Russian writer and philosopher Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, the fourth child in a wealthy aristocratic family. Tolstoy lost his parents early; his further upbringing was carried out by his distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, but because... classes did not arouse any interest in him, in 1847. submitted his resignation from the university. At the age of 23, Tolstoy, together with his older brother Nikolai, left for the Caucasus, where he took part in hostilities. These years of the writer's life were reflected in the autobiographical story "Cossacks" (1852-63), in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting Wood" (1855), as well as in the later story "Hadji Murat" (1896-1904, published in 1912). In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to write the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”.
During Crimean War went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he left for St. Petersburg and immediately joined the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as " the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov), published "Sevastopol Stories", which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which he was later disappointed with.
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner, went to Yasnaya Polyana where he worked educational work, opened a school, created own system pedagogy. This activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he even went abroad to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he devoted himself completely to family life and economic concerns, but by the autumn of 1863 he was captured by a new literary idea, as a result of which the fundamental work “War and Peace” was born. In 1873-1877 created the novel Anna Karenina. During these same years, the writer’s worldview, known as Tolstoyism, was fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: “Confession”, “What is my faith?”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”.
Admirers of the writer’s work came to Yasnaya Polyana from all over Russia and the world, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published.
Latest works The writer's stories were “Father Sergius”, “After the Ball”, “ Posthumous notes Elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "The Living Corpse".
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana, fell ill on the way and was forced to get off the train in a small railway station Astapovo Ryazan-Uralsk railway. Here, in the house of the station chief, he spent the last seven days of his life. On November 7 (20), Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (28.08. (09.09.) 1828 - 07 (20).11.1910)
Russian writer, philosopher. Born in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, into a wealthy aristocratic family. He entered Kazan University, but then left it. At the age of 23 he went to war with Chechnya and Dagestan. Here he began to write the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”.
In the Caucasus he took part in hostilities as an artillery officer. During the Crimean War he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he went to St. Petersburg and published “Sevastopol Stories” in the Sovremennik magazine, which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which disappointed him.
From 1853 to 1863 wrote the story “Cossacks”, after which he decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner, doing educational work in the village. For this purpose, he went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he opened a school for peasant children and created his own system of pedagogy.
In 1863-1869. wrote his fundamental work “War and Peace”. In 1873-1877. created the novel Anna Karenina. During these same years, the writer’s worldview, known as Tolstoyism, was fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: “Confession”, “What is my faith?”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”.
The teaching is set forth in the philosophical and religious works “Study of Dogmatic Theology”, “Connection and Translation of the Four Gospels”, where the main emphasis is on the moral improvement of man, the denunciation of evil, and non-resistance to evil through violence.
Later, a duology was published: the drama “The Power of Darkness” and the comedy “The Fruits of Enlightenment,” then a series of stories and parables about the laws of existence.
Admirers of the writer’s work came to Yasnaya Polyana from all over Russia and the world, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published.
The writer's latest works are the stories "Father Sergius", "After the Ball", "Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich" and the drama "The Living Corpse".
Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his spiritual drama: painting pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy harshly posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization. Tolstoy's social declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and he interpreted the ethical ideas of Christianity in a humanistic manner, as the basis of the universal brotherhood of man. In 1901 the reaction of the Synod followed: worldwide famous writer was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused enormous public outcry.
On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana from his family, fell ill on the way and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life.
1. Brief biographical information.
2. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, the formation of a typical Tolstoy hero.
3. The history of the appearance of the novel “War and Peace”.
4. The tragedy of the main character of the novel “Anna Karenina”.
5. A turning point in the life of L.N. Tolstoy.
The great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Krapivinsky district, Tula province, into a noble family. Tolstoy lost his parents very early, and his distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya took up his upbringing. She was a person of strong, decisive character and at the same time a soft and loving person.
According to the memoirs of the writer himself, his childhood was a cloudless and happy irrevocable time. In his childhood, L.N. Tolstoy was surrounded by very good and loving people. Years passed, but everything that was connected with these people, memories, sensations and impressions remained forever in the writer’s heart. L. N. Tolstoy was equally sensitive to the wonderful nature that surrounded him in childhood. Yasnaya Polyana is not just the place where L.N. Tolstoy was born, but also where he spent the most best years in his life, where many works were written. It was here that the writer received inspiration and material for his work.
In 1844, L.N. Tolstoy entered Kazan University, first to the Faculty of Philosophy, and then transferred to Law. In 1851, L.N. Tolstoy left for the Caucasus. Inspired by the Caucasian temperament of people and the beauty of nature, the writer creates autobiographical story“Cossacks” (1852-1963), where the main character is an ordinary person who is looking for a way out in his life and finds it in unity with nature. Also, all these impressions were reflected in the stories “Cutting Wood” (1855), “Raid” (1853).
It was in the Caucasus that L. N. Tolstoy began work on the story “Childhood”, which became the beginning for the creation of the trilogy “Childhood” (1852), “Adolescence” (1852-1854), “Youth” (1855-1857, the story is not finished) . Most of the childhood memories were reflected by the writer in the first story. Main character“Childhood” Nikolenko Irteniev is a child whose interests do not go beyond the family; he is characterized by childishness, carelessness and cheerfulness. “Adolescence” is a time of awakening and understanding how complex life is. At this age, a person has a desire to understand not only the events that happen around him, but also the people around him. An attempt to know everything and everyone begins to prevail in a person. “Youth” during this period of life, a person first thinks about the question of the meaning of life, and develops his own worldview on the world around him. Thus, it is clear that the hero of the trilogy is growing, his character and attitude towards the world around him and towards people are gradually being formed.
The significance of this trilogy is very great in the history of L. N. Tolstoy’s work. This is where the same one begins to appear Tolstoy's hero- a person seeking the truth, lover of truth, observant and possessing a vision of life not only through the prism of cold reason, but also through the heart itself and love. This is a highly moral person who sometimes made mistakes, but still strived to become better and fairer.
The following work created by L. N. Tolstoy is one of greatest novels Russian literature. In October 1863, the writer stated: “I have never felt my mental and even all my moral powers so free and so capable of work. And I have this job. This work is a novel from the time of 1810 and 20s, which has been occupying me since the fall...” This statement is the first mention of the creation famous novel L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Reading the novel “War and Peace”, you are amazed by its wide coverage of events - more than fifteen years of life are described in the work. More than six hundred characters are involved in the novel. Before starting to write this novel, L. N. Tolstoy studied huge amount materials from the Patriotic War of 1812. I read many newspapers and magazines of those years, where I made important notes. These newspapers are still kept in libraries to this day. The book itself is like a kind of historical document, consisting of many documents, letters, memories real people. The writer himself spoke about his book “War and Peace” in the following way: “...When I write historical things, I like to be faithful to reality down to the smallest detail.” Main problem The novel "War and Peace" is a question of what place a person occupies in society, what is the meaning of his existence. Each individual strives to contribute to a single cause - the defense of their homeland and the preservation of its freedom from “ruler-administrators”. People act not as they are ordered from above, but according to their inner convictions. Main idea the novel is “folk thought”. L. N. Tolstoy tried to write precisely the history of the people, to reveal its entire national character. And he managed to show all the strength and power of the Russian man. Reading this novel by L.N. Tolstoy, it becomes clear that it is the people who are the main creator and engine of history.
In the 1870s, the writer lives in Yasnaya Polyana and is already working on a new novel. This the only novel of all the others written by L.N. Tolstov, who was named after the main character - “Anna Karenina” (1873-1877). The main theme of the work concerns family, although in essence it can hardly be called a family or family novel. This novel contains many important issues Russian life of that time. Subsequently, the public began to call the novel “Anna Karenina” social novel. The entire life of that society was built on the model of opposition between two storylines. On the one hand, this family drama the main character, and on the other - idyll and tranquility home life landowner Konstantin Levin. Anna represents a loving, kind person who lives according to the dictates of her heart. Levin is a man of mind, thinking about the eternal questions of existence. But he sincerely sympathizes with the main character. Anna does not want to measure up to the hypocrisy around her. For love main character sacrifices everything: society, family, son, peace of mind. She challenged the environment in which she was raised - a protest against the law and secular morality. In the end, Anna experiences terrible disappointment both in love and in life. All this leads to tragedy.
In the 80s, a major turning point occurred in the worldview of the writer himself. All this is reflected in the experiences of his heroes (the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-1886), “Father Sergius” (1890-1898, published in 1912), the drama “The Living Corpse” (1900, published in 1911), in the story “ After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911). L. N. Tolstoy describes it in his works. social inequality layers of the population: how the poor beg and how the rich always celebrate. The writer speaks sharply and criticizes state institutions, even to the point of misunderstanding the existence of science, the court, the institution of marriage and various achievements. L. N. Tolstoy showed a new understanding of existence in the articles “On the Census in Moscow” (1882), “So what should we do?” (1906) and in “Confession” (1906).
In 1910, 82-year-old L.N. Tolstoy, secretly from his family, left Yasnaya Polyana. But the road for the writer turned out to be too long and difficult. On the way, Tolstoy fell ill and got off at the Astapovo station, and seven days later the writer died.
The main goal of the whole creative life L.N. Tolstoy is not about solving any theoretical issues, but about the desire to make readers cry and laugh, to love life itself.
Russian writer and philosopher Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, the fourth child in a wealthy aristocratic family. Tolstoy lost his parents early; his further upbringing was carried out by his distant relative T. A. Ergolskaya. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, but because... classes did not arouse any interest in him, in 1847. submitted his resignation from the university. At the age of 23, Tolstoy, together with his older brother Nikolai, left for the Caucasus, where he took part in hostilities. These years of the writer's life were reflected in the autobiographical story "Cossacks" (1852-63), in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Cutting Wood" (1855), as well as in the later story "Hadji Murat" (1896-1904, published in 1912). In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to write the trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”.
During the Crimean War he went to Sevastopol, where he continued to fight. After the end of the war, he left for St. Petersburg and immediately joined the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as " the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov), published "Sevastopol Stories", which clearly reflected his outstanding writing talent. In 1857, Tolstoy went on a trip to Europe, which he was later disappointed with.
In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, decided to interrupt his literary activity and become a landowner, went to Yasnaya Polyana, where he was engaged in educational work, opened a school, and created his own system of pedagogy. This activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he even went abroad to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household concerns, but by the fall of 1863 he was captured by a new literary plan, as a result of which the world was born. the fundamental work “War and Peace” appeared. In 1873-1877 created the novel Anna Karenina. During these same years, the writer’s worldview, known as Tolstoyism, was fully formed, the essence of which is visible in the works: “Confession”, “What is my faith?”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”.
Admirers of the writer’s work came to Yasnaya Polyana from all over Russia and the world, whom they treated as a spiritual mentor. In 1899, the novel “Resurrection” was published.
The writer’s latest works were the stories “Father Sergius”, “After the Ball”, “Posthumous Notes of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich” and the drama “The Living Corpse”.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana, fell ill on the road and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway. Here, in the house of the station chief, he spent the last seven days of his life. November 7 (20) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy died.
Count, Russian writer, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Starting with the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood" (1852), "Adolescence" (1852 54), "Youth" (1855 57), a study of "fluidity" inner world, the moral foundations of the individual have become main theme works of Tolstoy. The painful search for the meaning of life, moral ideal, hidden general laws of existence, spiritual and social criticism, revealing the “untruth” of class relations, run through all of his work. In the story "Cossacks" (1863), the hero, a young nobleman, seeks a way out by connecting with nature, with a natural and integral life. common man. The epic "War and Peace" (1863 69) recreates the life of various layers of Russian society in Patriotic War 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, which united all classes and led to victory in the war with Napoleon. historical events and personal interests, ways of spiritual self-determination of a reflective personality and the elements of Russian folk life with its “swarm” consciousness are shown as equivalent components of natural-historical existence. In the novel “Anna Karenina” (1873 77) about the tragedy of a woman in the power of destructive “criminal” passion Tolstoy exposes the false foundations secular society, shows the collapse of the patriarchal structure, the destruction of family foundations. He contrasts the perception of the world by an individualistic and rationalistic consciousness with the intrinsic value of life as such in its infinity, uncontrollable variability and material concreteness (“the seer of the flesh” D. S. Merezhkovsky). Since the late 1870s it has been experiencing spiritual crisis, later captured by the idea of moral improvement and “simplification” (which gave rise to the “Tolstoyism” movement), Tolstoy came to an increasingly irreconcilable criticism of the social structure - modern bureaucratic institutions, the state, the church (in 1901 he was excommunicated from Orthodox Church), civilization and culture, the entire way of life of the “educated classes”: the novel “Resurrection” (1889 99), the story “The Kreutzer Sonata” (1887 89), the dramas “The Living Corpse” (1900, published in 1911) and “ The Power of Darkness" (1887). At the same time, attention to the themes of death, sin, repentance and moral rebirth is increasing (the stories “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, 1884 86; “Father Sergius”, 1890 98, published in 1912; “Hadji Murat”, 1896 1904, published . in 1912). Journalistic works of a moralizing nature, including “Confession” (1879 82), “What is my faith?” (1884), where Christian teaching about love and forgiveness is transformed into a preaching of non-resistance to evil through violence. the desire to harmonize the way of thinking and life leads to Tolstoy leaving his home in Yasnaya Polyana; died at Astapovo station.
Biography
Born on August 28 (September 9 n.s.) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province. By origin he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. Received home education and upbringing.
After the death of his parents (his mother died in 1830, his father in 1837), the future writer with three brothers and a sister moved to Kazan, to live with his guardian P. Yushkova. As a sixteen-year-old boy, he entered Kazan University, first to the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish Literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844 47). In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property as his father's inheritance.
The future writer spent the next four years in search: he tried to reorganize the life of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana (1847), lived social life in Moscow (1848), took exams for the degree of candidate of law at St. Petersburg University (spring 1849), decided to serve as a clerical employee in the Tula Noble Deputy Assembly (autumn 1849).
In 1851 he left Yasnaya Polyana for the Caucasus, the place of service of his older brother Nikolai, and volunteered to take part in military operations against the Chechens. Episodes of the Caucasian War were described by him in the stories “Raid” (1853), “Cutting Wood” (1855), and in the story “Cossacks” (1852 63). Passed the cadet exam, preparing to become an officer. In 1854, being an artillery officer, he transferred to the Danube Army, which operated against the Turks.
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to study seriously literary creativity, writes the story "Childhood", which was approved by Nekrasov and published in the magazine "Sovremennik". Later the story “Adolescence” (1852 54) was published there.
Soon after the outbreak of the Crimean War, Tolstoy, at his personal request, was transferred to Sevastopol, where he participated in the defense of the besieged city, showing rare fearlessness. Awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For bravery" and medals "For the defense of Sevastopol". IN " Sevastopol stories"He created a mercilessly authentic picture of the war, which made a huge impression on Russian society. During these same years, he wrote the last part of the trilogy, “Youth” (1855 56), in which he declared himself not just a “poet of childhood,” but a researcher of human nature. This interest in man and the desire to understand the laws of mental and spiritual life will continue in his future work.
In 1855, having arrived in St. Petersburg, Tolstoy became close to the staff of the Sovremennik magazine and met Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, and Chernyshevsky.
In the fall of 1856 he retired (“Military career is not mine...” he writes in his diary) and in 1857 he went on a six-month trip abroad to France, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.
In 1859 he opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, where he himself taught classes. Helped open more than 20 schools in surrounding villages. In order to study the organization of school affairs abroad, in 1860 1861 Tolstoy made a second trip to Europe, inspecting schools in France, Italy, Germany, and England. In London he met Herzen and attended a lecture by Dickens.
In May 1861 (the year of the abolition of serfdom) he returned to Yasnaya Polyana, took office as a peace mediator and actively defended the interests of the peasants, resolving their disputes with the landowners about land, for which the Tula nobility, dissatisfied with his actions, demanded his removal from office. In 1862, the Senate issued a decree dismissing Tolstoy. Secret surveillance of him began from Section III. In the summer, the gendarmes carried out a search in his absence, confident that they would find a secret printing house, which the writer allegedly acquired after meetings and long communications with Herzen in London.
In 1862, Tolstoy’s life and his way of life were streamlined into for many years: he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and began patriarchal life on his estate as the head of an ever-increasing family. The Tolstoys raised nine children.
The 1860s and 1870s were marked by the publication of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: War and Peace (186369), Anna Karenina (187377).
In the early 1880s, the Tolstoy family moved to Moscow to educate their growing children. From this time on, Tolstoy spent winters in Moscow. Here in 1882 he took part in the census of the Moscow population and became closely acquainted with the life of the inhabitants of the city slums, which he described in the treatise “So what should we do?” (1882 86), and concluded: “...You can’t live like that, you can’t live like that, you can’t!”
Tolstoy expressed his new worldview in his work “Confession” (1879㭎), where he spoke about a revolution in his views, the meaning of which he saw in a break with the ideology of the noble class and a transition to the side of the “simple working people.” This turning point led Tolstoy to the denial of the state, the state church and property. The awareness of the meaninglessness of life in the face of inevitable death led him to faith in God. He bases his teaching on the moral commandments of the New Testament: the demand for love for people and the preaching of non-resistance to evil through violence constitute the meaning of the so-called “Tolstoyism,” which is becoming popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.
During this period he came to a complete denial of his previous literary activity, got busy physical labor, plowed, sewed boots, switched to vegetarian food. In 1891 he publicly renounced copyright ownership of all his works written after 1880.
Under the influence of friends and true admirers of his talent, as well as personal need for literary activity, Tolstoy changed his negative attitude towards art in the 1890s. During these years he created the drama "The Power of Darkness" (1886), the play "The Fruits of Enlightenment" (1886 90), and the novel "Resurrection" (1889 99).
In 1891, 1893, 1898 he participated in helping peasants in starving provinces and organized free canteens.
IN last decade I was engaged, as always, in intense creative work. The story "Hadji Murat" (1896 1904), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900), and the story "After the Ball" (1903) were written.
At the beginning of 1900, he wrote a number of articles exposing the entire system of public administration. The government of Nicholas II issued a resolution according to which the Holy Synod (the highest church institution in Russia) excommunicated Tolstoy from the church, which caused a wave of indignation in society.
In 1901, Tolstoy lived in Crimea, was treated after a serious illness, and often met with Chekhov and M. Gorky.
IN recent years life, when Tolstoy made his will, he found himself in the center of intrigue and contention between the “Tolstoyites,” on the one hand, and his wife, who defended the well-being of her family and children, on the other. Trying to bring his lifestyle into line with his beliefs and being burdened by the lordly way of life on the estate. Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana on November 10, 1910. The health of the 82-year-old writer could not withstand the journey. He caught a cold and, falling ill, died on November 20 on the way at the Astapovo Ryazans station of the Ko-Ural railway.
He was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.