The novel “Eugene Onegin” occupies a special place in the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Pushkin wrote it for eight years: from 1823 to 1831. This time was very difficult in the history of Russia. The events of December 14, 1825 sharply turned the history of the country and sent it in a different direction. A change of eras occurred: work on the novel began under Alexander I, and was continued and completed during the reign of Nicholas I, when all moral guidelines in society changed dramatically.
Before you begin to analyze the novel, it is necessary to clearly understand the features of the genre of this work. The genre of “Eugene Onegin” is lyric-epic. Consequently, the novel is built on the inextricable interaction of two plots: epic (whose main characters are Onegin and Tatyana) and lyrical (where main character- storyteller). The lyrical plot dominates in the novel, since all events real life and the novel’s existence of the heroes are presented to the reader through the prism of the author’s perception and assessment.
The problems of purpose and meaning in life are key and central in the novel, because at turning points in history, such as the era after the December uprising became for Russia, a radical revaluation of values occurs in people’s minds. And at such a time, the highest moral duty of the artist is to point out to society eternal values, give strong moral guidelines. The best people of the Pushkin, that is, Decembrist, generation seem to be “leaving the game”: they are either disappointed in previous ideals, or do not have the opportunity to fight for them in new conditions, to bring them to life. The next generation, which Lermontov would call “a gloomy and soon forgotten crowd,” was initially “brought to its knees.” Due to the peculiarities of the genre, the novel reflects the very process of revaluation of all moral values. Time in the novel flows in such a way that we see the characters in dynamics, we trace them spiritual path. Before our eyes, all the main characters are going through a period of formation, painfully searching for the truth, determining their place in the world, the purpose of their existence.
The search for the meaning of life takes place in different planes of existence. The plot of the novel is based on the love of the main characters. Therefore, the manifestation of a person’s essence in the choice of a lover, in the nature of feelings is the most important feature of the image, determining his entire attitude to life. Lyrical digressions reflect changes in the author’s feelings, his ability to both light flirtation (characteristic of “flighty youth”) and true deep admiration for his beloved.
IN home life we see alone
A series of tedious pictures...
The spouse is perceived as an object of ridicule:
...the majestic cuckold,
Always happy with yourself
With your lunch and your wife.
But it is necessary to pay attention to the opposition between these verses and the lines of “Excerpts from Onegin’s Journey”:
My ideal now is a mistress,
My desires are peace...
What in youth seemed a sign of limitation, spiritual and mental poverty, in mature years turns out to be the only correct one moral way. And in no case should the author be suspected of hypocrisy: we are talking about maturation, the spiritual maturation of a person, a normal change in value criteria:
Blessed is he who was young from his youth,
Blessed is he who matures in time.
After all, the tragedy of the main characters stems from Onegin’s inability to “ripe in time,” due to the premature old age of his soul:
I thought: freedom and peace
Substitute for happiness. My God!
How wrong I was, how I was punished.
Love for the author and for his heroine Tatyana Larina is a huge, intense spiritual work. For Lensky, this is a necessary romantic attribute, which is why he chooses Olga, devoid of individuality, in whom all typical features heroines of sentimental novels. For Onegin, love is “the science of tender passion.” He learns true feeling towards the end of the novel, when the experience of suffering comes.
Human consciousness, system life values, as is known, are largely shaped by the moral laws adopted in society. The author himself assesses the influence of high society ambiguously. Chapter 1 gives sharply satirical image Sveta. The tragic 6th chapter ends with a lyrical digression: the author’s thoughts about the age limit that he is preparing to cross. And he calls on “young inspiration” to save the poet’s soul from death, to prevent
...petrify
In the deadening ecstasy of light,
In this pool where I am with you
I'm swimming, dear friends!
Society is heterogeneous. It depends on the person himself whether he will accept the moral laws of the cowardly majority or the best representatives of the world.
The image of “dear friends” surrounding a person in a “dead” “pool of light” does not appear in the novel by chance. Like a caricature of a swarm true love became “the science of tender passion”, so a caricature of true friendship - secular friendship. “There’s nothing to do, friends,” is the author’s verdict. Friendship without deep spiritual community is only a temporary empty union. A full-fledged life is impossible without selfless dedication in friendship - that’s why these “secular” friendships are so scary for the author. For the author, the inability to make friends is a terrible sign of the moral degradation of modern society.
The author himself finds the meaning of life in fulfilling his destiny. The entire novel is filled with deep reflections on art. The image of the author in this sense is unambiguous: he is, first of all, a poet, his life is unthinkable outside of creativity, outside of intense spiritual work. In this, Evgeniy is directly opposite to him. And not at all because he does not plow and sow before our eyes. He has no need to work. The author perceives Onegin’s education, his attempts to immerse himself in reading, and his effort to write (“yawning, he took up the pen”) ironically: “He was sick of hard work.”
The problem of duty and happiness is especially important in Eugene Onegin. In fact, Tatyana Larina is not a love heroine, she is a heroine of conscience. Appearing on the pages of the novel as a 17-year-old provincial girl dreaming of happiness with her lover, before our eyes she grows into an amazingly holistic heroine, for whom the concepts of honor and duty are above all. Olga, Lensky’s fiancée, soon forgot the deceased young man: “the young uhlan captivated her.” For Tatyana, Lensky's death is a tragedy. She curses herself for continuing to love Onegin: “She must hate in him the murderer of her brother.” A heightened sense of duty dominates the image of Tatyana. Happiness with Onegin is impossible for her: there is no happiness built on dishonor, on the misfortune of another person. Tatyana's choice is the highest moral choice, the meaning of life for her is in accordance with the highest moral criteria.
The climax of the plot is Chapter 6, the duel between Onegin and Lensky. The value of life is tested by death. Onegin makes a tragic mistake. At this moment, the contrast between his understanding of honor and duty and the meaning that Tatyana puts into these words is especially vivid. For Onegin, the concept of “secular honor” turns out to be more significant than moral duty - and he pays a terrible price for allowing a shift in moral criteria: the blood of the comrade he killed is on him forever.
The author compares two possible paths of Lensky: sublime and down-to-earth. And for him, what’s more important is not which fate is more real, what’s important is that there won’t be any, because Lensky was killed. For the world, which does not know the true meaning of life, human life itself is nothing.
Pushkin’s work “Eugene Onegin” is named after the main character, a young St. Petersburg aristocrat. It is believed that it was Onegin who was the founder of the image " extra person"in Russian literature. It is with this image that a complex of moral and philosophical problems is associated in the novel.
The first chapter tells us about the hero’s upbringing, education, and lifestyle. This is a person belonging to high society Petersburg. As befits children from noble families, he was raised by French tutors. Pushkin shows that his hero did not receive a deep education. He is a fan of fashion, makes and reads only what he can show off at a reception or dinner party. Therefore, “he could not distinguish an iambic from a trochee,” but “he read Adam Smith and was a deep economist.”
The only thing that interested Onegin and in which he achieved perfection was “the science of tender passion.” The hero learned early to be a hypocrite, to pretend, to deceive in order to achieve his goal. But his soul always remained empty, amused only by his pride. Very soon Onegin got tired of the emptiness of days spent in meaningless worries, and he became bored. He was fed up with such an artificial life, he wanted something else. An attempt to forget myself in the village was unsuccessful.
Onegin had great potential. The author characterizes him as a man of great intelligence, sober and calculating, capable of much. The hero is frankly bored among his nearby village neighbors and avoids their company by all means. But he is able to understand and appreciate the soul of another person. This happened with Lensky when he met, and this happened when he met Tatyana.
We see that Onegin is capable of noble deeds. He did not take advantage of Tatyana's love. The hero was sure that no one would be able to excite him for a long time, so he did not reciprocate the heroine’s feelings.
The full disclosure of the image of the main character is facilitated by the appearance of the image of Lensky in the novel. The young poet is in love with Tatiana's older sister, Olga. By contrasting Onegin and Lensky, the author shows the depth of Eugene Onegin’s nature. During a quarrel with his neighbor, the hero reveals the tragic contradictions of his inner world. On the one hand, he understands that a duel with a friend is unforgivable stupidity. But, on the other hand, Eugene considers it humiliating to refuse this fatal duel. And here he shows himself as a slave public opinion, child of high society.
As a result, Onegin kills Lensky. This turns out to be a strong shock for the hero, after which his strong internal changes began. After Lensky's murder, Evgeniy flees the village. We learn that he wandered for some time, moved away from high society, and changed greatly. Everything superficial is gone, only a deep, ambiguous personality remains. Evgeniy meets with Tatiana again. Now she's a married woman socialite. Having seen such changes, the hero now falls in love with Tatyana. It is at this moment that we understand that Onegin is capable of love and suffering. But Tatyana refuses him, she cannot betray her husband.
Thus, initially Onegin is a deep and interesting personality. But high society"served him badly." Only by moving away from his surroundings does the hero “return to himself” again and discover in himself the ability to deeply feel and sincerely love.
In the work, along with Evgeny Onegin, the image of the author lives and acts. This is a full-fledged hero, because throughout the poem this image is revealed and develops into lyrical digressions, as well as in the plot itself. We learn about the past of this character, his thoughts about everything that is happening around him, and finally, his attitude towards Eugene Onegin.
It is with the main character of the poem that most of the author’s judgments and assessments are associated. The author emphasizes his unity with the hero, who also came from a noble background and received an education typical of that circle and that time. Throughout the entire novel, Pushkin compares and contrasts himself with Onegin. To do this, he finds different artistic techniques. One of them is getting closer to the hero through mutual acquaintances. So, in the restaurant, Evgeniy is “waiting for... Kaverin,” a close friend of Pushkin in his youth. In addition, the author compares Onegin with Chaadaev, whom he himself knew and to whom he dedicated several poems.
What are the moral and philosophical issues of the novel "Eugene Onegin"? and got the best answer
Reply from Lisa[active]
Analyzing the novel by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Onegin is Pushkin’s most sincere work, the most beloved child of his imagination, and one can point to too few creations in which the poet’s personality would be reflected with such completeness , light and clear how Pushkin’s personality was reflected in Onegin.”
The novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" poses many philosophical and moral problems. One of them is the problem of happiness and debt.
This problem is most clearly highlighted in final explanation Evgenia Onegina with Tatyana Larina.
Their farewell meeting takes place in Moscow, in the house of Tatyana’s husband. Onegin meets Larina in Moscow, but now she is no longer a “district young lady” in whom “everything is outside, everything is free,” but an “indifferent princess,” “a legislator.” And it is with this person that Onegin falls in love, hoping that he will be able to return the old Tatyana to her. Evgeny writes her a letter with a declaration of love, but receives no answer. He gradually withers and finally decides to find out everything once and for all. It is at this moment that the final explanation occurs.
This scene is the climax of the novel. There is a denouement in it. If earlier Onegin talked to Tatyana from above as if he were a little girl, now they have switched roles.
For the first time, Onegin thinks that his worldview is wrong, that it will not give him peace and what he ultimately achieves. “I thought: freedom and peace are a substitute for happiness,” Onegin admits to Tatyana, beginning to realize that true happiness lies in the desire to find a soul mate.
He understands that all his foundations have been shaken. The author gives us hope for the moral revival of Onegin.
"Eugene Onegin" - philosophical novel, a novel about the meaning of life. In it, Pushkin raised the problems of existence, reflected on what good and evil are. And if Onegin’s life is meaningless, he sows evil, death, indifference around himself, then Tatyana is an integral, harmonious person, and she sees the meaning of her life in love, in fulfilling her duty to her husband. Having come to terms with harsh laws life, depriving a person of happiness, Tatyana was forced to fight for her dignity, showing in this struggle uncompromisingness and her inherent moral strength, this is precisely what Tatyana’s moral values were. Tatyana is the heroine of conscience.
Tatyana appears in the novel as a symbol of fidelity, kindness, and love. Everyone has long known that happiness for women lies in love, in caring for one’s neighbor.
Reply from Elena Zhmareva[guru]
It is difficult to say whether Pushkin suffered from such naive didacticism as Belinsky attributes to him. Sexless Tatiana and demonic Onegin are quite in the spirit of the poster “furious Vissarion”! “A habit has been given to us from above, it is a substitute for happiness,” “Blessed is he who was young from his youth, blessed is he who matured in time” - these aphorisms illustrate the change in the value system over the course of a person’s life. The hobby that could fill the life of 16 or 18-year-old Tatyana no longer seems so fatal married woman who sleeps with a man and has an idea of the intimate side of love. On the one hand - fleeting meetings with Onegin and unclear dreams, on the other - the position in society and loving husband. So it’s still a question of what prevailed - DUTY or simple COMMON SENSE, not burdened with lightweight nonsense about the “old cemetery” and “the noise of the branches above the nanny.”
The nineteenth century is rightly called the golden age of Russian poetry, and I would also call it the golden age of prose. Among the constellation of names, for many the closest and dearest is the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Each person has his own life, his own destiny, but there is something that unites all people. In my opinion, these are, first of all, human feelings and aspirations, the search for oneself. It is about this, close to each of us, that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote in his works; he tried to reach the hearts of his readers, trying to convey to them all the beauty and depth of human feelings. When you read Pushkin, many questions arise, but the main thing that worries the reader is eternal problems good and evil, love and friendship, honor, decency, nobility.
My favorite piece Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - “Eugene Onegin”. Everyone tends to find in this novel something dear, unique, sometimes understandable only to him, but what moral ideals of the author himself can be found here?
Despite the fact that the novel is called “Eugene Onegin,” the main character, in my opinion, is the author himself. After all, in comparison with Evgeny Onegin spiritual world lyrical hero, his attitude to life, to work, to art, to a woman who is taller, purer, more significant. Eugene Onegin's life, full of social entertainment, bores him. For him, love is “the science of tender passion”; He's tired of the theater, he says:
It's time for everyone to change, I put up with ballets for a long time, But I'm tired of Didelot too.
For Pushkin, the theater is a “magical land.”
In his poetic novel, Pushkin touches on the issue of honor. Onegin goes to the village, where he meets Lensky. In an effort (for fun) to tease his friend, Onegin courts Lensky's girlfriend. Lensky, in the heat of jealousy, challenges him to a duel - an opportunity to defend his tarnished honor. For Onegin it is a convention; he would not have gone to shoot himself if it were not for the opinion of the world, which would have condemned him for refusing. Lensky dies. Pushkin shows how a person's life becomes cheaper than gossip.
Onegin goes on a journey that greatly changes him. There is a revaluation of values. He becomes a stranger to the world where a few years ago he belonged. Onegin fell in love with a woman. For Pushkin, love is moral value, how many beautiful lines he dedicated to this feeling. Let us remember his poem “I remember a wonderful moment...”:
The soul has awakened:
And then you appeared again,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
Love for Pushkin is a sacred feeling. The love that awakened in Evgeniy is a clear indication of how Evgeniy has changed. But the woman he loves remains with someone else - this is Onegin’s severe punishment.
But the moral ideal in the novel for Pushkin is Tatyana Larina. From the first lines dedicated to her, we feel the author’s sympathy for her, her kind and sensitive heart:
I love you so much
My dear Tatiana.
We will not find a description of Tatyana’s appearance in the novel; the author speaks only about her pure and beautiful soul, he only cares inner world heroines. He creates Tatyana as sweet and sensitive; her attachment to her family and friends and understanding of the beauty of nature are important to him. Only the world around us can give a person inspiration and peace.
Tatiana falls in love with Evgeny Onegin. “Tatyana loves in earnest,” says Pushkin about his heroine. She carries this love throughout her life, but she cannot sacrifice her husband’s happiness for her loved one. Tatyana explains her refusal to Evgeny Onegin as follows:
But I was given to another;
I will be faithful to him forever.
Good is answered with good - this is the eternal truth. Tatyana is close to this folk wisdom. And this is probably why Pushkin calls it “Russian soul.”
“Take care of your honor from a young age” - this is the epigraph of A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”. The father gives the same instruction to his son Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, sending him to serve. The father himself is trying not to lead his son astray from the right path, sending him not to St. Petersburg, where the young man could go astray by starting to drink and play cards, but sends him to a small fortress, where he could honestly serve the fatherland and strengthen his soul , after all, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is only seventeen years old. Pushkin in Father Grinev shows those traits that are valued in people of the old school, in people of the 18th century. The meaning of Andrei Petrovich Grinev’s life is that a person, under any trials, should not make a deal with his conscience. He believes that the goal of every man’s life is honest service for the good of the Fatherland.
IN " The captain's daughter“We meet a lot of heroes for whom the principle “Take care of honor from a young age” is the main thing in life. For Pushkin, the concept of “honor” is associated with loyalty to friends and duty. We see how Grinev, while being captured by Pugachev, says directly to his eyes: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.”
Maria Ivanovna, Grinev's fiancée, who faints when a cannon fires in honor of her mother's name day, does not make a deal with her conscience; she rejects the offer of the traitor Shvabrin, who takes the opportunity and offers to take her out of the fortress if she marries him.
We see how in all the heroes Pushkin embodies his moral ideal: loyalty to duty and word, incorruptibility, the desire to help a friend or loved one.
It seems to me that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin believes that the principle “good is answered with good” is one of many folk wisdom. This wisdom is very close to him. Grinev, trying to save his bride, comes to Pugachev’s camp. Pugachev remembers the good (Grinev met Pugachev even before the start of the uprising and gave him a sheepskin coat) and lets him go with Marya Ivanovna. While being held captive by Pugachev, Grinev hears a song about the Tsar and the robber. The robber, like Grinev, honestly admits to the Tsar what he did, Grinev tells Pugachev about his intention to serve Catherine P. The Tsar executes the criminal, and Pugachev releases the prisoner.
I talked about only two works by A.S. Pushkin. Like every person, he had his own view of what was happening, he sought to find an answer to the questions that worried his contemporaries, but for Pushkin's works There is no time frame, it is interesting for all ages. Moral ideals Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - loyalty to duty, friends, purity of soul, honesty, kindness - this is universal human values on which the world rests.
Choose only ONE of the suggested essay topics (2.1–2.4). In the answer form, indicate the number of the topic you have chosen, and then write an essay of at least 200 words (if the essay is less than 150 words, then it is scored 0 points).
Rely on author's position(in an essay on lyrics, take into account the author’s intention), formulate your point of view. Argument your theses based on literary works(in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least two poems). Use literary theoretical concepts to analyze the work. Think over the composition of your essay. Write your essay clearly and legibly, observing the norms of speech.
2.5. What stories from the works of Russian and foreign literature are relevant to you and why? (Based on the analysis of one or two works.)
Explanation.
Comments on essays
2.1. What role does the image of military everyday life play in the poem “Vasily Terkin” by A. T. Tvardovsky?
Writer Fyodor Abramov said about the poem “Vasily Terkin” this way: “Russia in living people’s faces, intonations, words.” “The Book about a Soldier,” born in the atmosphere of the war years, is a deep study of the Russian national character, a moving narrative about a soldier and his soldierly entourage. Through the eyes of Terkin, an “ordinary guy,” not only pictures of battles are drawn, but also scenes of front-line life. A story about a soldier's everyday life and a joke, so necessary in life, surprisingly organically merge in the poem. mortal danger: the story about the accordion player Terkin sounds relaxed:
...Warm up, hang out
Everyone goes to the accordion player.
Surround - Stop, brothers,
Let me blow on your hands...
All sorts of chance encounters occur in war, and Vasily Terkin always shows ingenuity, dexterity and efficiency: he can easily find the scale hidden by the hostess, fry lard, fix the clock.
An honest, brave and conscientious artist, A. T. Tvardovsky traveled difficult front roads as a war correspondent, more than once was under shelling and bombing, and not only this experience, but also his enormous talent helped the author create folk poem, close to millions readers.
2.2. How is M. V. Lomonosov’s idea of an ideal historical figure embodied in “Ode on the Day of the Accession to the All-Russian Throne of Her Majesty Empress Elisaveta Petrovna, 1747”?
In Lomonosov's ode, Tsarina Elizaveta Petrovna appears as an exalted being. The poet places great hopes on her for the peace and prosperity of Russia. First of all, Lomonosov talks about peace, which is the key to the prosperity and happiness of any country.
Lomonosov praises Elizabeth's generosity, expresses his hope for her mercy and attention to home country. Lomonosov speaks about the happiness of all people. And Queen Elizabeth acts as the guarantee of their peace and happiness:
When she took the throne,
As the Most High gave her a crown,
Brought you back to Russia
Put an end to the war.
Lomonosov idealizes the queen. He paints her as the embodiment of all virtues. And the reader may get the impression that Lomonosov did not see any shortcomings in her. But we should not forget that the classic poet that Lomonosov is, in his work must glorify reality, devoid of any vices. Moreover, an ode of praise is absolutely special genre. And Lomonosov’s ode is structured in such a way that he says only good things about the queen.
Lomonosov speaks about the beauty and greatness of Russia, about the inexhaustible wealth that this country possesses. And therefore he believes that great country worthy of a great ruler, which Elizabeth certainly is.
2.3. What is the contrast between the natures of Onegin and Lensky? (Based on the novel by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin.”)
The heroes of the novel “Eugene Onegin” are complex, lively, and sometimes contradictory characters. Onegin and Lensky are close in their social and geographical location: They are landowners - neighbors. Both have education, their spiritual needs are not limited to rural life, like most of their neighbors. Onegin was born and raised in St. Petersburg. Lensky studied in Germany, at the University of Göttingen, so in the wilderness of the village it was difficult for him to find an interlocutor. Pushkin notes that both heroes are good-looking. Onegin is “very sweet”; life in St. Petersburg society has taught him to take care of his appearance.
The difference between the heroes is clearly visible in their attitude towards love. Lensky “sang love, obedient to love,” he is going to marry his chosen one - Olga Larina.
Onegin has long forgotten what love is: in eight years social life in St. Petersburg he was accustomed to replacing serious feelings with “the science of tender passion,” but in the village he was frankly bored. Pushkin gives a number of antonyms, emphasizing the contrast of the characters’ characters: “wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire.”
In the images of Onegin and Lensky, Pushkin embodied the typical features of the youth of his time. The heroes differ in character and worldview. Onegin ruined best years for empty social fun and turned into a bored egoist. Lensky is still too young, naive, romantic, but he could turn into an ordinary landowner.
2.4. What social and moral vices does N.V. Gogol expose in the comedy “The Inspector General”?
In the comedy “The Inspector General” N.V. Gogol exposes the vices of society during the times of Tsarist Russia. The focus of his attention is on representatives of the bureaucracy, and the author embodies their images in the characteristic characters of a small county town, where the main events take place. The author clearly shows that local officials are mired in bribery and arbitrariness. The moral of these people is this: “There is no person who does not have some sins behind him. It’s already been arranged this way by God himself...” The ability not to miss what floats into one’s hands is, in their opinion, a manifestation of intelligence and enterprise. Officials county town stupid, immoral.
The work of N.V. Gogol is not so much comical as it is filled with tragedy, because when reading it, you begin to understand: a society in which there are so many degenerate bosses, corrupted by idleness and impunity, has no future.