Types of labor and their characteristics. What is physical labor

Physical work

Physical labor is characterized primarily by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.) that support its activity. Physical labor, while developing the muscular system and stimulating metabolic processes, at the same time has a number of negative consequences. This is the social inefficiency of physical labor associated with its low productivity, the need for high physical exertion and the need for long-term rest - up to 50% of working time.

In modern labor activity purely physical labor does not matter significant role. In accordance with the existing physiological classification of labor activity, there are: forms of labor that require significant muscle activity; mechanized forms of labor; related to semi-automatic and automatic production; group forms of labor (conveyors); forms of labor associated with remote control, and forms of intellectual (mental) labor.

Physical severity of labor (energy consumption)

The level of energy consumption can serve as a criterion for the severity and intensity of the work performed, which is important for optimizing working conditions and its rational organization. The level of energy consumption is determined by the method of full gas analysis (the volume of oxygen consumption and emitted carbon dioxide is taken into account). As the severity of work increases, oxygen consumption and the amount of energy consumed increase significantly.

The severity and intensity of work are characterized by the degree of functional tension of the body. It can be energetic, depending on the power of work - during physical labor, and emotional - during mental work, when there is information overload.

The physical severity of labor is the load on the body during work, requiring predominantly muscular effort and appropriate energy supply. Classification of work by severity is made according to the level of energy consumption, taking into account the type of load (static or dynamic) and the muscles being loaded.

Static work is associated with fixing tools and objects of labor in a stationary state, as well as giving a person a working posture. Thus, work that requires the worker to be in a static position 10...25% of the working time is characterized as moderate work (energy consumption 172...293 J/s); 50% or more – hard work (energy consumption over 293 J/s).

Dynamic work is the process of muscle contraction, leading to the movement of a load, as well as the human body itself or its parts in space. In this case, energy is spent both on maintaining a certain tension in the muscles and on the mechanical effect. If the maximum weight of manually lifted loads does not exceed 5 kg for women and 15 kg for men, the work is characterized as light (energy consumption up to 172 J/s); 5...10 kg for women and 15...30 kg for men - medium weight; over 10 kg for women or 30 kg for men – heavy.

Labor intensity is characterized by the emotional load on the body during work that requires primarily intensive brain work to receive and process information. In addition, when assessing the degree of tension, ergonomic indicators are taken into account: work shifts, posture, number of movements, etc. Thus, if the density of perceived signals does not exceed 75 per hour, then the work is characterized as easy; 75…175 – moderate severity; over 176 – hard work.

In accordance with the hygienic classification of labor (R.2.2.013-94), working conditions are divided into four classes: 1-optimal; 2-acceptable; 3-harmful; 4-dangerous (extreme).

1.Optimal working conditions ensure maximum labor productivity and minimal stress on the human body. Optimal standards have been established for microclimate parameters and labor process factors. For other factors, working conditions are conditionally applied in which the levels of unfavorable factors do not exceed those accepted as safe for the population (within background limits).

2. Acceptable working conditions are characterized by levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the levels established by hygienic standards for workplaces. The functional state of the body should be restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift; changes in the levels of environmental factors and the work process should not have an adverse effect in the immediate and long-term period on the health of the worker and his offspring. The optimal and permissible classes of working conditions must correspond to safe working conditions.

3. Harmful working conditions are characterized by levels of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

4. Extreme working conditions are characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during a work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, high risk occurrence of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Harmful working conditions (class 3) are divided into four degrees of harmfulness. The first degree is characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and determine the risk of developing the disease. The second degree is determined by such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, leading in most cases to an increase in morbidity, temporary loss of ability to work, an increase in the frequency of diseases, and the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology.

In the third degree, exposure to levels of harmful factors leads, as a rule, to the development of occupational pathology in mild forms, an increase in chronic general somatic pathology, including an increase in the level of morbidity with temporary disability. In working conditions of the fourth degree, pronounced forms of occupational diseases may arise; there has been a significant increase in chronic pathology and high levels morbidity with temporary disability.

The degree of hazard of class 3 according to the hygienic classification is established in points. The number of points for each factor x f i is entered in the working conditions map, taking into account the duration of its action during the shift: x f i =x st i T i, where x st i is the degree of harmfulness of the factor or severity of work according to the hygienic classification of labor; T i =τ f i /τ rs - the ratio of the time of action of factors τ f to the duration of the work shift τ rs, if τ f i > τ rs, then T i =1.0.

To determine the specific amounts of additional payments, working conditions are assessed by the sum of the values ​​of the actual degrees of harmfulness, severity and intensity of work X fact =X f1 + X f2 + … + X f n = ∑ x f i.

Brainwork

Mental work combines work related to the reception and processing of information, which requires the primary tension of the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, as well as the activation of thinking processes and the emotional sphere. This type of work is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in a person’s motor activity, leading to a deterioration in the body’s reactivity and an increase in emotional stress. Hypokinesia is one of the conditions for the formation of cardiovascular pathology in people with mental work. Prolonged mental stress has a depressing effect on mental activity: the functions of attention (volume, concentration, switching), memory (short-term and long-term), perception (appears big number errors).

Forms of intellectual labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative, work of medical workers, work of teachers, students, students. These types differ in the organization of the labor process, the uniformity of the load, and the degree of emotional stress.

The work of an operator is characterized by greater responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. For example, the work of an air traffic controller is characterized by processing a large amount of information within a short time and increased neuro-emotional tension. The work of heads of institutions and enterprises (managerial work) is determined by an excessive amount of information, an increasing lack of time for processing it, increased personal responsibility for decisions made, and the periodic occurrence of conflict situations.

The work of teachers and medical workers is characterized by constant contact with people, increased responsibility, and often a lack of time and information to make decisions. the right decision, which determines the degree of neuro-emotional tension. The work of pupils and students is characterized by tension in basic mental functions, such as memory, attention, perception; the presence of stressful situations (exams, tests).

The most complex form of labor activity, requiring a significant amount of memory, tension, and attention, is creative work. Work scientific works nicks, designers, writers, composers, artists, architects leads to a significant increase in neuro-emotional stress. With such stress associated with mental activity, one can observe tachycardia, increased blood pressure, ECG changes, increased pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption, increased body temperature and other changes in autonomic functions.

A person’s energy expenditure depends on the intensity of muscular work, the information saturation of labor, the degree of emotional stress and other conditions (temperature, humidity, air speed, etc.). Daily energy expenditure for mental workers (engineers, doctors, teachers, etc.) is 10.5...11.7 MJ; for workers performing moderately heavy work (machine operators, miners, surgeons, foundry workers, agricultural workers, etc.) - 12.5...15.5 MJ; for workers performing heavy physical work (miners, metallurgists, lumberjacks, loaders), -16.3...18 MJ.

Energy expenditure varies depending on working posture. When working in a sitting position, energy expenditure exceeds the level of basal metabolic rate by 5-10%; in a standing working position - by 10...25%, in a forced uncomfortable position - by 40-50%. During intense intellectual work, the brain's need for energy is 15...20% of the total metabolism in the body (brain weight is 2% of body weight). The increase in total energy costs during mental work is determined by the degree of neuro-emotional tension. Thus, when reading aloud while sitting, energy consumption increases by 48%, when giving a public lecture - by 94%, for computer operators - by 60...100%.

Labor efficiency. (Efficiency, improvement of skills, location and completeness of the workplace, placement of controls, alternation of work and rest, unloading, relaxation)

The effectiveness of a person’s labor activity largely depends on the subject and tools of labor, the performance of the body, the organization of the workplace, and the hygienic factors of the working environment.

1. Efficiency is the value of the functional capabilities of the human body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time. During work, the body's performance changes over time. There are three main phases of alternating human states in the process of work:

· phase of working in, or increasing efficiency; during this period, the level of performance gradually increases compared to the initial one; depending on the nature of the work and the individual characteristics of the person, this period lasts from several minutes to 1.5 hours, and with mental creative work - up to 2...2.5 hours;

· high stability phase; it is characterized by a combination of high performance indicators with relative stability or even some reduction in the intensity of physiological functions; the duration of this phase can be 2...2.5 hours or more, depending on the severity and intensity of the work;

· a phase of decreased performance, characterized by a decrease in the functionality of the main working human organs and accompanied by a feeling of fatigue.

2. One of the most important elements in increasing the efficiency of a person’s work activity is the improvement of skills and abilities as a result of labor training.

From a psychophysiological point of view, industrial training is a process of adaptation and corresponding changes in the physiological functions of the human body for the most effective performance of a specific job. As a result of training (learning), the muscle strength and endurance, the accuracy and speed of working movements increases, physiological functions are restored faster after finishing work.

3. The correct location and layout of the workplace, ensuring a comfortable posture and freedom of labor movements, the use of equipment that meets the requirements of ergonomics and engineering psychology, ensure the most efficient work process, reduce fatigue and prevent the risk of occupational diseases.

Optimal human posture during work ensures high performance and productivity. Incorrect body position in the workplace leads to the rapid occurrence of static fatigue and decrease. The quality and speed of work performed, as well as reducing the reaction to danger. A normal working posture should be considered a posture in which the worker does not need to lean forward more than 10...15˚; bending back and to the sides is undesirable; The main requirement for a working posture is straight posture.

4.The correct choice of type and placement of controls and control panels for machines and mechanisms has a significant impact on the operator’s performance. When arranging posts and control panels, you need to know that in the horizontal plane the viewing area without turning the head is 120˚, with turning - 225˚; The optimal horizontal viewing angle without turning the head is 30-40˚ (allowable 60˚), with a turn -130˚. The permissible viewing angle along the horizontal axis of vision is 130˚, the optimal -30˚ up and 40˚ down vertically.

Instrument panels should be positioned so that the planes of the front parts of the indicators are perpendicular to the operator's line of sight, and the necessary controls are within reach. The most important controls should be located in front and to the right of the operator. The maximum dimensions of the reach zone of the right hand are 70...110 cm. The depth of the working panel should not exceed 80 cm. The height of the remote control intended for sitting and standing work should be 75-85 cm. The remote control panel can be tilted to the horizontal plane by 10...20 ˚, chair backrest tilt when sitting 0...10˚.

To better distinguish the controls, they should be different in shape and size, painted in different colors, or have markings or appropriate inscriptions. When grouping several levers in one place, it is necessary that their handles have different shapes. This allows the operator to distinguish them by touch and switch levers without taking his eyes off the work.

5.High performance and vital activity of the body is supported by a rational alternation of periods of work, rest and sleep of a person. During the day, the body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the body's daily cycle, the highest performance is observed in the morning (from 8 to 12 o'clock) and afternoon (from 14 to 17 o'clock) hours. In the daytime, the lowest performance, as a rule, is observed between 12 and 14 o'clock, and at night - from 3 to 4 o'clock. Taking into account these patterns, the shifts of work of enterprises, the beginning and end of work in shifts, breaks for rest and sleep are determined .

The alternation of periods of work and rest during the week should be regulated taking into account the dynamics of performance. The highest performance occurs on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th days of work; on subsequent days of the week it decreases, falling to a minimum on the last day of work. On Monday, work capacity is relatively reduced due to overwork.

The elements of a rational regime of work and rest are industrial gymnastics and a set of measures for psychophysiological relief, including functional music.

6. To relieve neuropsychological tension, combat fatigue, and restore performance, relaxation rooms or rooms have recently been successfully used psychological relief. They are specially equipped rooms in which, at a designated time during the shift, sessions are conducted to relieve fatigue and neuropsychological stress.

The effect of psycho-emotional relief is achieved through aesthetic interior design, the use of comfortable furniture that allows you to be in a comfortable, relaxed position, and the broadcast of specially selected musical works, saturating the air with beneficial negative ions, taking tonic drinks, simulating a natural environment indoors and reproducing the sounds of the forest, sea surf, etc. One of the elements of psychological relief is autogenic training, based on a set of interrelated techniques of mental self-regulation and simple physical exercises with verbal self-suggestion. This method allows you to normalize mental activity, emotional sphere and autonomic functions. Experience shows that the presence of workers in psychological relaxation rooms helps to reduce fatigue, increase vigor, good mood and improve well-being.

Ways to improve work efficiency. Elements of a rational regime of work and rest *.

Labor is a person’s purposeful activity to satisfy his cultural and socio-economic needs. The nature and organization of a person’s work activity have a significant impact on changes in the functional state of the human body.

Various forms of labor activity are divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical labor (work) is the work performed by a person

energy functions in the “man - tool” system. Physical work requires significant muscle activity. It is divided into two types: dynamic and static.

Dynamic work is associated with the movement of the human body, his arms, legs, fingers in space; static - with the impact of load on the upper limbs, muscles of the body and legs when holding a load, when performing work while standing or sitting. Dynamic physical work, in which more than 2/3 of a person’s muscles are involved in the process of work, is called general, with the participation of 2/3 to 1/3 of a person’s muscles in the work (muscles of only the body, legs, arms) - regional, with local dynamic physical work uses less than 1/3 of the muscles (for example, typing on a computer).

The physical severity of work is determined by energy costs during work and is divided into the following categories: light, moderate and heavy physical work.

I b at which energy consumption is 140-174 J/s, work carried out

sitting, standing or walking and involving some physical effort.

Physical work of moderate severity (category II) is also divided into two subcategories: II a, in which energy consumption is 175-232 J/s, work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring certain physical effort; II b, in which energy consumption is 233-290 J/s, work associated with walking, moving and carrying heavy objects weighing up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical effort.

Heavy physical work (category III) is characterized by an energy consumption of more than 290 J/s. This category includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort.

Manual labor is labor that is based primarily on the expenditure of physical effort using the simplest hand tools.

Manual labor is due to the low mechanical and power supply of workers, the lack effective means small-scale mechanization, the use of outdated technologies for the production of work, as well as the specifics of the industry associated with the peculiarities of the technology of various works (for example, manual labor when assembling structures from a large number of different elements with complex connections). Significantly increases the level manual labor such a feature as the need to move large masses of cargo and various types of loading and unloading, transport, dismantling and assembly work associated with this. Manual labor is characterized by a heavy load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.). Develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes, but due to low productivity it is not socially effective. Related

conditions that worsen the negative aspects of manual labor are that all these processes usually take place in the open air, in unfavorable climatic conditions and without a sufficient range of social services.

Manual labor takes place in the absence of mechanized means for work (the work of a steel worker, loader, vegetable grower, etc.) and requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 MJ (4000-6000 kcal) and more per day. It develops the muscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time it is not socially effective, has low productivity, and the need for long rest.

Mechanized labor is a type of labor activity that is characterized by a decrease in muscle loads, compared to heavy physical labor, and a more complex action program. Mechanized labor changes the nature of muscle loads and complicates action programs. The load on small muscle groups increases, and the requirements for accuracy and speed of movements increase. In conditions of mechanized production, there is a decrease in the volume of muscle activity; small muscles of the distal limbs are involved in the work, which should provide greater speed and accuracy of movements necessary when controlling mechanisms. A typical example of mechanized labor is the work of a metalworking machine operator (turner, milling machine, planer). With these forms of labor, the energy costs of workers range from 12.5-17 MJ (3000-4000 kcal) per day. Mechanized labor professions often require special knowledge and skills. The monotony of simple and mostly local actions, the monotony and small amount of information perceived in work lead to monotony of work. Programming (mental) labor activity is reduced to a minimum.

It should be noted that mechanization, regardless of the three features, makes it possible to improve technology, improve quality and

labor productivity. At the same time, servicing mechanisms requires knowledge of their design and a certain mental load. This significantly distinguishes mechanized labor from simple physical labor.

It should be borne in mind that the transition to mechanized labor may be accompanied by a simplification of labor functions and a decrease in the qualifications of workers. This is especially typical for manual mechanized and mechanized labor of an auxiliary nature.

Conveyor labor is a system of continuous production organization based on a conveyor, in which it is divided into the simplest short operations, and the movement of parts is carried out automatically. This is an organization of operations on objects in which the entire process of influence is divided into a sequence of stages in order to increase productivity by simultaneously independently performing operations on several objects going through various stages. A conveyor is also called a means of moving objects between stages in such an organization.

Such a division of the production process into simple operations allows one worker to perform any one operation without wasting time on changing tools and transferring parts to another worker; such parallelism of the production process allows reducing the number of working hours required to produce one product. The disadvantage of this production system is the increased monotony of labor.

Work on the assembly line is notable for its even greater monotony and tremendous speed. An individual working on an assembly line performs one or a couple of actions. Since he is a link in a chain consisting of other workers, each of his movements must be made at a strictly defined time. It's not hard to understand that this is very exhausting. Monotony and the enormous speed of work can also cause rapid

fatigue.

The conveyor form of labor requires synchronous work of participants in accordance with a given rhythm and tempo. Moreover, the less time an employee spends on an operation, the more monotonous the work and the simpler its maintenance. Monotony is one of the negative consequences of assembly line work, which is expressed in premature fatigue and nervous exhaustion. This phenomenon is based on the predominance of the process of inhibition in cortical activity, which develops under the action of monotonous repeated stimuli, which reduces the excitability of the analyzers, dissipates attention, reduces the speed of reaction, and as a result, fatigue quickly sets in.

Labor in semi-automatic and automatic production consumes less energy and therefore labor intensity is less than in assembly line production. The work consists of periodically servicing mechanisms or performing simple operations - feeding the material being processed, turning the mechanisms on or off. Semi-automatic production excludes a person from the process of direct processing of an object of labor, which is entirely performed by mechanisms.

A physiological feature of automated forms of labor is the employee’s constant readiness for action and speed of reaction to eliminate problems that arise. This functional state of “operational anticipation” varies in the degree of fatigue and depends on the attitude towards work, the urgency of the required action, the responsibility of the upcoming work, etc.

Mental work combines work related to the reception and transmission of information, requiring activation of the processes of thinking, attention, and memory. Mental work consists of processing and analyzing a large volume of varied information, and as a consequence of this, the mobilization of memory and attention, the frequency of stressful situations. However, muscle loads are usually insignificant; daily energy consumption is 10-11.7 MJ

(2000-2400 kcal) per day. This type of work is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which leads to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention and memory. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system. Forms of mental labor are divided into operator, managerial, creative work, the work of medical workers, the work of teachers, students and students. They differ in the organization of the labor process, the uniformity of the workload, and the degree of emotional stress. Mental work is expressed in the following forms.

Operator labor. In the conditions of modern multifactor production, the functions of management and control over the operation of technological lines, the processes of product distribution and customer service are at the forefront. For example, the work of a wholesale warehouse dispatcher or the chief administrator of a supermarket is associated with processing a large amount of information in a short time and increased neuro-emotional tension. Operator labor is associated with the control of machines, equipment, and technological processes. An operator is any person working in a man-machine system, as opposed to a man-man system. Operator professions are characterized by a high load on the visual analyzer, associated with the perception of the small size of objects of discrimination, work with optical instruments, video display terminals: reading and editing alphabetic, digital and graphic information on the screen. The load on the auditory analyzer depends on the intelligibility of words in the presence of auditory interference. The load on the voice apparatus is typical for operator professions such as telephone operators and air traffic controllers.

Managerial work is a type of labor activity, operations and work to perform administrative and managerial functions.

management in the organization. The professional characteristics of the work activities of executives indicate that this group is dominated by factors caused by an excessive increase in the volume of information, a lack of time for processing it, an increase in material significance and personal responsibility for decision making. A modern businessman and leader needs a large set of different qualities (organizational, business, personal), a wide range of knowledge of economics, management, technology, psychology. This work is characterized by non-standard solutions, irregular workload, complex interpersonal relationships, and periodic occurrence of conflict situations.

Managerial work is extremely diverse, and therefore the operations and procedures that characterize the content of this work are difficult to clearly classify and typify. In addition, the range of management operations is continuously expanding, and the operations themselves are changing due to, on the one hand, the transformation of management methods and areas of their application and, on the other hand, due to the increasing use of new technical means of storing, transmitting, accumulating, and processing information. Revolutionary changes in the content of operations and management work procedures are being introduced by computer technology, which makes it possible to introduce fundamentally new information technologies.

Creative work (scientists, writers, designers, artists, painters). The most complex form, as it requires a large amount of memory, tension, and attention. Leads to increased neuro-emotional tension, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, ECG changes and other changes in autonomic functions.

The work of teachers, trade and medical workers, workers in all service sectors, the work of pupils and students - constant contact with people, increased responsibility, frequent lack of time and information to make the right decision, which leads to high nervousness.

emotional stress. Daily energy expenditure during mental work increases by 48% when reading aloud while sitting; 90% when giving lectures; by 90-100% for computer operators. In addition, the brain is prone to inertia, because after stopping work, the thought process continues, mental work does not stop, which leads to greater fatigue and exhaustion of the central nervous system than during physical labor.

In conditions modern world With the advent of devices that facilitate work activity (computers, technical equipment), people’s physical activity has sharply decreased compared to previous decades. This ultimately leads to a decrease in a person’s functional capabilities, as well as various kinds of diseases. Today, purely physical labor does not play a significant role; it is replaced by mental labor. But physical labor, characterized by increased physical activity, can in some cases be viewed from a negative side. In general, a lack of energy expenditure necessary for a person leads to a mismatch between the activities of individual systems (muscular, skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with the environment, as well as to a decrease in immunity and a deterioration in metabolism. At the same time, overload is also harmful. Therefore, during both mental and physical labor, it is necessary to engage in health-improving physical education and strengthen the body. In the process of physical and mental labor, a certain complex of emotions arises in a person. Emotions are a person’s reaction to certain conditions. And the production environment is a complex of factors that positively or negatively affect the well-being and performance of a normal person.

Working conditions are a combination of factors in the production environment,

influencing performance and health during the work process. Based on hygienic criteria, working conditions are divided into 4 classes: 1. Optimal working conditions ensure maximum labor productivity and minimal stress on the human body. Optimal standards have been established for microclimate parameters and labor process factors. For other factors, working conditions are conditionally applied in which the levels of unfavorable factors do not exceed those accepted as safe for the population (within background limits). Not only the health of workers is preserved, but also the prerequisites are created for maintaining high labor productivity. At the same time, such working conditions are taken as optimal in which unfavorable factors do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

2. Acceptable working conditions. With them, the harmful effects do not exceed the levels established for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during rest, and should not have an adverse effect in the immediate and long-term period on the health of workers and their offspring. Changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or at the beginning of the next shift. Classes 1 and 2 correspond to safe working conditions.

3. Harmful working conditions, in which the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards has an adverse effect on the worker’s body and his offspring.

4. Dangerous working conditions. Exposure to harmful factors during a shift poses a threat to life, and there is a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

The effectiveness of a person’s labor activity largely depends on the subject and instrument of labor, the performance of the body, the organization of the workplace, and the hygienic factors of the working environment. Efficiency is the value of the functional capabilities of the human body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time. During work, it changes over time. At the same time, there are three main phases of alternating states of a person in the process of working activity: the phase of increasing ability; phase of high sustainable performance; phase of decline in performance. Important elements of increasing labor efficiency are: 1) improving skills and abilities as a result of labor training, since this increases muscle strength and endurance, increases the accuracy and speed of working movements, and restores physiological functions faster after finishing work; 2) the correct location and layout of the workplace, ensuring a comfortable posture and freedom of labor movements, the use of equipment that meets the requirements of ergonomics and engineering psychology, ensure the most efficient work process, reduce fatigue and prevent the risk of occupational diseases; 3) the optimal posture of a person in the process of work ensures high efficiency and labor productivity, since incorrect posture leads to static fatigue, a decrease in the quality and speed of work performed, and a decrease in reaction to danger; 4) when organizing the production process, one should take into account the anthropometric and psychophysical characteristics of a person, his capabilities in relation to the amount of effort, the pace and rhythm of operations performed, as well as anatomical and physiological differences between men and women; 5) periodic alternation of work and rest contributes to high stability of performance.

One of the most important elements in increasing the efficiency of a person’s work activity is the improvement of skills and abilities as a result of labor training.

Training imparts completeness and stability to all forms of motor activity and is an important means of preventing fatigue.

From a psychophysiological point of view, industrial training is a process of adaptation and corresponding changes in the physiological functions of the human body for the most effective performance of a specific job.

As a result of training (training), muscle strength and endurance increase, the accuracy and speed of working movements increase, and the speed of recovery of physiological functions after completion of work increases.

An essential role in maintaining high human performance is played by the establishment of a rational regime of work and rest.

There are two forms of alternating periods of work and rest in production; introduction:

· lunch break in the middle of the working day;

· short-term regulated breaks.

The optimal duration of a lunch break is established taking into account the distance from work places, sanitary facilities, canteens, and the organization of food distribution.

The duration and number of short-term breaks are determined based on observations of the dynamics of performance, taking into account the severity and intensity of work.

When performing work that requires significant effort and the participation of large muscles, less frequent but longer breaks are recommended (10...12 minutes).

When performing particularly heavy work (metallurgists, blacksmiths, etc.), you should combine work for 15...20 minutes with rest of the same duration. For jobs that require a lot of nervous tension and attention, fast and precise hand movements (PC operators, etc.), more frequent but shorter breaks (5...10 minutes) are advisable.

In addition to regulated breaks, there are micropauses - breaks in work that occur spontaneously between operations and actions.

Micropauses ensure maintaining an optimal pace of work and a high level of performance.

Depending on the nature and severity of the work, micro-breaks account for 9...10% of the working time.

High performance of the body is maintained by rational alternation of periods of work, rest and sleep.

During the day, the body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress.

In accordance with the body's daily cycle, the highest performance is observed in the morning (from 8 to 12) and afternoon (from 14 to 17) hours.

In school-age children, the optimum mental performance occurs between 10 and 12 hours. During these hours, the greatest efficiency in assimilation of material is observed with the least psychophysical expenditure on the body.

In the daytime, the lowest performance, as a rule, is observed between 12 and 14, and at night - from 3 to 4 hours.

Taking into account these patterns, the shifts of work of enterprises, the beginning and end of work in shifts, and the schedule of classes in educational institutions are determined.

The alternation of periods of work and rest during the week should be regulated taking into account the dynamics of performance. The highest performance occurs on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th days of work; on subsequent days of the week it decreases, falling to a minimum on the last day of work.

On Monday, work capacity is relatively reduced due to overwork.

Elements of a rational work and rest regime are industrial gymnastics and a set of measures for psychophysiological unloading, including functional music.

The basis of industrial gymnastics is the phenomenon of active rest (I.M. Sechenov) - “tired muscles quickly restore their performance not with complete rest, but with the work of other muscle groups.”

However, during heavy work or work in conditions of elevated air temperature, passive rest in a well-ventilated area is more appropriate.

The beneficial effect of music is based on the positive emotional mood it evokes, which is necessary for any type of work.

Industrial music helps reduce fatigue, improve the mood and health of workers, and increases efficiency and productivity.

However, functional music is not recommended for use when performing work that requires significant concentration of attention, during mental work, during high intensity work, non-permanent work places and in unfavorable sanitary and hygienic environmental conditions.

To relieve neuropsychic stress, combat fatigue, and restore performance, relaxation rooms or psychological relief rooms have recently been successfully used.

4. The concept of microclimate, its parameters. Microclimate* of industrial premises, its classification. The influence of microclimate parameters on human well-being. Thermoregulation of the human body *. Heat balance equation. Methods and instruments for recording microclimate parameters.

The microclimate of industrial premises is the microclimatic conditions of the industrial environment (temperature, humidity, pressure, air speed, thermal radiation) of premises that affect the thermal stability of the human body during the labor process.

Studies have shown that a person can live at an atmospheric pressure of 560-950 mmHg. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg. At this pressure a person feels comfortable. Both an increase and a decrease in atmospheric pressure have a negative effect on most people. With a decrease in pressure below 700 mm Hg, oxygen starvation occurs, which affects the functioning of the brain and central nervous system.

A distinction is made between absolute and relative humidity.

Absolute humidity A is the amount of water vapor contained in 1 m3. air. Maximum humidity F max – the amount of water vapor (in kg) that completely saturates 1 m3 of air at a given temperature (water vapor pressure).

Relative humidity is the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum humidity, expressed as a percentage:

When the air is completely saturated with water vapor, that is, A = Fmax (during fog), the relative air humidity is φ = 100%.

The human body and its working conditions are also influenced by the average temperature of all surfaces enclosing the room; it has important hygienic significance.

Another important parameter is the speed of air movement. At elevated temperatures, air speed promotes cooling, and at low temperatures, hypothermia, so it must be limited, depending on the temperature environment.

Sanitary, hygienic, meteorological and microclimatic conditions not only affect the condition of the body, but also determine the organization of work, that is, the duration and frequency of employee rest and heating of the room.

Thus, the sanitary and hygienic parameters of the air in the working area can be physically dangerous and harmful production factors that have a significant impact on the technical and economic indicators of production.

Thermoregulation of the body- the physiological process of maintaining body temperature within the range from 36.6 to 37.2°C. The main way to maintain equilibrium is heat transfer.

Heat transfer occurs in the following ways:

1 . Radiation of heat the human body in relation to surrounding surfaces that have a lower temperature. This is the main route for heat transfer in industrial environments. All bodies with a temperature above absolute zero - 273°C - give off heat by radiation. A person gives off heat when the temperature of the objects around him is lower than the temperature of the outer layers of clothing (27 - 28 ° C) or exposed skin.

2. Carrying out- heat transfer to objects in direct contact with the human body.

3. Convection- heat transfer through air. A person heats a 4-8 mm thick layer of air around him by conducting heat. Heating of more distant layers occurs due to the natural and forced replacement of warmer layers of air adjacent to the body with colder ones. With moving air, heat transfer increases several times.

Evaporation of water from the surface of the skin and mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract- the main route for heat transfer at elevated air temperatures, especially when transfer by radiation or convection becomes difficult or stops. Under normal conditions, evaporation occurs as a result of imperceptible sweating over most of the surface of the body as a result of water diffusion without the active participation of sweat glands. In general, the body loses 0.6 liters of water per day. When performing physical work in conditions of elevated air temperature, there is increased sweating, during which the amount of fluid lost is 10 - 12 liters per shift. If sweat has not had time to evaporate, it covers the skin with a damp layer, which does not contribute to the transfer of heat, and conditions are created for the body to overheat. In this case, there is a loss of water and salts. This leads to dehydration of the body, loss of mineral salts and water-soluble vitamins (C, B1, B2). Such moisture loss leads to blood thickening and disruption of salt metabolism.

During hard work in conditions of elevated air temperature, 30 - 40 g of NaCl salt is lost (in total, 140 g of NaCl in the body). Further loss of salts causes muscle spasms and cramps.

Under production conditions, thermal (infrared) radiation may be present - invisible electromagnetic radiation. The source is any heated body.

Depending on the wavelength, it is divided into short-wave, medium-wave, and long-wave. Passing through the air, these rays do not heat it, but, having been absorbed by a solid body, the radiant energy turns into thermal energy.

The characteristics of the action of radiant heat depend on the wavelength of infrared radiation. Long waves (1.4 - 10 microns) are absorbed by the skin layer, causing a burning effect. Short waves penetrate deep into the body, heating the internal organs, brain, and blood. Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures combined with high humidity can lead to overheating of the body. In this case, a person experiences headache, nausea, palpitations, general weakness, vomiting, sweating, rapid breathing, and tachycardia. When working outdoors, as a result of irradiation of the head with short-wave infrared rays, severe damage to brain tissue occurs, including severe meningitis and encephalitis. In severe cases, convulsions, delirium, and loss of consciousness are observed. In this case, the body temperature remains normal or increases slightly.

Under conditions of thermal homeostasis, the heat balance in the body of homeotherms is described by the expression:

ΔQ = M - E ± C ± R ± K ± W = 0

where ΔQ - changes in heat content; M is heat production, and the remaining terms of the equation are the transfer of heat by the body to the external environment in various ways. Under thermal comfort conditions, ΔQ = 0.

Here it is immediately necessary to stipulate the essential modern understanding of homeostasis, according to which any of its types, including thermal homeostasis, is expressed not in the rigid fixation of certain indicators at a certain level, but rather in their fluctuation around an average value. This fundamental consideration, at least for humans, is also confirmed in fact - by the phenomenon of extreme instability of heat exchange in the human body.

O. Barton and A. Edholm (1957) indicate that even with short-term studies in special climatic chambers with strict control of meteorological conditions and the state of the subjects being studied, a thermostable state is not achieved for several hours. Expression 1 is a complete heat balance equation, but the evolutionary-biological significance of its components is far from the same. Thus, the production of heat in the body (M) is not genetically determined by heat exchange, but is a consequence of the fundamental processes that characterize life activity. A living organism is characterized by a continuous metabolism of matter and energy, which occurs in accordance with the well-known thermodynamic equation:

ΔН = ΔZ + TΔS

where ΔН is the change in enthalpy - a measure of the total supply of chemically converted energy; ΔZ is the change in thermodynamic potential or free energy - the part of the enthalpy of the system that can be usefully used to do work; ΔS - changes in entropy (thermodynamic) for given conditions - a measure of the uncertainty of the system, depending on the action of intermolecular forces and thermal motion and the measured value of the dissipation of the potential energy of chemical substances in the form of heat; T - °K (degrees Kelvin).

The source of heat production (M), therefore, is the metabolic and energy processes that continuously occur in the body. During the breakdown of energetic materials, the energy accumulated in high-energy compounds can be dissipated in the form of heat (“primary heat”), or converted into one or another type of work, which ultimately also turns into thermal energy (Fig. 1). However, the body receives the main heat as a result of certain types of work (70% of heat production), while heat dissipation is only 30%.

Table 1. Oxygen consumption by various organs of an adult weighing 63 kg (Bord R., 1961)
Organ	Weight, kg	Arteriovenous oxygen difference, cm 3 /l	Oxygen consumption
			absolute, cm 3 /min	relative
				cm 3 /(min·100 g)	% of total
Skeletal muscles
Other body parts
Body as a whole

For the problem of regulation of heat exchange, sources of heat production at rest and during muscular work are of significant interest. The formation of heat is inextricably linked with energy metabolism. Under conditions of normal life at rest, the amount of heat production can be judged by the intensity of oxidative processes (oxygen consumption). The corresponding data are given in table. 1.

At rest, the highest contribution to heat production (58.8%) is provided by the liver, brain and skeletal muscles. At the same time, in the first two organs the relative indicators of energy metabolism are also high (arteriovenous difference in oxygen and its relative consumption by the organ); at the same time, the metabolic rate in resting muscles is low and the gross value of their heat production is determined simply by the significant mass of muscle tissue.

The structure of energy expenditure in tissues (Ivanov K.P., 1972) shows that out of 1600 kcal/day (under basal metabolic conditions), about 900 kcal is captured in the form of high-energy ATP bonds, 215 kcal goes to maintaining nonequilibrium ionic concentrations on both sides of cell membranes , 415 kcal ensures the processes of renewal of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, and only 270 kcal is spent on contraction of the heart muscle and respiratory muscles. At the same time, all these processes are characterized by low efficiency values, for example, protein synthesis has an efficiency of 10-13%, ion transport - 20%, ATP synthesis - 50%, etc. Thus, the accumulation of “primary” and “secondary” heat occurs .

When performing muscular work, energy metabolism in the muscles increases sharply, which can be judged by such an indirect indicator as the minute volume of blood flowing through the muscles at rest and during their contraction: in the first case it is equal to 840 ml/min, and in the second - 12,500 ml/min, which indicates an increase in muscle oxygen consumption by at least 5 times. Thus, the increase in heat production during muscle work is due to increased heat formation primarily in skeletal muscle tissue. However, one should also take into account the adequate increase in energy processes (and heat production) in the organs that provide muscle work - in the brain and spinal cord, heart, respiratory muscles, liver and other organs.

Under conditions of thermal comfort, voluntary muscle movements are of the utmost importance in thermogenesis, because it is to them, as I.M. Sechenov brilliantly noted (1863), that “all the infinite variety of external manifestations of brain activity” comes down to it. Measurements of energy expenditure during “ordinary” human motor acts show their different (sometimes significant) thermogenetic cost (Kandror I. S., 1968).

Depending on human behavior, even over several hours, shifts in heat production can take the form of rapid and significant peaks.

Microclimate parameters are regulated taking into account the severity of physical labor and the time of year.

For light work, higher temperatures and lower air speeds are allowed.

During the warm period of the year (at an outdoor temperature of +10°C and above), the temperature in the production room should be no more than +28°C for light work and no more than +26°C for heavy work. If the temperature outside the room is more than +25°C, then the temperature indoors is allowed to rise to +33°C.

Air parameters must be periodically monitored. The air temperature is determined by a conventional thermometer. Air humidity is determined using an August psychrometer. It consists of two thermometers - dry and wet. Knowing the temperature difference between dry and wet thermometers, the relative air humidity is determined using special psychrometric tables attached to each device.

The speed of air movement is determined using anemometers: cup (from 0.2 to 10 m/s); winged (from 1 to 20 m/s).

According to DSN 3.3.6 042-99 “Sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises”, according to the degree of influence on the thermal state of the human body, microclimatic conditions are divided into optimal and permissible. For the working area of ​​production premises, optimal and permissible microclimatic conditions are established, taking into account the severity of the work performed and the period of the year (Table 2.).

Optimal microclimatic conditions are those microclimate conditions that, with a long-term and systematic influence on a person, ensure the preservation of the thermal state of the body without the active work of thermoregulation. They maintain a sense of well-being, thermal comfort and create a high level of labor productivity (Table 2).

Acceptable microclimatic conditions, which, with a long-term and systematic influence on a person, can cause changes in the thermal state of the body, but are normalized and accompanied by intense work of thermoregulation mechanisms within the boundaries of physiological adaptation (Table 2). In this case, there are no disturbances or deterioration in health, but there is discomfort in heat perception, deterioration in well-being and decreased performance.

Microclimate conditions that go beyond acceptable limits are called critical and lead, as a rule, to serious disturbances in the condition of the human body.

Optimal microclimate conditions are created for permanent jobs.

Table 2.

Optimal values ​​of temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the working area of ​​production premises.

Period of the year		Air temperature, 0 C	Relative humidity, %	Movement speed, m/s
Cold season	Easy I
	Easy I-b
	Moderate II-a
	Moderate II-b
	Heavy III
Warm period of the year	Easy I
	Easy I-b
	Moderate II-a
	Moderate II-b
	Heavy III

Acceptable values ​​of microclimate conditions are established in the case when it is not possible to ensure optimal microclimate conditions at the workplace in accordance with technological production requirements or economic feasibility.

The difference in air temperature along the height of the working area, while ensuring acceptable microclimate conditions, should not be more than 3 degrees for all categories of work, and horizontally should not go beyond the permissible temperatures of the categories of work.

It is assumed and proven by a number of scientific works that labor created man. The concept of “labor” includes its various types. Meanwhile, there are two main types of human labor activity - physical and mental labor and their intermediate combinations.

Physical work - this is a type of human activity, the characteristics of which are determined by a complex of factors that distinguish one type of activity from another, associated with the presence of any climatic, industrial, physical, information and similar factors. Performing physical work is always associated with a certain severity of labor, which is determined by the degree of involvement in the work skeletal muscles and reflecting the physiological cost of predominantly physical activity.

According to the degree of severity, work is classified into physically light, moderate, hard and very hard work.

Criteria for assessing the severity of work are ergometric indicators (amount of external work, moved loads, etc.) and physiological (levels of energy consumption, heart rate, other functional changes).

Brainwork - this is a person’s activity to transform the conceptual model of reality formed in his mind by creating new concepts, judgments, conclusions, and on their basis - hypotheses and theories. The result of mental work is scientific and spiritual values ​​or solutions that, through control actions on tools, are used to satisfy social or personal needs. Mental work appears in various forms, depending on the type of conceptual model and the goals that a person faces (these conditions determine the specifics of mental work). Non-specific features of mental work include receiving and processing information, comparing the received information with that stored in a person’s memory, transforming it, identifying a problem situation, ways to resolve the problem, and forming a goal for mental work. Depending on the type and methods of transforming information and developing solutions, reproductive and productive (creative) types of mental work are distinguished. In reproductive types of labor, previously known transformations with fixed action algorithms are used (for example, counting operations); in creative work, the algorithms are either completely unknown or given in an unclear form.

Brainwork

Sufficiently objective criteria have not been developed to characterize the intensity of mental work from a physiological point of view. It can be characterized by the volume of information to be memorized and (or) analyzed, as well as the speed of receipt of information and decision-making, the degree of responsibility for possible mistakes when making decisions, etc. This is typical for such professions as dispatchers, operators of central control panels of complex objects, and managers of work teams.

The essence of mental work is studied and characterized in various aspects: - physiologists and psychologists consider mental work as processes of higher nervous activity that realize the functions and relationships of the brain with receptors and effectors; - psychologists and sociologists study the motives of mental activity, its structure, logic, as well as the behavior of workers, the moral and psychological climate; - Cybernetics specialists consider mental work as a model of an information processing system.

Mental work covers a very wide range of activities that are different in nature and content. These include: - scientific work - the work of scientists engaged in research work; - engineering work - the work of engineering and technical workers involved in design, engineering and technological work; - pedagogical work - the work of professors, teachers and teachers; - medical work; - managerial work – the work of managers and specialists involved in management labor collectives; - production labor - the labor of workers and specialists managing complex technological processes, equipment, automated and robotic systems; - auxiliary labor - the work of employees conducting accounting, etc.

The subject of mental work (regardless of the type) is information containing the state of practice and tasks for changing it.

Mental work consists of processing and analyzing a large amount of varied information, and as a consequence of this, the mobilization of memory and attention, and muscle loads are usually insignificant. This work is characterized by a significant decrease in motor activity (hypokinesia), which can lead to cardiovascular pathology; prolonged mental stress depresses the psyche, impairs the functions of attention and memory. The main indicator of mental work is tension, which reflects the load on the central nervous system.

The intensity of any labor is characterized by the amount of productive consumption of labor per unit of time. Labor costs in a physiological sense are the expenditure of a person’s functional capabilities, leading to a decrease in performance and the appearance of fatigue. Psychophysiological limiters during mental work are: - indicator of decreased performance; - an indicator of the reliability of human functioning in various systems; - magnitude and symptoms of subjectively felt fatigue; - indicators of mental and emotional state.

One of the most important indicators of employee performance in the “man-machine” system, as well as when performing the duties of a dispatcher, operator and other similar professions, is attention.

Physical work

As for physical labor, quite objective criteria for assessing severity have been defined for it - these are energy consumption.

All types of physical work are performed with the participation of muscles, which, when contracting, perform work in the physiological sense of the word. Replenishment of muscle energy occurs due to the consumption of nutrients that are constantly supplied to the bloodstream. The same blood flow carries away waste substances from the muscles - oxidation products. The main source of energy is the oxidation of glycogen by oxygen, also contained in the blood. Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed by glucose residues. It is deposited in the cytoplasm of liver and muscle cells. When there is a lack of glucose in the body, glycogen is broken down by enzymes (reaction accelerators) into glucose, which enters the blood.

Physical work is usually divided into three groups according to its severity. This division is based on oxygen consumption as one of the objective indicators of energy consumption available for measuring. In this regard, work is distinguished: light, medium and heavy.

TO light include work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking, but without systematic stress, without lifting and carrying heavy objects. These are works in clothing production, precision instrument making and mechanical engineering, printing, communications, etc.

Go to category moderate severity include work associated with constant walking and carrying small (up to 10 kg) weights, and performed while standing. This is work in mechanical assembly shops, mechanized open-hearth, rolling, foundry, forging, thermal shops, etc.

Go to category heavy include work associated with systematic physical stress, as well as with constant movement and carrying of significant (more than 10 kg) weights. These are blacksmith works with hand forging, foundry works with manual filling and pouring of flasks, etc.

So, the main physiological reactions of the body to physical work are increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased breathing and increased pulmonary ventilation, changes in blood composition, and increased sweating. Changes gradually increase, reaching a certain level at which the increased work of organs and systems is balanced with the needs of the body.

After cessation of work, a recovery period begins when the altered functions gradually return to normal. But the duration of restoration of various functions is not the same: - pulse, pressure, respiratory rate and pulmonary ventilation are restored in 10-15 minutes; - blood composition, etc. – in 45-50 minutes.

This is due to the fact that during intense work the body’s internal resources are mobilized, non-working tissues and organs are depleted of oxygen and nutrients, as well as the reserves of the muscle cells themselves are absorbed, which, due to these internal reserves, can work for some time without consuming oxygen (the so-called anaerobic phase of muscle work). To replenish these reserves during rest, the body continues to consume increased amounts of oxygen.

If, during prolonged hard work and with the mobilization of all the body’s resources, delivery required quantity oxygen and nutrients are not provided, muscle fatigue occurs.

Muscles work not only when a person moves weights, but also when he holds them in place, or holds the weight of his own body or its individual parts (torso, arms, head). In this regard, the main indicators of the severity of the labor process are: - physical dynamic load; - the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; - stereotypical labor movements; - static load; - working posture; - body tilts, movement in space.

A forced and even more uncomfortable body position, even in the case of light work, can lead to rapid fatigue, because static load on the same muscle groups is more tiring. The working posture can be free, uncomfortable, fixed or forced. Free poses include comfortable sitting postures, with the possibility of changing the working position of the body or its parts. Fixed working posture – impossibility of changing relative position various parts bodies relative to each other. Similar postures are encountered when performing work related to the need to distinguish small objects during work. The most rigidly fixed working postures are for representatives of those professions who have to perform their main production operations using optical magnifying devices - magnifiers and microscopes. Uncomfortable working postures include postures with a large bend or turn of the torso, with arms raised above shoulder level, and with inconvenient placement of the lower extremities. Forced postures include working postures lying down, kneeling, squatting, etc.

Fatigue and recovery during physical and mental work (definition, symptoms of fatigue, types of fatigue, phases of fatigue, what recovery depends on, scheme of the recovery process, recovery criteria).

Fatigue is a functional state that temporarily arises under the influence of prolonged and intense work and leads to a decrease in its effectiveness.

Fatigue manifests itself in the fact that muscle strength and endurance decreases, coordination of movements worsens, energy costs increase when performing work of the same nature, the speed of information processing slows down, memory deteriorates, and the process of concentrating and switching attention and mastering theoretical material becomes more difficult.

Fatigue is associated with a feeling of tiredness, and at the same time it serves as a natural signal of possible exhaustion of the body and a safety biological mechanism that protects it from overexertion. Fatigue that occurs during exercise is also a stimulant, mobilizing both the reserves of the body, its organs and systems, and recovery processes.

Fatigue occurs during physical and mental activity. It can be acute, i.e. manifest itself in a short period of time, and chronic, i.e. be of a long-term nature (up to several months); general, i.e. characterizing changes in the functions of the body as a whole, and local, affecting any limited muscle group, organ, analyzer.

There are two phases of fatigue:

· compensated (when there is no obvious decrease in performance due to the fact that the body’s reserve capabilities are activated);

· uncompensated (when the body’s reserve capacities are exhausted and performance is clearly reduced).

Systematic performance of work against the background of under-recovery, ill-conceived work organization, excessive mental and physical stress can lead to overwork, and therefore to overvoltage nervous system, exacerbations of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and peptic ulcers, decreased protective properties of the body.

It is possible to eliminate fatigue by increasing the level of general and specialized training of the body, optimizing its physical, mental and emotional activity.

The prevention and removal of mental fatigue is facilitated by the mobilization of those aspects of mental activity and motor activity that are associated with those that led to fatigue. It is necessary to actively rest, switch to other activities, and use an arsenal of recovery tools.

Recovery- a process occurring in the body after cessation of work and consisting in a gradual transition of physiological and biochemical functions to the original state.

The time during which the physiological status is restored after performing a certain job is called recovery period.

It should be remembered that in the body, both during work and in pre-work and post-work rest, at all levels of its vital activity, interconnected processes of consumption and restoration of functional, structural and regulatory reserves continuously occur. During work, the processes of dissimilation prevail over assimilation, and the more, the greater the intensity of the work and the less readiness of the body to perform it. During the recovery period, assimilation processes predominate, and the restoration of energy resources occurs in excess of the initial level (over-recovery, or super-compensation)(illustration). This is of great importance for increasing the fitness of the body and its physiological systems, ensuring increased performance.

Distinguish early and late recovery phase. The early phase ends a few minutes after easy work, after severe - in a few hours. Late recovery phases can last up to several days.

Fatigue is accompanied by a phase of decreased performance, and after some time it can be replaced by a phase of increased performance. The duration of these phases depends on the degree of training of the body, as well as on the work performed.

A rational combination of stress and rest is necessary in order to maintain and develop the activity of recovery processes. Additional recovery tools There may be factors of hygiene, nutrition, massage, biologically active substances (vitamins).

The main criterion for the positive dynamics of recovery processes is readiness for repeated activity, and the most objective indicator of restoration of performance is the maximum volume of repeated work.

It is necessary to take into account the nuances of recovery processes when organizing classes with special care. physical exercise and planning training loads.

It is advisable to perform repeated loads in the phase of increased performance. Too long rest intervals reduce the effectiveness of the training process.

To speed up the recovery process, active rest is used in sports practice, i.e. switching to another type of activity.

11. Indicators of fitness of the human body (list and characterize, give examples).

Fitness of the human body is the ability to perform heavy physical activity, usually observed in people whose lifestyle or profession is associated with intense muscle activity. A trained body, adapted to physical activity, is able not only to carry out intense muscular work, but also turns out to be more resistant to situations that cause illness, to emotional stress, and environmental influences.

Thus, indicators of fitness at rest include:
1) changes in the state of the central nervous system, increased mobility of nervous processes, shortening of the latent period of motor reactions;
2) changes in the musculoskeletal system;
3) changes in the function of the respiratory organs, blood circulation, blood composition, etc.

that trained individuals relax their muscles better than untrained individuals. Additional muscle tension is always associated with additional energy costs. In addition, in a state of rest, trained people have a slightly lower excitability of the nervous system compared to untrained people. Along with this, they have a good balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition. All these changes indicate that a trained body spends energy very economically at rest; in the process of deep rest, a restructuring of its functions takes place, and energy is accumulated for the upcoming intense activity.

Reactions to standard (testing) loads in trained individuals are characterized the following features: 1) all indicators of the activity of functional systems at the beginning of work (during the period of development) are higher than those of untrained ones; 2) during work, the level of physiological changes is less high; 3) the recovery period is significantly shorter.
Two conclusions can be drawn regarding the impact of training. The first is that a trained body performs standard work more economically than untrained. Training causes such adaptive changes in the body that cause economization of all physiological functions. The body's violent reaction to work in an untrained person is manifested in wasteful expenditure of strength and energy, excessive functioning of various physiological systems, and their poor mutual regulation. In the process of training, the body acquires the ability to react to the same work more moderately, its physiological systems begin to act more consistently, coordinated, and energy is spent more economically. The second conclusion is that the same work becomes less tiring as training develops. For an untrained person, standard work may be relatively difficult, performed with the tension characteristic of heavy work, and causes fatigue, while for a trained person the same load will be relatively easy, require less stress and will not cause much fatigue.

Thus, the body of a person who is systematically engaged in active motor activity is able to perform work that is more significant in volume and intensity than the body of a person who is not engaged in it. This is due to the systematic activation of the physiological and functional systems of the body, the involvement and increase of their reserve capabilities, a kind of training in the processes of their use and replenishment.

Have you ever wondered why physical labor is often opposed to education, a happy and fulfilling life, and is not respected and honored? For me, this state of affairs was taken for granted for a long time. But, as often happens in my life, this question’s turn has come to be questioned and analyzed.

Starting from the last grades of school, I was no longer satisfied with answers like “Everyone lives like this,” “Everyone thinks like this,” “Everyone does this.” So today I will try to show you that in matters of physical labor the majority is wrong, that without it we will not be able to develop harmoniously, achieve success, live happily and fully.

Possible reasons for the wrong attitude

First, let's look at the reasons for the wrong attitude. First reason- laziness is as old as human nature itself. I don’t want to say that laziness is not a hindrance to intellectual work. Sometimes it’s even the opposite: I start doing hard physical labor just to avoid writing an article.

But if a person is offered a choice of any profession, then, most likely, his choice will be more related to intellectual work than to physical work. And what a person does not like, he often tries to present to himself and others as of little use or even unnecessary. This is where they come to the rescue Plato's ideas.

Plato taught that man has an immortal soul - a thinking and feeling entity associated with higher information and spiritual matters. The body for the soul is just a temporary shelter associated with everything low, earthly and unclean. This is where the excessive exaltation of intellectualism over physical labor begins.

By the time Christianity becomes state religion The Roman Empire, Plato's ideas are already firmly included in it, despite the fact that the main book of Christians - the Bible - says nothing about the immortal soul in Plato's understanding and denies the afterlife itself.

This attitude permeates all levels of society and the entire culture of Europe. In addition, to combat the Reformation, the Jesuit Order creates schools and universities throughout Europe, the system and philosophy of education of which have become the foundation in almost all educational institutions of the modern world.

Thus, in addition to natural laziness, a person from childhood receives the idea that intellectual work is associated with something sublime, spiritual and worthy of honor, and physical work is the lot of the plebeians.

AND third reason follows from the second and, in turn, strengthens it even more strongly in our consciousness. This happens in the following way: a child is lazy to work intellectually and does poorly at school (or he is discouraged from studying), as a result he grows up as a person incapable of intellectual work, self-learning and self-development. Low intelligence level, small lexicon, low culture - the only prospect remains unskilled or low-skilled physical labor.

Looking at such a person, people usually confuse cause and effect and become convinced that physical labor does not contribute to mental and moral development and, in general, to the growth of a person as an individual. Below we will see that in fact, with the right approach, everything is just the opposite.

General benefits of physical activity

Today, scientists are increasingly saying that playing sports helps us.

Useful practical result

And, by the way, about usefulness. Practical results that can be beneficial to you personally and to others are another benefit of physical labor.

If the result of sports exercises is the health of the body and mind, then the results of physical labor can be added to vegetables and fruits from your own plot, a cozy and beautiful home environment, or even.

Solution: fall in love with physical labor

What to do now? Quit intellectual work and sports exercises? Of course not. To begin with, you can simply take advantage of every opportunity to physically work: from simply digging a ditch to creating masterpiece furniture from strong oak.

Well, and most importantly: if you work without a good attitude, without a creative approach, then it will be impossible to squeeze out all the bonuses. Is it possible to love physical work? I know from personal experience, which is possible, although not soon and not easy. Think about the benefits it provides, and for free. Usually people pay a lot of money for various trainings, but here we get training for muscles, for the brain, for character, and even with a useful external result. Whatever you want, I rushed off to cultivate the vineyard.

MENTAL AND PHYSICAL WORK are two interconnected aspects of human activity. In contrast to the instinctive actions of animals, man builds his practical activity consciously, in accordance with a previously developed goal, program. In primitive society, mental and physical labor acted in direct unity. However, with a low level of productive forces, the possibility and necessity of their development could only be realized on the basis of the division of labor, the deepest expression of which is the separation of mental labor from physical labor. With the emergence of private property, classes and the state, mental labor becomes the privilege of the ruling class, and the entire burden of physical labor falls to the share of the oppressed masses. Thus, the opposition between mental and physical labor arises. In different socio-economic formations this opposition is different character. In a slave-owning society, where all work was considered the lot of slaves, exploiters even tried to shift part of the functions of mental labor to them, preparing managers, doctors, and artists from them. In feudal society, the opposition between mental and physical labor basically coincides with class labor and is masked by class division. The peasantry is doomed to physical labor as the lower class, the “black bone,” and mental labor is the lot of the “noble classes” - the nobility and clergy. In the capitalist formation, mental work becomes a special professional activity social group people - the intelligentsia, used by capital as a means of domination over physical labor. The division of bourgeois society into mental and physical workers and its basic class division do not coincide, since a significant part of the intelligentsia is among employees and is closer in its position to the working class and peasantry. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, increasingly significant sections of the intelligentsia are beginning to participate in the direct production process, actually acting as white-collar workers. At the same time, the emergence of a new complex technology requires the formation of a new worker who combines mental and physical labor in his activities. Under socialism, the process of forming a new intelligentsia is underway, although there are still significant differences between workers in the nature of work and the level of cultural and technical development. At the same time, conditions are being created that promote the convergence of mental and physical labor, raising the educational level, and the spiritual development of workers. However, the final overcoming of these differences will be possible only on the basis of liberating a person from hard and monotonous physical labor, automating production, transferring algorithmized functions of mental labor to a machine and developing creative principles in work. It will not mean eliminating the specifics various types activity, but will be able to put an end to the lifelong attachment of various individuals to only one professional type of activity. Both types of labor will become elements of the holistic activity of a comprehensively developed person, for whom participation in the affairs of society is the first vital need.

Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. I.T. Frolova. M., 1991, p. 471-472.