Painting styles are a very broad topic, one might say eternal. People often use terms that they do not fully understand, which causes confusion and confusion. That is why I want to briefly and clearly tell you everything I know about trends in painting. In order not to turn the article into a dull history lesson, I will succinctly talk about the most popular and relevant areas today. Painting styles with illustrations are a convenient and quick way to get acquainted with the most important trends in the fine arts.
Gothic
"Altar of the Merode family." Robert Campin. 1430s.
Gothic is a movement in art that has covered all the countries of Western and Central Europe. Then Gothic was in everything - in sculpture, painting, stained glass, etc. it was used everywhere possible, a “cultural boom” occurred. This popularity is due to the latest step in the evolution of medieval art. The center and main figure of the Gothic style was architecture - high arches, colored stained glass windows, lots of details. The Roman era could not withstand such onslaught and remained on the sidelines of history.
Years: 1150 - 1450.
Bartolo di Fredi, Giotto, Jan Polak, Jan van Eyck.
Renaissance (Renaissance)
"Penitent Mary Magdalene." Titian. 1560s.
Renaissance arose from the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the cultural upheaval that occurred on this occasion in Europe. The Byzantines, who were forced to flee, along with cultural ties, brought works of art and libraries to the lands of Europe. Thus, there was a kind of revival of ancient views, but in a modern way. Over the years, many points have been revised and questioned. In general, secular humanism and ideas of prosperity reigned.
Years: 1400 - 1600.
Hieronymus Bosch, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian.
Baroque
"Judith and Holofernes." Caravaggio. 1599
Baroque— European cultural heritage comes from Italy. Characterizes ironic vicious beauty, unnatural elitism and pretentiousness. The characteristic features of such paintings are high contrast, plot tension, and character dynamics stretched to the limit. The quintessence of Baroque is considered to be the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, located in Rome.
Years: 1600-1740.
Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Jan Vermeer.
Classicism
"The Mercy of Scipio Africanus." Pompeo Batoni. 1772
Classicism played a huge role in art, as a fundamental movement in 18th-century painting. Everything becomes clear from the name itself (Latin classicus means exemplary, exemplary).
The artists set themselves the goal of introducing the viewer to the lofty, and their paintings were a guiding star. High morality, restrained culture and traditional ancient values became the basis of classicism. During the era of classicism in Europe there was cultural growth and revaluation of values, art reached a completely different level.
Years: 1700 - 1800.
Karl Bryullov, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Poussin Nicolas.
Realism
"Roaming Acrobats" Gustave Dore. 1874
Realism tries to convey with the greatest authenticity the mood of the moment, a moment of reality on the canvas. But in turn, it is not limited by clear boundaries; the only rules are that there should be no room in the picture for things that exclude realism. During experiments, at the end of the 18th century, this style was divided into naturalism and impressionism. But realism managed to survive and is popular even in modern painting.
Years: 1800 - 1880.
William Bouguereau, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet.
Impressionism
"Impression. Rising Sun". Claude Monet. 1872
Impressionism originated in France, this concept was introduced by Louis Leroy. The impressionists who worked in this style wanted to capture a second impression of every object or moment; they painted right here and now, regardless of form and meaning. The paintings showed exclusively positive and bright moments and moments. But later, on this basis, disagreements began among the impressionists; over time, masters appeared who could be impressed social problems, hunger, disease. However, Impressionism is a kind and positive style of painting that shows good and bright moments.
Years: 1860 - 1920.
Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas.
Post-Impressionism
"Self-Portrait in a Gray Felt Hat III." Vincent Van Gogh. 1887
Post-Impressionism has absorbed many various styles and technician. European masters with fresh views on painting gave birth to new trends and actively tried to move away from the then boring impressionism and realism.
Years: 1880 - 1920.
Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Roderick O'Conor.
Pointillism
"Rio San Trovaso. Venice". Henri Edmond Cross. 1904
Pointillism(point - dot) - a stylistic direction in painting, which is the same impressionism, only in a different shell. Instead of jagged strokes, dotted or rectangular shapes were used. Also, the artists abandoned mixing colors on the palette; instead, pure colors were applied to the canvas and mixed directly on the canvas itself without touching each other.
Years: 1885 - 1930.
Henri Edmond Cross, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac.
Modernism
"Butterflies up close." Odilon Redon. 1910
Modernism is a common characteristic of all genres and styles in painting from 1850 to 1950. Includes such trends in painting as impressionism, expressionism, neo- and post-impressionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, abstract art, dadaism, surrealism and many others. The existence of these styles marks the complete departure of fine art from academicism. After leaving academicism, it became almost impossible to keep track of all the trends and styles that have been and are still being formed.
Years: 1850 - 1950.
Salvador Dali, Kazimir Malevich, Auguste Renoir and many others.
Academicism
Academicism- a direction in art that follows the rules and customs of antiquity and the Renaissance. Academicism seeks to impose clear foundations and boundaries and excludes fantasy and creative flight. Instead, the emphasis is on improving the shortcomings, the “roughness” of nature - hiding or eliminating. Improving reality towards a beautiful perception is the essence of academicism. Plots are often taken from ancient mythology, Biblical and historical motifs are also used.
Years: 1500 - today.
Karl Bryullov, William Bouguereau, Fyodor Bruni.
Primitivism
“In the Kitchen” Epifaniy Drovnyak. 1940~
Primitivism- deliberately simplifying a painting to such an extent that it looks as if it were the work of a child. Various folk drawings and illustrations can be attributed to primitivism. Only at first glance the paintings look simple and absurd. But if you look closely, you can see the correct proportions and compliance with the rules of horizon and composition. Most of the famous masters of primitivism and naive art were great admirers of the history of their people and their culture. That is why all their paintings are rich in the color of the area in which they lived. Today this genre has transformed into naive art, often with an admixture of symbolism. This is due to the fact that the modern viewer is not ready to perceive primitivism in its pure form.
Years: 1900 - today.
Epiphany Drovnyak, Henri Rousseau, Niko Pirosmanishvili.
Cubism
"Seated woman in blue dress" Pablo Picasso. 1939
Cubism is a movement of modernism, often used in relation to painting and fine arts. The masters divided their subjects into geometric shapes, giving each unique element its own dense sector.
Years: 1906 - 1925.
Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay.
Surrealism
"The Persistence of Memory". Salvador Dali. 1931
Surrealism is mixing dreams with reality. In this style, artists released their dreams outward, mixing images from real life with each other, combining incompatible things. Also, personal themes of dreams were touched upon - fears, secret desires, unconscious fantasies, complexes. Everything that a person can see in his dreams. Today, surrealists copy the outer shell, using only beautiful forms, without instilling in them the meaning that was characteristic of the masters of the past.
Years: 1920 - today.
Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte.
Abstractionism
"Yellow red blue." Wassily Kandinsky. 1925
Abstractionism- a direction in art where there was a refusal to depict reality and the correctness of forms. The main goal is to depict many colorful shapes that together can tell the story of the painting. Russia and America are considered to be the birthplace of abstract art.
Years: 1910 - today.
Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian.
Expressionism
"Scream." Edvard Munch. 1893
Expressionism sets itself one single task, to convey what the author of the picture felt at the time of its writing. Artists in this style want to express themselves and their feelings, which is why expressionism is the antipode of impressionism, in which the emphasis is on the expression of a purely external shell. Expressionists are characterized by a tendency towards mysticism, pessimism and despondency.
Years: 1890 - today.
Egon Schiele, Karl Eugen Kehl, Jerzy Hulewicz.
Pop Art
"Green bottles of Coca-Cola." Andy Warhole. 1962
Pop Art — Modern style in art, using symbols popular culture and consumer products. Helped to manipulate and combine objects modern technologies, because of this, pop art was often criticized by the gatekeepers of the old school. Over time, pop art absorbed many trends in painting.
Years: 1950 - 1980.
Andy Warhol, David Hockney, Robert Rauschenberg.
Minimalism
Gran Cairo. Frank Stella. 1962
Minimalism should minimize author intervention in environment. Minimalism means only the most important points. Its origins lie in constructivism, suprematism, and dadaism. It is a very controversial genre of painting, due to the overly minimalist views of some authors of this style. Today, minimalist trends in painting are transforming extremely quickly.
Years: 1960 - today.
Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt.
Hyperrealism
"Fruits". Jacques Bodin. 2016
Hyperrealism appeared in connection with the popularization of photography; artists were interested in competing with photographers. Hyperrealists create an alternative reality, a realistic illusion.
Years: 1970 - today.
Gnoli, Gerhard Richter, Delkol.
That's all the directions in painting
That's all I could and wanted to say on this topic 😉 In fact, there are many more directions in painting, and they are unintentionally developed literally every day. In this article I wanted to talk about the most popular and influential ones. If you liked the material, share it on in social networks, let's develop art together. Thank you all for your support!
There is simply a huge variety of trends and styles in the fine arts. Often they do not have any clear boundaries and can smoothly move from one to another, while being in continuous development, resistance and mixing. Most trends in painting coexist simultaneously precisely for this reason - there are practically no “pure styles”. We present you the most popular painting styles today.
Impressionism
Claude Monet “Impression. Rising Sun"
It got its name from the painting “Impression, soleil levant” by Claude Monet. Impressionism is a style of painting that is generally aimed at working outdoors. Painting in this direction is designed to convey the light sensation of the master.
The key characteristics of impressionism include: thin, relatively small, barely visible brush strokes; accurately conveyed lighting changes; open composition; the presence of any movement; unusual vision of objects.
Prominent representatives of impressionism: Pierre Renoir, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet.
Expressionism
Edvard Munch “The Scream”
One of the modern art movements that originated in Germany around the first half of the 20th century. At first, expressionism covered only poetry and painting.
Expressionists usually depict the world only subjectively, completely distorting reality for an even greater emotional effect. In this way, they make their viewer think.
Among its representatives: Amedeo Modigliani, Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, etc.
Cubism
Pablo Picasso “Dora Maar”
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that originated in the 20th century thanks to the famous Pablo Picasso. Therefore, he is the most prominent representative of this style. Note that this movement revolutionized the sculpture and painting of Europe, also inspiring similar movements in architecture, literature and music.
Works of art in this style are characterized by recombined, broken objects in an abstract form.
Modernism
Henri Matisse “Dancer in a Blue Dress”
Modernism demonstrates a combination of different cultural trends, as well as a number of united art movements that originated in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Painters call modernism “another art,” the goal of which is to create unique, unlike anything else, paintings, that is, they show the artist’s special vision.
Famous representatives: Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso.
Neoclassicism
Nicolas Poussin “Parnassus”
Neoclassicism was the main movement in Northern Europe around the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by the art of the Renaissance, antiquity and even classicism.
Thanks to their deep knowledge of church laws, the masters of neoclassicism tried to reconstruct and also introduce canons into their works.
Prominent representatives are: Nicolas Poussin, Franz Joseph Haydn, Rafael.
Pop Art
Andy Warhol “Dollar”
Romanticism
Francisco Goya “Tribunal of the Inquisition”
Romanticism as an art movement originated in the 18th century in Europe. Strong emotions were considered the true source of aesthetic knowledge. The most valued emotions were awe, fear, horror and awe.
Among its representatives: Francisco Goya, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Aivazovsky, William Turner.
Realism
Ilya Repin “The Timid Little Man”
Surrealism is the revelation of psychological truth by separating objects from their everyday meaning in order to create a strong image in order to evoke the empathy of the viewer.
Famous representatives of this style: Max Ernst, Rene Magritte and Salvador Dali.
Symbolism
Mikhail Vrubel “ Defeated Demon”
Symbolism is a kind of protest in favor of spirituality, dreams and imagination, which developed in some European countries at the end of the 19th century.
Symbolist artists had a fairly strong influence on surrealism and expressionism in painting. These two directions came directly from symbolism.
Among the representatives of the style: Mikhail Vrubel, Gustave Moreau, Hugo Simberg, Victor Vasnetsov, etc.
The era of intellectual and artistic flourishing, which began in Italy in the 14th century, reaching its peak in the 16th century and having significant influence on European culture. The term "Renaissance", meaning a return to the values of the ancient world.
Mannerism(Mannerism, Italian maniera - style, manner), a term used in the theory of fine arts. Became popular thanks to the 16th century artist and biographer Vasari, who characterized him as having a high degree of grace, poise and sophistication in art.
Classicism (classicisme) - an artistic style in European culture of the 17th-19th centuries, which turned into a whole aesthetic trend in society. Starting with the Renaissance and reviving ancient (Roman and Greek) ideas about strict order in the universe, its logic and harmony. The painting of classicism of the Florentine school became the basis of academic art education of that time.
Baroque art (Baroque art.), a style of European art and architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries.
Rococo(Rococo), a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by his grace, lightness, and intimate and flirtatious character.
Romanticism(Romanticism), an ideological and artistic movement that arose in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century, as a reaction to the aesthetics of classicism.
Neoclassicism(Neoclassicism), an aesthetic movement that dominated European art in the late 18th century - early. 19th century, which was characterized by an appeal to antiquity.
Impressionism(Impressionism, French impression - impression), a movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s. and largely determined the development of art in the 19th century.
Post-Impressionism(Post-Impressionism), this term was first used by the English critic Roger Fry in relation to various movements in art that arose in France between 1880 and 1905 as a reaction to impressionism.
Modernism(modernism), common name trends in art and literature of the late 19th and 20th centuries. In a broad sense, it covers cubism, dadaism, surrealism, futurism, expressionism, abstract art, functionalism, etc.
Cubism(Cubism), a modernist movement in painting (and to a lesser extent in sculpture) of the 1st quarter of the 20th century. Its appearance dates back to 1907 and is associated with the work of Picasso and Braque, in particular with Picasso’s painting “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,” which depicts deformed, roughened figures, and there is no perspective or chiaroscuro.
Dadaism(dadaism) (French dada - wooden horse), in a figurative sense - incoherent baby talk, avant-garde literary artistic movement in European and American art, which arose as a protest against traditional moral and cultural values.
Surrealism(Surrealism), modernist (modernism) movement in literature, fine arts and cinema, which originated in France in the 1920s. and had a great influence on Western culture. Surrealism is characterized by a predilection for everything bizarre, irrational, and not meeting generally accepted standards.
Avant-garde (French avant-gardisme - ahead and guard) - the general name of artistic movements of the 20th century, which are characterized by the search for new, unknown, often piece forms and means of artistic display.
Art movements are a system of artistic techniques, means of expression, which are designed to express a certain idea, worldview, dominant in a certain community at a given period of time. Styles have evolved throughout last millennium, successively replacing each other. Sometimes a new style arose as a continuation and development of the previous one, sometimes it became a consequence of the struggle with the ideas of the predecessor.
In some cases, it is so difficult to distinguish a style that it is rather classified as a direction. Thus, symbolism and cubism can be classified as an independently formed style, or they can be considered directions of comprehensive modernism.
Each era gave birth to more than one artistic style. By studying works of art, you can get to know better the time in which a particular artistic style was formed and dominated.
Main directions in art of the X - XIX centuries
Romanesque style (X - XIII centuries)
Gothic style (XIII - XVI centuries)
Baroque (XVI - XVIII centuries)
Classicism (XVII - XIX centuries)
Sentimentalism (XVIII century)
Romanticism (XVIII - XIX centuries)
Realism (XIX century)
Main trends in 20th century art
Modernism
Symbolism
Impressionism
Surrealism
It developed in the 1920s of the last century and is a style of paradoxical forms and allusions, reflecting the combination of dreams and reality. In painting, surrealism is clearly reflected in the paintings of Magritte, Ernst, Dali, Matta...
This article contains short description main art styles of the 20th century. It will be useful to know for both artists and designers.
Modernism (from French moderne modern)
in art collective name artistic trends, which established themselves in the second half of the 19th century in the form of new forms of creativity, where it was no longer so much following the spirit of nature and tradition that prevailed, but rather the free gaze of a master, free to change the visible world at his own discretion, following a personal impression, an internal idea or a mystical dream (these trends largely continued the line of romanticism). Its most significant, often actively interacting, directions were impressionism, symbolism and modernism. In Soviet criticism, the concept of “modernism” was ahistorically applied to all movements of art of the 20th century that did not correspond to the canons of socialist realism.
Abstractionism(art under the sign of “zero forms”, non-objective art) is an artistic direction that was formed in the art of the first half of the 20th century, completely abandoning the reproduction of forms of the real visible world. The founders of abstract art are considered to be V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian and K. Malevich. V. Kandinsky created his own type of abstract painting, freeing the impressionist and “wild” stains from any signs of objectivity. Piet Mondrian arrived at his non-objectivity through the geometric stylization of nature initiated by Cézanne and the Cubists. Modernist movements of the 20th century, focused on abstractionism, completely depart from traditional principles, denying realism, but at the same time remaining within the framework of art. The history of art experienced a revolution with the advent of abstract art. But this revolution did not arise by chance, but quite naturally, and was predicted by Plato! In his late work Philebus, he wrote about the beauty of lines, surfaces and spatial forms in themselves, independent of any imitation of visible objects, from any mimesis. This kind of geometric beauty, unlike the beauty of natural “irregular” forms, according to Plato, is not relative, but unconditional, absolute.
Futurism- literary and artistic movement in the art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as its main program put forward the idea of destructing cultural stereotypes and instead offered an apologia for technology and lowness as the main signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the speed of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called cubofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic installations of futurism izma. Using intersections, shifts, collisions and influxes of forms, the artists tried to express the fragmented multiplicity of impressions of a contemporary person, a city dweller.
Cubism- “the most complete and radical artistic revolution since the Renaissance” (J. Golding). Artists: Picasso Pablo, Georges Braque, Fernand Léger Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, Gleizes Metzinger. Cubism - (French cubisme, from cube - cube) direction in art of the first quarter of the 20th century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, a plastic shift of shape. Many Russian artists went through a fascination with cubism, often combining its principles with the techniques of other modern artistic trends - futurism and primitivism. A specific version of the interpretation of cubism on Russian soil has become cubofuturism.
Purism- (French purisme, from Latin purus - pure) movement in French painting of the late 1910s-20s. The main representatives are the artist A. Ozanfan and architect S. E. Jeanneret (Le Corbusier). Rejecting the decorative tendencies of Cubism and others avant-garde movements 1910s, the deformation of nature they accepted, the purists strived for a rationalistically ordered transfer of stable and laconic object forms, as if “cleansed” of details, to the depiction of “primary” elements. The works of purists are characterized by flatness, smooth rhythm of light silhouettes and contours of similar objects (jugs, glasses, etc.). Without being developed in easel forms, the significantly rethought artistic principles of purism were partially reflected in modern architecture, mainly in the buildings of Le Corbusier.
Serrealism- a cosmopolitan movement in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France and officially ended its existence in 1969. It contributed significantly to the formation of consciousness modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton- writer, leader and ideological inspirer of the movement, Louis Aragon- one of the founders of surrealism, who was later transformed in a bizarre way into a singer of communism, Salvador Dali- artist, theorist, poet, screenwriter, who defined the essence of the movement with the words: “Surrealism is me!”, a highly surreal filmmaker Luis Buñuel, artist Joan Miro- “the most beautiful feather on the cap of surrealism,” as Breton and many other artists around the world called it.
Fauvism(from the French les fauves - wild (animals)) Local direction in painting early. XX century The name F. was mockingly assigned to a group of young Parisian artists ( A. Matisse, A. Derain, M. Vlaminck, A. Marche, E.O. Friez, J. Braque, A.Sh. Mangen, K. van Dongen), who jointly participated in a number of exhibitions from 1905 to 1907, after their first exhibition in 1905. The name was adopted by the group itself and firmly established itself. The movement did not have a clearly formulated program, manifesto or its own theory and did not last long, however, leaving a noticeable mark on the history of art. Its participants were united in those years by the desire to create artistic images exclusively with the help of extremely bright open color. Developing the artistic achievements of the Post-Impressionists ( Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh), relying on some formal techniques of medieval art (stained glass, Romanesque art) and Japanese engravings, popular in artistic circles in France since the time of the Impressionists, the Fauvists sought to maximize the use of coloristic possibilities of painting.
Expressionism(from the French expression - expressiveness) - a modernist movement in Western European art, mainly in Germany, in the first third of the 20th century, which developed in a certain historical period- on the eve of the First World War. The ideological basis of expressionism was the individualistic protest against ugly world, the increasing alienation of a person from the world, a feeling of homelessness, collapse, collapse of those principles on which European culture seemed to rest so firmly. Expressionists are characterized by an affinity for mysticism and pessimism. Artistic techniques characteristic of expressionism: rejection of illusory space, desire for a flat interpretation of objects, deformation of objects, love of sharp colorful dissonances, a special coloring containing apocalyptic drama. Artists perceived creativity as a way of expressing emotions.
Suprematism(from Latin supremus - highest, highest; first; last, extreme, apparently, through Polish supremacja - superiority, supremacy) The direction of avant-garde art of the first third of the 20th century, the creator, main representative and theorist of which was a Russian artist Kazimir Malevich. The term itself does not reflect the essence of Suprematism. In fact, in Malevich’s understanding, this is an evaluative characteristic. Suprematism is the highest stage of development of art on the path of liberation from everything extra-artistic, on the path of the ultimate identification of the non-objective, as the essence of any art. In this sense, Malevich considered primitive ornamental art to be suprematist (or “supremacist”). He first applied this term to large group his paintings (39 or more) depicting geometric abstractions, including the famous “Black Square” on a white background, “Black Cross”, etc., exhibited at the Petrograd futurist exhibition “zero-ten” in 1915. It was behind these and similar ones geometric abstractions and the name Suprematism was established, although Malevich himself attributed many of his works of the 20s to it, which outwardly contained some forms of specific objects, especially human figures, but retained the “Suprematist spirit.” And in fact, Malevich’s later theoretical developments do not give grounds to reduce Suprematism (at least by Malevich himself) only to geometric abstractions, although they, of course, constitute its core, essence, and even (black-and-white and white-white Suprematism) bring painting to the limit of its existence in general as a form of art, that is, to the pictorial zero, beyond which there is no longer painting itself. This path was continued in the second half of the century by numerous trends in art activity that abandoned brushes, paints, and canvas.
Russian avant-garde The 1910s presents a rather complex picture. It is characterized by a rapid change of styles and trends, an abundance of groups and associations of artists, each of which proclaimed its own concept of creativity. Something similar happened in European painting at the beginning of the century. However, the mixture of styles, the “confusion” of trends and directions were unknown to the West, where the movement towards new forms was more consistent. Many masters of the younger generation moved with extraordinary speed from style to style, from stage to stage, from impressionism to modernism, then to primitivism, cubism or expressionism, going through many stages, which was completely atypical for the masters of French or German painting. The situation that developed in Russian painting was largely due to the pre-revolutionary atmosphere in the country. It aggravated many of the contradictions that were inherent in everything European art in general, because Russian artists learned from European models and were well acquainted with various schools and artistic movements. A peculiar Russian “explosion” in artistic life played out in this way historical role. By 1913 it was Russian art reached new frontiers and horizons. A completely new phenomenon of non-objectivity appeared - a line beyond which the French Cubists did not dare to cross. One after another they cross this line: Kandinsky V.V., Larionov M.F., Malevich K.S., Filonov P.N., Tatlin V.E.
Cubofuturism Local direction in the Russian avant-garde (in painting and poetry) of the beginning of the 20th century. In the fine arts, cubo-futurism arose on the basis of a rethinking of pictorial finds, cubism, futurism, and Russian neo-primitivism. The main works were created in the period 1911-1915. The most characteristic paintings of Cubo-Futurism came from the brush of K. Malevich, and were also painted by Burliuk, Puni, Goncharova, Rozanova, Popova, Udaltsova, Ekster. Malevich's first cubo-futurist works were exhibited at the famous exhibition of 1913. “Target”, on which Larionov’s rayism also debuted. By appearance Cubo-Futurist works echo the compositions of F. Léger created at the same time and are semi-objective compositions composed of cylindrical, cone-, flask-, shell-shaped hollow volumetric colored forms, often having a metallic sheen. Already in the first similar works of Malevich, a tendency towards a transition from natural rhythm to purely mechanical rhythms of the machine world is noticeable (“The Carpenter”, 1912, “The Grinder”, 1912, “Portrait of Klyun”, 1913).
Neoplasticism- one of the early varieties of abstract art. Created in 1917 by the Dutch painter P. Mondrian and other artists who were members of the “Style” association. Neoplasticism is characterized, according to its creators, by the desire for “universal harmony,” expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated by perpendicular lines of black and painted in local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones). Neo-plasticisme (Nouvelle plastique) This term appeared in Holland in the 20th century. Piet Mondrian defined for them his plastic concepts, erected into a system and defended by the group and the magazine “Style” (“De Stiji”) founded in Leiden in 1917. The main feature of neoplasticism was the strict use of expressive means. To construct a form, neoplasticism allows only horizontal and vertical lines. Intersecting lines at right angles is the first principle. Around 1920, a second one was added to it, which, by removing the brushstroke and emphasizing the plane, limits the colors to red, blue and yellow, i.e. three pure primary colors to which only white and black can be added. With the help of this rigor, neoplasticism intended to go beyond individuality in order to achieve universalism and thus create new picture peace.
Official "baptism" orphism happened at the Salon of Independents in 1913. So the critic Roger Allard wrote in his report on the Salon: “... let us note for future historians that in 1913 a new school of Orphism was born...” (“La Cote” Paris March 19, 1913). He was echoed by another critic Andre Varnaud: “The Salon of 1913 was marked by the birth new school Orphic school" ("Comoedia" Paris March 18, 1913). Finally Guillaume Apollinaire reinforced this statement by exclaiming, not without pride: “This is Orphism. This is the first time that this direction, which I predicted, has appeared” (“Montjoie!” Paris supplement to March 18, 1913). Indeed, this term was invented Apollinaire(Orphism as the cult of Orpheus) and was first publicly stated during a lecture on modern painting given in October 1912. What did he mean? It seems he didn't know it himself. Moreover, I didn’t know how to define the boundaries of this new direction. In fact, the confusion that reigns to this day is due to the fact that Apollinaire unknowingly confused two problems that are interconnected, of course, but before trying to connect them he should have emphasized their differences. On the one hand, the creation Delaunay pictorial means of expression entirely based on color and, on the other hand, the expansion of cubism due to the emergence of several different directions. After breaking up with Marie Laurencin at the end of the summer of 1912, Apollinaire sought shelter from the Delaunay family, who received him with friendly understanding in their workshop on the Rue Grand-Augustin. Just this summer, Robert Delaunay and his wife experienced a profound aesthetic evolution leading to what he later called the “destructive period” of painting based solely on the constructive and spatio-temporal qualities of color contrasts.
Postmodernism (postmodern, post-avant-garde) -
(from the Latin post “after” and modernism), the collective name of artistic trends that became especially clear in the 1960s and are characterized by a radical revision of the position of modernism and the avant-garde.
Abstract expressionism post-war (late 40s - 50s of the XX century) stage of development of abstract art. The term itself was introduced back in the 20s by a German art critic E. von Sydow (E. von Sydow) to refer to certain aspects of expressionist art. In 1929, the American Barr used it to characterize Kandinsky’s early works, and in 1947 he called the works “abstract expressionist” Willem de Kooning And Pollock. Since then, the concept of abstract expressionism has been consolidated behind a fairly broad, stylistically and technically variegated field of abstract painting (and later sculpture), which received rapid development in the 50s. in the USA, in Europe, and then throughout the world. The direct ancestors of abstract expressionism are considered to be early Kandinsky, expressionists, orphists, partly dadaists and surrealists with their principle of mental automatism. The philosophical and aesthetic basis of abstract expressionism was largely the philosophy of existentialism, popular in the post-war period.
Ready-made(English ready-made - ready) The term was first introduced into the art historical lexicon by the artist Marcel Duchamp to designate their works, which are objects of utilitarian use, removed from the environment of their normal functioning and, without any changes, exhibited at an art exhibition as works of art. Ready-mades affirmed a new view of things and thinghood. An object that had ceased to perform its utilitarian functions and was included in the context of the space of art, that is, had become an object of non-utilitarian contemplation, began to reveal some new meanings and associative moves, unknown to anyone else. traditional art, nor the everyday utilitarian sphere of existence. The problem of the relativity of the aesthetic and the utilitarian has emerged acutely. The First Ready-Made Duchamp exhibited in New York in 1913. The most notorious are his readymades. steel “Bicycle Wheel” (1913), “Bottle Dryer” (1914), “Fountain” (1917) - this is how an ordinary urinal was designated.
Pop Art. After World War II, America developed a large social class of people who earned enough money to buy goods that were not particularly important to them. For example, the consumption of goods: Coca Cola or Levi's jeans become an important attribute of this society. A person using this or that product shows his belonging to a certain social class. Mass culture was now being formed. Things became symbols, stereotypes. Pop art necessarily uses stereotypes and symbols. Pop art(pop art) embodied the creative quest of new Americans, who relied on creative principles Duchamp. This: Jasper Johns, K. Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and others. Pop art gains the significance of mass culture, so it is not surprising that it formed and became an art movement in America. Their like-minded people: Hamelton R, Tone China chosen as authority Kurt Schwieters. Pop art is characterized by a work of illusion that explains the essence of the object. Example: pie K. Oldenburg, depicted in various variants. An artist may not depict a pie, but rather dispel illusions and show what a person really sees. R. Rauschenberg is also original: he glued various photographs to the canvas, outlined them and attached some kind of stuffed animal to the work. One of his famous works is a stuffed hedgehog. His paintings, where he used photographs of Kenedy, are also well known.
Primitivism (Naive art). This concept is used in several senses and is actually identical to the concept "primitive art". IN various languages and different scientists use these concepts most often to designate the same range of phenomena in artistic culture. In Russian (as in some others), the term “primitive” has a somewhat negative meaning. Therefore, it is more appropriate to dwell on the concept Naive art. In the broadest sense this means art, characterized by simplicity (or simplification), clarity and formal spontaneity of figurative and expressive language, with the help of which a special vision of the world, not burdened by civilizational conventions, is expressed. The concept appeared in modern European culture last centuries, therefore, reflects the professional positions and ideas of this culture, which considered itself the highest level of development. From these positions, Naive art also refers to the archaic art of ancient peoples (before the Egyptian or ancient Greek civilizations), for example, primitive art; the art of peoples delayed in their cultural and civilizational development (indigenous populations of Africa, Oceania, American Indians); amateur and non-professional art on a wide scale (for example, the famous medieval frescoes of Catalonia or the non-professional art of the first American settlers from Europe); many works of the so-called “international Gothic”; folk art; finally, the art of talented primitivist artists of the 20th century, who did not receive professional art education, but felt the gift artistic creativity and devoted themselves to its independent implementation in art. Some of them (French A. Rousseau, C. Bombois, Georgian N. Pirosmanishvili, Croatian I. Generalich, American A.M. Robertson etc.) created true artistic masterpieces that are included in the treasury of world art. Naive art, in its vision of the world and methods of its artistic presentation, is somewhat close to the art of children, on the one hand, and to the creativity of the mentally ill, on the other. However, in essence it differs from both. The closest thing in worldview to children's art is the naive art of the archaic peoples and aborigines of Oceania and Africa. Its fundamental difference from children's art lies in its deep sacredness, traditionalism and canonicity.
Net art(Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) The newest type of art, modern art practices, developing in computer networks, in particular on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, who also contribute to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Internet, providing complete freedom of online existence to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net art. not representation, but communication, and its unique art unit is an electronic message. There are at least three stages in the development of Net art, which emerged in the 80s and 90s. XX century The first was when aspiring Internet artists created pictures from letters and icons found on a computer keyboard. The second began when underground artists and just anyone who wanted to show something of their creativity came to the Internet.
OP-ART(English Op-art - shortened version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions, based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Goes back to the so-called “geometric” abstractionism, the representative of which was V. Vasarely(from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art. The direction of op art (optical art) originated in the 50s within abstractionism, although this time it was of a different variety - geometric abstraction. Its spread as a movement dates back to the 60s. XX century
Graffiti(graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works of the subculture are designated, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, vehicles, made using various types of spray guns, aerosol cans with paint. Hence another name for “spray art” - Spray-art. Its origin is associated with the massive appearance of graffiti. in the 70s on New York subway cars, and then on the walls of public buildings and store shutters. The first authors of graffiti. There were mostly young unemployed artists from ethnic minorities, primarily Puerto Ricans, so the first Graffiti showed some stylistic features of Latin American folk art, and by the very fact of appearing on surfaces not intended for this, their authors protested against their disenfranchised position. By the beginning of the 80s. a whole trend of almost professional masters of G. was formed. Their real names, previously hidden under pseudonyms, became known ( CRASH, NOC 167, FUTURA 2000, LEE, SEEN, DAZE). Some of them transferred their technique to canvas and began exhibiting in galleries in New York, and soon graffiti appeared in Europe.
HYPERREALISM(hyperrealism - English), or photorealism (photorealism - English) - artistic. a movement in painting and sculpture based on photography and the reproduction of reality. Both in its practice and in its aesthetic orientations towards naturalism and pragmatism, hyperrealism is close to pop art. They are primarily united by a return to figurativeness. It acts as an antithesis to conceptualism, which not only broke with representation, but also questioned the very principle of the material realization of art. concept.
Land art(from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in the art of the last thirdXXc., based on the use of a real landscape as the main artistic material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre piles of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their works usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as if trying to return art to nature. Thanks to his<первобытному>In appearance, many actions and objects of this kind are close to archeology, as well as photo art, since the majority of the public can only contemplate them in a series of photographs. It looks like we will have to come to terms with yet another barbarism in the Russian language. I don't know if it's a coincidence that the term<лэнд-арт>appeared at the end 60s, at a time when in developed societies the rebellious spirit of students directed its forces towards overthrowing established values.
MINIMALISM(minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. a flow that comes from minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creativity. artist's self-restraint. Minimalism is characterized by a rejection of subjectivity, representation, and illusionism. Rejecting the classic techniques of creativity and tradition. artist materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes. shapes and neutral colors (black, grey), small volumes, serial, conveyor methods of industrial production are used. An artifact in the minimalist concept of creativity is a predetermined result of the process of its production. Having received its most complete development in painting and sculpture, minimalism, interpreted in a broad sense as an economy of art. means, has found application in other forms of art, primarily theater and cinema.
Minimalism originated in the USA in the lane. floor. 60s Its origins are in constructivism, Suprematism, Dadaism, abstract art, formalist Amer. painting from the 50s, pop art. Directly forerunner of minimalism. is American artist F. Stella, who presented a series of “Black Paintings” in 1959-60, where ordered straight lines prevailed. The first minimalist works appear in 1962-63. The term "minimalism." belongs to R. Wollheim, who introduces it in relation to the analysis of creativity M. Duchamp and pop artists who minimize the artist's intervention in the environment. Its synonyms are “cool art”, “ABC art”, “serial art”, “primary structures”, “art as a process”, “systematic”. painting". Among the most representative minimalists are K. Andre, M. Bochner, U. De Ma-ria, D. Flavin. S. Le Witt, R. Mangold, B. Murden, R. Morris, R. Ryman. They are united by the desire to fit the artifact into the environment, to play with the natural texture of materials. D. Zhad defines it as “specific. object”, different from the classic one. works of plastic arts Independently, lighting plays a role as a way of creating minimalist art. situations, original spatial solutions; Computer methods are used to create works.