A crime and punishment novel of a special genre. Genre features of the novel “Crime and Punishment”

Novel "Crime and Punishment" - a novel about the absolute value of man. personality. This is a social-philosophical, religious-moral, ideological novel. The novel was published in 1866. This was an era when old moral laws were rejected by society, and new ones had not yet been formed. Society has lost the moral guidelines that were embodied in the image of Christ. D. was able to show the horror of this loss. The PiN district has a number of special features: 1) Ideological district(Raskolnikov is a hero-ideologist, this idea becomes his passion and the defining feature of his lies). 2) Abvivalence of GG consciousness(it combines opposite principles, good and evil; R. is not an ordinary killer, but an honest and gifted person with a philosophical mindset, who has taken the wrong path, carried away by a false theory). 3) Dialogism of the narrative. There is always a dispute and defense of one’s position (The two main characters of the novel - Raskolnikov and Sonya form two poles. Pole Raskolnikova represents the Napoleonic idea, inhuman and inhumane: Sonya's pole is Christ's idea, the idea of ​​forgiveness. They are in a relationship of duality and antagonism with each other. Both are criminals (murderer and harlot). They're both victims social evil. That is why Raskolnikov is drawn to Sonya, she is for him symbolizes another social and moral phenomenon. R.'s theory symbolizes the spiritual death of a person. Sonya Marmeladova allows R. to feel the crisis and the illegality of his theory. She is the bearer of true faith in the novel, yavl. exponent of the author's position. For her, people are the highest value on earth. Sonya believes that R. committed a crime by God, by the earth, by the Russian people, and therefore sends him to seek salvation and rebirth among people. R. sees that religion, faith in God, is the only thing she has left. For D., the concept of God merges ideas about the highest principles of existence: eternal beauty, justice and love. And the hero comes to the conclusion that God is the embodiment of humanity.). 4) Polyphonic district(merger different voices, points of view into one complete, diverse picture, reflecting modern society). 5) The principle of duality(Doubles in the novel - simultaneously opponents: Raskolnikov's double is Razumikhin: both are poor students, struggling for life. But the means of struggle are different. Razumikhin is a tutor. helps Raskolnikov (offers a job), sits at Raskolnikov’s sick bedside, takes care of Rodion’s family. But he is sharply opposed to Rodion, since he does not accept the idea of ​​“blood according to conscience.” A kind of double of Raskolnikov is Svidrigailov. who, as is typical of a cynic, takes Raskolnikov’s ideas to their logical conclusion, advising him to stop thinking about the good of humanity. Another character that sets off the image of the main one hero, Luzhin Petr Petrovich. The hero takes the practical part of Raskolnikov’s theory about the right to crime, but completely emasculates all the sublime meaning from it. Luzhin reflects Raskolnikov's philosophy in the distorting mirror of cynicism, and Raskolnikov himself looks with disgust at Luzhin and his theory. Luzhin personifies: “love yourself.” Svidrigailov is the other side of Raskolnikov’s theory, cat. symbolizes godlessness. Luzhin, Svidrigailov and Raskolnikov are brought together by this. that they take upon themselves the right to control other people's lives to achieve their goals. But their main difference is that Raskolnikov’s is a delusion caused by social circumstances. For Luzhin and Svidrigailov, this is a property of their nature. The idea expressed in the image of Sonya is duplicated by the images of Lizaveta and Dunya. Lizaveta personifies meekness and love for God, sacrifice. Sonya and Lizaveta are godsisters and innocent victims. Sonya and Dunya are both voluntary victims. The strength of character in Duna manifests itself more clearly, But through the prism of the image of Dunya, this power is highlighted in Sonya.) 6) Connecting a philosophical basis with a detective story(the murder of the old money-lender and the investigation. The legal principle is represented by Porfiry Petrovich, the investigator. This is the antipode of Raskolnikov. but there is also something Raskolnikov in him. That’s why he understands the main character faster and better than anyone else. Investigator Porfiry is not alien to Raskolnikov’s “idea” This is a man who experienced his own period of proud impulses and dreams in his youth. Porfiry Petrovich feels “attachment” to the killer, because “he himself is familiar with these feelings.” Porfiry recognizes in Raskolnikov his own youth. his secret sympathy for the hero, which conflicts with his role as a guardian of official justice. Condemning the murderer, Porfiry, like the author of the novel himself, cannot help admiring the courage of the rebel against human suffering and the injustice of society. That's why he believes his“a terrible fighter” if he manages to find true “faith or God.” He convinces Raskolnikov to confess in order to regain the ability to live). 7) Realistic district.(Dostoevsky defined his method as “realism in highest degree" – i.e. in order to show the true nature of a person, it is necessary to depict him in borderline situations, on the edge of the abyss, representing a tottering creature, lost souls).

The entire novel is Raskolnikov’s path to himself. The novel is dedicated to the transformation of Raskolnikov. GG was worried about insoluble questions: why should smart, noble people eke out a miserable existence, while others - insignificant and vile - live in luxury and contentment? Why do innocent children suffer? How can I change this order? Who is a person - a “trembling creature” or the ruler of the world, “having the right” to break the moral law? External causes of crime are causes that are caused by social factors. the position of the hero. And what is happening in his soul, all his painful experiences, the author reveals to the reader, describing the dreams of R. The dream of a murder thickens the colors, dark details appear - R. Sees himself as a child and sees the beating of a driven horse, which is in a stupid Out of anger, the owner beats him to death. The hero's dream is multi-valued: it expresses a protest against murder, senseless cruelty, sympathy for the pain of others; a dream is a symbol of existing orders - life is unfair, rude and cruel; the most important meaning of the dream is R.’s internal attitude towards crime. The terrible scene and the shed blood are connected in R.’s mind with the planned murder. R. feels fear and doubt - while the theory was being mastered logically, there was no fear, but now the hero’s feelings came into their own. Having not yet killed anyone, R. realizes the doom of his bloody idea. R. hears students talking in a tavern about killing an old pawnbroker for the sake of money, with which one can do “1000 good deeds,” 1 life and hundreds of lives in return. The phrase about the many suffering turned out to be very important for R. From this moment on, vague ideas are formed into the idea of ​​​​dividing people into the elite and the rank and file. Therefore, R. is close to Napoleon. D. proves how monstrous this worldview is, for it leads to disunity among people, turns a person into a slave of his own passions and thereby destroys him. The world - built on these principles - is a world of arbitrariness, where universal human values ​​​​are crumbling. This is the path of death of the human race. After the murder, a turning point occurred in R’s soul. It was as if an abyss had opened up between him and the people - loneliness, alienation, hopeless melancholy. What he had done became an insurmountable obstacle. And in this sad loneliness, a painful comprehension of what has been done begins.

History of creation

The first parts of “Crime and Punishment” first appeared in 1866 in eight issues of the magazine “Russian Messenger”. The novel is published in parts in January-December. Dostoevsky has been working on the novel all year, rushing to add written chapters to the next book of the magazine.

Soon after the publication of the novel in the magazine was completed, Dostoevsky published it in a separate edition: “A novel in six parts with an epilogue by F. M. Dostoevsky. Corrected edition." For this edition, Dostoevsky made significant cuts and changes in the text: three parts of the magazine edition were transformed into six, and the division into chapters was partially changed.

Plot

The plot revolves around the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, in whose head a theory of the crime is ripening. According to his idea, humanity is divided into “chosen” and “material”. The “chosen ones” (Napoleon is a classic example) have the right to commit a murder or several murders for the sake of future great achievements. Raskolnikov himself is very poor; he cannot pay not only for his studies at the university, but also for his own living expenses. His mother and sister are very poor, he soon finds out that his sister (Avdotya Romanovna) is ready to marry a man she does not love, for the sake of money, for the sake of her brother. This was the last straw, and Raskolnikov commits the deliberate murder of an old money-lender (“louse” by his definition) and the forced murder of her sister, a witness. But Raskolnikov cannot use the stolen goods, he hides them. From this time begins the terrible life of the criminal, a restless, feverish consciousness, his attempts to find support and meaning in life, justification of the act and its evaluation. Subtle psychologism, existential comprehension of Raskolnikov’s act and further existence are colorfully conveyed by Dostoevsky. More and more new faces are involved in the action of the novel. Fate pits him against a lonely, frightened, poor girl, in whom he finds a kindred spirit and support, Sonya Marmeladova, who has taken the path of self-sale due to poverty. Sonya, a believer in God, is trying to somehow hold on in life after losing her parents. Raskolnikov also finds support in his university friend Razumikhin, who is in love with his sister Avdotya Romanovna. Such characters appear as investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who understood Raskolnikov’s soul and wittily led him to clean water, Svidrigailov, libertine and scoundrel - shining example the “chosen” person (according to Raskolnikov’s theory), Luzhin, a lawyer and a cunning egoist, etc. The novel reveals social reasons crimes and disasters, moral contradictions, oppressive circumstances of the fall, the life of the St. Petersburg poor, drunkenness and prostitution is described, dozens of peculiar characters and characters. Throughout the novel, Raskolnikov tries to understand whether he is a worthy person, whether he has the right to judge other people. Unable to bear the burden of his crime, the main character confesses to the murder he committed, writing sincere confession. However, he sees the guilt not in the fact that he committed the murder, but in the fact that he committed it without appreciating his inner weakness and pitiful cowardice. He renounces the claim to being chosen. Raskolnikov ends up in hard labor, but Sonya remains next to him. These two lonely people found each other at a very difficult time in their lives. In the end, the hero finds support in love and religious consciousness.

Scene

The novel takes place in the summer in St. Petersburg.

Characters

• Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a mendicant former student, the protagonist of the story. He believes that he has the moral right to commit crimes and murder is only the first step on an uncompromising road that will lead him to the top. Unconsciously, he chooses as a victim the weakest and most defenseless member of society, justifying this by the insignificance of the life of an old pawnbroker, after whose murder he is faced with a severe psychological shock: murder does not make a person “the chosen one.”
• Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova, mother of Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, comes to him in St. Petersburg in the hope of marrying her daughter to Luzhin and settling family life. Disappointment in Luzhin, fear for life and peace of mind Rodion, her daughter’s misfortune leads her to illness and death.
• Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova, sister of Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. A smart, beautiful, chaste girl, in love with her brother to the point of self-sacrifice. Has the habit of walking from corner to corner around the room in moments of thoughtfulness. In the struggle for his happiness, she was ready to agree to a marriage of convenience, but she could not make contact with Luzhin for the sake of his salvation. Marries Razumikhin, finding in him sincere and loving person, his brother's true comrade.
• Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, fiancé of Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova, lawyer, enterprising and selfish businessman. Avdotya Romanovna's fiancé, who wanted to make her his slave, owing her position and well-being to him. Hostility towards Raskolnikov and the desire to quarrel between him and his family underpin an attempt to dishonor Marmeladova and falsify the theft allegedly committed against her.
• Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin, former student, friend of Raskolnikov. Strong, cheerful, smart guy, sincere and spontaneous. Deep love and affection for Raskolnikov explains his concern for him. He falls in love with Dunechka and proves his love with his help and support. Marries Duna.
• Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, former titular councilor, degenerate drunkard, alcoholic. It reflects the features of the heroes of Dostoevsky’s unwritten novel “The Drunken Ones,” to which the writing of the novel genetically dates back. Sonya Marmeladova's father, himself burdened by his addiction to alcohol, is a weak, weak-willed man who, however, loves his children. Crushed by a horse.
• Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, wife Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladova, staff officer's daughter. A sick woman, forced to raise three children alone, is not entirely healthy mentally. After her husband’s difficult funeral, undermined by constant work, worries and illness, she goes crazy and dies.
• Sonya Semyonovna Marmeladova, daughter of Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov from his first marriage, a girl desperate for self-sale. Despite this type of occupation, she is a sensitive, timid and shy girl, forced to earn money in such an unsightly way. She understands Rodion’s suffering, finds in him support in life, and the strength to make him a man again. She follows him to Siberia and becomes his lifelong girlfriend.
• Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov, nobleman, former officer, landowner. Libertine, scoundrel, cheater. It is introduced in contrast to Raskolnikov as an example of a person who stops at nothing to achieve his goals and does not think for a second about methods and “his right” (Rodion talks about such people in his theory). Avdotya Romanovna became the object of Svidrigailov’s passion. An attempt to gain her favor through the help of Rodion was unsuccessful. Sliding into madness and the abyss of depravity, despite his terrible fear of death, he shoots himself in the temple.
• Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova, his late wife, of whose murder Arkady Ivanovich is suspected, according to whom she appeared to him as a ghost. She donated three thousand rubles to Dunya, which allowed Dunya to reject Luzhin as a groom.
• Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov, a young man serving in the ministry. A “progressive”, a utopian socialist, but a stupid person who does not fully understand and exaggerates many of the ideas of building communes. Luzhin's neighbor.
• Porfiry Petrovich, bailiff of investigative cases. A seasoned master of his craft, a subtle psychologist who saw through Raskolnikov and invited him to confess to the murder himself. But he was unable to prove Rodion’s guilt due to lack of evidence.
• Amalia Ludvigovna (Ivanovna) Lippevehzel, I rented out an apartment to Lebezyatnikov, Luzhin, and Marmeladov. A stupid and quarrelsome woman, proud of her father, whose origins are generally unknown.
• Alena Ivanovna , collegiate secretary, pawnbroker. A dry and evil old woman, killed by Raskolnikov.
• Lizaveta Ivanovna, Alena Ivanovna's half-sister, an accidental witness to the murder, was killed by Raskolnikov.
• Zosimov, doctor, friend of Razumikhin

Film adaptations

Based on the novel, films and films have been repeatedly filmed. cartoons. The most famous of them:

• Crime and Punishment(English) Crime and Punishment) (1935, USA featuring Peter Lorre, Edward Arnold and Marian Marsh);
• Crime and Punishment(fr. Crime et Châtiment) (1956, France directed by Georges Lampin, with the participation of Jean Gabin, Marina Vlady and Robert Hossein);
• Crime and Punishment(1969, USSR, with the participation of Georgy Taratorkin, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Tatyana Bedova, Victoria Fedorova);
• Crime and Punishment(English) Crime and Punishment) (1979, short film starring Timothy West, Vanessa Redgrave and John Hurt);
• Shock(English) Astonished) (1988, USA with Lilian Komorowska, Tommy Hollis and Ken Ryan);
• Crime and Punishment of Dostoevsky(English) Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment ) (1998, USA, TV movie starring Patrick Dempsey, Ben Kingsley and Julie Delpy);
• Crime and Punishment(English) Crime and Punishment) (2002, USA-Russia-Poland)
• Crime and Punishment(2007, Russia, with the participation of Vladimir Koshevoy, Andrey Panin, Alexander Baluev and Elena Yakovleva).

Theater productions

The novel has been dramatized many times in Russia and abroad. The first attempt to dramatize the novel by A. S. Ushakov in 1867 did not take place due to the ban on censorship. The first production that took place in Russia dates back to 1899. The first known foreign production took place at the Odeon Theater in Paris ().

Translations

The first Polish translation (Zbrodnia i kara) was published in 1887-88.

Illustrations

Notes

see also

Links

• “Crime and Punishment” - text in the School Library (Word compatible format, transparent archiving when opened)
• “Crime and Punishment” Dostoevsky (summary, main characters) in the School Library
• Elena Dryzhakov: Time segmentation in the novel Crime and Punishment
• Maria Loseva, “Some aspects of the maternal and paternal complex in Crime and Punishment”

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“Crime and Punishment” is one of the most famous and readable novels F.M. Dostoevsky. The novel brought him fame. Here he touches on the same theme as in the novels “The Idiot” and “The Brothers Karamazov”, the theme of sin and redemption. In most of his works, Dostoevsky talks about degradation Russian society and families. This novel was no exception, since it is about a poor student Raskolnikov, who kills the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta Ivanovna, killing for the highest goal, to free people from her oppression.

Since the novel contains murder planning, investigation and a judge's decision, it can be called a crime novel. But the novel also contains elements of other genres. It is considered psychological because inner world Raskolnikov before and after the crime, the path to Siberia, where he is serving his sentence, is completely revealed.

Also, through the life of Raskolnikov, we can follow the life of the alcoholic Marmeladov and his family: his sick wife Katerina Ivanovna and daughter Sonya, who will sacrifice her life for the sake of the family.

In addition, there is the family of Marfa Petrovna, who, together with other characters, symbolize poverty, revealing through them the kingdom of the poor. The novel can be called social, since there is a clear division of society into rich and poor. In addition, the novel has philosophical tendencies, since it tells the story of a murder committed for ethical reasons, in which Raskolnikov passionately believes.

He formed the idea of extraordinary people, who have a greater right to break laws in order to achieve the highest goal that will help humanity. The novel consists of 6 parts and an epilogue. The murder and the killer are presented in the first part, the investigation and internal battles of Raskolnikov in subsequent parts.

Genre: novel

Subject: Raskolnikov is tormented by the idea of ​​justice, and he will understand this as soon as he kills Alena Ivanovna, the old pawnbroker, making the poor happier with their money. After the murder, his conscience does not allow him to live in peace.

Place: Russia

Time: 19th century

Crime and punishment retelling

The time span of the plot is only 9 and a half days, the action takes place in St. Petersburg, Russia. Everything takes place in the 19th century. The story unfolds around a young, poor law student, Rodion Raskolnikov. He misses more and more lectures, and absorbs more and more ideas from Western Europe.

Raskolnikov believes that humanity is divided into two parts. Ordinary mortals who must live in harmony with the laws and exceptions, such as Napoleon, who can commit any crime if in return they can offer something more valuable to humanity.

Raskolnikov decides to implement his ideas in life by killing Alena Ivanovna. She was an old, greedy pawnbroker; by killing her, at least more than a thousand people would be saved. With her disappearance, many would be simply happy, for example, her sister Lizaveta Ivanovna, who suffers from the harassment of her older sister. At first, Raskolnikov pushes these thoughts away from himself, although he had already decided to develop a murder plan for himself, but was not completely sure that he would be able to pull off this plan.

He depends on many small details that incite him to commit crimes, such as letters from his mother. Conversations with Marmeladov, meeting with Sonya. His mother wrote that the only way to save her sister from Svidrigailov was to marry her to Luzhin. The money and position that she can get will help Raskolnikov graduate from law school. He was not able to accept such a sacrifice from his sister, and the sad Sonya also plunges him into even greater depression. In the end, he finds out that the old pawnbroker is left alone at about 7 o'clock.

After internal struggle he comes to Alena's apartment. Kills an old, greedy woman. But things become more complicated as Lizaveta unexpectedly appears. Raskolnikov had to kill her too.

He begins to panic because he does not know what to take with him at this moment. He grabs a few things and runs away. After the murder, he falls ill and spends several days in a semi-conscious state. Razumikhin, his friend, takes care of him. While Raskolnikov is sick and lying in bed, Luzhin, his sister's rich fiancé, visits him.

In fact, Luzhin is looking for a poor and useful woman who will be grateful to him for the rest of her life. He wants to find someone who will serve him and remain faithful always. Raskolnikov asks him to leave, because he is against the superiority that he demonstrates towards his sister.

When Raskolnikov gets better, he gets out of bed and decides to go out and read the newspapers. He wants to find out the description of the crime from the newspapers. He comes close to telling the cop everything and makes himself suspect number one as he returns to the crime scene.

Raskolnikov is surrounded by terrible things. He witnessed the death of Marmeladov. He is hit by a cart when he tries to cross the road drunk. Raskolnikov wants to help by giving money to the widow.

He finds Dunya's sister and mother in his room. They are preparing for the wedding, but Raskolnikov is against this marriage. He doesn't want his sister to marry such a pathetic and terrible person. Also Svidrigailov, Dunya's ex-employer, whose wife died a suspicious death, comes to the city.

Dunya hired him as a nanny, and Svidrigailov wanted to seduce her. He asks Raskolnikov to arrange a meeting for him with Dunya, and even offers a lot of money, but Dunya and Raskolnikov come to the conclusion that a connection with such a suspicious person would be out of the ordinary.

While the plot turns towards the lovers Razumikhin and Dunya, Raskolnikov asks the police to come and take away the watch that he pawned to Alena. He is put in an awkward position because Porfiry Petrovich asks a tricky question. The plot suddenly takes an unexpected turn when the artist Nikoy confesses to the crime.

Now he can be happy and free from accusations, but Raskolnikov’s conscience does not give him peace. He wants to confess to the murder.

He comes to Marmeladov’s daughter Sonya. Since her family is now in even greater distress, she has no choice but to turn to prostitution to support her family.

Despite her job, she is a woman of high morals, and is very religious. She advised Raskolnikov to confess and repent for his crimes. He soon learns that Nikolai confessed only because he was a religious fanatic, believing that he could atone for his sins by taking on others.

The story takes a turn when Svidrigailov overhears a conversation between Raskolnikov and Sonya, in which he confesses to the murder of Alena. Since he receives valuable information, he decides to use it to blackmail Dunya. Dunya rejects and shoots him. The bullet only scratches him, but then he takes the gun and kills himself.

Svidrigailov leaves all the money to Duna, Sonya and Marmeladov’s children. So he decided to do one good thing by undoing his bad life.

In the end, Raskolnikov admits to what he did. He is sentenced to eight years in Siberia. Sonya decides to join him and next to her he goes through spiritual renewal.

Characters: Rodion Raskolnikov, Marmeladov, Katerina Ivanovna, Alena Ivanovna, Lizaveta, Sonya, Dunya, Porfiry, Svidrigailov, Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova, Razumikhin, Luzhin...

Character Analysis

Rodion Raskolnikov- the main character of the novel. He is tall and has dark eyes. Forced to live in a small room in St. Petersburg, which reminds him of a coffin, where the streets are dirty with waste. He is described as a law student with a sensitive character, representing both a criminal and a righteous man.

One of the starting points crime novel motive for the crime

(revenge, passion, mental imbalance...) The hero enjoys moments when he feels in control of the situation. Raskolnikov is a more complex character than an ordinary criminal. He wants to prove his point by committing murder, and for him the crime is nothing more than a moral decision, since he kills the fearful pawnbroker who is harassing other people. In this way he tested his moral and mental strength.

Main character thinks that if he is able to kill the reptile who was the cause of pain in society, then he clearly belongs to the chosen ones, driving force, which will be perceived as the creation of history.

A person can take someone's life only for a higher purpose. The main character wants to help the Marmeladov family. He doesn't think about the profit from killing.
He fell ill in Siberia, and his ego was also hurt. He did not suffer, accepting life broadly, but not being able to achieve the highest goal. And only love could cure him; Sonya forces him to read the Gospel. The Christian way of thinking overcomes his mind and he becomes a different person

Alena Ivanovna- an old, greedy pawnbroker who is killed by Raskolnikov. He wanted to kill her good intentions for humanity.

Marmeladov– an alcoholic whose family lives in poverty. He is a true example of life, becomes unhappy due to sad events, and becomes a victim of his vice

Sonya– Marmeladov’s daughter becomes a prostitute to feed her family. She helps Raskolnikov change.

Dunya– Raskolnikov’s sister, is described as a person capable of doing something for her family. She was even ready to get married for money.

Fyodor Dostoevsky biography

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821 – 1881) Russian novelist, side by side with Tolstoy, one of best writers Russian realism. He lived a difficult life in poverty and suffered from epilepsy. He suffered a death sentence, a Siberian prison and the death of loved ones.

To please his father, he entered the military academy in January 1838, when he was 16 years old. He never liked studying there. He began writing at the age of 20, and in May 1845 he wrote his first novel, Poor People.

A big turn in his life was his participation in the utopian idea of ​​a socialist society, because of which he was sentenced to death in 1849. But he was saved by hard labor in Siberia, where he spent 10 years.

Early in his career he followed in Gogol's footsteps and introduced some ideas of social policy. After serving his sentence, described in the work “Notes from Underground” in 1861, he not only abandoned the path of revolution, but also condemned this idea (the novel “Demons” from 1871 - 1872) and plunged deeply into the world of mysticism and the Orthodox Church.

Dostoevsky worked as a journalist. Started traveling around Western Europe, where he became a gambler, which led to financial difficulties. For some time he borrowed money, but in the end, he became one of the most read Russian writers.

His books have been translated into more than 170 languages. His main novels are “Crime and Punishment”, “Poor People”, “Notes from Underground”, “The Idiot” and “The Brothers Karamazov”.

He died in January 1881 from pulmonary hemorrhage.

Genre "Crime and Punishment" - novel, in which the main place is occupied by social and philosophical problems contemporary writer Russian life.

"Crime and Punishment" genre

Genre: philosophical and psychological novel

"Crime and Punishment" is psychological a novel, since the main place in it is occupied by the description of the mental anguish of the person who committed the murder. In-depth psychologism - characteristic creativity. One part of the novel is devoted to the crime itself, and the remaining five parts are devoted to the emotional experiences of the killer. Therefore, the most important thing for the writer is to depict Raskolnikov’s torments of conscience and his decision to repent.

The philosophical theme of the novel is a discussion about the “right to blood,” that is, consideration of the “eternal” moral question: does a high goal justify criminal means? The philosophical idea of ​​the novel is formulated as follows: no noble goal justifies murder, it is not a human matter to decide whether a person is worthy of living or unworthy.

Raskolnikov kills the moneylender Alena Ivanovna, whom the writer himself portrays as extremely unattractive: “She was a tiny, dry old woman of about sixty, with sharp and angry eyes, a small pointed nose and bare hair. Her blond, slightly graying hair was greased with oil. Some kind of flannel rag was wrapped around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg...” (1, I). Alena Ivanovna is disgusting, starting with the above portrait and the despotic attitude towards her sister Lizaveta and ending with her usurious activities; she looks like a louse (5, IV), sucking human blood. However, according to Dostoevsky, even such a nasty old woman cannot be killed: any person is sacred and inviolable, in this respect all people are equal. According to Christian philosophy, the life and death of a person are in the hands of God, and people are not allowed to decide this (therefore, murder and suicide are mortal sins). From the very beginning, Dostoevsky aggravates the murder of the malicious pawnbroker with the murder of the meek, unrequited Lizaveta. So, wanting to test his capabilities as a superman and preparing to become a benefactor of all the poor and humiliated, Raskolnikov begins his noble activity by killing (!) the old woman and the holy fool, who looks like a big child, Lizaveta.

The writer’s attitude towards the “right to blood” is clarified, among other things, in Marmeladov’s monologue. Talking about Last Judgment, Marmeladov is confident that God will ultimately accept not only the righteous, but also degraded drunkards, insignificant people like Marmeladov: “And he will say to us: “You pigs!” the image of the beast and its seal; but come too!” (...) And he will stretch out his hands to us, and we will fall down... and cry... and we will understand everything! Then we will understand everything!..” (1, II).

Now you know the features of the “Crime and Punishment” genre, what issues and problems of society Dostoevsky wanted to show.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” is the most famous work writer, included in the golden fund of world literature. Written during a difficult period in the author's life, it touches on many serious issues that remain relevant to this day. The novel is quite complex and deep, however detailed analysis the work will help to better understand the main idea and problems of the novel, the actions of the main characters. “Crime and Punishment” requires the most complete analysis, and it will be especially useful for 10th grade students when preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature.

Brief Analysis

Year of writing– 1866

History of creation– Dostoevsky hatched the idea for “Crime and Punishment” during his stay in hard labor, during a period of intense emotional distress.

Subject- Displaying the inhuman living conditions of the poorest segments of the population, the hopelessness of their existence and anger towards the whole world.

Composition- The novel consists of six parts and an epilogue. Each part is divided into 6-7 chapters. The first part describes the lifestyle of the main character and the crime he committed, in subsequent parts - the punishment that followed, and in the epilogue - the repentance of the main character.

Genre- Novel.

Direction- Realism.

History of creation

During his stay in hard labor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was forced to communicate not only with political criminals, but also with dangerous criminals - murderers and thieves. Observing these human types, the writer came to the conclusion that the overwhelming majority of crimes were committed by these people out of terrible despair. After the abolition of serfdom, many peasants who had no means of subsistence went to big cities, where they drank, robbed and killed.

It was then that the writer first had the idea of ​​writing a novel full of drama and internal conflicts. According to the plan, the work was conceived as a confession by Raskolnikov, in which the spiritual experience of the protagonist was revealed. However, while writing the novel, the author began to realize that he was not able to limit himself to the experiences of Raskolnikov alone - the plot required greater depth and fullness. Having treated the written material with a great deal of criticism, Dostoevsky burned the almost completed novel and wrote it anew - the way the entire literary world knows it.

The writer also had a problem with the title of the work. There were several working versions, including “The Criminal’s Tale”, “On Trial”. As a result, he settled on the “Crime and Punishment” option. The essence and meaning of the title of the novel lies not only in the criminal punishment for committing a crime, but, above all, in the mental anguish of the criminal. Any crime entails inevitable punishment, and it is impossible to hide from it.

Fyodor Mikhailovich worked on the novel in 1865-1866, and immediately after completion it was published in the popular magazine “Russian Messenger”. The reaction to the work was very mixed, from sharp rejection to wild admiration.

In the 80s of the 19th century, the novel was translated into many European languages. Its influence on the world literary process turned out to be huge: writers began to develop the theme raised by Dostoevsky and, at times, openly imitate the classic; theatrical performances, later the imperishable work was filmed many times.

Subject

main topic the works depict the oppression and appalling poverty of the majority of society, whose sad situation interests few people. Also running through the theme of personal delusions and forced rebellion due to stifling poverty, social inequality and hopelessness.

The problem of false beliefs raised in the novel is relevant at all times. The theory to which Raskolnikov was subjected, about permissiveness and the possibility of committing a crime for good purposes, is destructive. It is precisely this that is the cause of arbitrariness, violence and terror.

In his novel, Dostoevsky wanted to convey his Christian ideas about life, according to which one must try to live morally, without succumbing to pride, lust, and selfishness. Living for the sake of your neighbors, doing good, sacrificing your own interests for the good of society - this is what the writer teaches. It is for this reason that at the end of the epilogue Rodion Raskolnikov comes to faith, which is his salvation. tormented soul, and finds hope of salvation.

Composition

The structural composition of “Crime and Punishment” is quite simple: the novel consists of 6 parts, each of which, in turn, consists of 6-7 chapters.

The novel is divided into two components: the first describes the ordeal of the protagonist, his reasoning and, ultimately, the crime he committed. Then follows the punishment and self-exposure of Raskolnikov, and the remaining 5 parts of the work are devoted to this.

A characteristic feature of the novel is some inconsistency in the chronology of Raskolnikov’s actions. By this, the author wanted to emphasize the instability of the protagonist’s internal state, his loss. An excellent addition to Raskolnikov’s mood are the dark, gray streets of St. Petersburg, the description of which Dostoevsky devoted a lot of space in the work.

In the final part of the novel - the epilogue - the writer pointed to Raskolnikov's possible healing thanks to sincere repentance and faith in God. The moral revival of the hero became possible only thanks to his complete rethinking of his life, actions, and values.

Dostoevsky paid great attention not only to the poor student, but also to others central characters: Razumikhin, Duna Raskolnikova, Pulcheria Alexandrovna, Sonya Marmeladova, Svidrigailova. The character of each of them is described brightly, colorfully, the interaction of these characters is perfectly complemented big picture, shown by the author. Despite the intricacies storylines, all of them, one way or another, are connected with Raskolnikov. It is noteworthy that many of the heroes described are expected to tragic fate, and by the end of the novel, only a few will remain alive.

Main characters

Genre

"Crime and Punishment" refers to psychological and philosophical novel . Fyodor Mikhailovich himself called his creation “a psychological report of one crime.” This is unique literary work, in which detective, criminal, social, psychological, philosophical and love components are skillfully intertwined. It harmoniously combines the frightening reality of everyday life and the fantasy represented by Raskolnikov’s dreams.

If speak about literary direction novel, then it fully corresponds to “realism”.