Lesson Objectives : review and discussion of the content of the novel; analysis of composition features; prove that the work is the first psychological novel in Russian literature.
Tasks : create conditions for a more complete understanding of the text; develop skills in analyzing a literary work through the features of plot and composition; identifying the reading position of students; development of monologue speech skills.
Equipment e: interactive whiteboard, presentation.
Board design: number , theme "M.Yu. Lermontov“Hero of Our Time” - the first psychological novel in Russian literature. Complexity of the composition."
Lesson type :
Epigraph : “The Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is like a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development” (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Homework to the lesson:
Reading the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Analysis of the composition of the work.
a) Who tells the story of Pechorin?
The degree to which the narrator knows the character.
His social status.
Intellectual and cultural level.
Moral qualities.
b) Analyze the plot of the novel.
c) Restore chronological sequence events in the novel (plot).
I Organizing time.
II introduction teachers .
Lermontov's only completed novel was not originally conceived as a complete work. Russian society got acquainted with the “long chain of stories” by M.Yu. Lermontov under common name“Hero of our time” in 1839-1840: in 1839 in the magazine “Notes of the Fatherland” - “Bela. From the notes of an officer about the Caucasus” and later “Fatalist”. 1840 - "Taman". In 1840, “A Hero of Our Time” was published as a separate book.
III Main part
The time has come for us to get acquainted with this work, form our own idea about it, formulate (define) our own (personal) attitude towards its heroes.
Student answers.
You are not alone in appreciating the work and its hero. The appearance of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov immediately caused heated controversy in society.
Nicholas I found the novel “disgusting”, showing “the great depravity of the author.”
Protective criticism attacked Lermontov's novel, seeing in it slander of Russian reality. Professor S.P. Shevyrev sought to prove that Pechorin was nothing more than an imitation of Western models, that he had no roots in Russian life.
Before others, V.G. appreciated “A Hero of Our Time” with extraordinary fidelity. Belinsky, who noted in it “the wealth of content”, “deep knowledge of the human heart and modern society.”
What about the author? To the second edition of “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov writes a “Preface,” in which he insisted that “A Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is like a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development.” That is why these words are presented as the epigraph of our lesson.
– What kind of generation is this to which both M. Yu. Lermontov himself and his hero belong?
Let's look at this topic in more detail. To talk about the century of M.Yu. Lermontov, it is necessary to remember the history that was characteristic of the 30s -50s of the 18th century.
The worldview of M. Yu. Lermontov took shape in the late 20s and early 30s of the 19th century, during the era of the ideological crisis of the advanced noble intelligentsia associated with the defeat of the December uprising and the Nicholas reaction in all spheres of public life.
Nicholas I is the tamer of revolutions, the gendarme of Europe, the jailer of the Decembrists, etc., from the point of view of “communist” historiography. A.S. Pushkin, whose relationship with the emperor was complex and ambiguous, noted the undoubted merits and Petrine scale of his personality. F.M. spoke of Nicholas I “with the greatest respect.” Dostoevsky, who, as is known, ended up in hard labor by his will. Conflicting assessments of personality. The fact is that Nicholas I rejected any revolution as an idea, as a principle, as a method of transforming reality. The Decembrist uprising is not only a noble motive to destroy “various injustices and humiliations,” but a violation of the officer’s oath, an attempt at violent change political system, criminal bloodshed. And the reaction is tough political regime, established by the emperor.
An ideological crisis is a crisis of ideas. The ideas, ideals, goals and meaning of life of the Pushkin generation - everything was destroyed. This Hard times, later they will be called the era of timelessness. In such years they talk about lack of spirituality, about the decline of morality. Maybe you and I have experienced or are experiencing such times associated with the collapse Soviet Union... But let's go back to the 30s of the nineteenth century.
The need to master the “mistakes of our fathers”, to rethink what seemed immutable to the previous generation, to develop our own moral and philosophical position is a characteristic feature of the era of the 20-30s.
Practical action turned out to be impossible due to both objective (the harsh policies of the autocracy) and subjective reasons: before action, it was necessary to overcome the ideological crisis, the era of doubt and skepticism; clearly definein the name of what and how act. That is why in the 1930s the philosophical search for its best representatives acquired exceptional importance for society. This was extremely difficult to do. Something completely different was triumphant. Everywhere, as far as the eye could see, slowly flowed, in Herzen’s words, “deep and dirty river civilized Russia, with its aristocrats, bureaucrats, officers, gendarmes, grand dukes and emperor - a formless and voiceless mass of baseness, servility, cruelty and envy, captivating and absorbing everything.”
It was very difficult to maintain faith in the expediency of serving good. The overwhelming majority of educated, thinking people of the 30s were unable or did not yet have time to gain clarity of purpose.
Man and destiny, man and his purpose, purpose and meaning human life, its possibilities and reality, free will and necessity - all these questions received figurative embodiment in the novel.
The problem of personality is central to the novel: “The history of the human soul... is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people.” And this statement by M.Yu. Lermontov could become an epigraph to our lesson.
It is no coincidence that Pechorin established himself in the eyes of the generation of the 30s as a typical character of the post-Decembrist era. And with your fate, with your sufferings and doubts, and with your whole disposition inner world it really belongs to that time.Not understanding this means not understanding anything. Neither in the hero, nor in the novel itself.
To understand is, in fact, the goal of our lesson.
A. Let us turn to the composition of the essay.
I. – Who tells the story of Pechorin?
Student answers.
Writing on the board (work in notebooks):
1. Maxim Maksimych ("Bela") - staff captain, a man of the people, has served in the Caucasus for a long time, has seen a lot in his lifetime. a kind person, but limited. He spent a lot of time with Pechorin, but never understood the “oddities” of his aristocratic colleague, a man of a social circle too far from him.
2. Wandering officer (officer-narrator) (“Maksim Maksimych”) Capable of understanding Pechorin more deeply, being closer to him in his intellectual and cultural level than Maksim Maksimych. However, he can only be judged on the basis of what he heard from the kind but limited Maxim Maksimych. Pechorin “...saw...only once...in my life on high road" Subsequently, having familiarized himself with Pechorin’s diary, which fell into his hands, the narrator will express his opinion about the hero, but it is neither exhaustive nor unambiguous.
3. And finally, the narrative passes entirely into the hands of the human hero sincere, “who so mercilessly exposed his own weaknesses and vices”; a man of mature mind and unconceited.
B. – How does Lermontov build the plot of the work?
Let's open the content of the novel.
Do you notice any strange things? (chapter numbering)
How many parts are there in the novel? (two)
How many chapters are there in each part? (1-3,2-2)
Why after the chapter “Maksim Maksimych” comes chapter No. 1 “Taman”? (Pechorin himself begins the story)
Student answers
First, let's remember what plot and plot are?
Plot – set of events work of art(events arranged in the order in which the author reports them).
“Bela” /4/
“Maxim Maksimych” /5/
“Preface"
“Pechorin Magazine” /6/
“Taman” /1/
“Princess Mary” /2/
“Fatalist” /3/
Fable – events in literary work in their sequential connection (a set of events in their natural chronological order)
“Taman"
“Princess Mary"
“Fatalist"
“Bela”
“Maxim Maksimych”
“Preface" to "Pechorin's Journal".
Can this collection of stories be called a novel? Why does Pushkin have “Stories Belkin”? Why Gogolcollection of stories "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka"?
- Why Lermontov is in no hurry to call his brainchild a novel , denoting it very differently: as “notes”, “works”, “a long chain of stories”? Let's remember this question.
V. – Restore chronological order events .
Chronology of the events underlying the work, according to V. Nabokov (
“Taman”: around 1830 - Pechorin goes from St. Petersburg to the active detachment and stops in Taman;
“Princess Mary”: May 10 – June 17, 1832; Pechorin comes from the active detachment to water in Pyatigorsk and then to Kislovodsk; after a duel with Grushnitsky, he was transferred to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych;
“Fatalist”: December 1832 – Pechorin comes from Maxim Maksimych’s fortress to Cossack village;
“Bela”: spring 1833 – Pechorin kidnaps the daughter of “Prince Mirnov”, and four months later she dies at the hands of Kazbich;
“Maxim Maksimych”: autumn 1837 - Pechorin, going to Persia, again finds himself in the Caucasus and meets Maksim Maksimych.”
Let us restore the picture made by M. Yu. Lermontov of “chronological shifts”. It looks like this: the novel begins from the middle of events and is carried through sequentially until the end of the hero’s life. Then the events in the novel unfold from the beginning of the depicted chain of events to its middle.
- Why do you think the author needed to arrange the parts of the novel in this order? (expected student responses )
Teacher's conclusions (depending on the completeness of student answers).
Writing in notebooks :
To interest the reader as much as possible in the fate of Pechorin;
trace its history inner life;
The image of Pechorin is revealed in two ways: from the point of view of an outside observer and in terms of internal self-disclosure (diary);
With this construction, as if leaving the hero alive, it is easier for the author to show his position. Such compositional device expresses the author’s hidden optimism, his faith in man. Remember: “The people dispersed, the officers congratulated me - and definitely, there was something to be said for.” With these words, we say goodbye not only to the main character, who could have done wonderful things if his fate had turned out differently. This is how he, according to Lermontov, should have been remembered by the reader.
All this is true, but not all. Lermontov created absolutely new novel– new in form and content: a psychological novel.
G. - Why is “A Hero of Our Time” the first psychological novel in Russian literature?
What is psychologism?
Psychologism – this is a fairly complete, detailed and deep depiction of feelings, thoughts and experiences literary character using specific means of fiction.
The plot of the essay becomes “the history of the human soul.”
Lermontov first lets us hear about the hero, then looks at him, and finally opens his diary to us.
The change of narrators is aimed at making the analysis of the inner world deeper and more comprehensive.
Kind, but limited Maxim Maksimych.
Officer-narrator.
“Observations of a mature mind on itself.”
V.G. Belinsky argued that the novel “despite its episodic fragmentation, “cannot be read in the order in which the author himself arranged it: otherwise you will read two excellent stories and several excellent short stories, but you will not know the novel.”
So, M. Yu. Lermontov felt the novelty of his work, which united such genres as travel essay, short story, secular story, Caucasian short story, and had every reason for this. This was the first psychological novel in Russian literature.
IV Dispute : why Lermontov singled out Pechorin from other heroes, why, despite unseemly actions, Pechorin is better than some other characters.
V Homework (Slide 13) :
The history of the human soul, even the smallest one, is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people.
I laugh at everything in the world, especially at feelings.
You men do not understand the pleasures of a glance, a squeeze of a hand, but I, I swear to you, listening to your voice, I feel such a deep, strange bliss that the hottest kisses cannot replace it.
The main subject of study of humanity is man.
My love did not bring happiness to anyone, because I did not sacrifice anything for those I loved: I loved for myself, for my own pleasure: I only satisfied the strange need of my heart, greedily absorbing their feelings, their joys and sufferings - and never could get enough.
Ideas are organic creatures, someone said: their birth gives them a form, and this form is action; the one in whose head more ideas were born acts more than others; because of this, the genius, chained to the bureaucratic desk, must die or go crazy.
There is, however, an idea in your nonsense!
I have a presentiment... when meeting a woman, I always unmistakably guessed whether she would love me or not...
This has been my lot since childhood. Everyone read on my face signs of bad feelings that were not there; but they were anticipated - and they were born. I was modest - I was accused of guile: I became secretive.
Based on slight signs, my beauty...
The story begins with Pechorin's arrival in Pyatigorsk on healing waters, where he meets Princess Ligovskaya and her daughter, called Mary in English. Moreover, here he meets his ex-love Vera and friend Grushnitsky. Junker Grushnitsky, a poser and secret careerist, acts as a contrasting character to Pechorin.
The Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is certainly a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development
One should never reject a repentant criminal: out of despair he can become twice as criminal... and then...
This part, which concludes the novel, tells about the death of Vulich, which occurred after his death was predicted.
Sometimes a minor incident has dire consequences.
The story is written in the form of a diary. In terms of life material, “Princess Mary” is closest to the so-called “secular story” of the 1830s, but Lermontov filled it with a different meaning.
I told the truth - they didn’t believe me: I began to deceive; Having learned well the light and springs of society, I became skilled in the science of life and saw how others were happy without art, freely enjoying the benefits that I so tirelessly sought. And then despair was born in my chest - not the despair that is treated with the barrel of a pistol, but cold, powerless despair, covered with courtesy and a good-natured smile.
With the possibility of losing her forever, Faith became dearer to me than anything in the world - more valuable than life, honor, happiness!
This is Asia for me! Whether it’s people or rivers, you can’t rely on it!
Breed in women, as in horses, is a great thing; this discovery belongs to Young France. She, that is, the breed, and not Young France, is mostly revealed in her step, in her arms and legs; especially the nose means a lot. A correct nose in Russia is less common than a small leg.
“After all, Time, wherever you look, weaves all things and events into one continuous fabric. We are accustomed to shredding this fabric, adjusting individual pieces to our personal dimensions - and therefore we often see Time only as scattered shreds of our own illusions.”
H. Murakami “Sheep Hunting”
“They talk about the past and present as it is. And when talking about the future, they add “probably”
T. Williams
“As long as you learn something new, growing old is not so painful”
H. Murakami “Listen to the song of the wind”
“There is no history, there are only variations of the past”
A. Prokhanov
"History passes through a man's house"
Yu. Lotman
“When you buy a train ticket, you not only read your future, you shape it”
S. and M. Dyachenko “Vita nostra”
“Our tomorrow is brighter than our yesterday and our today. But who can guarantee that our day after tomorrow will not be worse than our day before yesterday?
V. Erofeev “Moscow-Petushki”
“Everything modern is difficult to perceive, because we need to break stereotypes and fulfill this work of history”
“Einstein disproved the linearity of time and proved its relativity and the fact that it can speed up or slow down. A day spent with a loved one will fly by like a minute; a morning in the dentist’s chair seems like an eternity.”
D. Chopra “The Wizard’s Way”
“As you get older, birthday parties require more and more alcohol to bring you back to childhood and remember spontaneity. And even if this is successful, the fun takes on bestial and devilish features.”
S. Surganova
“Man lives not in nature, but in history”
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"
“The course of history cannot be stopped by a bullet”
B. Lavrenev “The Seventh Satellite”
“What can we say about the future? They don't talk about the future, they make the future. Here's a glass of cognac. She's full. I'll make it empty"
“The future cannot be predicted, it can be invented”
The Strugatsky brothers "Ugly Swans"
“The future is a carefully neutralized present”
The Strugatsky brothers "Ugly Swans"
“You are only lonely when you have time for it”
Y. Vishnevsky “Loneliness on the Internet”
“No one feels how youth is leaving, but everyone feels when it is already gone”
“Time is a train into the distance, time is like arrows into oblivion,
Through unharvested fields, along poisoned rivers,
Along crooked roads, through forests, through swamps,
Leaving crosses like footprints behind you"
I. Chumychkin
"Tomorrow may be too late,
You have not yet forgotten how to love.
Tomorrow may be too late
Live!"
K. Kinchev
“Only our concept of time forces us to call Last Judgment that’s exactly what it is, in essence – it’s a court-martial.”
“The wind changes the shape of the sand dunes, but the desert remains the same”
P. Coelho “The Alchemist”
“Why argue fruitlessly with the century?
The custom of a despot between people"
A. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
“The windy youth is guessing,
Who doesn't regret anything
Before which life is far
It lies bright and vast;
Old age guesses through glasses
At his grave board,
Having lost everything irrevocably;
And all the same: hope for them
He lies with his baby talk"
A. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
“Ancient history - the construction of pyramids, long and eloquent conversations, philosophizing, the worship of many gods and many women. The Middle Ages - belief in one god and constant wars and bloodshed because of this one god. Worship of women and constant fighting and killings over them. New story begins with historical falsification, and ends with falsification of history.”
B. Nusic “Autobiography”
“History is so monotonous that it’s disgusting to read it.”
“Tickets to the land of the past are not sold”
A. Solzhenitsyn “In the First Circle”
“Take it with you on the journey, leaving the soft teenage years into stern, embittering courage, take with you all human movements, do not leave them on the road, do not pick them up later!
N. Gogol “Dead Souls”
“At one time, the past was also modernity. This means that the apparent constancy of modernity is a deception, and it itself is no different from history. The whole vaunted present is just a moment that immediately becomes the past, and returning today’s morning is no easier than the era of the Punic or Napoleonic Wars. And paradoxically, it is modernity that is imaginary, and history that is real.”
L. Gumilyov “From Rus' to Russia”
“G E R V E G: History is like the weather. You never know what she'll do."
T. Stoppard “The Shore of Utopia”
“G E R C E N: The point is not to overcome the imperfection of the reality given to us. The meaning is how we live in our time."
T. Stoppard “The Shore of Utopia”
“The idea of a golden age is common to all peoples. It only proves that people are never satisfied with the present and, from experience, having little hope for the future, decorate the irrevocable past with all the colors of their imagination.”
A. Pushkin “History of the village of Goryunin”
“In most cases, people live in the present, i.e. They don’t live by anything, but just exist. You can only live in the future"
A. Blok (from diaries)
“What madness it is to learn unnecessary things when time is running short”
“You will not lose your time: after all, what you leave behind is not yours”
“But it’s worth taking a step,
Time makes a trace.
There is simply no turning back in life."
Yu. Antonov
“In fact, what you don’t do now, you’ll never have time to do later”
L. Lungina
“What a war, what a plague! - their end is visible soon,
The verdict has almost been pronounced on them.
But who will protect us from the horror that
Was it once called the run of time?
A. Akhmatova
“Old age comes when you begin to remember more than think about the future”
A. Arbuzov “Meeting with Youth”
“But are we responsible for the past? We are links in the same chain. Or are the sins of our fathers not upon us? If everyone doesn’t feel it, then the “best” should feel it.
A. Blok “Intellectuals and Revolution”
“When winter comes, even the mightiest oak trees lose their leaves.”
S. de Coster “The Legend of Ulenspiegel”
“What is, has already been. What will happen is just a forgotten year coming back.”
R. Kipling "Mowgli"
“The inability to live in the present, appreciate the future, and surrender to it is one of the moral epidemics most developed in our time. We are all like those Jews who do not drink, do not eat, but save a penny for a rainy day; and no matter what rainy day comes, we will not open our chests, what kind of life is this?”
A. Herzen “Who is to Blame”
"The soul is constrained
If you can't stand it, cut it up
Vienna!
Space is a wall
But time is a breach in this wall.”
M. Tsvetaeva
“The only thing that cannot be returned, even by those who know gratitude, is time”
“Good ideas are of their time. The great ones experience it."
"Live today. And Yesterday and Tomorrow
Not so needed in the earthly calendar"
“Your brief moment! Blessed and appreciative!”
“The earthly path is short. And time is a bird.
The bird has wings..."
“In fact, what would happen to us if, instead of the generally convenient rule: honor the rank of rank, something else was put into use, for example: honor the mind of the mind? What controversies would arise!
A. Pushkin
“Get out quickly,
Order the cart to be laid...
The slower we are, the older we are.
It's time to value yourself"
B. Okudzhava
“What centuries will receive us?
Which ones make us laugh?
It’s like we’re living in a flood...
I really want to be sure!”
B. Okudzhava
“Time is the cheapest and at the same time the most expensive thing that we have, because thanks to it – time – we get everything”
J. Rainis
“LATER is a consoling form of NEVER”
A. Makarevich “The Sheep Himself”
“It’s scary when a person, not wanting to realize his inability to keep up with time, pronounces a verdict on time and not on himself.”
A. Makarevich “The Sheep Himself”
“Even eternity itself cannot return a lost minute.”
I. Schiller
“Only drop by drop of time days.
You go to cut down a forest, but all you see are stumps.”
V. Tsoi
“We need to go, whether we like it or not, so it’s better to go with our eyes directed forward than with our eyes turned to the past.”
J. Jerome "On Memory"
“Let us not waste our time and our hearts in vain, thinking about what could have been and forgetting about what will still happen.”
J. Jerome
“Do not mourn, mortal, yesterday’s losses,
Don’t measure today’s deeds by tomorrow’s standard,
Believe neither the past nor the future minute,
Believe the current minute - be happy now"
"Our the main task- do not look into the foggy distance of the future, but act now, in the direction that we can see"
T. Chrysler
"Today is the most important point because this is the only time you can act, live, love and win."
M. Kay “About the ability to work with people”
“Everything comes on time for those who know how to wait”
L. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
“But happy people watch the clock poorly,
And time is deliberately slowed down by the cowardly,
They rush the time, the loud ones urge,
Lazy people kill time for no reason.”
V. Vysotsky
“The wisest man is the one who is most annoyed by the loss of time.”
“Delay is like death”
“They say that work kills time; but this latter, without this diminishing in any way, continues to serve humanity and the entire universe constantly in the same completeness and continuity.”
K. Prutkov
“To use your time wisely, you must firmly understand what is most important in your work, and then devote yourself entirely to the implementation of this main thing.”
L. Iacocca “Manager’s Career”
“When you put off confessing for too long, it gets harder and harder to do, and finally there comes a point where it simply becomes impossible.”
M. Mitchell "Gone with the Wind"
“A person cannot move forward if his soul is corroded by the pain of memories”
M. Mitchell "Gone with the Wind"
“Why bother yourself with what you can’t get back - you need to think about what else can be changed”
M. Mitchell "Gone with the Wind"
“Of all critics, the greatest, the most brilliant, the most infallible is time.”
V. Belinsky
“This is a great evil - a waste of time”
“Enjoy the ice cream while it's on your plate.”
T. Wilder
“Use the time.
Don't forget - beauty has a short journey.
Pick flowers at the moment of blooming,
Do not condemn them to decay"
W. Shakespeare
“Hurry up and don’t wait for the future, for those who are not ready for it today will be even less ready for it tomorrow.”
“When planting an oak tree, it’s funny to dream that you will soon find shelter in its shade”
A. Saint-Exupery
“It’s better to think before you act than after”
Democritus
“I am never so busy as during my leisure hours”
“If you want to have little time, do nothing”
“Delay is a time thief”
“The word TOMORROW was invented for indecisive people and for children”
I. Turgenev
“To choose time means to save time, and what is done untimely is done in vain”
“All savings ultimately come down to saving time”
"Killing time is suicide"
“One hour today is worth two hours tomorrow”
T. Fuller
“Do not put off anything until tomorrow, because tomorrow will not be easier for you”
“Great things are not done at once”
“The main and most serious sin is a waste of time. Man's life is extremely short and precious, and it must be used to confirm his calling."
“The proverb sounds ornate:
“Don’t admire last year’s sky.”
Don't go back to where heaven once was.
And stop fooling around - go where you haven’t been”
V. Vysotsky
“You don’t choose times,
They live and die in them."
A. Kushner
“Tradition is a stone boundary erected by the past around the present; whoever wants to penetrate into the future must step over it.”
S. Zweig “Three Masters”
“The present time is a time of the golden mean and insensibility, passion for ignorance, laziness, inability to do business and the need for everything ready-made”
F. Dostoevsky “Teenager”
“Why does all the practical experience accumulated by humanity over thousands of years of development end up being useless rubbish?”
"Everything can be said about world history, everything that only the most frustrated imagination can come to mind. The only thing that cannot be said is what is prudent.”
F. Dostoevsky “Notes from Underground”
"Don't be afraid of the future and don't be respectful of the past"
“I'm interested in the future because I'm going to spend the rest of my life there.”
Charles Kettering
“The past is no longer under our control, but the future depends on us”
P. Chaadaev
“You should never brag about the future”
N. Gogol
“We are not called upon to improve the world and are only responsible for the time in which we happen to live; we must weed out harmful weeds and leave clean arable fields for our descendants. We cannot leave them a legacy of good weather.”
J. Tolkien "The Lord of the Rings"
“The past is ghostly because it no longer exists, and the future is ghostly because it doesn’t exist yet.”
N. Berdyaev
“Alas, the future never comes, the present is always around”
V. Przegorczyk
“You need to enter the future, always looking back at the past and remembering that every new day is nothing more than a student of yesterday”
S. Mamontov
“It wasn’t long ago that elders could say, ‘Look, I was young, and you were never old.’” But today the young can answer them: “You have never been young in a world where I am young, and you never will be.”
“You can’t erase the past from life. Some people like to remember the past, others don't. But it lives in everyone last days it, and, one way or another, determines the words and actions of people, their love and hatred. And, ultimately, death or immortality"
A. Ivanov “Eternal Call”
“The present is linked to the past, the future to both. There's no getting away from this"
J. Galsworthy "The Forsyte Saga"
"Times reign, not kings"
G. Konovalov “Origins”
“There are no dark times, only dark people”
R. Rolland "Cola Brugnon"
“Not everyone has hard times; for others they are impossible.”
F. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
“The stories don't end. They change heroes - they come and go, having accomplished their task.”
J. Tolkien "The Lord of the Rings"
“We turn into disgusting puppets with haunting memories of those passions that we were too afraid of and temptations that we did not dare to give in to. Youth! Youth! There is nothing equal to her in the world!”
“The beauty of the past is that it is the past”
O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”
“The wisest critic is time”
“Time is never wasted if there is something to learn”
“I will never delay or miss the opportunity to do this, for I will never go down this path again.”
“The best way to prepare for the day ahead is to direct your energies and abilities to do the best job you can today.”
“Tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today”
TOYOTA company
“Few people have enough time, and yet everyone has all the time he has.”
time paradox
... Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?...Oh, that's right, it existed, and that's right, it was
I have a high purpose because I
I feel immense strength in my soul...
M.Yu. Lermontov.
It’s customary for everyone to live and burn,
But then you will only immortalize life,
When to light and greatness
You will draw the path with your sacrifice, I read from one poet (B. Pasternak “The Death of a Sapper”).
The Decembrists also reasoned this way. But the generation that followed them looked at the world differently.
We are rich, barely out of the cradle,
By the mistakes of our fathers and their late minds,
And life already torments us, like a smooth path without a goal,
Like a feast at someone else's holiday.
This is what Lermontov said about his peers in the Duma. And if there was a need to select epigraphs for the chapters of “A Hero of Our Time,” all of them could be found in this poem.
The post-Decembrist era is a dark period in our history. Drill and barracks dominated, living thought was persecuted, the country seemed to be numb. During these years, people and characters appeared, which the writer summarized in the image of Pechorin, explaining that
“Hero of our time” is a portrait made up of the vices of the generation of the 30s of the 19th century in full development.
Yes, Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin, unfortunately, reflected the thoughts and moods of many brilliantly educated and gifted nobles. He could do a lot, but he did nothing worthy. The best forces and feelings are wasted on achieving goals that are not particularly necessary for him and bring suffering to others. Full of immense powers, he is looking for a use for them: kidnapping Bela, for example. To do this, he leads astray the boy Azamat, who, most likely, “stuck to some gang of abreks, and even lost his violent head.” Deprives his beloved horse Kazbich. And poor Bela? After all, she is dying too.
Pechorin is suffering. He himself is not happy with his nature and powerful energy. But then Princess Mary meets, and his former regrets are abandoned: he makes the girl fall in love with him, bringing her disappointment. And along the way, he starts a deadly quarrel with Grushnitsky, whom he previously considered a friend. Pechorin, seduced by the solution to the mystery, casually destroys the lives of “honest smugglers.” And only in “Fatalist” does he seem to do one useful thing: he disarms a drunken Cossack at the risk of his life. But it’s as if some kind of fate is pursuing him. After all, this is where the story ends tragic death Vulich, predicted by Grigory Alexandrovich. It seems that we are reading between the lines: “He needs something big, useful to everyone, so that life can find meaning for him!” But you are in an era of “stagnation”, as was the reign of Nicholas 1, there are always not so many big, real things to do... The most interesting episodes of Pechorin’s life known to us are listed. Tired of her, he goes to Persia to die. He talks about the most terrible fatal milestone for every person
Simple and everyday: “Well? To die is to die! The loss for the world is small; and I myself am quite bored.”
Why does a young, healthy, rich aristocrat, happy in friends and love, with every opportunity for service and creativity, not find a place for himself in life? After all, he even loves out of boredom, vainly hoping that his new hobby will last long.
And we hate and we love by chance,
Without sacrificing anything, neither anger nor love:
And some secret cold reigns in the soul,
When fire boils in the blood.
He has no purpose in life, so he rushes about, not knowing what to do with himself. From our point of view, he could have chosen any of the roads; live on their estates, enriching the Fatherland and taking care of the peasants; to the best of our ability to benefit public service; engage in science, art or social activities, awakening better feelings for people and condemning injustice. Finally, live as a family and raise children. But he doesn't choose one.
Of course, Pechorin himself is largely to blame. In any era you can find a good cause for yourself. But the era is also to blame. It hurts for the country in which the best minds and strong characters they spend their lives petty. This indicates a crisis in the system. Images extra people, starting with Onegin, are present in best works first half of the 19th century.
Pechorin is a hero of the intermediate era. The old has no value for him, and the new does not yet exist. Not accepting ideals secular society, he withdrew into himself and died alone. It’s a pity to the point of tears to read about a strong nature broken by the emptiness of life. He had no need to fight for a decent existence, and the man, placed in exceptional conditions, turned out to be superfluous in life.
In our very recent times, there were also many “extra” people. It’s not for nothing that there are so many degenerate intellectuals in society. They had nowhere to put their strength. From my father’s stories I know that two of his university comrades, a poet and a scientist,
They tried in vain to serve the country. A frozen society does not need talented people.
I won’t write that I live in the wrong century,
Our time is not bad at all.
But great minds we don't need anything now:
Suddenly they encroach on the “sacred” -
This is what my father’s friend wrote. He drank himself to death. Another has troubles in his family... Of course, our parents and nobles were in very different conditions. But they have one problem: the inability to find and fulfill their purpose in life. I believe that the time of “superfluous” people has passed, that our generation will not be able to complain about the lack of meaning in life. And I hope that it will not be possible to say about my peers:
Crowd gloomy and soon forgotten
We will pass over the world without noise or trace,
Without giving up the centuries a single fertile thought,
Not the genius of the work begun.