In this work, the author raises many aspects that are of considerable importance for any person, including the themes of good and evil, committing a crime and subsequent punishment, and individual responsibility not only for one’s own actions, but also for the fate of other living beings.
At the center of the story is the prominent scientist Preobrazhensky, who is very passionate about working to change for the better. physical nature people, and the episode associated with the homeless dog is for him just one of many stages in his activities aimed at making the inhabitants of the planet more worthy and happy.
The professor is an intelligent, insightful and at the same time truly highly moral and truly moral individual. He is deeply outraged by everything that happens on Russian territory immediately after the revolution. In his opinion, one should live completely differently, and an honest, decent person should, first of all, mind his own business and do it as diligently as possible.
Among intellectuals and scientists, Philip Philipovich really enjoys considerable respect and authority, but he receives a significant lesson from fate, which makes him subsequently think about a lot.
The experimenter's surname is associated with the great miracle of the Transfiguration, and it was before Christmas that the professor began an amazing operation to transplant a human pituitary gland into the dog Sharik. He himself is firmly convinced that he is doing a truly holy deed, but the writer looks at the situation differently, and when reading this episode, Preobrazhensky resembles an ordinary butcher or robber, but not the real righteous man that he feels himself to be. The operation goes well, and Bormental, the professor’s student, sincerely predicts a brilliant future for the new discovery.
Next, readers see how Sharik actually turns into a human being, masters speech, and even “joins the proletarian class.” But the professor soon realizes that in fact he did not achieve his goal at all, that he only managed to transform a “kind and sweet” dog into an ordinary “scum.”
Preobrazhensky finds himself unable to evict the disgusting Sharikov from his own living space due to the then “ housing issue" Seeing that he has created a genuine monster, the scientist immediately returns the original, original canine appearance to the object of his experiment, and from now on he promises himself to never conduct such experiments again, not to interfere with the natural laws of nature.
According to Bulgakov, it’s exactly the same in social life there must be a gradual " great evolution”, and not at all a hasty breakdown of everything that had developed over the centuries, as happened after the revolution. The representative of the new government, Shvonder, looks simply ridiculous, pitiful and inspiring hostility, who can only join the new Sharikovs to his supporters and fight such “irresponsible citizens” as Preobrazhensky, who refuses to give up the square meters that belong to him.
The ending of the story turns out to be successful. Sharik returns to his existence as a “sweet dog”; Philip Philipovich also continues to study science and hardly remembers this story. He never thinks about the fact that the intelligentsia, to which Preobrazhensky belongs, is partly to blame for the difficult situation that has arisen in the country.
Revolutionaries experiment on society, just as the professor previously experimented on “natural creatures.” But it doesn’t even occur to the scientist that he actually doesn’t know real life, spending days and nights in his cozy apartment “behind heavy curtains.” The writer gradually leads readers to the idea that there are no innocent people in the changes taking place in the world, that everyone is responsible not only for themselves, but also for the fate of all humanity.
This work is still very relevant today. Any person should know that it is impossible to make anyone happy by force, against their will, as Preobrazhensky tried to do. The laws of morality and ethics always remain unchanged and unshakable, and everyone who allows himself to violate them is responsible for such actions not only before his own conscience, but also before the era in which he happens to live.
MORAL ISSUES OF BULGAKOV’S STORY “THE HEART OF A DOG”
1.Introduction.
Prose of M. A. Bulgakov.
2. Main part.
2.1 Tale " Heart of a Dog"- reflection on the moral side of life.
2.2 The plot of the work.
2.3 The image of Professor Preobrazhensky.
2.4 Sharikov is a type of new person.
2.5 Shvonder is a representative of the authorities.
3. Conclusion.
Social subtext of the work.
Reasonable and moral always coincide.
Vital and creative path Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, one of the greatest Russian writers, coincided with the tragic events in the history of our country at the beginning of the twentieth century. His work particularly clearly reflected the social and moral contradictions of the era. The writer's prose, which unusually combined the features of satire and fantasy, conveyed his worldview during a period of general disorder and chaos. M. A. Bulgakov was most worried about moral problems, especially aggravated during this period of history.
The story “Heart of a Dog” was written in 1925. However wide circle Russian readers were able to get acquainted with the work only in 1987, when the story was published in the magazine “Znamya”. The plot is based on
a scientific experiment by the talented Professor Preobrazhensky, who through surgery was able to turn a dog into a human. The new man, Sharikov, quickly escapes the professor's control and begins to live
with your life. Sharikov turns out to be a narrow-minded, rude, cruel creature.
Professor Preobrazhensky is the image of a talented scientist and a wonderful person. He is undoubtedly smart, educated, intelligent. Preobrazhensky is not only a luminary in his field of science. He is a cultured person with a keen sense of art. The professor's diverse interests are not limited to medicine. He's interested social life his country, deeply worried about its fate. Preobrazhensky loves music, understands it, and admires works of art. He has civic courage when entering into conflict with representatives of the new government. In the mouth of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov puts his thoughts about the Soviet system and the terrible events that took place in Russia during the era of the revolution. However this wonderful person I forgot about the moral side of the matter when I took on the experiment to create a person. Preobrazhensky, without hesitation, takes on the function of the creator, God, forgetting that man cannot do this. The tragedy of the professor is that he could not foresee the consequences of his actions.
The work opens with a monologue by Sharikov, a dog, homeless and unhappy. Reading these lines, you feel sympathy and pity for the poor creature, offended by people. But, having transplanted the pituitary gland of the recidivist and alcoholic Klim Chugunkin to the unfortunate Sharik, the professor gave him a bad
service. Having turned into a man, Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov evokes disgust: “a man short... The forehead was striking with its small height. A thick head brush began almost directly above the black threads of the eyebrows.” Sharikov's first words are rude street expressions and curses. He is arrogant, aggressive, self-confident. Sharikov took from the man worst traits. Professor Preobrazhensky, having seen his creation, first hopes to re-educate Sharikov. He is trying to teach him to live among people, to teach him basic rules of behavior. But it's all in vain. Klim Chugunki defeats Preobrazhenek. The life of the inhabitants of Preobrazhensky's apartment turns into a nightmare. Sharikov becomes a threat not only to the professor and his household, but also to the residents of the entire house. Watching him, the scientist understands the consequences of Sharikov’s activities. With bitterness, the professor realizes his mistake and returns everything to its place. But in real life, such experiments are not so easy to correct. The writer warns society that any actions on which people’s destinies depend must be well thought out and the consequences predictable. Bulgakov also transfers his thoughts about responsibility for one’s own actions onto a social basis. Before his eyes, a great social experiment unfolded as the Soviet government tried to create a new society of proletarians. Acting with cruel methods, the creators of the revolution, like Professor Preobrazhensky, did not think about the consequences. Shvonder, the representative of the new government, is no less ugly and unpleasant than Sharikov. He is also stupid, narrow-minded, uncultured and at the same time vindictive and cruel. Shvonder believes that he has the right to teach others and is trying to raise a true proletarian from Sharikov. Exactly the result
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in Kyiv, in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov, a teacher at the Theological Academy. According to his relatives, he began composing early. Basically it was short stories, satirical poems, dramatic scenes. Gradually, interest in Bulgakov's works increases. It becomes obvious that Bulgakov’s talent as an artist was, as they say, from God. The writer’s fame was brought to him by the novel “ White Guard”, later reworked into the play “Days of the Turbins”. The comedy “Zoyka’s Apartment” and the humorous collection of stories “Diaboliad” (1925) were a great success. However, starting from 1928, a climate of persecution was created around Bulgakov’s name, and the writer’s very name became, as it were, outlawed. The plays “Running”, “Ivan Vasilyevich”, “Crimson Island”, the novel “The Master and Margarita” are far from full list works that did not see the light of day during the author’s lifetime. The story “Heart of a Dog” is also on the same list. This work, written in 1925, was published only in 1987 in the magazine “Znamya”. The story is based on a risky experiment. Bulgakov’s choice of such a plot is not accidental. Everything that happened then and what was called the construction of socialism was perceived by the author of “Heart of a Dog” precisely as an experiment - huge in scale and more than dangerous. Bulgakov was also skeptical about attempts to create a new perfect society using revolutionary, that is, not excluding violence, methods, and about educating a new one using the same violent methods. free man. For the author of the story, this was unacceptable interference in the natural course of things, the consequences of which could be disastrous for everyone, including the “experimenters” themselves. “Heart of a Dog” warns the reader about this.
One of the main characters, the spokesman for the author's thoughts in the story, is Professor Preobrazhensky. This is a major scientist-physiologist. He appears as the embodiment of education and high culture. By conviction, he is a supporter of the old pre-revolutionary order. All his sympathies are with the former homeowners, factory owners, factory owners, under whom, as he says, there was order and he lived a comfortable and good life. Bulgakov does not analyze Political Views Preobrazhensky. But the scientist expresses very definite thoughts about the devastation, about the inability of the proletarians to cope with it. In his opinion, first of all, people need to be taught basic culture in everyday life and at work, only then will things get better, devastation will disappear, and there will be order. People will become different. But this philosophy of Preobrazhensky also fails. He cannot raise in Sharikovo reasonable person: “I have been more exhausted in these two weeks than in the last fourteen years...”
What is the reason for the failure of Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental? And it's not just about genetic engineering. Preobrazhensky is sure that purely animal instincts affecting behavior former dog Sharikov, you can get rid of it: “Cats are temporary... It’s a matter of discipline and two to three weeks. I assure you. Just another month and he will stop attacking them.” The question is not about physiology, but about the fact that Sharikov is a type of a certain environment. The dog becomes a man, but his actions are determined by genes received from the drunkard and boor Klim Chugunkin: “...he no longer has a dog’s heart, but a human heart. And the lousiest of all that exist in nature!” The contrast between the intellectual principle embodied in intelligent people, the physiologists Preobrazhensky and Bormental, and the dark instincts of the “homunculus” Sharikov (with a low, sloping forehead) is so striking that it creates not only a comic, grotesque effect, but also paints it in tragic tones.
Shvonder also plays an important role here. He is trying to influence and educate Sharikov. This either a dog or a man, in a conversation with Preobrazhensky, literally repeats Shvonder’s words and phrases not only about rights, but also about his superiority over the bourgeoisie: “We didn’t study at universities, we didn’t live in apartments with 15 rooms with baths... “Naturally, the attempt to educate a new person in yesterday’s Sharikov is a satirical attack by the writer against the Shvonders. It is worth noting that Bulgakov’s satire and humor in this story reach highest degree skill. Suffice it to recall the brilliantly written scene with a rejuvenated old man boasting about his love affairs, or the scene with a “passionate lady” of old age who is ready to do anything to keep her lover. These scenes are depicted through the dog's perception. “To hell with you,” he thought dully, putting his head on his paws and dozing off from shame.” The image of Shvonder, who decided to educate Sharikov in the “Marxist spirit”, is also comical: the very process of humanizing Sharikov is depicted in sharp satirical and humorous tones. The plot is structured by contrast - an intelligent and affectionate dog becomes a rude, ill-mannered boor, in which the inherited properties of Klim Chugunkin are more and more clearly manifested. This character's vulgar speech is fused with his actions. They are gradually becoming more outrageous and intolerant. Either he scares a lady on the stairs, then he rushes like crazy after the cats running away, then he disappears through taverns and taverns. As a result, there is a humorous scene with the criminal police, who came in the epilogue of the story, following Shvonder’s denunciation, to look for Sharikov; The professor explains a lot. He presents the dog as proof of his innocence and explains: “That is, he said... This does not mean being human...”
The innovation of the story “Heart of a Dog” lies not only in Bulgakov’s satirical and humorous skill, but also in the complex philosophical concept of this work. According to the author of “Heart of a Dog,” humanity turns out to be powerless in the fight against the dark instincts awakening in people. The tragedy was that the Sharikovs quickly multiplied in life. And they, in the words of Poligraf Poligrafych, “strangled and strangled”... Thus, we understand that Bulgakov in the story “Heart of a Dog” with enormous impressive force, in his favorite manner of grotesque and humor, raised the question of the power of dark instincts in human life. His satire against the Sharikovs, Shvonders, and Klimov Chugunkins reached the highest degree of skill and expressiveness. Bulgakov's sympathies are on the side of Preobrazhensky. But the writer does not have this faith that the dark instincts in people’s lives can be eliminated either with the help of science or with the help of the general efforts of the team. We can say that the story is painted in pessimistic tones.
Bulgakov quickly burst into the wide and diverse stream of literature of the twenties and took a prominent place in it. He created a series classical works in many genres. Mikhail Afanasyevich became one of the founders of the new satire. He defended universal human ideals, denounced vices that, unfortunately, have not yet been eliminated...
Bulgakov's creativity is the pinnacle phenomenon of Russian artistic culture XX century. The fate of the Master is tragic, deprived of the opportunity to be published or heard. From 1927 to 1940, Bulgakov did not see a single line of his own in print.
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov came to literature already during the years of Soviet power. He experienced all the difficulties and contradictions of Soviet reality in the thirties. His childhood and youth are connected with Kiev, the subsequent years of his life - with Moscow. It was during the Moscow period of Bulgakov’s life that the story “Heart of a Dog” was written. It reveals with brilliant skill and talent the theme of disharmony, brought to the point of absurdity thanks to human intervention in the eternal laws of nature.
In this work, the writer rises to the top of satirical fiction. If satire states, then satirical fiction warns society of impending dangers and cataclysms. Bulgakov embodies his conviction in the preference of normal evolution over the violent method of invading life; he speaks of the terrible destructive power of complacent aggressive innovation. These themes are eternal, and they have not lost their significance even now.
The story “Heart of a Dog” is distinguished by the author’s extremely clear idea: the revolution that took place in Russia was not the result of the natural spiritual development of society, but an irresponsible and premature experiment. Therefore, the country must be returned to its previous state, without allowing the irreversible consequences of such an experiment.
So, let's look at the main characters of "Heart of a Dog". Professor Preobrazhensky is a democrat by origin and convictions, a typical Moscow intellectual. He sacredly serves science, helps people, and will never harm him. Proud and majestic, Professor Preobrazhensky spouts ancient aphorisms. Being a luminary of Moscow genetics, the brilliant surgeon is engaged in profitable operations to rejuvenate aging women.
But the professor plans to improve nature itself, he decides to compete with life itself, create a new person by transplanting part of the human brain. This is how Sharikov is born, embodying the new Soviet man. What are the prospects for its development? Nothing impressive: the heart of a stray dog and the brain of a man with three convictions and a pronounced passion for alcohol. This is what should develop from new person, new society.
Sharikov wants to become one of the people no matter what, to become no worse than others. But he cannot understand that for this it is necessary to go through a long path of spiritual development; it requires work to develop the intellect, horizons, and mastery of knowledge. Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov (as the creature is now called) puts on patent leather shoes and a poisonous-colored tie, but otherwise his suit is dirty, unkempt, and tasteless.
A person with a doglike disposition, the basis of which was the lumpen, feels like the master of life, he is arrogant, arrogant, and aggressive. The conflict between Professor Preobrazhensky and the humanoid lumpen is absolutely inevitable. The life of the professor and the inhabitants of his apartment becomes a living hell. Here is one of their everyday scenes:
“-...Don’t throw cigarette butts on the floor, I ask you for the hundredth time. So that I no longer hear a single swear word in the apartment! Don't give a damn! “There’s a spittoon,” the professor is indignant.
“For some reason, dad, you’re painfully oppressing me,” the man suddenly said tearfully.”
Despite the dissatisfaction of the owner of the house, Sharikov lives in his own way: during the day he sleeps in the kitchen, messes around, does all sorts of outrages, confident that “nowadays everyone has their own right.” And in this he is not alone. Polygraph Poligrafovich finds an ally in Shvonder, the local chairman of the house committee. He bears the same responsibility as the professor for the humanoid monster. Shvonder supported social status Sharikov, armed him with an ideological phrase, he is his ideologist, his “spiritual shepherd.” Shvonder supplies Sharikov with “scientific” literature and gives him Engels’s correspondence with Kautsky to “study”. The beast-like creature does not approve of any author: “Otherwise they write, write... Congress, some Germans...” He draws one conclusion: “Everything must be divided.” This is how Sharikov’s psychology developed. He instinctively sensed the main credo of the new masters of life: plunder, steal, take away everything created. Main principle socialist society - universal leveling, called equality. We all know what this led to.
The finest hour for Polygraph Tsoligrafovich was his “service”. Having disappeared from the house, he appears before the astonished professor as such a fine fellow, full of dignity and self-respect, “in leather jacket from someone else’s shoulder, in worn leather pants and high English boots.” The incredible smell of cats immediately spread throughout the entire hallway. He presents the stunned professor with a paper that says that Comrade Sharikov is the head of the department for cleaning the city from stray animals. Shvonder placed him there.
So, Bulgakov’s Sharik made a dizzying leap: from a stray dog, he turned into an orderly to cleanse the city of stray dogs and cats. Well, pursuing your own - characteristic feature all ball ones. They destroy their own, as if covering up traces of their own origin...
The last chord of Sharikov’s activity is the denunciation of Professor Preobrazhensky. It should be noted that it was in the thirties that denunciation became one of the foundations of a socialist society, which would be more correctly called totalitarian.
Sharikov is alien to shame, conscience, and morality. He lacks human qualities, there is only meanness, hatred, malice.
However, Professor Preobrazhensky still does not abandon the idea of making Sharikov a man. He hopes for evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and there will not be if the person himself does not strive for it. Good intentions Preobrazhensky turn into tragedy. He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story, the professor corrects his mistake by turning Sharikov back into a dog. But in life such experiments are irreversible. Bulgakov managed to warn about this at the very beginning of the destructive transformations that began in our country in 1917.
After the revolution, all conditions were created for the emergence huge amount balls with dog hearts. The totalitarian system greatly contributed to this. Due to the fact that these monsters have penetrated into all areas of life, Russia is now going through difficult times.
Outwardly, the Sharikovs are no different from people, but they are always among us. Their non-human essence manifests itself all the time. The judge convicts an innocent man to fulfill a plan to solve crimes; the doctor turns away from the patient; a mother abandons her child; officials, for whom bribes have become the order of the day, are ready to betray their own. Everything that is most lofty and sacred turns into its opposite, since the inhuman has awakened in them and tramples them into the dirt. When a non-human comes to power, he tries to dehumanize everyone around him, since a non-human is easier to control. In her, all human feelings are replaced by the instinct of self-preservation.
The heart of a dog in alliance with the human mind is the main threat of our time. That is why the story, written at the beginning of the century, remains relevant today and serves as a warning to future generations. Today is so close to yesterday... At first glance, it seems that everything has changed, that the country has become different. But consciousness and stereotypes remained the same. More than one generation will pass before the Sharikovs disappear from our lives, people become different, the vices described by Bulgakov in his immortal work. How I want to believe that this time will come!
All of Bulgakov’s works, without exception, literally fascinate the reader and put before him the most difficult questions, which turns out to be not so easy to solve. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog” makes you think about man’s place in the world, about responsibility for his actions and the actions of others. The story is written amazing language, full of caustic sarcasm, but at the same time it is perceived as a deep, philosophical work.Bulgakov makes the heroes of the story symbols of the era. Professor Preobrazhensky is a true Russian intellectual, a representative of a vanishing category of society. A lot of things that were important and necessary for people go away with him. The professor's remarks may seem funny. But humor does not detract from their relevance. “Darling! I’m not even talking about steam heating... Let it be: since there is a social revolution, there is no need to heat it”; “Why, when this whole story began, did everyone start walking in dirty galoshes and felt boots along the marble stairs?”; “Why was the carpet removed from main staircase? “Why can’t the proletarian leave his galoshes downstairs, but dirty the marble?”
From the point of view of balls, which are essentially a symbol new era, everyday aesthetics are completely unnecessary. At the same time, the “new people” are ready to abandon everything that has been created over centuries. The desire to build new life is perceived by them as the need to completely destroy what was done previously. Bulgakov puts many apt remarks into the mouth of Professor Preobrazhensky.
“What is this “ruin” of yours? Old woman with a stick? The witch who broke all the glass, extinguished all the lamps?... The devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads.”
Many characters in the story make apt and very accurate comments. Including a stray dog even before turning into a person, who is distinguished by rare observation and intelligence. Real life post-revolutionary Russia appears before us in all its frightening plausibility. Gloomy pictures appear before us from the very beginning of the story. Blizzard as a symbol of sadness; neglected empty streets as a symbol of poverty and wretchedness. At the very beginning of the story, we look at the situation through the eyes of a homeless mongrel. Nothing pleases our eyes. Here is a girl typist running past who earns mere pennies, “in the ninth grade, four and a half chervonets.”
To create an objective picture there cannot be insignificant details. The image of a typist is also not accidental. The young girl looks so unhappy, frozen, half-starved that we begin to understand how unfair and ugly reality is. And how much the phrase says: “I am now the chairman, and no matter how much I steal, that’s it, that’s all.” female body, on cancer necks, on Abrau-Durso. Because I was hungry enough when I was young, that’s enough for me, but there is no afterlife.”
Bulgakov in his story raises very serious questions - he makes us think about the morality of the people we encounter on the pages of the work. Theft reigns everywhere. Nobody cares about maintaining order, the country is falling into decay, society is degrading.
And against the background of this degradation, a new person appears, Sharikov. The fact that in Bulgakov’s story this new man until recently was a stray dog is very symbolic. It is especially important that, being a dog, Sharikov was distinguished by greater decency and evoked sincere compassion and sympathy. Having become a man, he only causes disgust.
The new man, who is represented in the story by Polygraph Poligraphych Sharikov, fully meets the requirements of the “new life” and is a “product” of his era. He is unspiritual, uneducated, ungrateful, stupid, aggressive. He feels like a real master of life, not paying attention to anyone else.
Deserves close attention and denunciation of Professor Preobrazhensky. This indicates Sharikov’s complete absence of any human qualities. Distinctive features This character is meanness, envy, hatred of everything and everyone around him.
The master of life, and this is exactly what the “new man” began to feel like after the revolution, is very strong. He stops at nothing, does not think about morality and ethics. The fantastic experiment in the story is a reflection of a real, huge social experiment - revolution. The character of the story, Sharikov, could not become a man; before us is just a Creature, vaguely similar to him.
Next to the “ball” ones are those who are weaker and more vulnerable. And communication with “new people” brings only suffering. It is impossible to imagine something more monstrous than a society in which everything is controlled by the Sharikovs, these heartless and evil creatures. In the story, Professor Preobrazhensky finds “control” over Sharikov, he simply turns him back into a dog. But the social experiment - the revolution - has no reverse. And that is why the story leaves a feeling of some understatement. The writer poses a problem, giving readers the opportunity to think about it. Therefore, even today, after a significant period of time, we can think about the “balloon” society, the echoes of which we still feel.