The topic of the Russian language “Spelling “n” and “nn” in adjectives” is familiar to every schoolchild. However, after graduating from a general education institution, many people begin to forget the most simple rules and commit large number errors while creating any text. In this regard, we decided to remind you of the cases in which the suffixes “n” and “nn” are written in adjectives. You will also be presented with some exceptions to the current rules. They should be remembered.
Definition of part of speech
They call the nominative, which denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object, and also acts in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of the predicate and answers the following questions: “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, and also “whose?” and “which ones?”
General information
“Spelling “n” and “nn” in adjectives” is a very important topic in the Russian language. After all, without knowledge of such simple rules, it is quite difficult to compose a competent text or even a letter.
It should be especially noted that adjectives can be formed both from nouns and from verbs. Knowing these basics will allow you to better understand how many “n”s you need to write in a given case.
Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives derived from nouns
So, let's figure out together in what cases you should use -nn-:
Which adjectives that come from nouns are spelled "n"?
Now you know in what cases the suffixes -NN- are written in adjectives (-ONN-, -ENN-, etc.) if they are formed from nouns. However, this is not enough to compose the text correctly. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the spelling rules of the suffixes -in-, -yan- and -an-:
- In adjectives that are derived from nouns using the above suffixes, only 1 letter “n” is always written. Let's give an example: leather (leather), sparrow (sparrow), clay (clay), pigeon (dove), wax (wax), crane (crane), wood (firewood), nightingale (nightingale), etc. However, all rules have your exceptions. IN in this case these are the words “glass”, “wood” and “tin”. They contain 2 letters “nn”, and you should definitely remember them.
- In adjectives that are formed without using any suffixes. Let's give an example: green (green). It is also necessary to remember the following words: spicy, rosy, porky, youthful and united.
How many "n"s are there in adjective names that come from adjectives?
2 letters “n” are written if adjective names are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -enn-, which indicates a greater measure of any attribute. Let's give an example: hefty, tall or wide.
Important notes regarding the rules described
The spelling of “n” and “nn” in adjectives also has the following features:
Spelling "nn" in adjectives and participles derived from verbs
So, 2 letters “n” should be written if:
- Adjectives are formed from verbs with prefixes. Moreover, the prefix “non” almost never affects the spelling of “n” or “nn”. Thus, in an adjective with you should not write the same number of letters “n” as in an adjective without this prefix. Let's give an example: (tied, beveled, built).
- If there are suffixes such as -eva- or -ova-. Let's give an example: an organized excursion, an uprooted forest, etc.). The following words are exceptions: chewed And forged. In this case, ov- and ev- are part of the root, and are not suffixes.
- If the sentence contains any dependent word (for example, wicker).
- If the adjective is formed from a verb that has a perfect form (for example, solved). The exception is the word “wounded”.
Spelling "n" in adjectives derived from verbs
One letter "n" is written in adjectives that are derived from verbs without the use of prefixes. Let's give an example: uncut, knitted. The exceptions are the following words: sacred, slow, unprecedented, unexpected, desired, unheard, unexpected and unexpected.
Letters "n", "nn" in short adjectives
In addition to the full names of adjectives, the Russian language also has short forms. To understand how “n” and “nn” are written in short adjectives, you should remember the rules about full ones. After all, they are the same for both forms.
Here's an example:
Important notes on the material covered
To finally understand how to write adjectives (with “n” or “nn”), you need to consider the following features:
1. Usually the suffixes -yan- and -an- give the meaning “intended for something” or “made of a certain material.” For example: wood, clothes; sandy, clay.
2. To compose a text correctly, you should distinguish between adjectives whose spelling is related to their meaning.
Windy, that is, “with the wind” (windy weather). Wind powered, that is, “powered by the power of the wind” (wind pump). In the phrase “chicken pox” the adjective name is written with 1 letter “n”. This is due to the fact that given word comes from "chickenpox".
Buttered, that is, “soaked in oil” (butter porridge). Oily, that is, “flattering” (oily voice). Butter, that is, “diluted in butter” (butter cookies).
Silver, that is, “subjected to silvering” (silver device). Silver, that is, “made of silver” (silver bottle).
Salty, that is, “containing salt” (salted fish). Solyanoy, that is, “consisting of salt” (salt column).
Recognition algorithm " N or NN write in words" presupposes the ability to determine:
- part of speech the word being analyzed (adjective, participle, noun, adverb);
- grammatical form in which it is used (full or short);
- part of speech producing words ( the word from which the analyzed word is derived ), and if it is a verb, then it view ;
- availability dependent words .
In nouns, adverbs and compound adjectives, write as much N, how much is in the original word. First, find the generating word, then work according to the algorithm: dumpling - boiled - cook (non-sov. species); confusing (reply) - confused — confuse (non-sov. species); confused (to think) - confused - to confuse (owl. view), freshly frozen - ice cream - freeze (non-sov. view), non-frozen - ice cream - (not) freeze (non-sov. view).
Remember: you need to find the closest adjective or participle in meaning.
Don't skip a step - don't form a noun or adverb immediately from a verb or noun: oil worker derived from oil (oil industry worker), but oil already from oil . According to the laws of word formation, all adverbs in -ABOUT derived from adjectives ( reserved - restrained etc.)
Н and НН in full forms of participles and adjectives
The most difficult thing is to distinguish between N and NN in full forms adjectives and participles. Here the distinction between adjectives and participles is not important: the sequence of actions and the result are the same for both.
Exceptions for the specified algorithm:
- N - windy (But: windless ), dowry, young, ruddy, crimson, pork (non-derivative words);
- NN - glass, tin, wood , unheard, unseen, (un)seen, unexpected, unexpected, desired, sacred, slow, read, counted, given, accursed (from the old. curse = condemn, owl. species), unexpected, accidental, imperishable, cutesy, made and some others.
- With one H they are also written possessive adjectives (answer the question whose?) with the stem ending in -N: mutton, pheasant, crow, wild boar.
- Verb injure - the so-called two-species: it can appear in a sentence in the meaning of both perfect and imperfect forms. In order to write N-NN correctly (except especially complex cases), it is enough to work with it as an imperfective verb: a wounded fighter is a wounded soldier, wounded in a firefight, seriously wounded, seriously wounded.
- Adjectives differ oil (derived from the noun oil + -yan-; meaning “for oil, from oil, on oil” (oil stain, oil paints, oil pump) and buttery in the meaning “soaked, smeared with oil”, formed from the imperfective verb to oil (remember, before N-NN the vowel I of the infinitive changes to E): buttery porridge, buttery pancake, buttery week (Maslenitsa), and also in a figurative meaning - oily eyes (eyes that shine as if soaked in oil). Compare also: windy person - chicken pox, windmill; salty mushroom (from the verb to salt) - hydrochloric acid.
Н and НН in short forms of participles and adjectives
The short form is most common among passive past participles (abandoned - abandoned, abandoned, abandoned) and for adjectives (cheerful - cheerful, cheerful, cheerful).
The spelling of N and NN in participles and adjectives is quite clear and concise:
- short passive participles are written N;
- in short adjectives - as much as in full ones.
Therefore, it is only important to accurately determine what part of speech - adjective or participle - is the word .
Remember the semantic and grammatical features that distinguish adjectives and participles.
- Communion denotes action , usually it can be replaced with a synonymous verb, “turning over” the sentence or constructing an indefinite-personal (impersonal): Barge unloaded by workers — Workers unloaded the barge ; What was written with a pen - What was written with a pen.
- At communion there is or you can think of dependent word in instrumental case , which denotes the producer of this action or tool: unloaded (by whom?) workers ; written(how?) pen.
- Those words that do not satisfy the two criteria described above are those. are not participles - short adjectives. Let's add for greater reliability that they answer the question what? what? , usually refers to a noun and denotes quality: the girl was beautiful and well educated(a hint could be homogeneous member- short adjective beautiful).
Seeing a word with a final -ABOUT, first check if adverb is it (an adverb refers to a verb and answers the question How? ). If yes, write as much N, how many are in full shape. If not, then look, short participle this or a short adjective.
Sample. He acted rashly..o - How did you act? thoughtlessly..o , This adverb(in a sentence is a circumstance), therefore, I define the generating word - thoughtful (from a perfective verb). I write: thoughtlessly .
1. With one letter n are written:
1). Adjectives with a non-derivative base: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in such adjectives. The letter n is part of the root.
2). Denominate adjectives with the suffix -n: winter (from: winter), summer (from: summer).
3). Denominate adjectives with the suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. meaning “name of material, substance”), and -in: mouse, sparrow (adj. meaning “accessories”).
Exception:
wooden, tin, glass write with two letters NN.
4). Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: fried meat.
Exception:
Write with two letters NN words from the list:
given, arrogant, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesied, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unforeseen
Don't be confused!
The list of exceptions does not include words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consistent with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest,sworn brother.
5). Short adjectives in the form masculine singular: advice is valuable - (m.r.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red.
7). Adverbs ending in -o and -e, formed from adjectives with one letter n: windy, neat.
2. With two letters NN are written:
1). Denominate adjectives with the suffix -n if the noun root ends in a letter n: autumn, spring, sleepy.
2). Denominate adjectives with the suffixes -enn, -onn: alphabetic, portioned.
Exception:
flighty man, windmill, chicken pox, But windless day,leeward side.
3). Verbal adjectives with the suffix -nn: uprooted area, defective item.
Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + nn.
Write the suffix -NN in verbal adjectives formed from a generating stem with suffixes: -eva//-ova, -eva: uprooted←uproot, formed←form.
It’s easier to remember this way: adjectives ending in eva+nn+y, ova+nn+y, eva+nn+y.
4). Exceptional adjectives:
Exception: wooden, tin, glass write with two letters - NN .
Exception: given, swaggering, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, embossed, damned, unheard of, unprecedented, inadvertent, unexpected(see point 5).
5). Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list of words for memorization in paragraph 5 along with other examples).
6). Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters NN(except for the form m.r. singular, in which there is always one letter n): the night is moonless, advice is valuable.
7). Adverbs ending in -o and -e, formed from adjectives with two letters NN: sincerely, thoughtfully, calmly.
Test "Spelling N and NN in suffixes of different parts of speech."
1. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “Two Ns are written in adjectives formed with the suffix -N- from nouns with the stem ending in -N-”?
1) unprecedented
2) wooden
3) divine
4) long
2. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “Short passive past participles are written with one -N-”?
1) sad
3) main thing
4) tamed
3. In which word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “In an adjective formed with the help of the suffix -N- from a noun whose stem ends in N, NN is written”?
1) strange
2) unexpectedly
3) lowered
4. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “In an adverb with -o (-e) as many N are written as there were in the adjective from which it was formed.”
1) irritably
2) long
3) sure
4) sick
5. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: "Two N are written in an adjective formed from a noun using the suffix -ENN-"?
1) military
2) planned
3) painful
4) immortalized
6. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “In a short adjective there is as much -N- written as in the full form of this adjective”?
1) kidnapped
2) intensely
3) doubled
4) natural
7. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: "Two N are written in adjectives formed with the suffix -N- from nouns with the stem ending in -N-"?
1) stone
2) absolutely
3) relieved
4) entrusted
8. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “The full passive past participle is written NN”?
1) fitted
2) measuredly
3) precious
4) full-fledged
9. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “In complete passive past participles, NN is written”?
1) long
2) deserted
3) drawn
4) traveler
10. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “The short passive past participle is written N”?
1) violated
2) literally
3) need
4) ashamed
11. In which word the spelling of the suffix is not determined? general rule(is an exception)?
1) wooden
2) applied
3) strangers
4) the only thing
12. In which word the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: " IN short form there are as many Ns written in an adjective as there are in this word in its full form"?
1) scared
2) brought
3) intemperate
4) desperately
13. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “There are as many letters N written in nouns as there are written in the generating stem”?
1) mental
2) the most modern
3) life
4) writing
14. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “Two letters Н are written in adjectives formed with the help of the suffix Н from nouns whose stem ends with the letter Н”?
1) public
2) true
3) responsibility
4) moral
15. In which word the spelling N is determined by the rule: In adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes -IN-, -AN-, -YAN-, one letter N is written?
1) losses
2) written
3) empty
4) cranes
16. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “If in an adjective or participle from which an adverb is formed, НН is written, then in the adverb the spelling of two letters Н is preserved”?
1) responsibility
2) genuine
3) excitedly
4) well-groomed
17. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: "In a full passive participle with a prefix, two letters N are written"?
1) concentrated
2) translucent
3) strangers
4) legal
18. In which word the spelling N is determined by the rule: "In short passive participles, one letter N is written"?
1) cranes
2) concluded
3) cockerels
4) mechanically
19. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In adjectives formed from the stem of nouns using the suffix -ENN-, two letters N are written”?
1) contemporaries
2) life
3) famous
4) exactly
20. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule:
1) own
2) disassembled
3) exactly
4) military
21. In which word is the spelling of N determined by the rule: “In adjectives formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, one letter N is written”?
1) freshly baked
2) harder...oh
3) doomed
4) ice cream
22. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In adjectives formed from nouns using the suffix -ENN-, two letters N are written”?
1) disheveled
2) morning
3) thrown away
4) poisoned
23. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “If in an adjective or participle from which an adverb is formed, НН is written, then in the adverb the spelling of two letters Н is preserved”?
1) done
2) instantly
3) cobbled together
4) silver
24. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In a full passive participle that has a prefix, two letters N are written”?
1) numerous
2) foggy
3) appropriate
4) spring
25. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In adjectives formed from nouns with a stem ending in N, two letters N are written”?
1) strained
2) autumn
3) enchanted
4) selflessly
26. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “If in an adjective or participle from which an adverb is formed, НН is written, then in the adverb the spelling of two letters Н is preserved”?
1) illuminated
2) absolutely
3) pubescent
4) unexpected
27. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In short adjectives, NN is written if the full adjective had two letters N”?
1) received
2) gradually
3) length
4) concrete
28. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “If in an adjective or participle from which an adverb is formed, НН is written, then in the adverb the spelling of two letters Н is preserved”?
1) read
2) long-nosed
3) absolutely
4) littered
29. In which word is the spelling of NN determined by the rule: “In a full passive participle that has a prefix, two letters N are written”?
1) district
2) well-groomed
3) the only one
4) increased
30. In which word is the spelling of НН determined by the rule: “In an adjective formed from the name of a noun ending in Н, using the suffix -Н-, two letters Н are written”?
1) concrete
2) selfless
3) conquered
4) broken
Let's check these tasks.
This note is addressed to those who still have not learned how to determine how many letters n write in one word or another. Or those who reread the rules for the tenth time and cannot understand them. Brew yourself tea, make sandwiches. The conversation will be serious.
How to reduce the likelihood of correct spelling
Easily. Write at random or because it looks so “beautiful”. Or the first and second at the same time.
How to increase the likelihood of correct spelling
Don't be lazy and don't skip any of the points in the algorithm. Only then will you master the skill of determining the number of letters n in a word to the point of automatism.
Aerobatics - determining the quantity n on the go.
You can, but not right away.
Sequence of actions
To begin with, we always determine the part of speech. This must be done according to the question that we ask by the way.
- Noun - Who? What?
- Adjective - Which?
- Short adjective - what?
- Adverb - How?
- Communion - Which?
- Short participle - what?
- Verbal adjective - Which?
You already have a question: how to distinguish between those parts of speech that answer the same question?
Adjectives and participles
An adjective is formed from a noun, and a participle is formed from a verb.
Long- it's an adjective because it answers a question Which? and derived from the noun length.
Strewn- this is a participle because it answers a question Which? and is derived from the verb put to sleep.
By the way, participles also have characteristic suffixes. In the forms of the present tense: -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -eat-, -om-, -im-. In the past tense forms: -vsh-, -sh-, -in-, -t-, -enn-, -yonn-, -nn-. These suffixes are used as an additional check to see if you have identified the part of speech correctly.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Now we have another problem: both participles and verbal adjectives are formed from a verb. Both answer the question Which?. How to distinguish them?
Firstly, verbal adjective is formed from an imperfective verb, and the participle is formed from a perfective verb.
How to determine the type of a verb? Easily. If he answers the question what to do?, then the form is imperfect (indicates an unfinished action). If he answers the question what to do?, then the perfect form (denotes a completed action).
Secondly, verbal adjectives do not have dependent words.
A dependent word is a word that can be asked a question from the main word.
Try to determine for yourself which of these words is a participle and which is a verbal adjective: a solved problem, a loaded car.
Answer. Solved- participle. Here are all the arguments: it answers the question Which?; derived from the verb decide; this verb is perfect because it answers a question what to do?.
Loaded- verbal adjective. And here's why: answers the question Which?; derived from the verb load; this verb is imperfect because it answers a question what to do?; there are no dependent words.
In order for a verbal adjective to become a participle, it is enough to do one of two things:
- Add a dependent word.
A car loaded with people. Loaded by whom?- a person. Now this is a sacrament. - Change the form of the verb.
Loaded car. Derived from the verb download which answers the question what to do? and therefore refers to the perfect form.
Short adjectives and short participles
The sequence of actions is as follows:
- Realized that the word answers the question what?.
- We think from what full form the word is formed.
- We determine the part of speech of the full form (read the differences between adjectives and participles above).
Here is a table for clarity.
Hooray. Now we know which part of speech our word belongs to.
Applying the rules
Look how simple it is once we know the part of speech:
We also write two letters n in participles with suffixes -ova- And -Eve-.
In a word asphalted we write NN, because there is a suffix -ova-.
Make sure that -ova- or -Eve- They were just suffixes. In words forged And chewed there are no such suffixes. They have roots cov- And chew-. These words contain one letter n, because they belong to verbal adjectives.
You also need to remember the words: unexpected, unexpected, seen, unseen, seen, read, heard, unheard, desired. Just remember them.
It remains to deal with adjectives, nouns and adverbs.
In adjectives and nouns we write one n only in one case: if there is a suffix -an-, -yan-, -in-: leather en oh, silver yang oh, chickens in oh, sand en ik. Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
We write in adjectives NN in the following cases:
- In suffixes -onn-, -enn-: station onn oh, time enne y.
- If a word is formed from a noun whose stem ends in -n: tuma NN y.
Pay attention to the second point special attention. Without it you would write in the word fog one letter n, since there is a suffix -an-. But this word has no suffix -an-! Why? Because -an- is part of the root. The word is formed from a noun fog, the stem of which ends in n. Adjectives are written by analogy pocket, long, citric and many others. Don't forget this rule.
Words windy, buttery, oil are not adjectives, since they are formed from verbs: wind, oil. Here everything works according to the rules of verbal adjectives and participles. Or just remember that these three words are spelled with the same letter n. In other cases, already with two (wind n oh, no wind NN y).
OK. What about short adjectives?
Everything is simple here: they contain the same number of letters n, how many and in full.
What about adverbs?
It's the same story here. We write the same amount n, how much is in the word from which the adverb is formed.
Slowly- an adverb because it answers a question How?. Derived from an adjective slow. In this adjective we write NN in the suffix -enn-, so we write it the same way in adverbs.
Attention! An adverb can be formed not only from an adjective, but also from other parts of speech. For example, confusing to explain. The logic here is tricky. Adverb confusing derived from the word confused, which is a verbal adjective (answers the question Which?; no dependent words; derived from an imperfective verb confuse). Since confused is a verbal adjective, then in it we write one n. And if so, then we write the same amount in the adverb that is derived from it.
A little exercise. Explain the production n-nn in a sentence.
Pickled mushrooms, fried sausage, buttered rye cakes, condensed milk, beef liver, baked potatoes slightly rolled in ashes, and a sip of a drink infused with some outlandish drug will seem tasty on fresh air for the most sophisticated gourmet.