Literature refers to works of human thought that are enshrined in the written word and have social significance. Any literary work, depending on HOW the writer depicts reality in it, is classified as one of three literary families : epic, lyric or drama.
Epic (from the Greek “narration”) is a generalized name for works that depict events external to the author.
Lyrics (from the Greek “performed to the lyre”) - a generalized name for works - usually poetic, in which there is no plot, but the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the author are reflected ( lyrical hero).
Drama (from Greek “action”) - a generalized name for works in which life is shown through conflicts and clashes of heroes. Dramatic works are intended not so much for reading as for dramatization. In drama, it is not the external action that is important, but the experience of a conflict situation. In drama, epic (narration) and lyrics are fused together.
Within each type of literature there are genres- historically established types of works, characterized by certain structural and content features (see table of genres).
| EPOS | LYRICS | DRAMA |
| epic | Oh yeah | tragedy |
| novel | elegy | comedy |
| story | hymn | drama |
| story | sonnet | tragicomedy |
| fairy tale | message | vaudeville |
| fable | epigram | melodrama |
Tragedy (from Greek “goat song”) - a dramatic work with an insurmountable conflict, which depicts an intense struggle strong characters and passions, ending with the death of the hero.
Comedy (from Greek “funny song”) is a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or everyday vices.
Drama is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in his dramatic relationships with society.
Vaudeville - a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.
Farce – a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for coarse taste.
Oh yeah (from Greek “song”) - a choral, solemn song, a work glorifying, praising any significant event or heroic personality.
Hymn (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses. Initially, hymns were dedicated to the gods. Currently, the anthem is one of national symbols states.
Epigram (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.
Elegy - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called elegy “a song of sad content.” The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "plaintive song." Elegy arose in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.
Message – a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish.
Sonnet (from Provence “song”) is a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyme system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator was the poet Jacopo da Lentini), in England it appeared in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercets) and English (from 3 quatrains and a final couplet).
Poem (from the Greek “I do, I create”) is a lyric-epic genre, a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary theme.
Ballad - lyric-epic genre, plot song with dramatic content.
Epic – large piece of art, telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the genre of the epic novel appeared - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs during their participation in historical events.
Novel - a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.
Tale - a work of fiction that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.
Story - a work of art of small size, based on an episode, an incident from the life of the hero.
Fairy tale - a work about fictional events and characters, usually involving magical, fantastic forces.
Fable is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, of a moralizing or satirical nature.
Genera and genres
Epic - (from Greek epos - word, narration, story) - one of the three main types of literature, in contrast to the lyricism of drama, highlighting objective image of reality, the author's description of events unfolding in space and time, a narration about various life phenomena, people, their destinies, characters, actions, etc. A special role in works of epic genres is played by the bearer of the narrative (author-narrator or storyteller), reporting on events, their development, characters, their lives, while separating himself from the depicted. Depending on the time span of events, major genres of epic are distinguished - epic, novel, epic poem, or epic poem; medium - a story and small - a story, short story, essay. Some oral genres also belong to the epic genus. folk art: fairy tale, epic, fable.
Novel - ( from French roman - originally: a work written in one of the Romance (i.e. modern, living) languages, as opposed to written in Latin) - epic genre: great epic work, which comprehensively depicts the lives of people during a certain period of time or over an entire human life. Characteristic properties of the novel: multi-linear plot, covering the fate of a number of characters; the presence of a system of equivalent characters; coverage great circle life phenomena, staging social significant problems; significant duration of action.
A short story is a small epic genre: a short prose work, which, as a rule, depicts one or more events in the hero’s life. Circle characters in the story is limited, the described action is short in time. Sometimes a work of this genre may have a narrator. The masters of storytelling were A.P. Chekhov, V.V. Nabokov, A.P. Platonov, K.G. Paustovsky, O.P. Kazakov, V.M. Shukshin.
A story is a middle (between short story and novel) epic genre, which presents a number of episodes from the life of the hero (heroes). In terms of volume, the story is larger than a story and depicts reality more broadly, drawing a chain of episodes that make up a certain period in the life of the main character; it has more events and characters, however, unlike a novel, as a rule, there is one storyline.
Epic is the largest genre form of epic. The epic is characterized by:
1. Wide coverage of the phenomena of reality, depiction of the life of the people at a historically significant, turning point
2. Global problems of universal significance are raised
3. National content
4. Multiple storylines
5. Very often - relying on history and folklore
Journey - literary genre, which is based on a description of the hero’s wanderings. This can be information about the countries and peoples the traveler has seen in the form of travel diaries, notes, essays, and so on.
Epistolary genre- this is a genre literary work, which is characterized by the form of personal letters.
Confession is a literary genre that can be epic or lyrical. One of the seven Christian sacraments, which also include baptism, communion, confirmation, marriage, etc. Confession required complete sincerity from a person, the desire to get rid of sins, and repentance. Having penetrated into the artist. In literature, confession acquired a didactic connotation, becoming a kind of act of public repentance (for example, in J. J. Rousseau, N. V. Gogol, L. N. Tolstoy). But at the same time, confession was also a means of moral self-affirmation of the individual. As a genre of lyric poetry, poetry was developed by the romantics. Confession is akin to a diary, but unlike it, it is not attached to the k.-l. place and time.
Lyrics - one of the three main types of literature, highlighting the subjective image of reality: individual states, thoughts, feelings, impressions of the author, caused by certain circumstances, impressions. In lyric poetry, life is reflected in the experiences of the poet (or lyrical hero): it is not narrated about it, but an image-experience is created. The most important property of lyrics is the ability to convey an individual (feeling, state) as universal. Characteristic features of the lyrics: poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size.
Elegy - lyric genre: a poem of meditative content (from the Latin meditatio - in-depth reflection) or emotional content, conveying deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, as a rule, imbued with moods of sadness and light sadness. Most often written in the first person. The most common themes of the elegy are contemplation of nature, accompanied by philosophical thoughts, love, as a rule, unrequited, life and death, etc. The greatest popularity of this arose in ancient times the genre was used in the poetry of sentimentalism and romanticism; the elegies of V.A. became especially famous. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkova, A.A. Pushkina, E.A. Baratynsky, N.M. Yazykova.
Message is a poetic genre: a poetic letter, a work written in the form of an appeal to someone and containing appeals, requests, wishes, etc. (“To Chaadaev”, “Message to the Censor” by A.S. Pushkin; “Message to the Proletarian Poets” "V.V. Mayakovsky). There are lyrical, friendly, satirical, journalistic, etc.
Eat lyric-epic genres at the intersection of lyric and epic. From the lyrics they have a subjective beginning, a clearly expressed author’s emotion, from the epic they have a plot, a narration of events. Lyric-epic genres gravitate toward poetic form. The larger lyric epic genre is the poem, the smaller one is the ballad.
Poem is a lyric-epic genre: a large or medium-sized poetic work (a poetic story, a novel in verse), the main features of which are the presence of a plot (as in an epic) and an image of a lyrical hero (as in lyric poetry)
Ballad is a genre of lyric-epic poetry: a narrative song or poem of a relatively small volume, with a dynamic development of the plot, the basis of which is an extraordinary incident. Often in a ballad there is an element of the mysterious, fantastic, inexplicable, unspoken, even tragically insoluble. By origin, ballads are associated with traditions, folk legends, and combine the features of a story and a song. Ballads are one of the main genres in the poetry of sentimentalism and romanticism. For example: ballads by V.A. Zhukovsky, M.Yu. Lermontov.
Drama - one of the three main types of literature, reflecting life in actions taking place in the present. These are works intended to be staged. The dramatic genre includes tragedies, comedies, dramas proper, melodramas and vaudeville.
Tragedy - ( from Greek tragodia - goat song< греч. tragos - козел и ode - песнь ) is one of the main genres of drama: a play that depicts extremely acute, often insoluble contradictions in life. The plot of the tragedy is based on the irreconcilable conflict of the Hero, a strong personality, with supra-personal forces (fate, state, elements, etc.) or with himself. In this struggle, the hero, as a rule, dies, but wins a moral victory. The purpose of the tragedy is to cause shock in the viewer by what they see, which, in turn, gives rise to sorrow and compassion in their hearts: such a state of mind leads to catharsis - purification due to shock.
Comedy - ( from Greek from komos - cheerful crowd, procession at Dionysian festivals and odie - song) is one of the leading genres of drama: a work based on ridicule of social and human imperfection.
Drama is (in the narrow sense) one of the leading genres of drama; a literary work written in the form of a dialogue between characters. Intended for performance on stage. Focused on spectacular expressiveness. The relationships between people and the conflicts that arise between them are revealed through the actions of the heroes and are embodied in a monologue-dialogue form. Unlike tragedy, drama does not end in catharsis.
Types of literature called epic, lyric and drama. Epic- These are narrative works. Epic genres are epic, novel-epic, novel, short story, story, short story, essay. In oral folk art, epic includes the genres of epics, fairy tales, and anecdote. Lyrics- These are predominantly poetic works that express the emotional state of their authors. Lyrical genres: elegy, ode, sonnet, ballad, message, epigram, madrigal. Drama- these are works built primarily on the dialogues of the characters, on which they are usually staged theater performances. Dramatic genres: tragedy, comedy, drama, melodrama, vaudeville, farce.
First division of literature
For the first time, literary genera were theoretically identified by the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. He created a big one treatise, which is called “Poetics,” where he pointed out that poetry is imitation. Imitation exists in three forms, which are called types of literature.
The emergence of types of literature is directly related to the emergence of art. Art arose at the earliest stages of the development of human society. The famous art critic A.N. Veselovsky said that literary genera were formed from primitive ritual songs that were performed in connection with three main events in a person’s life: the birth of a child, marriage and death.
Ritual songs were sung by a choir and expressed collective emotion, i.e. emotional state of members of a tribe or clan. Emotions were expressed in emotional exclamations made by the ritual participants. From these exclamations, lyric poetry arose, which subsequently became isolated from the ritual and turned into an independent genre.
How are the types of literature distinguished?
There were singers in the choir. They performed parts from which later lyric-epic and then heroic poems emerged, which marked the beginning of the epic. The choir participants often entered into ritual dialogue. Based on this dialogue, a drama was formed.
According to the time of their origin, literary genera appeared in different time. Lyrics appeared first, then epic, drama was formed at a very late stage. The hallmarks of childbirth are emotion, appreciation, attitude for lyric, narration of events for epic, dialogue and action for drama. It should be remembered that within each of the genera there are elements of another kind. For example, in the epic there are elements of dialogue, which is characteristic of the type of drama.
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Literary genera and genres (theory of literary criticism)
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Literary gender– a group of literary works distinguished according to a number of unity of characteristics.
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Lyrics are a type of literature that reflects life by depicting individual states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person. Feature– poetic speech, rhythm, lack of plot, small size.
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Epic - represents coherent story about certain events that are as close to objectivity as possible. Epic is characterized by the reproduction of an action unfolding in space and time. Specific trait The essence of the epic is that the author (or narrator) himself reports events and their details as something past and remembered, simultaneously resorting to descriptions of the setting of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. The epic narrative is told on behalf of the narrator, a kind of intermediary between the person depicted and the listener (reader).
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Drama is a type of literature that reflects life in the actions (actions and experiences) of people. Intended for performance on stage. The action is shown through the conflict that lies at the center of the dramatic work, determining everything structural elements dramatic action. Dramatic conflict, displaying specific historical and universal contradictions, revealing the essence of time, social relations, is embodied in the behavior and actions of the heroes, and, above all, in dialogues, monologues, and remarks.
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Lyroepic is one of the four types of literature in the traditional classification. In lyric epic works art world the reader observes and evaluates it from the outside as a plot narrative, but at the same time the events and characters receive a certain emotional assessment from the narrator.
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Epic (ancient Greek “word, narrative” + “I create”) is a generic designation for large epic and similar works: An extensive narrative in verse or prose about outstanding national historical events. A complex, long history of something, including a number of major events. A novel is a work in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in the process of its formation and development. According to Belinsky's definition, a novel is an “epic of private life” (for example, “Oblomov” by A. Goncharov, “Fathers and Sons” by I. Turgenev). Story - "middle" genre epic kind literature. In terms of volume, as a rule, less romance, but more of a story, a short story. If in a novel the center of gravity lies in the holistic action, in the actual and psychological movement of the plot, then in a story the main gravity is often transferred to the static components of the work - positions, states of mind, landscapes, descriptions, etc. (eg "Steppe"). Novella - small prose genre, comparable in volume to a story (which sometimes gives reason to identify them - there is a point of view on a short story as a type of story), but differs from it in a sharp centripetal plot, often paradoxical, lack of descriptiveness and compositional rigor (for example, the stories of A. Chekhov , N. Gogol, " Dark forests"I. Bunin). The story is a small epic genre form fiction- a prose work that is small in terms of the volume of life phenomena depicted, and hence in terms of the volume of text.
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A fable is a poetic or prosaic literary work of a moralizing, satirical nature. At the end of the fable there is a short moralizing conclusion - the so-called morality. The characters are usually animals, plants, things. The fable ridicules the vices of people. Fable is one of the oldest literary genres. Epics (old stories) - heroic and patriotic songs and tales telling about the exploits of heroes and reflecting life Ancient Rus' IX-XIII centuries; a type of oral folk art, which is characterized by a song-epic way of reflecting reality. The main plot of the epic is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence popular name epics - “old man”, “old woman”, implying that the action in question took place in the past). Literary fairy tale - epic genre: a fiction-oriented work, closely related to folk tale, but, unlike it, it belonged to a specific author, did not exist in oral form before publication and had no variants.
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Myth is a legend that conveys people’s ideas about the world, man’s place in it, the origin of all things, about gods and heroes. Legend (from Middle Latin “reading”, “readable”, “collection of liturgical passages for daily services”) is one of the varieties of fabulous prose folklore. A written legend about some historical events or personalities. In a figurative sense, it refers to the events of the past, covered in glory and arousing admiration, depicted in fairy tales, stories, etc. As a rule, it contains additional religious or social pathos. Sketch - one of all varieties of small form epic literature- a story that differs from its other form, the short story, in the absence of a single, acute and quickly resolved conflict and in the greater development of the descriptive image. Both differences depend on the specific issues of the essay. Essay literature does not address the problems of developing the character of an individual in his conflicts with the established social environment, as is inherent in the short story (and novel), but the problems of the civil and moral state of the “environment” (usually embodied in individual individuals) - “moral descriptive” problems; it has great cognitive diversity. Essay literature usually combines features of fiction and journalism.
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1. Ode is a glorifying genre, a solemn lyric poem glorifying a heroic feat. Goes back to the traditions of classicism. For example, the ode “Liberty”. 2. Elegy is a genre of romantic poetry, a poem permeated with sadness, sad reflection about life, fate, one’s dream. For example, "Goes out" daylight..." 3. Message – an address to another person. A genre not associated with a specific tradition. Pushkin’s messages are based on the connection of the personal principle with the social, civil principle. Its problems are broader than a specific life situation. For example, “To Chaadaev.” 4. Epigram - a satirical poem addressed to a specific person. For example, “on Vorontsov.” 5. Song - The genre goes back to the traditions of oral folk art. For example "song Western Slavs" 6. Romance - for example, “I’m here, Inesilya...”. 7. Sonnet - for example, “The stern Dante did not despise advice...”.
EPIC, LYRIC, DRAMALiterary gender- a group of genres that have similar structural features.
Works of art differ greatly in the choice of depicted phenomena of reality, in the methods of its depiction, in the predominance of objective or subjective principles, in composition, in forms of verbal expression, in figurative and expressive means. But at the same time, all these various literary works can be divided into three types - epic, lyricism and drama. The division into genders is due to different approaches to depicting the world and man: epic objectively depicts man, lyricism is characterized by subjectivity, and drama depicts man in action, with the author’s speech having an auxiliary role.
Epic(in Greek means narration, story) - a narration about events in the past, focused on an object, on an image outside world. The main features of the epic as a literary genre are events, actions as the subject of the image (eventfulness) and narration as a typical, but not the only form of verbal expression in the epic, because in large epic works there are descriptions, reasoning, and lyrical digressions(which connects epic with lyrics), and dialogues (which connects epic with drama). An epic work is not limited by any spatial or temporal boundaries. It can cover many events and a large number of characters. In the epic, an impartial, objective narrator (works of Goncharov, Chekhov) or storyteller (Pushkin's Tales of Belkin) plays an important role. Sometimes the narrator tells the story from the words of the narrator (“The Man in a Case” by Chekhov, “The Old Woman Izergil” by Gorky).
Lyrics(from Greek lyra- musical instrument, to the sounds of which poems and songs were sung), in contrast to epic and drama, which depict complete characters acting in various circumstances, depicts the individual states of the hero at individual moments of his life. The lyrics depict the inner world of the individual in its formation and change of impressions, moods, and associations. Lyrics, unlike epic, are subjective; the feelings and experiences of the lyrical hero occupy the main place in it, relegating them to the background. life situations, actions, actions. As a rule, there is no event plot in the lyrics. A lyrical work may contain a description of an event, an object, pictures of nature, but it is not valuable in itself, but serves the purpose of self-expression.
Drama depicts a person in action, in a conflict situation, but there is no detailed narrative-descriptive image in the drama. Its main text is a chain of statements by characters, their remarks and monologues. Most dramas are built on external action, which is associated with confrontation, the confrontation of heroes. But internal action can also predominate (the characters do not so much act as they experience and reflect, as in the plays of Chekhov, Gorky, Maeterlinck, Shaw). Dramatic works, like epic works, depict events, the actions of people and their relationships, but drama lacks a narrator and descriptive depiction. The author's speech is auxiliary and forms a side text of the work, which includes a list of characters, sometimes their brief characteristics; designation of the time and place of action, description of the stage setting at the beginning of pictures, phenomena, acts, actions; stage directions that indicate the intonation, movements, and facial expressions of the characters. The main text of a dramatic work consists of monologues and dialogues of characters that create the illusion of the present time.
Thus, the epic tells, consolidates external reality, events and facts in words, drama does the same, but not on behalf of the author, but in direct conversation, dialogue between the characters themselves, while lyricism focuses its attention not on the external, but on the internal world.
However, it must be borne in mind that the division of literature into genera is to some extent artificial, because in fact, often there is a connection, a combination of all these three types, their merging into one artistic whole, or a combination of lyrics and epic (prose poems), epic and drama (epic drama), drama and lyric ( lyrical drama). In addition, the division of literature into genera does not coincide with its division into poetry and prose. Each of the literary genres includes both poetic (poetic) and prosaic (non-poetic) works. For example, in their generic basis, the novel in verse by Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” and Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” are epic. Many dramatic works are written in verse: Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov" and others.
The division into genera is the first division in the classification of literary works. The next step is to divide each type into genres. Genre- a historically established type of literary work. There are genres:
- epic(novel, story, story, essay, parable),
- lyrical(lyric poem, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet) and
- dramatic(comedy, tragedy, drama).
- large(novel, epic novel),
- average(story, poem) and
- small(story, short story, essay).
Novel(from French roman or conte roman- a story in the Romance language) is a large form of the epic genre, a multi-issue work depicting a person in the process of his formation and development. The action in a novel is always full of external or internal conflicts or both together. Events in the novel are not always described sequentially; sometimes the author violates chronological sequence(“Hero of Our Time” by Lermontov).
Novels can be divided
- by thematic basis(historical, autobiographical, adventure, satirical, fantastic, philosophical, etc.);
- by structure(novel in verse, novel-pamphlet, novel-parable, novel-feuilleton, epistolary novel and others).
Tale- an epic work of medium or large form, constructed in the form of a narrative about events in their natural sequence. Sometimes a story is defined as an epic work, a cross between a novel and a short story - it is larger than a story, but smaller than a novel in terms of volume and number of characters. But the boundary between a story and a novel should be sought not in their volume, but in the features of composition. Unlike a novel, which tends toward an action-packed composition, the story presents the material chronically. In it, the artist does not get carried away with reflections, memories, details of the analysis of the feelings of the characters, unless they are strictly subordinated to the main action of the work. The story does not pose problems of a global historical nature.
Story- small epic prose form, a small work with a limited number of characters (most often the story is about one or two heroes). A story usually poses one problem and describes one event. For example, in Turgenev’s story “Mumu” the main event is the story of Gerasim’s acquisition and loss of a dog. Novella differs from a short story only in that it always has an unexpected ending (O'Henry's "The Gift of the Magi"), although in general the boundaries between these two genres are very arbitrary.
Feature article- small epic prose form, one of the types of short stories. The essay is more descriptive and touches mainly on social problems.
Parable- small epic prose form, moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that its art material draws from human life (gospel parables, Solomon's parables).
LYRIC GENRES
Lyric poem- a small genre form of lyrics, written either on behalf of the author (“I loved you” by Pushkin) or on behalf of a fictional lyrical hero (“I was killed near Rzhev...” by Tvardovsky).
Elegy(from Greek eleos- plaintive song) - a small lyrical form, a poem imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness. As a rule, the content of elegies consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, and grief.
Message(from Greek epistole- letter) - a small lyrical form, a poetic letter addressed to a person. According to the content of the message, there are friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc. The message can be addressed to one specific person or group of people.
Epigram(from Greek epigramma- inscription) - a small lyrical form, a poem ridiculing a specific person. The emotional range of the epigram is very wide - from friendly ridicule to angry denunciation. Character traits- wit and brevity.
Oh yeah(from Greek ode- song) is a small lyrical form, a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content.
Sonnet(from Italian soneto- song) - a small lyrical form, a poem, usually consisting of fourteen verses.
Poem(from Greek poiema- creation) - average lyric-epic form, a work with a plot-narrative organization, in which not one thing is embodied, but whole line experiences. The poem combines the features of two literary genres - lyricism and epic. The main features of this genre are the presence of a detailed plot and at the same time close attention To inner world lyrical hero.
Ballad(from Italian ballada- dance) - a medium lyric-epic form, a work with a tense, unusual plot, a story in verse.
DRAMATIC GENRES
Comedy (from Greek komos- a cheerful procession and ode- song) is a type of drama in which characters, situations and actions are presented in funny forms or imbued with the comic. In terms of genre, there are satirical comedies (“The Minor” by Fovizin, “The Inspector General” by Gogol), high comedy (“Woe from Wit” by Griboedov), and lyrical (“Woe from Wit” by Griboyedov). The Cherry Orchard"Chekhov).
Tragedy(from Greek tragedy- goat song) is a type of drama, a work based on an irreconcilable conflict in life, leading to the suffering and death of the heroes. For example, Shakespeare's play Hamlet belongs to the tragedy genre.
Drama- a play with an acute conflict, which, unlike the tragic one, is not so sublime, more mundane, ordinary and can be resolved one way or another. The specificity of the drama lies, firstly, in the fact that it is based on modern, not ancient material, and secondly, the drama establishes a new hero who rebelled against circumstances.