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Architectural styles in chronological order with examples and photos. Lecture Architecture of the 20th century. Main directions and styles Artistic architecture

23.06.2020

As an art form, it belongs to the fine arts and stands on a par with painting, sculpture, etc. But at the same time, unlike painting and sculpture, architecture is functional and necessary.

Architecture as an art form lies at the intersection of art and science itself. It is impossible to become an architect without knowing physics, chemistry and mathematics (especially geometry), but at the same time it is also necessary to have an aesthetic sense, the ability to see, feel, understand and create beauty, the ability to grasp the beauty in surrounding objects and phenomena.

Architecture as an art form develops not only in the form of painting houses and wood carvings, but also experiments with the shapes of buildings. The broad cultural background for architecture as an art form is the aesthetics of Christianity and Islam, the aesthetics of feudalism, chivalry, the bourgeoisie, the peasantry, Soviet proletarian aesthetics, and so on ad infinitum.

Architecture(Greek αρχη - here: the basis, origin; and lat. tectum- house, shelter) is the science and art of design and construction. Architecture is a system of buildings and structures that is an artistically organized space. This is a “stone chronicle”, “music in stone”.

Specifics of architecture as an art form:

1) The duality of architecture as a synthesis of the material and artistic sides, because it performs not only an aesthetic function in people’s lives, but also a practical one. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius called them: strength, benefit(functional purpose) and beauty(Creation artistic image). The unity and harmony of these three factors creates architecture. Architecture is art, engineering, and construction, requiring enormous concentration of collective efforts and material resources.

2) Architecture as an art form is static and spatial. Although the time factor is also important for its perception, because It is impossible to see the interior and exterior of a building at the same time with a single glance.

3) Architectural buildings have two “artistic dimensions” - internal (interior) and external (exterior, external facade). Their images are connected to each other by a certain artistic logic.

4) Architecture tends to be ensemble-like. Its structures skillfully fit into the natural (natural) or urban (city) landscape.

5) Architecture does not reproduce reality pictorially, but is expressive in nature. It does not depict reality, but expresses some abstract ideas.

6) It is closely connected with the social environment, vividly and prominently reflects the era and at the same time creates its style.

Features of the architectural image.

1) Architecture does not depict nature, it depicts an idea- the idea of a certain artistic image. (For example: ancient architecture - the idea of measure, harmony, this measure is man; the Gothic temple - the idea of striving for God, for the divine world). Architecture strives to embody not the individual qualities of a person, object, phenomenon, but the most general social and philosophical ideas of the time.

2) An artistic image is created not in a pictorial way, but with the help of a specific expressive means. Rhythm, ratio of volumes and masses, shapes, colors, lines, planes, connection with the surrounding landscape are means of expressiveness of architecture.

3) The architectural image is related to the landscape and climate. (Example: wide streets, large windows near houses in northern countries, on the contrary, narrow streets, small windows in southern cities.)

Types of architecture:

1) architecture - artistic design and construction of all possible buildings;

2) architecture of small forms - artistic design of objects surrounding buildings - lamp posts, kiosks, fence bars, etc.;

3) architecture of large forms - monumental objects (bridges, obelisks, triumphal arches and so on.).

The materials of architecture are wood, stone (granite, marble, limestone, boulder, etc.), brick, glass, iron and concrete.

Topic: Architecture and its features

1. History of the origin of the term

2. Types and features of architecture

3. Characteristics of three outstanding architectural monuments of the era of classicism

Literature

1. History of the origin of the term

Architecture translated from Latin - to build, to erect - architecture, the art of designing and building.

Architecture can express in artistic images a person’s ideas about the world, time, greatness, joy, triumph, loneliness and many other feelings. This is probably why they say that architecture is frozen music.

There are three main types of architecture: volumetric structures (religious, public, industrial, residential and other buildings); landscape architecture (gazebos, bridges, fountains and stairs for squares, boulevards, parks); urban planning - the creation of new cities and the reconstruction of old ones. Complexes of buildings and open spaces make up architectural ensembles. An architect must take care of the beauty, usefulness and strength of the structures being created, in other words, aesthetic, constructive and functional qualities in architecture are interconnected.

In different historical periods, various building materials and technologies were used, which significantly influenced the creation of architectural structures. The current level of technological development, the use of reinforced concrete, glass, plastics and other new materials make it possible to create unusual building shapes in the form of a ball, spiral, flower, shell, ear, etc.

Architectural structures reflect art style era, like works of any other form of art. In its artistic and figurative side, architecture differs from simple construction.

2. Types and features of architecture

1. ANTIQUE (from Latin - ancient) - the art of ancient times; art Ancient Greece, as well as those countries and peoples ancient world, whose culture developed under the determining influence of the ancient Greek cultural tradition: the art of the Hellenistic states, Rome and the Etruscans.

The concept of “ancient art” appeared during the Renaissance, when the beautiful creations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were considered exemplary, classic for all European culture.

Invaluable contribution to world art contributed by ancient Greek architects. They created a strict and majestic type of rectangular temple, surrounded on all sides by columns (peripter), and a strict, logically based system of relationships between the load-bearing and non-supporting parts of the building (order)

Monuments of ancient Greek art give us aesthetic pleasure and a vivid idea of unity and synthesis of architecture and sculpture.

2. BAROQUE (from Italian - whimsical) - an artistic style that predominated from the late 16th to the mid-18th centuries. in the art of Europe. This style originated in Italy and spread to other countries after the RENAISSANCE era. The main features of Baroque are pomp, solemnity, splendor, dynamism, and life-affirming character. Baroque art is characterized by bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, color, and a combination of reality and fantasy. Particularly noteworthy in the Baroque style is the fusion various arts in a single ensemble, a large degree of interpenetration of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts. This desire for a synthesis of arts is a fundamental feature of the Baroque.

Baroque architecture is distinguished by its spatial scope, fluidity of curvilinear forms, merging of volumes into a dynamic mass, rich sculptural decoration, and connection with the surrounding space.

In Russia, the reforms of Peter 1 contributed to the spread and flourishing of the Baroque style, but Russian Baroque chose the traditions of 17th century classicism and Rococo features, so it was distinguished by great originality of forms, whimsical elegance of decor, special pomp and solemnity (B. Rastrelli. Winter Palace in St. -Petersburg, Grand Palace in Tsarskoe Selo).

3. GOTHIC - an artistic style that arose in the mid-12th century in France and spread in Western, Central and partly in Eastern Europe. It addressed the highest divine powers, eternity, and the Christian worldview.

The leading place in Gothic art was occupied by the cathedral, around which the life of the townspeople was centered. The structural basis of the cathedral was a frame of pillars and pointed arches resting on them. The upward direction is emphasized by giant openwork towers, high pointed arches, portals and windows, numerous elongated statues, and rich decorative details.

The Gothic style united artistic household items, furniture, clothing, jewelry and architecture into a single ensemble. In the 15-16th centuries. The Gothic era is replaced by the RENAISSANCE era.

The Renaissance covers the 14th-16th centuries. in Italy, 15-16 centuries. in other European countries. This period in the development of culture received its name - revival (or Renaissance) in connection with the revival of interest in ancient art.

Gothic Notre Dame Cathedral. Paris.

4. CLASSICISM (from Latin - exemplary) - artistic style of European art of the 17-19 centuries. , one of the most important features of which was the appeal to ancient art as the highest example and reliance on the traditions of the High Renaissance.

The architecture of classicism is characterized by an order system inspired by ancient examples, clarity and geometric correctness of volumes and layouts, porticoes, columns, statues, and reliefs that stand out on the surface of the walls.

An outstanding masterpiece of architecture, combining classicism and baroque into a single solemn style, was the palace and park ensemble at Versailles - the residence of the French kings (second half of the 17th century).

Russian classicism in the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries. embodied a new flowering of culture, unprecedented in scope, national pathos and ideal fullness: architectural ensembles and structures of V. Bazhenov, M. Kazakov, A. Zakharov, K. Rossi.

5. MODERN (from French - modern) - artistic style in European and American art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (another name for art n u v o).

Art Nouveau style should be distinguished as general meaning the word “modern” and from the concept of modernism. The main feature of the Art Nouveau style is decorativeness, the main motif is a climbing plant, the main principle is the likening of a man-made form to a natural one and vice versa. This was reflected in the architecture, in the details of buildings, in the ornament, which received extraordinary development.

The lines of the ornament carried a tension of spiritual, emotional and symbolic meaning.

Art Nouveau architecture revealed an organic fusion of structural and decorative elements. The most complete examples of the synthesis of arts are provided by mansions, pavilions, and public buildings of the Art Nouveau era. As a rule, they are built from the inside out.

3. Characteristics of three outstanding architectural monuments of the classical era

St. Isaac's Cathedral is the most outstanding monument of the era of late Russian classicism. Its majestic, monumental forms, richly designed plastic facades, rich interior various types Fine arts, and above all painting and sculpture, invariably attract attention.

In terms of its grandiose dimensions (its height is 101.5 meters), St. Isaac's Cathedral is one of the largest domed structures in Europe. It is second only to St. Peter's in Rome and is almost equal in size to St. Paul in London.

Located in the very center of the city, St. Isaac's Cathedral dominates the ensembles of its two main squares - Decembrists (former Senate Square) and St. Isaac's. In addition, it largely determines the silhouette of the city and is clearly visible in the perspective of numerous streets, avenues, squares and embankments.

The creation of the existing St. Isaac's Cathedral was preceded by a long history of the construction of St. Isaac's Church, dating back to the first years of the existence of St. Petersburg and associated with the name of its founder - Peter the Great.

In 1710, in honor of the then Tsar Peter I, born on May 30, 1672, on St. Isaac of Dalmatia, St. Isaac's Church was built on the Admiralty Meadow, opposite the Admiralty Tower. It was located on the very spot where the fountain was built much later. The church was wooden, one-story, with a single-tier bell tower topped with a spire and a small dome on a drum marking the location of the altar. The church was rebuilt from the Admiralty drafting room, which occupied a separate building.

In 1712, Peter I got married in this church, and five years later, in 1717, the stone St. Isaac's Church was founded, but in a new place, and closer to the Neva River. This place is now marked by a monument to Peter the Great - the famous Bronze Horseman.

The church took ten years to build, but did not last long. Located near the river, it suffered from the Neva waters, which eroded the foundation during periods of frequent floods. Cracks appeared in the cathedral's structures, and after a fire in 1735, they decided to dismantle it.

In the middle of the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine II, instead of the dismantled St. Isaac's Church, St. Isaac's Cathedral began to be built - much further from the Neva, on the current St. Isaac's Square. The author of the project for the new building, architect Antonio Rinaldi, designed it to be five-domed, with a multi-tiered bell tower on the western façade. The facades of the cathedral were supposed to be faced with multi-colored marble. Laid down in 1768, towards the end of the 18th century. it was rebuilt only up to the cornice. Paul I, who succeeded Catherine II on the throne, ordered the court architect Vincenzo Brenna to complete the construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral using the minimum possible means. Therefore, the cathedral was completed as a single-domed cathedral, with a bell tower shortened by half, and only half remained covered with marble. In such an unsightly form, the cathedral was consecrated in 1802.

In subsequent years, the question of changing the appearance of St. Isaac's Cathedral was repeatedly raised. In 1809 and 1813 Competitions were announced for its reconstruction project. But none of them gave positive results.

In 1816, Alexander I turned to General Betancourt with a request to recommend an architect who could carry out the reconstruction of St. Isaac's Cathedral. Betancourt's choice settled on the young Montferrand. During 1816-1817 the architect developed a number of options for the cathedral, one of which was taken as the basis for further work. The first approved project was completed in 1818.

Simultaneously with the approval of the Montferrand project, a special Commission for the reconstruction of St. Isaac's Cathedral is created from high-ranking government officials. Thus, from the first days of construction, the cathedral was given great importance. Already in the spring of 1818, preparatory work for the reconstruction of St. Isaac's Cathedral. The reconstruction began with the procurement of materials, excavation work, driving piles and installing an additional foundation. Work continued continuously even in winter. In particular, according to the invoice presented to the Commission by the contractor peasant Evdokim Farafontiev, from January 1 to March 15, 1819, 4,245 people were employed in driving piles alone.

In the second year of construction, the official foundation of the cathedral was planned. For this purpose, Montferrand proposed placing a silver plaque with the text he composed, as well as medals, gold and silver coins, at the base of the new foundation. But Alexander I ordered the medal not to be stamped out; there was no ceremony to be done during the embedding; instead of a silver embedding board, a copper one should be placed. The foundation stone of St. Isaac's Cathedral according to Montferrand's design took place on July 26, 1819.

To more successfully carry out construction work, in 1818, in accordance with Montferrand’s drawings and under his direct supervision, they began to manufacture a large split model of the cathedral. Basically, the model was supposed to be carved from linden, and the cornice and columns from pear wood. If the bas-reliefs were made of plaster, then the round sculpture, capitals and ornaments were made of bronze. The domes were made of gilded bronze.

Carpenter I. Gerber, sculptors P. I. Bryullo, P. V. Svintsov, painter F. P. Bryullo and others took part in the production of the model. Started in 1818, the model was completed in 1821. Subsequently, As the project was improved, appropriate changes were made to the model, which, however, did not affect its main structures. The model was located in one of the rooms of the nearby Lobanov-Rostovsky house, built according to Montferrand’s design. Currently it is kept in the Research Museum of the Academy of Arts.

Simultaneously with the production of the model in 1820, Montferrand released an album of engraved drawings of St. Isaac's Cathedral. This provided the opportunity for a broad discussion of the project. A member of the Committee for Buildings and Hydraulic Works, Montferrand's compatriot, architect A. Mauduit, who arrived in St. Petersburg back in 1808, sharply criticized the design of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

At the Academy of Arts, headed by President A. N. Olenin, a commission was created to consider the Montferrand project. The architect had to prove that the design of the solid foundation he proposed was quite reliable, and that it was quite possible to connect the old and new masonry together. However, he admitted that the design of the dome on a drum, supported by pillars built in different time, unsuccessful. But here the emperor’s unyielding will to preserve the old parts of the Rinaldi Cathedral was reflected.

Meetings of the commission at the Academy of Arts, whose task was to correct the design of St. Isaac's Cathedral, ended with a competition. Montferrand also took part in it on an equal basis with everyone. Numerous projects were submitted to the competition, including those by architects V.P. Stasov, A.A. Mikhailov II, A.I. Melnikov. But Montferrand’s new project turned out to be the best and was approved on April 3, 1825. Interrupted for several years construction works resumed according to the newly approved project.

Montferrand paid special attention to the foundations of the cathedral. The architect came to the conclusion that when building on marshy St. Petersburg soil, such a massive structure as St. Isaac's Cathedral requires a solid foundation that evenly transfers the loads of support pillars, walls and porticos of varying magnitude to the ground.

The foundation design was developed by Montferrand together with engineer Betancourt. It was a new word in the construction practice of that time.

First, they dug a deep pit from which water was continuously pumped out. At the same time, cast-iron women were driving resin-impregnated pine piles more than six meters long and at least a quarter of a meter in diameter. The piles were driven at an equal distance between them, equal to their diameter, until they stopped going into the ground. The earth between the piles was compacted to the hardness of stone. Then the piles had to be cut to the same level as the old ones. To this end, Montferrand proposed to stop pumping out the water constantly flowing into the pit, and when it reached the desired level, it was pumped out again and new piles were cut evenly at the resulting mark. After filling the gaps between the piles with compacted charcoal, instead of the wooden beams usually used in such cases to evenly distribute the pressure on the piles, carefully adjusted stone slabs with lime mortar were laid in two rows. With this foundation design, the old and new parts were firmly connected to each other. In total, it took more than five years to construct the foundations.

At the same time, granite monoliths were prepared for the columns of the four porticos and marble for cladding the facades and interior of the cathedral. The Tivdi and Ruskol marble scraps were handed over to the Commission for the Reconstruction of St. Isaac's Cathedral. The first were located in the Petrozavodsk district of the Olonets province, and the second - in the Serdobol district of the Vyborg province. Light and dark red marble was mined at the Tivdiyskiye scraps, and light gray marble with bluish veins was mined at the Ruskolskiye mines.

Montferrand developed a design for devices for transporting monoliths, in which Betancourt helped him. In particular, Betancourt proposed the design of special gates (capstans).

After the monoliths were delivered, they were rolled into specially built sheds, where they were finally processed before installation.

For the sake of convenience of work, although contrary to established traditions, Montferrand proposed installing the columns of the porticoes before the construction of the walls. For each of the four porticoes, separate scaffolding was made, on top of which blocks were fixed with ropes thrown over them. The same capstans served as lifting mechanisms.

Of particular interest was the raising and installation of the first column, located on the eastern corner of the northern portico. An unprecedented spectacle took place on March 20, 1828 in the presence of the imperial family. To commemorate this event, a platinum medal with a profile image of Alexander I was placed under the column. Using sixteen capstans, the column was installed in forty-five minutes.

Over the following months, the remaining fifteen columns of the northern portico were installed. All work on the installation of columns was completed in 1830.

The walls were laid with brick and lime mortar. For greater reliability, the brickwork alternated with stone layers. Marble cladding was attached to the main masonry outside and inside with metal brackets. Construction was carried out simultaneously along the entire perimeter of the building. The construction of the walls to the level of the portico columns was completed in 1836. The crucial moment for the construction of the floors had arrived. According to the original design, it was supposed to cover the middle parts of the porticoes with box vaults, and leave the side parts flat with caissons, as in the Roman Pantheon. The proportions of the porticoes were also maintained in accordance with the outstanding ancient monument. Such borrowing of the best examples of the past in the era of classicism was considered a manifestation of good taste. However, Montferrand did not blindly copy these samples.

Based on the most advanced achievements of construction technology of that time, he was able to create his own design, different from the previous ones. He replaced traditional brick vaults with fully prefabricated cast iron trusses, linking them with lightweight metal rods to the rafters that support the roof. At the same time, they were securely fastened to the main brickwork and marble cladding. Thanks to lightweight metal structures, Montferrand eliminated lateral thrust and reduced the load on load-bearing columns and walls.

The architect made all the structural changes to the porticoes in the new, third, highest approved project, dated February 14, 1835.

By the end of 1837, when the base of the dome drum was erected, the installation of the upper colonnade began. To do this, Montferrand was forced to develop another unusual scaffolding design, designed to lift twenty-four columns, each weighing sixty-four tons, to a considerable height. The entire process of lifting and installing one column on the base of the drum lasted two hours, despite the fact that approximately three hundred people were involved in the work. However, if the first column was put in place at the beginning of November 1837, then the last one only two months later.

Now it was possible to begin the construction of the most important and complex part of the cathedral - the dome on the drum. But before starting the detailed development of the dome completion, Montferrand again turned to the rich experience of his predecessors. He thoroughly, with a pencil in his hands, studied the designs of the domes of famous buildings in Florence and Rome, London and Paris, as well as St. Petersburg. As a result, instead of the usual brick vaults found in previous projects, the architect proposed his own design of three interconnected fully prefabricated metal shells, thereby significantly ahead of not only his predecessors, but also his contemporaries. If the architect’s senior contemporary, the architect A. N. Voronikhin, who built the Kazan Cathedral, was the first in St. Petersburg to create a metal outer dome while preserving two internal brick vaults, then Montferrand is the author of the first all-metal spatial structure of vaults connected together.

The main significance of Montferrand's invention was that the metal structures of the dome turned out to be several times lighter than solid brick vaults. In addition, in the explanatory note attached to the working drawings for construction work in 1838-1840, the architect indicated that the construction of the dome according to the new project would save two million rubles - an astronomical amount at that time.

Alexander Nevsky Lavra

Historical and artistic monument, founded by Peter I as the “Monastery of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky” in honor of the victory over the Swedes in the Battle of Neva 1240, and in 1724 moved to the newly built Annunciation - Alexander Nevsky Church (architect D. Trezzini) from Vladimir the remains of Yaroslav Yaroslavovich. In terms of its significance, the monastery was placed by Peter I above all Orthodox monasteries in Russia and trained clergy for high places in the church hierarchy. The Theological Academy, opened at the monastery, still operates today. In 1797, the monastery was transformed into a monastery, which houses a large historical archive and library. In 1932, a museum was founded in the Lavra - the Necropolis, which includes the Lazarevskoye and Tikhvin cemeteries, where the graves of many prominent people of Russia and the Annunciation Church - a burial vault are located. The museum presents a rich collection of original author's models and designs of monuments, artistic tombstones outstanding sculptors and architects of the 18th - 19th centuries.

Palace of Beloselsky-Belozersky

The Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace is an architectural monument of the 18th - 19th centuries. Until 1846, in its place there was a small house (1800s, architect F.I. Demertsov), the first owner of which was Senator Myatlev. The Myatlev House changed hands more than once until it came into the possession of the Beloselsky-Belozersky family, by whose order it was rebuilt into an eclectic style palace using Russian Baroque architecture forms of the 18th century. (architect A.I. Stackenschneider, sculptor I.E. Jensen). Since 1884, the palace belonged to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and was called Sergievsky. After the revolution, the Kuibyshev Republican Committee of the CPSU was located in the building. The palace, with its porticoes of columns and pilasters and arched pediments, is a unique asset of Nevsky Prospekt. Sculptural ornaments and figures of Atlanteans give the building a special palace pomp and splendor. The interiors of the palace are made in the Rococo style. The palace has a small, luxuriously decorated concert hall, where concerts of Russian and foreign music regularly take place.

List of usesliterature

1. http://kanikuly.spb.ru/tour_muzei.htm

2. http://www.nwhotels.ru/services/excursions/foreign...

3. http://povschola.edurm.ru/nov.htm

Modern architecture is diverse and amazing, it is difficult to place it in a clear framework and give it an exact definition, but it is alive and rapidly developing, like technological progress and, perhaps, that is why it is so difficult to comprehend and is not always loved by critics. But we will still try to formulate its main trends, principles and goals.

Text: Diana Muromtseva

The German philosopher Friedrich Schelling called architecture frozen music, and, probably, we will not be mistaken if we add that this is jazz improvisation, always unique, with history, mood and soul. No two cities are identical, just like no two individuals are identical, and just like people, we may fall in love with some cities and hate others. And architecture is something more than art, because it is what creates the spaces and scenery in which our lives take place. She dresses each era in a specific style, reflecting the values, priorities and aspirations of humanity. Walking through cities, we can read this chronicle of the world from the facades of old buildings, and this is how our cultural traditions, taste and ideas about the familiar. But life does not stand still, it is constantly changing, improving, and with it our needs and demands are growing. The frozen melodies of the past gradually fade into history, becoming the foundation of a new architecture that is relevant to modern reality, which can create the best spaces for work, leisure and human life.

Architecture of our days

When it comes to modern architecture, the question immediately arises of how it changes the existing appearance of cities and improves the lives of their inhabitants. Architect and designer, winner of many professional awards, Hadi Tehrani, believes that modern architecture fails when it does not correspond to human existence and its integrity. It should give a person all the components of his well-being in life, which, like a puzzle, is made up of various and equally significant details, such as ecology, economic aspect, adequate living space, light, texture of materials, form and emotions. Mr. Teherani also notes the importance for people of such a factor as identifying an architectural structure with its utility, not only from the point of view of comfort, but also aesthetics. Indeed, it is quite difficult for buildings made in the ultra-modern style, like anything new, to gain universal love and recognition. Modern buildings in the urban area always have their fans and opponents, so they must justify their existence by utility, functionality and beauty.

But if we talk about the commercial demand for residential properties, then managing partner of SESEGAR Investment Group Irina Zharova-Wright puts aesthetics a step higher: “The question of the dependence of the external appearance of a building on its demand initially assumes a positive answer. After all, aesthetics “sells”. You can talk for a long time about the beauty of the soul, and in the case of real estate, about its functionality, but people are greeted by their clothes and appearance.” It is also interesting that a new building, attractive in its architecture, will not become beautiful in our eyes if it is dissonant with the surrounding landscape. Therefore, in addition to functionality and aesthetics, the architecture of our days must be skillfully and harmoniously integrated into the existing style of the area and at the same time look fresh and attractive.

“I believe that contemporary urban architecture becomes exciting when it incorporates both innovative design and respect for historical context, while also building on the architecture of the future,” says architect and managing director of HBA Architectur Jeffrey Michael Williams. By the way, such successful architectural compromises can be seen in the examples of new and popular city hotels. “The fact is that the main trend in the architecture of modern city hotels is the creation of full-fledged iconic objects within the urban context,” explains Jeffrey Michael Williams. “It is also important to fully comply with the lifestyle of the guests and reflect it in every detail, because positive and vivid impressions depend on this, forming the future demand for a temporary place of residence.”

All of the above tasks must be performed by the architecture of private houses, even if they are located outside the city. But there is another task here - to realize the client’s wishes and not destroy the established appearance of the area. “An architect always tries to integrate his project into an already existing environment. Sometimes it works out, and sometimes it doesn’t. Balance can be maintained with continuous and working together architect and customer,” comments Svetlana Lagutina, head of the Svetlana Lagutina Architectural Bureau.

Who creates trends?

Whatever one may say, trends always exist in everything, but if architecture is designed to serve humanity, creating the most comfortable and prosperous environment for all aspects of life, then it is interesting to understand how fashion is born here. “Globally, new world trends are determined by generally recognized architects, Pritzker Prize laureates and, of course, world heritage,” says Svetlana Lagutina. – It is impossible to say which country has the greatest influence on the development of architecture. If we talk about the architecture of private houses in Russia, then certain elements and principles are borrowed from France and Italy, where when designing, close attention is paid to the unity of the interior spaces and the harmonious planning of the area around the house.”

Hadi Teherani says the following about the birth of trends: “For a long time, humanity has been concerned about issues such as energy saving and environmental friendliness. And in this area, German architects now occupy leading positions in the world. Irina Zharova-Wright believes that guidelines depend on the specific situation in each city: “If the chief architect of the city is a fan of everything German, then we will see the embodiment of his taste in stone, glass and concrete,” explains Irina. “If you are interested in the classics, then Italian architects will participate in the development of project concepts.”

And if we talk about trends in hotel business and its relevance, Jeffrey Michael Williams notes that the design standards for city hotels around the world are always set in countries with the greatest economic growth.

Needs

If we talk about the demand for real estate among buyers, Irina Zharova-Wright notes that the liquidity of the property and the feasibility of investing in it are important for people: “Order architecture or classics is the best-selling form of architecture in urban areas and in the Moscow region. Muscovites explain their choice by saying that if you invest money in real estate, then only in something eternal, like Rome, and this is only a classic.

Svetlana Lagutina, in turn, adds that in addition to the classics, such styles as modern, chalet and minimalism are becoming popular among Russian customers: “Bold experiments with forms, materials and a mixture of styles have been replaced by a pragmatic calculation and the desire to create a house that is not just memorable, but convenient and comfortable for life.” And this is in tune with the global trends of modern architecture, about which Hadi Teherani says the following: “The main trend of our time is the creation of the best and most comfortable environment for human life. And this is achieved through the implementation of its basic needs: functionality, competent organization of space, emotionality, aesthetics, economy and concern for the environment. All this creates a positive perception of the environment, be it a home, hotel or office, and does not create the need to leave it in search of something better.”

In conclusion, I would like to add that modern architecture is a completely new philosophy, whose global meaning is not based on the creation eternal monuments someone's Ego, but in the service of Humanity and its needs, which represent a complex quintessence of functionality, comfort, convenience, beauty, emotionality, economy and environmental friendliness. Now, both in design and in architecture, the definition of “beautiful” has received an additional meaning, namely the expediency of its existence in each element. That is, the beautiful is the ingenious, and everything ingenious is simple and not littered with unnecessary details. Therefore, ideal works of modern architecture are intended to be not just beautiful monuments, but vessels for our life, turning it into “the unbearable lightness of being.”

Read the full material in issue of Elite Interior magazine No. 05/101 May 2014.

From time immemorial, architects have been searching for new architectural forms. To each historical period different architectural styles were characteristic, but only during the Enlightenment did the need arise to classify them. Ancient, antique (Greek and Roman), medieval (Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic) architecture, as well as New Age architecture, which gave the world the styles of Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo, Classicism and Empire, Eclecticism and Art Nouveau.

It was this period that became the brightest, and styles that belong to the New Age will never go out of fashion. Later, the chronological classification was added to cover constructivism, art deco, modernism, high-tech, postmodernism, as well as various modern styles.

Of course, such a classification system was abstract, since pure styles are practically never found in architecture. Each new style carries something from the previous and subsequent styles, and a trend that has gone out of fashion does not disappear without a trace.

The Modern Age period began in the 15th century with the Renaissance or Renaissance. By this time cultural center became Europe, which introduced a secular tone into world art. Then it was born New Age architecture, in which there was no Gothic aspiration to the sky. Instead of the complex, asymmetrical forms of medieval buildings, architects began to use balance and symmetry.

Drawing inspiration from ancient architecture, they used an orderly arrangement of columns and other elements.

This period, like architecture of modern times, was characterized by the emergence of new materials and technologies. The duration of the Renaissance varied in different countries. But historically, the crisis of the Renaissance began at the beginning of the 16th century. At the same time, the Baroque style arose in Italy, which was characterized by spatial scope and the use of complex curvilinear forms and sculptures.

Its continuation was the Rococo style, which did not bring anything new to architecture, but used Baroque techniques to achieve maximum decorative effect.

In the 17th century, Europe became “fed up” with the elaborate architectural forms of Baroque and Rococo. The architects again turned to ancient simplicity, severity and restraint. The era of classicism has arrived. Later, when Emperor Napoleon ruled in France, the architecture used the style of high or late classicism, called Empire style. And at the beginning of the 19th century, the architecture of the New Age acquired eclectic features.

Eclecticism is characterized by the use of different architectural styles, but the forms of buildings began to be tied to their functions.

Finally, at the end of the 19th century, the Art Nouveau style began to be used in new architecture. Architects in Once again abandoned right angles and lines, using smooth, natural contours. At the same time, there was a surge of interest in new technologies, thanks to which, at the beginning of the 20th century, the architecture of modern times was born, which is still developing.

Man has always had a desire to look into the future. In part, these desires are realized thanks to books by science fiction writers or science fiction films, but they provide only minimal ideas about how a person will live. Undoubtedly, people will find unique architecture and many innovative technologies that are designed to make life more comfortable and create a number of amenities.

The architecture of the future has always excited people's minds. What will the new houses be like: will they accommodate an entire city or will they be incredibly mobile? What materials will they be built from? These questions are just the tip of the iceberg of people's curiosity. However, you should not try to look into the future to find out the answers to them. Today, futuristic houses have already been built in some countries, giving ideas about the architecture of the future. In addition, there are a huge variety of housing projects, the main concepts of which are efficiency, ergonomics and environmental friendliness (“green” houses). At the same time, new, unique building materials are used, which are improved every year.

Futurism of computer-aided house design

Biomorphic Guggenheim Museum - the beginning of the beginning

The appearance of such houses of the future, of course, has a starting point, which marked next stage architectural novels. This point was the Guggenheim Museum, built by Frank Gehry in 1997 in the north of Spain, in the town of Bilbao. This unusual building caused a huge stir around itself, which has not subsided to this day. For many architectural critics, the Museum evoked an association with a huge sea mollusk crawling ashore. This is caused, of course, by the appearance of the building, made of curved silver titanium plates and standing on the river bank.

The unusual building, designed in the style of “biomorphic” architecture (imitation of natural forms), attracts about one and a half million visitors every year. However, not only the design of the building was another breakthrough in architecture, a much greater breakthrough was the computer design of the Museum in in full. In order to realize his ideas, the architect had to resort to the use of computer technologies used in aircraft construction. It was they who helped to embody the unusual biomorphic forms of the building.

Today, the use of computer technology throughout the construction process, starting from the project, is the basis of architecture, its skeleton. It is special computer programs that make it possible to give the future building the most bizarre shapes and unique details.

Variety of forms

For example, the architect Santiago Calatrava, using modern computer technology, acquired his “signature” sign: various buildings built by him are decorated with a roof that resembles the unfolded wing of a bird in flight.

In addition, many architects are impressed by the design of buildings in the form of various drops. Modeling “drops” allows you to give smoothness to the external outlines of houses and unusual curvatures to the internal space. Such technologies allow you to “play” with forms, finding the most advantageous and original solution.

One of these unusual “drop” buildings was the residence of the mayor of the capital of Great Britain, London. The architect of this work of architectural art was Norman Foster, one of the leading and famous architects on the planet. The house he created looks like a huge glass drop stretched along the embankment. It's like she's been exposed force majeure, which transformed after itself a ball of glass and concrete.

The building includes 10 floors, looks incredibly beautiful against the backdrop of the ancient Tower, however, external splendor was not the goal of constructing this building, but the possibility of energy saving.

All the necessary parameters of the residence were calculated by computer programs in order to create an energy-saving building. It is its unusual and so original shape, certain design features, which include the presence of solar panels on the roof, heat-saving glazing, and the use of supplied groundwater to cool the building in the summer, that contribute to the fact that its operation requires 25% less energy required than usual , a familiar building to the eye.

Creating projects and constructing buildings based on the principle of efficiency is one of the most priority tasks architecture of the future. Many resources that are actively used now are not at all inexhaustible, which contributes to the search for new, relevant solutions in the field of construction.

Almost all projects of futuristic houses have as their goal saving the resources of our planet.

Economical architecture of the future

Enough attention has been paid to the principle of economy in the architecture of the future. a large number of attention. The concept of efficiency in new era architecture represents an opportunity cost minimum quantity energy with increased light and heat conductivity, as well as the cost of a minimum land area when constructing a large-scale building.

Evolution of glass

One of the main criteria for the building of the future is its saturation with glass. Glass is one of the main building materials of the future. Besides, significant role various remote controls and sensors will play, which will be designed to make life more comfortable. When the warm season arrives and the air temperature rises significantly, the improved blinds can be closed without going to the window; everything will be done by various sensors and remote controls, while protecting the room from direct sunlight and simultaneously activating the ventilation system.

When cold weather sets in, double window inserts are widely used, where a vacuum space is formed between the panes, retaining heat. The latest technologies have given glass many additional performance properties, making this material truly all-encompassing. For example, glass can be darkened depending on the weather or independently illuminated using electric diodes.

In addition, glass buildings will be able to be built not only traditionally above the ground, but also below it, or, for example, on the sea coast.

In addition to glass, materials such as self-hardening concrete, foil, with which you can build domes and other building elements, as well as metal alloys and various polymers, will play a significant role in futuristic architecture.

Economical buildings, built primarily from glass and metal, with a small addition of wood, polymers or stone, look very attractive. They personify lightness, compliance with the times, expressing the principle of “a lot in a little.”

Integral elements futuristic architecture are solar panels. They not only perform their direct functions, but can also become an excellent and original decoration of the facade of a building. In the UK, at one of the headquarters of an insurance company, the entire building is equipped with solar panels, due to which more than 1,000 computers operate almost uninterruptedly every day.

A lot in a little

Economical include not only buildings that reduce energy costs, but also houses that can occupy a small plot of land while having a fairly significant area. The secret of this saving is that such houses are designed and built based on their height. These are skyscrapers. It is generally accepted that the first skyscraper to appear on earth is the building of an insurance company, built at the end of the 19th century in Chicago. Today, such high-rise buildings are becoming increasingly widespread in the construction industry; there are already projects for skyscrapers reaching a height of up to 4 kilometers.

New York, Tokyo, and Paris are considered the most populated cities with high-rise buildings, but the excitement around the construction of skyscrapers is spreading throughout the world. In particular, the capital of Great Britain, London, is actively joining these cities, in which the architect Renzo Piano created an architectural project for a fully glazed skyscraper, including shops, restaurants, apartments and even a museum.

In addition to skyscrapers, the architect Werner Aislinger has created a number of penthouse projects - houses on the roofs of existing buildings. According to his projects, these houses will be a room without any partitions, built from glass, plastic and metal. For rooms that require a certain amount of insulation, such as the bathroom and kitchen, there will be special niches. Today, the concept of “penthouse” means luxury apartments with panoramic views from the window.

In the architecture of the future, economic aspects are closely related to environmental ones. For example, today “multifunctional complexes”, which are based on economy and have an environmental basis, are becoming increasingly popular.

Eco-friendly "green houses"

Sunny Park - a unique residential community

The construction of environmentally friendly houses, the creation of architectural projects for “green” houses is the main and current trend in the architecture of the future. Some steps in in this direction have been done for several years now. In particular, not long ago Germany presented the “Sunny Park” village to the world. This village includes 12 houses, the main power of which is obtained from solar panels in the summer, while heating in winter is carried out thanks to the greenhouse effect obtained naturally. In addition, firewood is used in small quantities. The use of solar panels can reduce energy costs by 10 times.

The houses in this village are built mainly from materials such as wood, stone, glass, and brick. The amount of polymer and plastic materials is kept to a minimum; instead of asphalt, the sidewalks are covered with ceramic tiles. Wastewater purification is carried out using special plants that destroy bacteria; rainwater is collected in a pond intended for bathing residents. It is also cleaned, not by plants, but by pumps powered by windmills.

The creators of this project focus the attention of specialists on the environmental safety of the village for the environment. “Solar Park” was awarded a prize in the category “Breakthrough to the Future” at the European competition of ecological architecture. Undoubtedly, such houses and villages will appear in increasing numbers and will become an excellent alternative to current buildings.

German hi-tech by Werner Sobeck

However, it should be noted that environmentally friendly and economical buildings cannot always be combined with magnificent, original forms. But some architects successfully solve this problem, for example, the German architect Werner Sobeck, who created the house “R 128”, succeeded. This building is one of the creations of the hi-tech style. Externally, it looks like a transparent cube made of glass, the frame of which is a steel frame.

You can approach the house via a three-story steel suspension bridge. Interestingly, there are no partitions between the rooms on the floor, and the furniture design is based on minimalist futurism and is fully consistent with the appearance of the house.

This building perfectly combines all the originality of external forms, efficiency and environmental friendliness. The house has absolutely no negative impact on the environment and can be easily and quickly installed. The main materials used in the construction are glass and steel. In addition, the creator of the building project calls another advantage of using these materials the possibility of their recycling.

The house is able to provide itself with electricity and the necessary heat. This happens thanks to special triple glazing and a special gas that is located in the spaces between these glasses, and the issue of energy generation is solved by solar panels. Their peculiarity is that if there is an excess of accumulated heat, it is not dissipated, but is stored for future use.

There is no need for the usual electrical switches in this house, since its owner can control the operation of various devices using voice commands.

Architects are paying more and more attention to the environmental friendliness of futuristic houses, without damaging their original appearance. The combination of aesthetics, attractiveness, originality and absolute safety for the environment is one of the “pillars” of designing so-called “green” houses.

These houses are characterized by an emphasis on environmentally friendly technologies, the use of wind, solar, geothermal energy, natural methods of water purification and other similar innovations.

Some examples of the best “green” projects

Songjiang Water Park Hotel

One of the newest “green” projects is the Songjiang Hotel project, which is a huge and unique water park. The roof of this hotel is a beautiful garden and uses geothermal energy. A special feature of the water park hotel is that part of it is under water; in particular, you can feel like you are on the sunken Atlantis in the restaurant and guest rooms. It was planned to implement this unusual project in the spring of 2009, but it still remains an unrealized concept.

Urban farm "Dragonfly"

Another original project was the Dragonfly farm, the construction of which is planned in a large metropolis (New York). According to the plan of the architects and designers, this farm will serve the function of supplying the city with fresh fruits and vegetables, which, of course, will eliminate the need to transport them from afar.

The building includes 132 (!) floors, each of which is intended for growing certain type fruits or vegetables.

Obviously, such a functional building will require a large amount of energy. However, this does not bother architects; they propose to get it from the sun and wind.

Floating civilizations

Projects involving the construction of entire autonomous settlements are becoming increasingly popular. These projects are being created taking into account the threat of global warming, pollution atmospheric air, soil and other negative factors.

One such project is the Venus project. Its conceptual basis is the mass migration of people to floating cities on the surfaces of seas and oceans. Interestingly, these houses will not be fixed on the water in any way, but will drift freely across the expanses of water. Such floating settlements will exist at the expense of the resources of the seas and oceans. The intention of the architects of this project is the most complete harmony between man and nature.

There is no doubt that such settlements will require a considerable amount of energy. The project involves the use of wind, solar and wave energy.

Thus, the presence of such architectural projects today allows us to say that humanity is really concerned about ongoing natural disasters, preserving nature in its original form, and saving its resources.

The implementation of a small part of these projects demonstrates that nothing is impossible, and soon we can live in a “drop” house, turn on the lights in the evening by uttering a simple command, and not be afraid that our lights may be turned off.

Architecture is the art of construction, the ability to design and create cities, residential buildings, public and industrial buildings, squares and streets, gardens and parks. In many cities of our country you will find ancient kremlins and churches, palaces and mansions, modern buildings theaters, libraries, youth palaces, in front of which you will want to stop and take a closer look.

You would also stand in a museum in front of an interesting painting or sculpture. This is because buildings and streets, squares and parks, rooms and halls with their beauty can also excite the imagination and feelings of a person, like other works of art. Masterpieces of architecture are remembered as symbols of peoples and countries. The whole world knows the Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, ancient Acropolis in Athens. However, unlike other arts, people not only contemplate works of architecture, but also constantly use them. Architecture surrounds us and forms a spatial environment for people's life and activities. These are the houses where you live; schools, technical schools, institutes where you study; in theaters, circuses and cinema - you have fun; in gardens, parks and courtyards - relax. Your parents work in factories and institutions; shops, canteens, train stations, and subways are constantly filled with visitors. It’s hard to even imagine how you can do without these and many other structures.

The diversity of architecture depends not only on the creative imagination of the architect (as the architect was called in Rus'), but also on the construction conditions: warm or cold climate, flat or mountainous terrain, the capabilities of construction equipment, wooden, stone or metal structures, aesthetic tastes residents and much more. Construction uses the labor of people of many professions - masons, designers, scientists and artists. They all work under the guidance of an architect. (Architect in Greek means "chief builder.") A person in this profession must have great technical and artistic knowledge. Admiring Gothic cathedral, the Moscow Kremlin or the bicycle track in Krylatskoye, we admire not only the unique beauty of these structures, but also the work and skill of the builders.

Even in ancient times, the tasks of architecture were determined by three qualities - usefulness, durability, beauty. Each building must be useful and meet its intended purpose. This is manifested both in its appearance and in the character of its interior spaces. Residential building, theater and educational institution- three different types of structures. Each of them has its own purpose, and each building must be comfortable: in one case - for housing, in another - for showing performances, in a third - for study. It is also important that each of them is durable and strong. After all, buildings are created not for one year, but for a long time. But architecture would not become art if the third important requirement was ignored - beauty.

Man's well-known desire for beauty inspires the creative imagination of the architect to search for ever new unusual architectural forms, the uniqueness of the appearance and the brightness of the artistic image of the building. So we see a variety of buildings, both ancient and modern. Take, for example, multi-story residential buildings: one is tall, like a tower, another is in the form of a long straight plate, the third bends in a circle. They have the same purpose and similar designs, they are designed for the same climate, they are located in the same city, but the architect’s imagination for each of them has found its own form, its own color scheme. This is how structures arise with their own individual features, by which we recognize them. And each building makes its own impression: one has a solemn, festive appearance, another - strict, the third - lyrical. Architectural monuments belonging to different eras and countries differ from each other in appearance or style, just as the living conditions and artistic tastes of the people of those times differed. Look at the pictures and you will see for yourself.

A bright period in the history of Russian architecture was the mid-18th century. This is the time of rapid construction of palaces, large temples, the heyday of the Baroque style. The largest architect, who largely determined the style of buildings of that time, was V.V. Rastrelli (1700-1771). The facades of its buildings, painted in white, blue and gold, are unusually elegant. The enfilade of halls, richly decorated with stucco, and the wooden mosaic floors of rare beauty are magnificent. The best buildings of V.V. Rastrelli - Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin), the Winter Palace and the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, the Grand Palace in Peterhof. On the island of Kizhi in Lake Onega, the wooden Transfiguration Church (1714), the bell tower (1874) and the Intercession Church (1764), built without a single nail, have been preserved. Eiffel Tower in Paris. It was designed in the mid-19th century. engineer Gustave Eiffel. The originality, boldness of the design and architectural form made the tower famous.

The architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, forms, structures. Architectural styles were formed in certain conditions economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, government structure, ideology, architectural traditions and national characteristics, climatic conditions, landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Let us consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various trends in architecture in different periods time.

Archaic architecture

Structures erected before the 5th century BC are usually classified as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings Ancient Egypt. They are united by simplicity, monumentality, geometric shapes, the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: Egyptian buildings are characterized by symmetry, while the architecture of Mesopotamia is characterized by asymmetry. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - a temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

Antique style

Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, dates back to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of the “megaron” residential building of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. In the Greek temple, the walls were made thick, massive, without windows, and a hole was made in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.

Megaron means " Big hall» - a rectangular house with a hearth in the middle (early 4th millennium BC)

The ancient architectural style became the basis for the development of the order system. There were directions in the order system: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. The Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, it was distinguished by its severity and massiveness. The lighter and more elegant Ionic order appeared later and was popular in Asia Minor. The Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. Colonnades became a hallmark of this type of architectural style. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as antique, Doric order.

The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decoration and introduced an order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.

Roman style

Type of architectural style of the 10th-12th centuries. - received its name “Romanesque” only in the 19th century. thanks to art critics. The structures were created as a structure from simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. Castles, temples and monasteries with powerful stone walls with battlements were built in this style. In the 12th century towers with loopholes and galleries appeared at castle-fortresses.

The main buildings of that era were the temple, the fortress and the castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric shapes: cubes, prisms, cylinders; during their construction, vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. Three-dimensional stone reliefs appeared on the facades.

Architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, shapes, and structures. Architectural styles were formed in certain conditions of economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, government structure, ideology, architectural traditions and national characteristics, climatic conditions, and landscape. The emergence of a new type of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Let's consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various trends in architecture in different periods of time.

Archaic architecture

Structures erected before the 5th century BC are usually classified as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings of Ancient Egypt. They are united by simplicity, monumentality, geometric shapes, and the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: Egyptian buildings are characterized by symmetry, while the architecture of Mesopotamia is characterized by asymmetry. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - a temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

Antique style

Megaron - means “large hall” - a rectangular house with a hearth in the middle (beginning of 4 thousand BC)

The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decoration and introduced an order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.