Conservative parties of the 20th century table. How do Russian political parties differ from Western ones?

Political structure modern Russia is the subject detailed study political scientists. We will not take away their bread by telling how the vertical of power is structured and what technologies those who want to climb to the top use. In our article we will only touch upon political parties Russia, describing their functions and differences from Western ones.

What is a party?

Political parties in modern Russia are communities of people united by one ideology, whose goal is to achieve power. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a multi-party system has been established in the country, i.e. the simultaneous existence of several parties is allowed. As of 2015, their number reached 78. Agree, quite a lot even for such a huge country as Russia.

It is possible to register a party in Russia only by fulfilling a number of conditions stipulated by law:

• it is necessary to have regional offices in at least half of the constituent entities of the Federation, i.e., at least 43 branches. Moreover, in each region you need to register;

• governing bodies and at least 500 people must be within Russian Federation.

The law gives Russian political parties the right to nominate their candidates for elective positions in all local government bodies and the legislative assembly. However, only parties represented in the State Duma, as well as in at least 1/3 of the constituent entities of the Federation, can participate in the presidential elections. The rest will have to collect voter signatures in favor of their candidate.

From the history of the Russian political movement

The history of political parties in Russia is represented by periods of single-party and multi-party systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were 14 political organizations in Russia, 10 of which were part of the State Duma, established in 1905.

After the revolution of 1917, the country maintained a multi-party system for some time, but it ran counter to the dictatorship of the proletariat proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. Therefore, in 1923, a transition to a one-party system was made; the only political formation left in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was transformed in 1925 into the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, since 1952 renamed the Communist Party Soviet Union.

The one-party system was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR, moreover, in Art. 6 of the Basic Law it was written: the party plays a leading and directing role in a socialist state.

The collapse of the one-party system falls during the years of the leadership of the country by M. S. Gorbachev, who initiated political reform and declared pluralism of political opinions. In 1988, the article of the Constitution on a single party was repealed, and at the same time, along with the CPSU, a second party appeared in the country - the Liberal Democratic Party.

In the 90s of the last century, about 200 political formations and public organizations operated on the territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union on the territory of the Russian Federation, their number decreased.

The 1st convocation of the State Duma included the LDPR, which received 22% of the votes, the Democratic Choice of Russia with 15%, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which had 12.4% of voter sympathy in its arsenal.

Modern political parties in Russia

The activities of political parties in Russia today are strictly regulated. However, according to political scientists, the current political system in the country was created for pro-government parties. Therefore, it is they who have the most impressive representation in the State Duma.

List of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma

As of November 2015, the list of Russian political parties represented in the State Duma looks like this:

For acceptance federal law It is enough to get more than half the votes, and to vote for changes to the Constitution, 2/3 of the votes of parliamentarians is required.

What does it look like today list of main parties in the country? The first place in it is occupied by the party " United Russia", which today has a tacitly dominant role. Its political program was based on the ideology of “Russian conservatism,” traditionalism and economic liberalism. Headed by Dmitry Medvedev, United Russia is a pro-government structure acting in the interests of the head of state.

The main political parties in Russia - table

Features of the party system in Russia

If we compare political parties and movements in Russia with their Western counterparts, we can distinguish 2 main differences:

1. The division between left and right that exists in the West does not coincide with Russian ideas.
Western political scientists classify the parties of reformers and radicals as “left”, and conservatives who defend traditional values and existing economic orders.

In Russia, if you remember, Yegor Gaidar and his supporters who carried out economic reform were first classified as left-wing forces, and then, having decided that capitalism is a traditional system and considering Gaidar and his associates to be its defenders, they began to call his party right-wing.

Traditionally considered a left-wing Communist Party of Russia, it is difficult to classify it as a reformer, since the steps it proposes do not bear the imprint of progress, rather, on the contrary.

2. The presence in Russia of a “party in power”, i.e. an organization specially created to support the leadership of the state. IN Western countries there is no such phenomenon. For them, creating a party specifically for elections or in support of a presidential candidate is not practiced.

Political parties in Russia in the 20th century were born thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts who believed in democracy and openness. In the 21st century this activity has become profitable business. For example, the famous political strategist Andrei Bogdanov mass media Authorship of about 10 games is attributed. What are they needed for?

Let's look at an example. You are going to the polls with your party, whose program focuses on the interests of the middle class. A poll shows that with such a program you can count on 10% of the vote, while your competitor, who focuses on the problems of the working class, can get 15%.

You cannot redraw the program: the emphasis must be on one social stratum, otherwise you risk losing your electorate without gaining a new one in return. And here you are offered a way out: create a party focused on workers, which can potentially “take away” about 5% of the votes from your competitor.

This party puts forward a technical candidate who does not make it to the second round (the party is new, there are few chances), but “transfers” the votes received to you (asks his voters to vote for you). All 5% will not come to you, but you can get about 3%. What if there are two such parties? And what if their rating is higher and there are more votes? Then the chances of winning will become more real.

Political parties in Russia 2015, for the most part, have an already formed and established electorate, which allows them to predict the election results with a high degree of confidence. But political struggle no one has canceled: every day the situation changes, in the end, the winner is the one who is well versed in the methods of political science, has a solid financial support and has the foresight of a politician.

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IN late XIX century Russian empire was considered a powerful state in the world with a strong economy and a stable political system. However, in the new century, the country faced a revolution and a long struggle to establish a specific model of statehood.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the country experienced the dominance of various parties with completely different programs and political leaders. Who will lead the future? revolutionary movement, and which parties waged the most intense and lengthy struggle for power?

The main political parties of the country at the beginning of the 20th century

The presence of various state parties, both with sharply revolutionary and liberal views on the future of the country, directly testified to the crisis of power. At the beginning of the 20th century, Nicholas II could still change the course of history by ensuring that all the named parties ceased to exist. However, the inaction of the monarch only further spurred political activists.

As a result, the country experienced two revolutions and literally being torn apart by the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. In the end, the Bolsheviks managed to win victory, but only at the cost of thousands of losses and a sharp deterioration in economic condition and a decline in the country's international authority.

By the beginning of the 20th century political activity in Russia has reached its maximum. All social party organizations that existed at that time were divided into three main branches: socialist movements, liberal and monarchical. Each of the movements reflected the mood of the main segments of the population.

Socialist revolutionary parties - Socialist Revolutionary Parties (Socialist Revolutionaries), RSDLP (Bolsheviks), RSDLP (Mensheviks)

Liberal Democratic parties - Union of October 17 (Octobrists) and Party of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)

“Far East lesson” - Large administrative and industrial centers of the Far East. Discoverers and researchers of the Far Eastern region. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Gustav Albers's store is the first store in Vladivostok. River and sea horse-drawn Construction railway. Relocation to Far East. Fort No. 9 (modern photograph).

“The beginning of the 20th century in Russia” - Kulyov V.V., gr. 1fk. Economic development Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign capital. Handicraft Russia. Features of the Russian economy. Content. 1. 2. The role of the state in the economy.

“Russia XIX-XX” - Crown - Symbol of legality. Why did Russia embark on the path of modernization at the beginning of the 20th century? 12. Borders of Russia. Territory Population Independence Public power Availability of the right to levy taxes. A distinctive sign that is the emblem of the state. Russia is an Orthodox country. Structure of the state apparatus of the Russian Empire:

“Emperor Nicholas II” - Project goals. Fundamental question. Study questions. What influences the course of history: an individual or society as a whole? Student Research Topics. T. 1, (1849-1894). Childhood. List of references used: R. Sh. Ganelin and B. V. Ananich. Progress of the project: The era of Emperor Nicholas II.

“Nicholas II” - Party of the month. Political chronicle February – March 1917 Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who were part of the Petrograd Soviet. Key events. The work was completed by: Vaulina Oksana Teryukanova Tatyana Pupils of the 9th “G” class. Month value.

"Nicholas the Second" - England. The reign of Nicholas II was a period of high economic growth. Causes, course and results of the war. Main directions of Russian foreign policy. Foreign policy Russia at the end XIX beginning XX century. The last Emperor. Repetition. Especially active since 1890. USA. China. WITTE Sergey Yulievich.

Monarchist parties.

The largest and most famous are the “Union of the Russian People” (1905, leaders: A. I. Dubrovin, N. E. Markov) and “Union of the Archangel Michael” (1907, leader - V. M. Purishkevich).

Social composition was very diverse, mainly dominated by representatives of the petty bourgeoisie - shopkeepers, artisans, handicraftsmen, cab drivers, etc., but among the monarchists there were also nobles, peasants, and workers. The maximum number was 100 thousand people in 1907, but there was no fixed membership. Program goals: preservation of autocracy, fight against revolution. Violence and terror, pogroms were accepted as methods of achieving them. They blamed foreigners, and above all Jews, for all the troubles; they put forward extremely nationalist, anti-Semitic slogans: “Russia for the Russians,” “Beat the Jews - save Russia.” These slogans contain the essence of these parties, which relied on the base instincts of the crowd.

Monarchist parties had great influence in the III and partly in the IV State Duma. By 1917, they actually disintegrated into smaller political entities, and after February 1917 they ceased to exist.

Liberal parties.

They can be divided into two wings - moderate-conservative and liberal-democratic.

The moderate-conservative wing was headed by the party Octobrists(“Union October 17”). It was formed in November 1905, named after the Manifesto of October 17. Leader - A.I. Guchkov. Social composition: large entrepreneurs, intelligentsia. Maximum number - 60 thousand people in 1907. Program goals: further development political freedoms granted by the Manifesto of October 17, the ideal is a limited constitutional monarchy. The methods of struggle are only parliamentary. They advocated freedom of entrepreneurship, rejection of petty tutelage on the part of the state, and against the introduction of an 8-hour working day. Supported Stolypin agrarian reform. The party enjoyed particular influence in the Third Duma. After 1917 it ceased to exist.

Other parties: Commercial and Industrial (Ryabushinsky brothers), Progressive Economic Party.

The largest party of the liberal democratic wing was ka-kids(Constitutional Democratic Party, or People's Freedom Party). Leader - P. N. Milyukov. The party was formed in October 1905 based on the union of the Liberation Union and the left wing of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists. Social composition: intelligentsia. Maximum number - 100 thousand in 1907. Program goals: establishment of a constitutional system, introduction of democratic freedoms - speech, conscience, assembly, equality before the law, etc., allotment of land to peasants through alienation for payment of private property. lands, abolition of redemption payments, introduction of an 8-hour working day, freedom of strikes, unions, meetings, cultural autonomy of all peoples of Russia. The methods of struggle were parliamentary and allowed civil disobedience. The Cadets enjoyed particular influence in the First and Second State Dumas, then their influence fell somewhat, and the size of the party decreased. The initiators of the creation of the “Progressive Bloc” became active again in the IV Duma. In March - April 1917 - the party in power. The Kadet Party ceased to exist in the early 1920s.

Other parties: Progressive Party, Democratic Reform Party.

Socialist parties. They were united by a negative attitude towards the capitalist system. The ideal is a society without exploitation of man by man, i.e. socialism. They advocated radical transformations of the social and political system - the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic. They differed in ways and methods of achieving goals. The largest and most influential are the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Socialist Revolutionaries) and the RSDLP (Social Democrats).

Socialist parties can also be divided into two wings - moderate and radical.

The moderate wing was represented by the Mensheviks and the Popular Socialists.

The creation of the RSDLP was proclaimed at the First Party Congress in 1898. In 1903, at the Second Congress there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Leaders Mensheviks: G. V. Plekhanov, F. I. Dan, L. Martov. Social composition: intellectuals, workers. They almost always outnumbered the Bolsheviks (for example, in 1907 there were about 100 thousand Mensheviks and 50-60 thousand Bolsheviks). Program goals: disagreed with the Bolsheviks regarding the prospects for building socialism in Russia - they believed that in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for this and a long path of capitalist development was necessary, therefore during the revolution of 1905-1907. advocated an alliance with the bourgeois parties and against the independent role of the Social Democrats. Methods of struggle: a combination of legal and illegal with a predominance of the former. The party ceased to exist by the mid-1920s.

The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1901 on the basis of populist circles. People's Socialists (enesy) separated from it in 1905. The leader is A.V. Peshekhonov. Unlike the Socialist Revolutionaries, they did not recognize terror; they emphasized legal methods of struggle. They enjoyed the greatest influence in the First and Second State Dumas, where their program was adopted by peasant deputies - Trudoviks.

The radical wing of the socialists was represented by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.

Party leaders Social Revolutionaries were V. M. Chernov and M. A. Spiridonova. Social composition: intelligentsia, peasants, workers. Maximum number - 60 thousand in 1905 and before 500 thousand in 1917 d. Program goals: they considered themselves to be representatives of the interests of the peasants, therefore the main emphasis was placed on the agrarian program (the so-called socialization of the land). The methods of struggle are violent, primarily individual terror, like the populists.

Bolsheviksreceived the name due to the fact that supporters of V.I. Lenin received a majority of votes in the elections to the governing bodies of the party at the Second Congress. Leader - V.I. Lenin. Social composition: intelligentsia, workers. Program goals: minimum program —

bourgeois-democratic revolution and the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of a democratic republic, maximum program - socialist revolution and establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. They believed that, although in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for the transition to socialism, they could be artificially created. To do this, Social Democrats must act as an independent force, seize power and, having established the dictatorship of the proletariat, carry out the necessary transformations “from above.” This explains their boycott of the elections to the First Duma and refusal to support bourgeois parties. They spoke out for an 8-hour working day, workers' control, etc. Methods of struggle - violent, armed uprising. Since October 1917 - the party in power.

Conclusion: in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. There was a wide range of political parties. The peculiarity is that their activities were hampered in every possible way by the autocratic political regime. This predetermined the oppositional nature of most parties, the weakness of the political center, and the tendency towards increasing polarization and radicalization of socio-political forces.