The first Russian multi-party system table. Political parties in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

Name of political party Date of creation, party leader Social base, number Form of government, political transformations Agrarian question National Policy Labor Issue
Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)
October 1905
Miliukov Scientists, creative intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, middle and low-level employees, liberal bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-100 thousand people. Establishment of a constitutional order in the form parliamentary monarchy, abolition of class privileges, equality of all before the law, democratic freedoms Increase in peasant plots, partial alienation of landowners' lands Preservation of state unity, the right of nations to cultural self-determination 8-hour working day, reduction overtime work, right to strike
"Union October 17"
(Octobrists)
October 1905
Guchkov Big bourgeoisie, landowners.
50-60 thousand people. Constitutional-monarchical system Equalize the rights of peasants with other classes, strengthen resettlement policy, sale of state and appanage lands to peasants.
As a last resort - the possibility of alienation of landowners' lands. Unity and indivisibility of the Russian state. They denied the possibility of granting autonomy. They did not put forward demands for an 8-hour working day (Russian workers have a lot of days off during the year)
Socialist Revolutionary Party
(Socialist Revolutionaries)
1902
(program - at the First Congress in December 1905-January 1906),
Chernov Teachers, engineers, agronomists, veterinarians, doctors.
50-65 thousand people. Overthrow of the autocracy, establishment of a regime of “democracy”-democratic republic Socialization of the land, i.e. abolition of private ownership of land without redemption and transfer of its public ownership Federal structure
(wide autonomy and self-determination) Socialization of enterprises
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
(RSDLP).
Radical movement - Bolsheviks
(RSDLP (b). Reform movement - Mensheviks
(RSDLP (m). 1898
(Charter and program - at the II Congress in 1903)
Bolsheviks - Lenin (creation of a new type of party - a secret organization with strict discipline, strict subordination. Main strength revolution - the working class, ally - the peasants.
The bourgeoisie is a counter-revolutionary force.) Mensheviks - Martov (access to the party should be open to all segments of the population.
The main force of the revolution is the liberal bourgeoisie, its ally is the proletariat. The peasants are a reactionary force.) The proletarian-intellectual party,
150 thousand people Minimum program:
revolutionary overthrow of the autocracy,
establishment of a democratic republic, universal suffrage and democratic freedoms.
Maximum program:
Victory of the proletarian revolution, establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, transition to socialism Return of land plots to peasants, abolition of redemption and quitrent payments The right of nations to self-determination and their equality 8-hour working day, abolition of fines and overtime work
Right-wing, conservative parties
(Black Hundred)
1905-1907
Russian Assembly, Union of the Russian People (Dubrovin), Russian People's Union named after Michael the Archangel (Purishkevich).
Nobles, peasants, workers, small traders, etc.
Total number – 410 thousand people. Autocratic monarchy Strengthening peasant farms, preserving the community One and indivisible Russia without the right to self-determination of non-Russian nations, the dominant role is Russian. No changes.

Attached files

Political structure modern Russia is the subject detailed study political scientists. We will not take away their bread by telling how the vertical of power is structured and what technologies those who want to climb to the top use. In our article we will only touch on Russian political parties, describing their functions and differences from Western ones.

What is a party?

Political parties modern Russia is a community of people united by one ideology, whose goal is to achieve power. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a multi-party system has been established in the country, i.e. the simultaneous existence of several parties is allowed. As of 2015, their number reached 78. Agree, quite a lot even for such a huge country as Russia.

It is possible to register a party in Russia only by fulfilling a number of conditions stipulated by law:

• it is necessary to have regional offices in at least half of the constituent entities of the Federation, i.e., at least 43 branches. Moreover, in each region you need to register;

• governing bodies and at least 500 people must be within Russian Federation.

The law gives Russian political parties the right to nominate their candidates for elective positions in all local government bodies and the legislative assembly. However, only parties represented in the State Duma, as well as in at least 1/3 of the constituent entities of the Federation, can participate in the presidential elections. The rest will have to collect voter signatures in favor of their candidate.

From the history of the Russian political movement

The history of political parties in Russia is represented by periods of single-party and multi-party systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were 14 political organizations in Russia, 10 of which were part of the State Duma, established in 1905.

After the revolution of 1917, the country maintained a multi-party system for some time, but it ran counter to the dictatorship of the proletariat proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. Therefore, in 1923, a transition to a one-party system was made; the only political formation left in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was transformed in 1925 into the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, since 1952 renamed the Communist Party Soviet Union.

The one-party system was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR, moreover, in Art. 6 of the Basic Law it was written: the party plays a leading and directing role in a socialist state.

The collapse of the one-party system falls during the years of the leadership of the country by M. S. Gorbachev, who initiated political reform and declared pluralism of political opinions. In 1988, the article of the Constitution on a single party was repealed, and at the same time, along with the CPSU, a second party appeared in the country - the Liberal Democratic Party.

In the 90s of the last century, about 200 political formations and public organizations operated on the territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of the Russian Federation, their number decreased.

The 1st convocation of the State Duma included the LDPR, which received 22% of the votes, the Democratic Choice of Russia with 15%, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which had 12.4% of voter sympathy in its arsenal.

Modern political parties in Russia

The activities of political parties in Russia today are strictly regulated. However, according to political scientists, the current state of affairs in the country political system was created for pro-government parties. Therefore, it is they who have the most impressive representation in the State Duma.

List of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma

As of November 2015, the list of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma looks like this:

For acceptance federal law It is enough to get more than half the votes, and to vote for changes to the Constitution, 2/3 of the votes of parliamentarians is required.

What does it look like today list of main parties in the country? The first place in it is occupied by the party " United Russia", which today has a tacitly dominant role. The basis of her political program was the ideology of “Russian conservatism,” traditionalism and economic liberalism. Headed by Dmitry Medvedev, United Russia is a pro-government structure acting in the interests of the head of state.

The main political parties in Russia - table

Features of the party system in Russia

If we compare political parties and movements in Russia with their Western counterparts, we can distinguish 2 main differences:

1. The division between left and right that exists in the West does not coincide with Russian ideas.
Western political scientists classify the parties of reformers and radicals as “left”, and conservatives who defend traditional values and existing economic orders.

In Russia, if you remember, Yegor Gaidar and his supporters who carried out economic reform were first classified as left-wing forces, and then, having decided that capitalism is a traditional system and considering Gaidar and his associates to be its defenders, they began to call his party right-wing.

Traditionally considered a leftist Communist Party of Russia, it is difficult to classify as reformers, since the steps it proposes do not bear the imprint of progress, rather, on the contrary.

2. The presence in Russia of a “party in power”, i.e. an organization specially created to support the leadership of the state. IN Western countries there is no such phenomenon. For them, creating a party specifically for elections or in support of a presidential candidate is not practiced.

Political parties in Russia in the 20th century were born thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts who believed in democracy and openness. In the 21st century this activity has become profitable business. For example, the famous political strategist Andrei Bogdanov mass media Authorship of about 10 games is attributed. Why are they needed?

Let's look at an example. You are going to the polls with your party, whose program focuses on the interests of the middle class. A poll shows that with such a program you can count on 10% of the vote, while your competitor, who focuses on the problems of the working class, can get 15%.

You cannot redraw the program: the emphasis must be on one social stratum, otherwise you risk losing your electorate without gaining a new one in return. And here you are offered a way out: create a party focused on workers, which can potentially “take away” about 5% of the votes from your competitor.

This party puts forward a technical candidate who does not make it to the second round (the party is new, there are few chances), but “transfers” the votes received to you (asks his voters to vote for you). All 5% will not come to you, but you can get about 3%. What if there are two such parties? And what if their rating is higher and there are more votes? Then the chances of winning will become more real.

Political parties in Russia 2015, for the most part, have an already formed and established electorate, which allows them to predict the election results with a high degree of confidence. But political struggle no one has canceled it: every day the situation changes, in the end the winner is the one who is well versed in the methods of political science, has a solid financial support and has the foresight of a politician.

Does Russia need new political parties? What Russians think about this, watch the video:

Take it for yourself and tell your friends!

Read also on our website:

Socialist revolutionary parties - Socialist Revolutionary Parties (Socialist Revolutionaries), RSDLP (Bolsheviks), RSDLP (Mensheviks)

Liberal Democratic parties - Union of October 17 (Octobrists) and Party of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)

I. Monarchical-nationalist parties

The largest and most famous are the “Union of the Russian People” (since 1905, leader - A.I. Dubrovin, Markov brothers) and “Union of Michael - Archangel” (since 1907, leader - V.M. Purishkevich). Social composition: very motley, mainly dominated by representatives of the petty bourgeoisie (shopkeepers, artisans, handicraftsmen, cab drivers, etc.), but there were also nobles, peasants, and workers.

The maximum number was 100 thousand people in 1907, but there was no fixed membership.

Program goals are the preservation of autocracy, the fight against revolutionaries, blaming foreigners and, above all, Jews for all troubles; extremely nationalistic, anti-Semitic slogans: “Russia for Russians”, “Beat the Jews - save Russia” (these slogans contain the essence of the party, which relied on the base instincts of the crowd). Methods: allowed violence and terror, pogroms.

These parties had great influence in III and partly in IV State Dumas, by 1917 they actually disintegrated into smaller political entities, and after 1917 they ceased to exist.

II. Bourgeois-liberal parties

They can be divided into 2 wings:

1. Moderately conservative.

They were led by the Octobrist party (“Union of October 17”). It was formed in November 1905 and named after the Manifesto of October 17. Leader: A.I. Guchkov. Maximum number: 60 thousand people in 1907. Social composition: large entrepreneurs, intelligentsia. Program goals: further development political freedoms, granted by the Manifesto of October 17, the ideal is a limited constitutional monarchy, special attention paid attention to the economic issue: freedom of enterprise, rejection of petty tutelage on the part of the state; against the eight-hour working day; fully supported Stolypin agrarian reform. She enjoyed particular influence in the Third State Duma. After 1917 they ceased to exist. Other parties: Commercial and Industrial (Ryabushinsky brothers), Progressive Economic Party. Methods: parliamentary only.

2. Liberal.

The largest party is the Cadets (“Constitutional Democratic Party or People’s Freedom Party”). Leader: P.N. Milyukov, was formed in October 1905 on the basis of the “Union of Liberation”. Maximum number: » 100 thousand in 1907. Social composition: intelligentsia. Program goals: the main focus was on the political block of issues: expansion of democratic freedoms, ideally universal suffrage; the principle of “non-predecision”: the future form of government must be chosen by the Constituent Assembly; the slogan of a “responsible ministry” before the Duma; for an eight-hour working day.

She enjoyed particular influence in the I and II State Dumas, then their influence fell, the size of the party decreased, then the initiators of the creation of the Progressive Bloc became more active in the IV State Duma; The “party in power” in March-April 1917 ceased to exist in the early 1920s. Methods: parliamentary struggle, allowed civil disobedience. Other parties: Progressive Party, Democratic Reform Party.

III. Socialist parties

The largest and most influential are the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) and the RSDLP (Social Democrats).

What they have in common: a negative attitude towards the capitalist system, the ideal is a society without the exploitation of man by man - socialism; radical transformations of social and political system(all advocated the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic). They differed in ways and methods of achieving goals.

In general, socialist parties can also be divided into two wings:

Moderate.

A. People's Socialists (Enes) - the right wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries, emerged in 1905. Leader - A.V. Peshekhonov differed from the Socialist Revolutionaries in their rejection of terror and emphasized legal methods of struggle. They enjoyed the greatest influence in the First and Second State Dumas, where their program was adopted by peasant deputies (“trudoviks”), then this party loses influence.

The B. Mensheviks (the right wing of the RSDLP) emerged in 1905 at the Third Congress of the RSDLP; Leaders: Plekhanov, Dan, Martov. Social composition: intelligentsia, workers. They almost always outnumbered the Bolsheviks. Program goals: disagreed with the Bolsheviks regarding the prospects for building socialism in Russia ® believed that in Russia there are no economic prerequisites for this, a long path of capitalist development is necessary, therefore during the revolution of 1905 - 1907. advocated an alliance with the bourgeois parties and opposed the independent role of the Social Democrats. Methods: a combination of legal and illegal with a predominance of the former.

The party ceased to exist by the mid-1920s.

2. Radical.

A. Social Revolutionaries - the party was formed in 1902 on the basis of populist circles. Leaders: V.M. Chernov and M.A. Spiridonova. Social composition: intelligentsia, peasants, workers. Maximum number: » 60 thousand in 1905 and up to 500 thousand in 1917. Program goals - considered themselves to be representatives of the interests of the peasants ® The main emphasis was on the agrarian program (“socialization of the land”). Methods: violent and, above all, individual terror, like the populists. A special feature is the presence of a Combat Organization.

B. Bolsheviks (the left wing of the RSDLP) received their name due to the fact that supporters of Lenin’s program received the majority of votes in the elections to the party’s governing bodies at the Second Congress. Leader: V.I. Lenin. Social composition: intelligentsia, workers. Program goals: they believed that, although in Russia there are no economic prerequisites for the transition to socialism, they can be artificially created ® for this, the Social Democrats must act as an independent force, seize power and, having established the “dictatorship of the proletariat,” carry out the necessary “from above” transformations hence the boycott of the elections to the First Duma, refusal to support bourgeois parties. They considered themselves to be spokesmen for the interests of workers and focused on social issues(eight-hour working day, work control, etc.). Methods: a combination of legal and illegal with a predominance of the latter. Since October 1917 - “the party in power.”

Agrarian programs of political parties at the beginning of the 20th century

“Union of the Russian People” - for the preservation of the community as an original feature of the Russian people, to solve the issue of land shortage by organizing resettlement at state expense and organizing agricultural credit.

Octobrists - their agrarian program actually coincided with the program of the Stolypin government, so they fully supported the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Cadets - allowed the possibility of confiscation of part of the landowners' lands in excess of the established maximum, but with mandatory payments by the state of the value of the lands to the landowners. Then these lands were to be sold to peasants at preferential prices, including on credit. The principle of private property was considered unshakable.

Socialist Revolutionaries - the “socialization of the land” program: provided for the abolition of private ownership of land, the gratuitous confiscation of landowners’ lands and their transfer for free use to peasants according to labor (how much one family can work without the use of hired labor) and consumer norms (depending on the number of family members) . It was extremely popular among peasants and became the basis of the Decree on Land on October 26, 1917.

The Mensheviks - the program of “municipalization of the land”: the same as that of the Socialist Revolutionaries, but all the land was transferred to the jurisdiction of self-government bodies (municipalities), and then distributed among the peasants.

Bolsheviks - the “land nationalization” program ® also provided for the abolition of private ownership of land, the confiscation of landowners’ lands, but then all the land became the property of the state (nationalized) and only then distributed among the peasants, with preference given to large forms of farming (collective farms, artels) .

Conclusion: in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. There was a wide range of political parties and movements, from the far right to the far left. The peculiarity is that their activities were hampered in every possible way by the autocratic political regime. This predetermined the oppositional nature of most parties, the weakness of the political center, and the tendency towards increasing polarization and radicalization of socio-political forces.

Search engine optimization (SEO) is a set of measures for internal and external optimization to increase the site’s position in search engine results for specific user requests, in order to increase network traffic (for information resources) and potential clients (for commercial resources ) and subsequent monetization (income generation) of this traffic. Typically, the higher a site's position in search results, the more interested visitors come to it from search engines. When analyzing the effectiveness of search engine optimization, the cost of the target visitor is assessed, taking into account the time it takes the site to reach the specified positions and site conversion. Main directions of search engine promotion Search engines take into account many internal and external parameters site when calculating its relevance (degree of compliance with the entered query): - keyword density (complex algorithms of modern search engines allow semantic analysis of the text in order to weed out search spam, in which keyword occurs too often (term slang “nausea”); - site citation index (“CI”), depending on the number and authority of web resources linking to this site; Many search engines do not take into account reciprocal links (to each other). It is often also important that the links are from sites on the same subject as the site being optimized - thematic citation index (TCI); - wateriness of the text - an indicator that determines the presence of unimportant words that do not carry any useful information and serve to break up the text (stop words); - behavioral factors (internal) - a number of various user actions that they can perform on the site: logging in, viewing pages, clicking on links in the text, menus. As of July 2017, 200 Google ranking factors are known, but most likely the Google search engine uses a much larger source not specified 148 days]. All factors influencing the position of a site in search engine results can be divided into external and internal. Internal optimization (relating exclusively to the internal system of the site) includes work aimed at overall improving the quality of the site and the benefits it brings to the visitor. This includes work on the structure of the project, on making the content easier to perceive, and directly on the quality of this content. The value of the total number of such factors in most sources fluctuates around 200. A functional approach to search engine optimization aimed at fitting certain factors to their target values, has become a thing of the past due to the complication of search engine algorithms - the cost of “balancing” dozens of factors is many times higher than the cost of creating an initially high-quality resource. On-page optimization includes working with page titles, which are contained in code with tags, an inscription that is displayed on the browser tab - Title, and creating unique text on the same pages. It is also important to pay attention to the description meta tag, since this is what the user most often sees under the site url in search results. Methods of external search engine optimization: Registration in independent directories. It can be done manually or with the help of special resources; Registration in search engine directories such as: Yandex. Catalog, Rambler/Top100, Yahoo catalog and others; creation of satellite sites Link exchange. There are several methods of exchange - direct, circular, one-way (purchase of links); Registration in services: Google My Business and Yandex. Directory; Posting articles (“guest posts”, publication in the media); Social media; Press releases; Crowd marketing; Creation and maintenance of blogs; Creation of a network of sites (“satellites”) used to increase the number of mentions and links in search results. This method of website promotion is classified as “black”. Search engines do not advise using such optimization methods and may impose sanctions against such sites. A person who carries out work on website optimization is called an optimizer or SEO specialist.