expressed in criminal offenses.

The “core” of deviant behavior in F. Pataki’s classification is:

- “pre-deviant syndrome” is a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:

affective type of behavior;
family conflicts;
aggressive type of behavior;
early antisocial behavior;
negative attitude towards learning;
low level of intelligence.

V.V. Kovalev’s classification is based on three different bases:

1) socio-psychological:

Anti-disciplinary behavior;

Asocial;

Illegal;

Auto-aggressive.

2) clinical-psychopathological:

Pathological;

Non-pathological deviations.

3) personal-dynamic.

Unfortunately, we are not always taught this at school. But many people are interested in the rules of behavior among friends and in the company of unfamiliar people. How to make a culture of etiquette a part of your life and become a welcome member of any company?

Norms and rules of behavior in society apply to all forms of human interaction with the outside world. Well-mannered behavior implies that a person reacts correctly to any events and does not respond with outbursts of anger to negativity.

The formation of personality begins in childhood, so most of the responsibility for upbringing lies with parents. It is adults who must instill in the child love for loved ones, respect for others and, of course, rules good manners. And you need to do this not only with words, but also with your own example.

The next stage of personality development is self-education. Persistent and purposeful movement along this path forms character, allows you to consciously develop the most valuable human qualities and learn the rules of behavior accepted in society. There should be no excuses here, because today there are all the necessary resources for self-education - a wide network of libraries, theaters, television, the Internet. The main thing is not to absorb the entire flow of information, but to learn to select the most valuable grains of truth.

To develop a culture of behavior, focus on aesthetic self-education. It develops a sense of beauty, teaches you to correctly understand and perceive the beauty of nature and art, and enjoy communication in a positive way. But it’s worth making a reservation: simply knowing and applying the rules of behavior accepted in our society is not enough. Lies and pretense are unacceptable here - in the heart of a truly educated person there is only place for natural politeness, sensitivity and tact.

Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.

Basic norms and rules of behavior in society

Kindness and consideration for others are the most important rules social behavior. But the list of good manners is quite extensive. Let's consider the main ones:

Think not about yourself, but about others. People around us prioritize sensitivity over selfishness.
Show hospitality and friendliness. If you invite guests, treat them as your closest people.
Be polite in your interactions. Always say greetings and farewells, thank for gifts and services provided not only in word, but also in deed. A letter of gratitude, although it seems like a relic of the past, will be appropriate and pleasant for the recipient.
Avoid bragging. Let others judge you by your actions.
Listen first, then speak. Do not interrupt your interlocutor - you will have time to express your point of view later.
Don't point your finger at people or stare with piercing eyes. This confuses them, especially disabled people.
Don't violate someone else's personal space - for example, don't get too close to people you don't know and don't wear stuffy perfume. Never smoke in public without asking permission from your interlocutors, especially in the presence of non-smokers - no one likes it.
Avoid criticism and complaints. A person with good manners tries not to offend people with negative statements and does not complain about fate.
Stay calm in all situations. Anger not only leads to unnecessary conflicts with others, but also brings dissonance into your own inner world. Control your speech so as not to raise your voice, even if you start to get nervous.
Be punctual. Being late shows that you don't know how to plan your day and don't value other people's time.
Keep your word. An unfulfilled promise can lead to real tragedy in the life of the person you hope for.
Repay your debts on time. Failure to comply with this rule often becomes the reason not only for the cessation of friendship and good relationships, but also for serious enmity.

In business it is not enough just to be well-mannered person, but following the rules business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Correct behavior in the company of business people

In a business environment, as well as in social life, there is a certain etiquette. It largely repeats the basic rules of behavior of people in society, but it also has its own nuances. Knowing the rules of business etiquette, you will receive recognition in the world of successful people, you will be able to quickly build a career or promote your own company to a leading position in the market. Of course, in business it is not enough to just be a well-mannered person, but by following the rules of business etiquette, you will achieve success much faster.

Punctuality. One of the fundamental tenets of the business world is “time is money.” You can negotiate brilliantly, present presentations charismatically, manage staff professionally, but... “stealing” someone else’s time by being constantly late negates the entire effect of positive qualities. An unpunctual person does not inspire trust and respect and is unlikely to find permanent partners among successful large companies. Correct Behavior in a society of business people requires clear planning of the working day and complete control over the course of events.
Dress code. Appearance - business card a person who tells more about his character and inner world than any words. A provocative appearance shows protest against the laws and principles of society, and this is not accepted in the business world. But a strict business suit, neat hairstyle and harmoniously selected accessories indicate that a person is ready to obey universal rules and work in a single team.
Competent speech. Mumbling under your breath or using slang words will ruin even the most correct appearance. If you do not have the innate gift of expressing thoughts clearly, work in this direction. Speech to the point, without unnecessary lyrical digressions will help you find a common language with colleagues and clients and will be a good help for moving up the career ladder.
Maintaining trade secrets. In life they don’t like talkers and gossips, and in the business world they don’t like disloyal employees. Disclosure of company secrets can not only cause dismissal, but also cause difficulties with subsequent employment - the spy immediately ends up on the secret “black list” of unreliable employees.

Respect. A professional must show courtesy to his partners, clients and colleagues. The ability to listen to other people's arguments without argument or criticism and to discuss disagreements in a constructive and positive way is an invaluable quality of a business person.
Mutual assistance. You need to help your colleagues in word and deed, especially those who have recently worked with you. In most cases, good comes back to us a hundredfold.
Responsibility. Everyone knows that at work you need to work. However, many employees spend working hours for chatter and personal matters. This is direct irresponsibility in relation to the common cause. It’s not so bad if it only affects the idlers themselves. But the failure of an important project can leave the company without profit and employees without wages.
Telephone etiquette. Business negotiations over the phone require a special approach, because at a distance it is impossible to establish visual and emotional contact with the interlocutor. To leave a positive opinion about yourself, do not interrupt your interlocutor, speak clearly and clearly, ask questions only to the point. If we talk about telephone etiquette within the company, then try to avoid personal calls during working hours - they distract the attention of other employees and position you as a frivolous talkative person.

It is perhaps impossible to list all the rules and norms of human behavior in society and at work. To be considered a well-mannered person, do not forget the basics of etiquette and show people the same attitude that you want for yourself.

A person is forced every minute to give preference to a certain behavior. The choice is dictated by the subconscious. Greater energy of consciousness increases the variability of current behavior. With various borderline mental disorders, an unstable psycho-emotional state, experiencing negative emotions, a person, without realizing it, directs all efforts to get out of an uncomfortable state.

A positive attitude leads to the individual being able to perform many actions. But they are also limited by the framework of his consciousness. The environment and environment in which the formation of fundamental personal qualities occurs contributes to the individual’s absorption of certain limitations. One may not even guess about the genesis of such restrictions, but they represent a certain type of suggestion coming from others.

Factors determining human behavior

The surrounding world, external and objective environment, socially developed experience are interdependent and take an indirect part in the formation of the individual’s character and behavior. Society is people, the material and spiritual values with which they surround themselves. Internal inexplicable prohibitions and fundamental principles of behavior are inseparable from a social group, nationality, and from a person’s belonging to a certain group of people. For example, an individual’s behavior on the street or at home is strikingly different from behavior at work or in an educational institution.

What determines the way a person acts:

1) nationality (in ethnopsychology, a system of relations of an ethnic community is distinguished, called national character), manifested in stable stereotypes of thinking and an established manner of behavior:

The Japanese are famous for their workaholism, they have a heightened sense of beauty;
Germans are always organized and economical;
The French find time to enjoy themselves beautiful view, good food or an interesting film;
Finns are characterized by an excessive love of cleanliness;

2) religion, which promotes self-identification and the opposition between “us” and “stranger”;

3) individual psychological characteristics personality (propensity for conflicts, calm and balanced character or aggressive towards others);

4) characteristic features the group of people surrounded by the individual (family, co-workers, classmates);

5) position in society (boss, employee, subordinate, leader);

6) a reference group or group of people whose views and attitudes are a guideline for a particular person;

7) self-esteem and level of development of thinking (high self-esteem and a positive attitude exclude aggression and inappropriate behavior, and with low self-esteem the likelihood of irritation and aggression increases).

8) the aesthetic component or the way a person perceives literature, painting, music, and the beauty of nature.

When present in a certain environment, people tend to demonstrate emotions, gestures, and postures that are understandable and familiar to this environment. Thus, imitating adults, children adopt the experience of their parents, their language, imitate the manner of behaving and reacting to external circumstances. Appearing in the circle strangers, a person unconsciously repeats their movements and postures, thus trying to adapt to new conditions. Psychologists call this behavior the chameleon effect: the personality seems to merge with the environment.

In the work “We are Gods,” the author Bernard Werber describes an interesting experiment. Its essence is as follows: there are 5 primates in a cage, and bananas are tied to the ceiling. As soon as one of the animals tries to get a banana, all primates are immediately sprayed cold water. This is repeated several times. For every primate that subsequently tries to get a treat, the other animals will attack with anger. Having gradually replaced all the primates in turn, who were not doused with water in the cage and they did not see how the attempts to get the banana ended, it turned out that the monkeys reacted aggressively to each fellow who decided to get food. Similar behavior is also inherent in people: we act more often in accordance with the norm.

People are characterized by certain standards of behavior. Psychologists identify several provisions that give an idea of an individual’s behavior:

the concept of personality trait theory, according to which human behavior is determined by personal characteristics;
the concept of behaviorism, which consists of different ways of reacting to external influences;
social learning or imitation (parents, teachers, colleagues);
a psychoanalytic approach to the analysis of behavior, in which the emphasis is placed on the subconscious;
cognitive methodology consists in a person’s ability to interpret what is happening around him in accordance with his experience;
Gestalt - psychology - perception of the surrounding world as an integral object;
group dynamics theory - how a person perceives himself in a circle of other people or the collective mind.

A person's behavior is an intentional act over which he is able to influence as an author. This is a conscious choice of the individual. But there are many factors involved in varying degrees in behavioral responses and intentional actions. Habits and values can change when the environment, situation, or even time of day changes. Separately, it is worth mentioning the influence of culture, the media, and traditions of the people on the formation of an individual’s behavioral paradigm.

Human behavior is dictated by belonging to a particular social category, which forms the basis for certain actions and predictability of behavior.

The essence of the concept of “personal social behavior”

Social behavior of an individual is one of the objects of study of sociological science. Research in this area began to be carried out in the mid-19th century, and, in addition to the concept of “social behavior,” elements such as social action and interaction were included in the same category.

Definition 1

Social behavior of an individual - in sociological science this is a qualitative characteristic of social action and social interaction, which are inextricably linked with each other.

Social behavior characterizes the behavior of an individual in certain conditions, in a particular social situation and environment. Social behavior may be uncharacteristic in different situations. For example, a certain number of deputies take part in the work State Duma, that is, they are actively involved in political activities. But their behavior is ambiguous, since some are interested in their activities, while others ignore their activities and responsibilities, staying at work only “for show,” because this is necessary to obtain benefits.

The behavior of participants in mass events can also be characterized in different ways. For example, some participants demonstratively peacefully follow the column, while others seek to show their deviant behavior, break the rules in order to demonstrate a negative attitude towards the current regime and a desire for change. All of these actions also fall under the category of “social behavior.” In other words, all people are equally participants in a socio-political event, but each participant behaves differently, depending on their interests, needs and worldview.

Note 1

Thus, social behavior acts as a special way for the subject of a socio-political event (actor) to demonstrate his motives, preferences and attitudes, which are aimed at the implementation of social action and interaction.

Forms of social behavior of the individual

In order to achieve any goals in life, as well as to implement certain life tasks, a person uses two key forms of social behavior:

Natural behavior - aimed at achieving individual goals, as well as behavior that is adequate to the goals set and does not go beyond the norms and capabilities of a person;
Ritual behavior (so-called “ceremonial”) is individual behavior characterized by unnaturalness. Thanks to this behavior, a society can reproduce if its activities are based on any specific ritual characteristic of a given community.

Factors of social behavior of an individual

Of course, the social behavior of an individual or a wider social community depends on a number of key factors. We will touch on some of them.

Firstly, the individual emotional and psychological qualities of the subject (actor) of social interaction. For example, in politics this factor is especially clearly demonstrated. V.V. Zhirinovsky and his behavior are characterized by emotional intensity, shockingness and unpredictable actions and statements. In turn, V.V. Putin is distinguished by restraint, prudence and balance in both words and actions. As we see, both politicians belong to the same political sphere in the same country, but at the same time their behavior is completely different, as well as their attitude to the same events.

Secondly, the personal (or group, if it comes to a social community) interest of the subject (actor) in the events that occur around him. For example, some politicians are very active in promoting a bill, although during its adoption and discussion their behavior was characterized by restraint and passivity.

Thirdly, the adaptive behavior of an actor is a type of behavior that is associated with an urgent need to adapt to new, objective conditions of life and reality. For example, it is now very difficult to imagine a person who supports a politician or leader (Stalin, Hitler), but at the same time shouts slogans that denounce this same leader and put them in a negative light.

Another factor is the situational behavior of a person. It is caused by a set of conditions that arise when social subject(actor, personality, social community) in his actions and actions is forced to evaluate the situation that has arisen and take into account, first of all, it, and not his own needs, motives and interests.

The nature of social behavior is largely influenced by the motivation of the individual, as well as the degree of involvement of the actor in any events or processes. Mass behavior is determined by the social and psychological properties of the crowd, in conditions where social motivation is suppressed in the unconscious and often spontaneous actions of the crowd.

Levels of social behavior of an individual

In sociological and psychological sciences, researchers identify four key levels of social behavior of a subject or a broader social community:

The subject’s reaction to the existing social and current situation in society, as well as to certain successive events and processes that are purposeful or spontaneous in nature;
Actions and behaviors that are habitual for an individual or a large social group and act as elements of behavior. These actions and deeds express the stable relationships of one subject with other social subjects;
Purposeful Sequence social action and actions that occur in the conditions of one or another sphere of life in order to achieve more distant goals by the subject. In a person’s life, at every stage of his existence, such goals can be entering a university, obtaining the necessary profession, starting a family, arranging a life;
Implementation of key strategic goals in the life of an individual or a larger social group.

Social behavior is controlled through a number of necessary methods, which are necessary to ensure that expectations for a person correspond to reality.

Methods include the following: social norms, legal norms, norms of morality and morality. Thus, methods are standards that are formally and informally prescribed and intended to be observed in society, regardless of what social, demographic and age stratum the individual belongs to.

Note 2

These norms can lead either to public approval of social behavior, or, conversely, to public censure, which entails punishment both at the everyday and at a higher – legislative level.

V. G. Krysko. Psychology. Course of lectures

3. Specifics of relationships and behavior of people in society

Interaction, communication and relationships between people are realized in their behavior in society. Society itself exercises control over the management and influence of some individuals (and their groups) on others, natural for their mutual existence. On the other hand, it is obliged to regulate conflicts and the behavior of people in certain circumstances. For this reason, every person is obliged to understand these kinds of problems. And psychological science understands and interprets them in its own way.

The role and importance of control and management in the lives and activities of people

Social control- is the influence of society on the attitudes, ideas, values, ideals and behavior of people living in it.

It comes down to the functioning and manifestation of:

social expectations, representing direct or indirect demands of others in relation to these people (many expectations of others are determined by the functions that a person must perform based on his social status, position in society and social role);
social norms, those. certain models that prescribe what people should say, think, feel, do in specific situations (most often norms are established models, standards of proper behavior from the point of view of both society as a whole and specific social groups);
social sanctions, consisting in the use of enforcement measures as the most important means of social control, with

with the help of which the behavior of an individual (people) is brought to the norm of a social group (society).

If a person, his actions and deeds do not meet the expectations of society, if he clearly violates the social norms of the latter, does not comply with the sanctions imposed on him, then the group or society strives to force him (in a softer or harsher form) to comply with them. In every society there are certain ways or procedures by which members of the group or society strive to bring a person’s behavior to the norm. Depending on what specific norms are violated, punishment is imposed. On the other hand, if a person conforms to the norms of a given group, then his behavior will be encouraged in all possible ways.

There are certain forms of social control, representing diverse ways of regulating human life in society, which are determined by various processes in large and small social groups. These include morality, law, conscience, taboos, traditions and customs.

Law- a set of regulations that have legal force and regulating formal relations of people throughout the state. Laws are directly related to and determined by specific authorities in society.

Morality- the foundations of people’s lives and activities that have moral significance and are associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group or society. Morality regulates informal relations in society and is often opposed to law as a regulator of formal relations. Morality determines what people traditionally allow or prohibit themselves in connection with their ideas about good and bad.

Conscience- This moral consciousness, a moral sense or feeling in a person that determines people’s internal awareness of good and evil.

Taboo- a system of prohibitions on the commission of any human actions or thoughts.

Traditions and customs- ways of behavior familiar to most people, common in a given society.

Along with social control, psychological science examines management problems that arise in society. Management processes take place where general activities people to achieve certain

results. Effective management of social processes, their correct regulation presupposes a comprehensive scientific study of their cause-and-effect relationships, mechanisms of functioning and subsequent impact on their subjects and the objective conditions in which they develop.

Modern management is designed to productively influence the material and spiritual spheres for humanistic purposes public life on the scale of the state, region, social group. This cannot be achieved by relying only on knowledge of the technological, economic and organizational laws of social life. It is also necessary to use laws related to the functioning of the social structure at all levels of public life, the ideological processes occurring at them, and formations of a legal and moral order. A special place in this regard belongs to the knowledge and use of socio-psychological patterns in management.

Control;- a set of necessary measures of influence on a group, society or its individual links (people) with the aim of streamlining them, maintaining qualitative specificity, improvement and development.

Management is carried out according to general laws in all complex dynamic control systems(social, psychological, biological, technical, economic, administrative, etc.) and is based on the receipt, processing and transmission of information.

Scientific organization management requires the use by the researcher and manager of a systemic analysis of the situation, construction (in the form of mental representations or materialized schemes, plans) of a model of the controlled object and its possible changes, modeling of the processes of professional activity (construction of professiograms) and personality behavior (psychograms of people).

Management carried out in social structures, has its own specific peculiarities, expressed in the use of the flexibility of the human mind, the diverse knowledge of people, the originality of their memory and volitional qualities, the specifics of interpersonal relationships.

Management goal- the desired result that should be obtained after implementing control actions. Basic

The goal of control is a pre-designated, programmed state of the system, the achievement of which during the control process allows solving the desired problem. The goal-setting process is a determining condition for effectiveness management activities managers and management structures.

Management tasks- this is the formulation of specific issues to be resolved and consistently leading to the achievement of the main goal of management.

Management is always carried out in certain systems. Social control system is a control system in which there are subject-subject (person-person) relationships. It includes: the subject and object of management, the purpose of management, the manifestation of management functions, principles and relationships.

Subject of management represents structurally designated associations of people and managers vested with managerial powers and carrying out management activities. Control object includes individuals or groups of people who are targeted by organized, systematic, systematic influences of the subject of the board.

Control functions ensure the implementation of a number of specific areas of management activities. They are divided into:

targeted, the purpose of which is to focus on a specific goal of the system, which may cover an industry, region, institution, etc.;
organizational, whose purpose is to use optimal methods bringing together specialists and employees to realize the goals of the existence of the management system and ensure the functioning of all its substructures;
logistics, through which the manager determines the actual needs of the system and its subsystems for material resources;

economic-financial, which allows the manager to timely determine the real cost for his organization in carrying out the task and the costs incurred by it for the life support of its units;
accounting And control, which consists of ensuring the collection, transmission, storage and processing of accounting data, i.e. quantitative processing, registration and systematization of information on the activities of the system, on the implementation of management decisions, on the quantitative availability of finance and material resources;
social, aimed at facilitating the effective resolution of contradictions arising in society that are caused by such social phenomena, like the heterogeneity of labor and its payment, social inequality people, the presence of citizens who have lost the ability to perform productive work and require social protection;
motivation, aimed at ensuring the conscientious performance of their duties by subordinates.

Psychological science gives great value management principles, representing the basic rules, norms, guidelines on the basis of which the management process is organized, the scientifically based organization of management functions, the choice of adequate methods and techniques of management influences.

The most general of them include the following principles:

social orientation, reflecting the need for management bodies to take into account the interests of society, industry, specific organizations and social and professional groups in the process of developing and implementing management decisions;
legality, consisting in the fact that the organization and activities of management bodies and employees are regulated by the law, and all acts of management (orders, instructions, instructions) are based on the requirements of the law;
objectivity, requiring knowledge and consideration of objective patterns of interaction between the subject and object of management, consideration of available opportunities, the real state of social processes;

systematic, suggesting that the subject of management, when choosing methods, forms of influence on the object, must take into account all those changes that take place in the environment within which it operates and develops this system management;
complexity, which lies in the fact that in every complex act of management it is necessary to take into account all its aspects: technological, economic, social, ideological, psychological, organizational, political;
publicity, ensuring accessibility of discussion and competent participation of all representatives of management relations in decision-making based on broad awareness and taking into account public opinion and including truthful, timely and broad information about the actual state of affairs in the organization;
combination of unity of command and collegiality, reflecting in the management process the interaction of two forms of manifestation of power - unity of command is directly related to the personal responsibility of the manager for the results of decisions made, and collegiality acts as a factor in the collective development of draft decisions and thereby increases the degree of their validity.

And finally, psychology pays special attention to attention to management relations, when, in the process of implementing management functions and observing its basic principles, people (members of a certain group, employees of a particular organization) enter into certain contacts and connections, during which both their general and the special interests of each person are satisfied. Without this, the harmonious development of both society itself and the people who make it up is impossible.

Essence and types psychological impact

In the course of interaction, communication, relationships and management, there is always a psychological impact, which is the socio-psychological activity of some people, carried out in various forms and by various means and aimed at other people (their groups) with the aim of transforming or changing psychological characteristics

personality (its views, opinions, relationships, value orientations, moods, motives, attitudes and behavioral stereotypes), group norms, public opinion or experiences of people that mediate their activities and behavior. There are several types of psychological influence. Information and psychological impact(often called information and propaganda, ideological) is the influence of words and information. It sets as its main goal the formation in people of certain ideological (social) ideas, views, perceptions, beliefs, while simultaneously evoking in them positive or negative emotions, feelings and even violent mass reactions.

Psychogenic effects is a consequence:

physical impact on the individual’s brain, as a result of which there is a disruption of normal neuropsychic activity (for example, a person receives a brain injury, as a result of which he loses the ability to think rationally, he loses memory, etc.; or he is exposed to such factors , such as sound, lighting, temperature, etc., which through certain physiological reactions change the state of his psyche and activity;)
shock impact of environmental conditions or some events (for example, images of massive destruction, numerous victims, etc.) on a person’s consciousness, as a result of which he is unable to act rationally, experiences affect or depression, panics, etc. . The less prepared a person is for psycho-traumatic influences surrounding reality and its physical influences, the more pronounced are his mental traumas, called psychogenic losses.

Psychoanalytic (psychocorrective) influence- this is the effect on a person’s subconscious by therapeutic means, especially in a state of hypnosis or deep sleep.

Neurolinguistic impact(neurolinguistic programming) is a type of psychological influence that changes people’s motivations by introducing special linguistic programs into their consciousness. You can compose the texts of messages in the media in such a way

way and in such a form (content) that they cause certain reactions in the psyche and behavior of people.

Psychotronic (parapsychological, extrasensory) influence- this is an influence on other people, carried out by transmitting information through extrasensory (unconscious) perception.

Psychotropic effects- this is an impact on the psyche of people with the help of medications, chemicals or biological substances.

There are certain methods of psychological influence. Belief- this is a logically reasoned impact on the rational sphere of people’s consciousness. Suggestion- this is an impact on the consciousness of an individual or group of people, based on the uncritical (and often unconscious) perception of information. Infection- this is an influence based on the unconscious susceptibility of people (especially as part of a group) emotional influence under conditions of direct contact. Imitation- a way of assimilating the traditions of society, a mechanism for consciously or unconsciously reproducing the experience of the actions and deeds of another person (the subject of psychological influence), in particular, his movements, manners, actions, behavior, etc. Hypnosis- unconscious perception of information during sleep.

Individual-specific influence person carrying out psychological influence consists in transferring (or imposing) on people patterns of personal and other activity that they have not yet mastered, in which his individual psychological characteristics are expressed (kindness, sociability or, conversely, hostility, selfishness, etc.).

Functional-role influence a subject of psychological influence - a form of implementation of his functions and interaction with other people, expressed in the imposition of social values and actions on other people, methods of possible behavior, set by the goals that he pursues, and determined by the role that he plays (or performs).

Directional influence- this is the influence of the subject of psychological influence, which is focused on certain

people or their specific personal qualities and socio-psychological characteristics.

Non-directional influence- This is an influence that is not aimed at a specific object.

Direct influence- this is the direct influence of the subject of psychological influence or his personal qualities on other people.

Indirect influence- impact directed directly not at the object of influence, but at its environment.

Influence is realized through forms of psychological influence: example, encouragement, coercion.

Example represents a purposeful and systematic influence on the consciousness and behavior of people with a system of positive images designed to serve as a role model for them, the basis for the formation of the ideal of communicative behavior, a stimulus and means of social self-development.

Promotion- externally active stimulation, encouraging a person to positive, proactive, creative activity.

Compulsion- this is the application of such measures to objects of psychological influence that encourage them to fulfill their duties despite their reluctance to recognize guilt and correct their behavior.

Specifics of conflict between people

Relationships between people are not always cloudless. They can take shape conflict, representing a difficult situation that can arise due to the existing disharmony of interpersonal relations between people in a society or group, as well as as a result of an imbalance between the structures existing in them.

Conflicts arise not due to the manifestation of objective circumstances, but as a result of their incorrect subjective perception and assessment by people.

The following usually lead to conflicts: reasons:

the presence of contradictions between the interests, values, goals, motives, roles of members of society or a group;
the presence of confrontation between different people (official leaders and informal

leaders), formal and informal groups (microgroups), their members of different statuses, different microgroups;

breakdown of relations between certain groups (microgroups) and within them;
the emergence and stable dominance of negative emotions and feelings as background characteristics of interaction and communication between members of society and groups. Conflict plays like constructive(makes it possible to more deeply assess the individual and socio-psychological characteristics of members of specific groups of society and these groups themselves, has a positive impact on the effectiveness of joint activities, eliminates contradictions between people, and allows one to ease the state of psychological tension), and destructive(has a negative impact on morale) psychological state members of society and its social groups, worsens relationships between people, negatively affects the effectiveness of joint activities) role.

Conflicts usually have their own structure (parties to the conflict And conflict situation, those. the collision of the parties involved) and the dynamics:

at the emergence of a conflict situation the emergence of contradictions between group members is recorded;
coming after a certain time awareness of a conflict situation activates the parties to the conflict to take the necessary measures;
conflict interaction causes intense confrontation between the parties;
conflict resolution leads to the removal or getting rid of the contradictions of conflicting people (conflict resolution involves the activity of both parties to transform the conditions in which they interact, to eliminate the causes of the conflict, which requires a change in the parties themselves; often conflict resolution is based on changing the attitude of opponents to its object or to each other);
on post-conflict stage there is a release of tension.

It may also occur fading of the conflict, those. temporary cessation of opposition while maintaining the basic

signs of conflict and tense relations between its participants. The conflict moves from an “overt” form to a hidden one. Conflict subsides usually as a result of:

depletion of the resources of both sides necessary for the fight;
loss of motive to fight, reduction in the importance of the object of the conflict;
reorientation of the motivation of the parties (the emergence of new problems that are more significant than the struggle in the conflict).

The conflict can also be resolved or eliminated. Conflict resolution differs from resolution in that a third party takes part in eliminating the contradiction between its parties. Its participation is possible both with the consent of the warring parties and without their consent. Under conflict resolution usually understood as such an impact on it, as a result of which the main structural elements of the conflict are eliminated. Despite the “unconstructiveness” of elimination, there are situations that require quick and decisive action on the conflict (threat of violence, loss of life, lack of time or material capabilities). Sometimes one conflict can develop into another conflict, when a new, more significant contradiction arises in the relations of the parties and the object of the conflict changes.

Distinguish social conflicts, characteristic of society as a whole and its specific groups. They can play both a positive and negative role.

According to their internal content, social conflicts are divided into realistic and unrealistic. Realistic conflicts arise due to frustration with the specific demands of the participants, their assessments, possible benefits and are aimed at the intended source of frustration. Unrealistic conflicts are caused by the need to relieve tension for at least one of the parties to the conflict. They are also called rational and emotional, rational and irrational.

Conflicts can also be classified according to the spheres of society in which the objects of the conflict and the main goals of the participants in the confrontation lie. Conflicts in the socio-economic sphere- conflicts in which the struggle takes place over the production, distribution and consumption of material goods, the functioning and management of enterprises of various

forms of ownership. Conflicts in the political sphere characterized by confrontation over the management of society, the distribution and use of power, and the political structure of society. Conflicts in the cultural sphere are related mainly with the struggle of knowledge, ideas, beliefs and values. In the first place are the problems of interpretation and understanding of the meaning of life, its content, goodness, justice, the realization of freedom, equality of rights and responsibilities of the individual and society.

In reality, any conflict unfolds and affects all spheres of life, but the degree of involvement of the conflict in each of the spheres is different.

According to the composition of participants, social conflicts - These are intergroup conflicts, which arise:

between social communities - social-class, professional, national-ethnic, religious, etc.;
between organizations, political parties, political unions and fronts, etc.;
between the state and between social groups and communities, political parties, public organizations etc.;
between social institutions and within social institutions(for example, between political system and religion, between the state and the army; between states, unions of states).

Intergroup discussions are often a form of interpersonal conflicts, which in some cases can play a significant role in their development: for example, conflicts between two leaders of social groups, movements, parties, groups in the government, etc.

When analyzing and understanding the role and significance of social conflicts, it is important that when resolving them, a solution to the problem that caused it arose is found. The more completely the contradiction is resolved, the greater the chances for normalization of relations between the participants, the less likely the conflict will escalate into a new confrontation.

No less significant is the victory of the right side. The affirmation of truth and the victory of justice have a beneficial effect on the socio-psychological climate in the relationship between the warring parties. At the same time

It is important to remember that the wrong side also has its own interests. If you ignore them altogether, and do not strive to reorient the motivation of the wrong opponent, then this in the future is fraught with new, much stronger conflicts in the social sphere of society.

The content of the political life of states and societies constitutes a special form of realization of the political interests of people (classes, social groups, parties, national and religious communities, etc.) The political life of society is expressed in power relations (the struggle for Power), aimed at protecting, consolidating and development of the achieved gains, creation of preconditions for improving the position of certain political forces, achieving a balance between them. If there is no such balance, then political conflicts arise.

Political conflict- this is a clash of opposing social forces, caused by certain mutually exclusive political interests and goals. A feature of political conflict is the struggle for political influence in society or in the international arena.

Political conflicts are divided into foreign policy (interstate) And internal political, but they can manifest themselves at the interpersonal level, and at the level of small groups, and at the level of large social groups, and at the regional and global levels.

In addition, conflicts may be class, arising between social forces, groups, the relationships between which are antagonistic (often civil) in nature.

There may also be conflicts between political parties (socio-political movements). With the transition of world civilization from authoritarian forms of government to predominantly democratic ones, the struggle over issues of ways of developing society in democratic states has shifted in favor of the activities of political parties and socio-political movements. Political struggle parties rarely go beyond constitutional norms, although sometimes they acquire a dramatic character (just remember the events in Russia in 1993).

Can often occur conflicts between various groups for leadership in the state, party, movement, etc.

These groups, as a rule, are not officially formalized into associations, but their interests are always related to the struggle for power. Sometimes political conflicts include interethnic conflicts, if they have a pronounced political overtones.

Political conflicts perform certain positive and negative Features:

stabilizing;
contribute to the resolution of contradictions;
stimulate a reassessment of political values;
accelerate the consolidation of new structures;
provide better knowledge of other people;
can lead to disintegration and destabilization of society;
may lead to the death of people and the destruction of material assets;
may lead to unfavorable changes in power relations.

For stable functioning, society needs constant modernization, which includes political modernization as the basis for the legitimacy and stability of political power. But modernization is a process of resolving contradictions and conflicts that arise during development. Political practice ways have been developed to stabilize the system, leading to the prevention of internal political conflicts.

Specific behavior of people in a crowd

People in society, especially during social crises and conflicts, do not always behave in an organized manner. An example of this is their actions in the crowd. Crowd- this is a relatively short-term, unorganized and structureless accumulation of many people, possessing a huge, incommensurate with the individual power of influence on society and its life, capable of instantly creating or destroying, raising or lowering, disorganizing the behavior and activities of people.

Throughout history, the crowd was feared or admired for its strength, it was opposed to an individual, an organized group, and at the same time they tried with all their might to be like it and to borrow some of the qualities inherent in it, they tried to control the crowd not only to cope with

her anger, but also in order to direct this all-sweeping anger at someone hated.

The true element of the crowd is socio-political crises that shake the entire society, as well as periods of transition from one state of society to another. Feelings of trouble, anxiety, injustice, a threat to one’s existence, together with the determination to eliminate the causes of the current situation, force people of various professions, gender, age, education, religion and nationality to urgently mobilize themselves in order to speak out against an uncertain danger or specific perpetrators of evil. This is how a crowd is born - this apparent randomness, a collection of heterogeneous people, feeling each other’s elbow, their ever-growing strength.

To the basic psychological features crowds usually include:

the short duration and lack of structure of a crowd of many people;
single object of attention;
lack of a common conscious goal;
high degree of contact between people and their spatial proximity;
extreme emotional excitability of people;
their high degree of conformity, etc.

The most important mechanism that controls the behavior and actions of people in a crowd is circular reaction, representing an increasing mutually directed emotional infection of people in unorganized communities and extreme situations.

For example, when panic occurs, the fear of some participants in panic actions is transferred to others, which in turn increases the fear of the first. The action of this mechanism can be compared to the process of forming a snowball, believing that in a crowd the psychological state, moods and forms of behavior of people resonate, are amplified by repeated reflection in a chain reaction pattern, are accelerated like particles in an accelerator, and excite the crowd.

The circular reaction is capable of capturing into its orbit large number people, emotionally stimulating at the psychophysiological level the spread of not only fear (in a panicked crowd), but also other emotions: joy, sadness, anger, etc.

It is believed that a circular reaction leads to a situational erasure of individual differences between people affected by it, i.e. a person’s behavior and emotional state are determined not so much by his conscious interpretation of the situation as by his sensory perception of the state of the people around him. In extreme cases, the effect of this reaction can lead to the transformation of the group into a homogeneous mass, unconsciously reacting to stimuli in the same way.

Researchers of the crowd phenomenon also note that as the effect of the circular reaction in the crowd increases, the criticality of people decreases, i.e. their ability to independently and rationally assess what is happening around them. At the same time, the suggestibility of the people who make up the crowd increases in relation to the influences emanating from this crowd. And all this is combined with the loss of the ability to perceive messages whose source is outside the crowd.

At the same time, the circular reaction should not be considered as an exclusively harmful phenomenon that causes only irrational and socially dangerous behavior of people. Expressed in a fairly moderate form, it increases, for example, the effectiveness of collective perception of art or political agitation aimed at mobilizing people to solve socially significant problems. A circular reaction becomes a socially dangerous phenomenon only when it contributes to the spread of negative emotions: fear, hatred, malice, anger.

The likelihood of a circular reaction increases sharply during periods of social tension in society associated with various kinds of crises, since a significant number of people may experience similar emotions and their attention will be focused on common problems.

There are several types of crowds.

Random crowd- an unorganized community of people that arises in connection with some unexpected event - for example, a traffic accident, fire, fight, etc.

Usually a random crowd is formed by so-called onlookers, i.e. persons who experience a certain need for new experiences and thrills. The main emotion in such cases is people's curiosity. A random crowd can gather quickly and disperse just as quickly. Usually

it is not numerous and can unite from several tens to hundreds of people, although there are also isolated cases when a random crowd consisted of several thousand.

Conventional crowd- a crowd whose behavior is based on explicit or implicit norms and rules of behavior - conventions.

Such a crowd gathers on the occasion of a pre-announced event, such as a rally, political demonstration, sporting event, concert, etc. In such cases, people are usually motivated by a well-directed interest and must follow norms of behavior appropriate to the nature of the event. Naturally, the behavior of spectators at a symphony orchestra concert will not coincide with the behavior of admirers of a rock star during her performance and will differ radically from the behavior of fans at a football or hockey match.

Expressive crowd- a community of people distinguished by the special power of mass manifestation of emotions and feelings (love, joy, sadness, sadness, grief, indignation, anger, hatred, etc.).

An expressive crowd is usually the result of a transformation of a casual or conventional crowd, when people, in connection with certain events they have witnessed and under the influence of their development, are seized by a general emotional mood, expressed collectively, often rhythmically. The most typical examples of an expressive crowd are football or hockey fans chanting slogans in support of their teams, participants in political rallies and demonstrations expressing their support for the policies of the ruling regime or protest.

Ecstatic crowd- a type of crowd in which the people who form it work themselves into a frenzy in joint prayer, ritual or other actions.

Most often this happens to young people during rock concerts, with believers, representatives of certain religious movements or religious sects.

Aggressive crowd- a collection of people seeking destruction, destruction and even murder. At the same time, the people who make up the aggressive crowd do not have a rational basis for their actions and, being in a state of frustration, often

direct their blind anger or hatred at completely random objects that have nothing to do with what is happening or with the rioters themselves.

An aggressive crowd relatively rarely arises on its own. Most often it is the result of the transformation of a casual, conventional or expressive crowd. Thus, football fans, annoyed and angry at the loss of their favorite team, can easily turn into an aggressive crowd that begins to destroy everything around, break benches in the stadium, break the glass of nearby houses and store windows, beat up random passers-by, etc. It is no coincidence that in many countries the football fields of stadiums are surrounded by special iron bars, fans of opposing teams are seated in isolated sectors, and reinforced police and even security forces are on duty at matches.

Panic crowd- a crowd of people gripped by a feeling of fear, a desire to avoid some imaginary or real danger.

Panic is a socio-psychological phenomenon of the manifestation of a group affect of fear. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the primary fear is individual fear, which, however, acts as a prerequisite, the basis for group fear, for the emergence of panic. The main feature of any panic behavior of people is the desire for self-salvation. At the same time, the resulting fear blocks people’s ability to rationally assess the situation that has arisen and prevents the mobilization of volitional resources to organize a joint response to the emerging danger.

Money-grubbing crowd- a collection of people who are in direct and disorderly conflict with each other due to the possession of certain values that are not enough to satisfy the needs or desires of all participants in this conflict.

The acquisitive crowd has many faces. It can also be formed by buyers in stores when selling goods of high demand when there is an obvious shortage; and passengers eager to occupy limited quantity places of departing bus or train; and ticket buyers ticket offices before the start

any entertainment event; and depositors of a bankrupt bank demanding a return of the money they invested; and persons looting material assets or goods from stores and warehouses during riots.

Questions for self-control

Define human activities.
Reveal the structure of activity.
What is human interaction?
What types of human relationships do you know?
List the mechanisms of social perception.
Define human communication and describe its functions.
What role do social control and management play in the life of society?
Describe the characteristics and types of psychological influence of some people on others.
What is crowd behavior?
What is the mechanism of people's behavior in a crowd?

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