The artistic or creative method is one of the most important concepts in literary criticism. It defines the most general features figurative reflection life in art, which are consistently repeated in the work of a number of writers and thereby form literary movements (directions) in one or another country or a number of countries (for example, realism, romanticism, symbolism, etc.). The nature of the figurative reflection of life depends primarily on how, on the basis of what method the artist approaches the depiction of reality.
Illustration by Yu. Seliverstov for the book “Utopia” by T. More.
Illustration by D. Shmarinov for L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace.”
The artistic method develops in certain historical conditions- writers who adhere to this method are united by the idea of an ideal, of a person who meets (or does not meet) this ideal, therefore, of the type of hero, the choice of an appropriate plot. The writer's style is always individual, but it is necessarily connected with the artistic method that the writer adheres to.
Manifold historical life society also gives rise to a variety of manifestations of the artistic method, therefore, at the same time, various artistic methods can exist, depending on the artist’s view of the tasks of art.
Realistic artistic methods tend to convey the real features of life (although it is also possible to turn to conventional forms, for example in satire); in romantic ones, the subjective position of the artist is more pronounced, giving the image a more conventional character. From this point of view, let us compare two paintings: E. Delacroix’s “Freedom on the Barricades” and V. I. Surikov’s “Morning of the Streltsy Execution.” Both of them are related to real historical events, they paint primarily mass folk scenes. Delacroix's canvas was written under the impression of the events of the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris. Surikov depicts an episode from the distant past - the finale of the Streltsy revolt against Peter I in 1698. For Delacroix, the main thing is the desire to convey his attitude to what is happening: the image is permeated with contrasts, as if symbolizing the meaning of events. In the center of the picture is a half-naked female figure with a banner, one of the colors of which - red - especially contrasts with the dark background, where the movement of the crowd is visible. Close-up The picture shows two fighters with weapons, a boy standing next to a woman, and the bodies of the wounded and killed. In the background there are reflections of a fire, through which the ledges of houses are visible. Emphatically conditional image main character- women, by which Freedom itself is meant, the bright contrasts in the depiction of the moving mass of people, their passionate impulse forward - all this reflects the enthusiasm of the artist, looking for exceptional circumstances and exceptional heroes in order to convey the pathos of the uprising and thereby express his attitude towards the world.
Surikov's focus is on folk tragedy. On Red Square, against the background of St. Basil's Cathedral towering in the center, there is a crowd, while each person, and there are about fifty of them, is shown as an individual, each with his own character, his own expression. On the right stands the figure of Peter I on horseback, menacing and majestic; on the left in the foreground is an angry and disobedient archer in the face of execution; in the center is a sobbing woman with a child; in bast shoes is a archer's wife mourning her husband, who is being led to execution. Every detail speaks volumes here; there are no little things here that do not mean the main thing: we are talking about the tragedy of the people at a sharp turn in history. This is the main historical idea of the artist. V.I. Lenin said that Peter I did not stop at “barbaric means of struggle against barbarism.” This controversial moment in Russian history is revealed in the film with deep sorrow and sympathy for the people.
In the first picture the people are depicted as romantics, in the second - as realists. Both artists are on the side of the people, but their paintings are different in their artistic method.
Another example can be given when two writers depict the same event, but different methods. For example, the famous Battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon suffered his final defeat, is depicted romantically in Hugo’s novel Les Misérables and realistically in Stendhal’s novel The Cloister of Parma.
The great historical revolution associated with October Revolution(including the period of its historical preparation), naturally, created new conditions for the development of world art, and in particular literature, and thereby for the formation of a new artistic method - the method of socialist realism.
The study of artistic method has great value to understand the patterns of development of art and literature and the role that the individual creativity of the writer plays in this development. In criticism there are a number of concepts that do not diverge from the concept of artistic method: direction, flow, style, literary school, literary group. All of them ultimately mean the commonality of essential features in the work of a number of writers (sometimes in a number of countries), emerging in the course of literary development in principle, on the basis of one or another similarity in the social, ideological and other positions of the writers. A precise delineation of these concepts in criticism has not yet been achieved. In this dictionary we are talking about general concept artistic method, about directions and trends as its specific historical and literary manifestations, about schools and groups as its most particular forms.
The creative method corresponds to cognitive-evaluative activity (the side of art).
Creative method– this is a system of basic principles of artistic knowledge/mastery/evaluation of reality. The principles are developed under the influence of the author’s concept of the world and man, which, in turn, is developed under the influence of a particular era.
Methods can be productive (forming an artistic system), for example romanticism, and unproductive (forming only one literary movement), for example sentimentalism.
The category of creative method is associated with the concept of direction. The method develops precisely within the framework of the direction. Direction– this is a historical and literary phenomenon, it is local (there are certain time frames, stages of development (appearance, flourishing, extinction)). And the method can be developed and continue to exist even after a decline in direction. It is universal. For example: the romantic method is characteristic of the early period of creativity of many writers (separate elements and principles of the method can be used).
Three Basic Creative Methods-classical, romantic and realistic.
General principles:
1) P. creative implementation. The relationship between aesthetically assimilated reality and how it is recreated in a work of art (i.e., between primary and secondary reality) is characterized. Manifestations: degree of plausibility and fantasy. ( realistic method: maximum likelihood, classicist method: maximum degree of conventionality (speaking surnames, dominant character trait)); degree of “self-development” thin. reality, the author's dictate over it ( real. method: high degree self-development, reality can get out of the control of the author; rom.: complete dictate and free will of the author, high degree of self-expression; classic: the dictatorship of the author, but not subjectivity, not his own thought, but rather the ideology, civic position that the author expresses).
2) P. aesthetic assessment.The relationship between the aesthetic ideal and reality is characterized. It manifests itself in the gravitation of the aesthetic ideal towards one of the poles (towards speculative normativity or socio-historical causality). Classic: normativity is leading; real.: leading socio-historical causality, the ideal is born from life itself and cannot be expressed in one character; usually embodied in 2 almost opposite images; rom.: the author's ideal is the image of the main character.
3) P. artistic generalization. The relationship between the image and the essence embodied in it is characterized. It manifests itself in typification (the embodiment of features characteristic of reality) or generalization (the embodiment of the author's idea). The image of a hero of his time - typification , rum. hero– generalization.
Complex goal
know
- the concept of artistic method as a set of principles artistic image;
- the category of literary movement as the leading ideological and aesthetic tendency of creativity;
- literary movements and schools;
- information about artistic style as a set of stable elements artistic form and the content of creativity, style-forming factors, stylistics of language and speech, historical development of the theory of style;
be able to
Analyze literature both at the level of the writer’s work as a whole and individual works;
own
- terminology and conceptual apparatus of this issue;
- skills in determining the stylistic, figurative and methodological specifics of an individual author’s work.
Artistic method
It is necessary to clearly understand the relationships and interrelations of such categories. literary process, as an artistic method, literary direction and movement, artistic style.
The concept of the literary process is the most general, the starting point for defining all the categories that characterize different aspects of literature, relating to its different aspects.
Artistic method is a way of mastering and displaying the world, a set of basic creative principles for the figurative reflection of life. The method can be spoken of as the structure of the writer’s artistic thinking, which determines his approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal.
The method is embodied in the content literary work. Through method we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, evaluation, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment characters, life phenomena in historical refraction.
The method is manifested in the structure of thoughts and feelings of the heroes of a literary work, in the motivations for their behavior and actions, in the relationship of characters and events, in accordance life path, the fate of the characters and the socio-historical circumstances of the era.
Artistic method is a system of principles for selecting life material, its evaluation, principles and prevailing forms of artistic generalization and rethinking. It characterizes a complex of factors: holistic ideological, evaluative, individually unique, social attitude artist to reality, to consciously or spontaneously reflected needs, ideological and artistic traditions. The artistic method largely determines the specificity of the artistic image.
The concept of “artistic style” is closely related to the concept of “artistic method”. The method is implemented in a style, i.e. the general properties of the method receive their national-historical specificity in the style of the writer.
The concept of "method" (from the Greek - path of research) means " general principle the artist’s creative attitude to knowable reality, i.e. its re-creation." These are a kind of ways of understanding life that changed in different historical and literary eras. According to some scientists, the method lies at the basis of trends and directions, it represents the method of aesthetic exploration of reality that is inherent in the works of a certain direction. Method is an aesthetic category and deeply meaningful. “It is embodied both in the ideological structure of the work and in the principle of constructing the image, plot, composition, and language. The method is the understanding and reproduction of reality in accordance with the characteristics of artistic thinking and the aesthetic ideal."
The problem of the method of depicting reality was first recognized in antiquity and was fully embodied in Aristotle’s work “Poetics” under the name “theory of imitation.” Imitation, but of Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal is to recreate the world as similar to the real one, or, more precisely, as it could be. The authority of this theory remained until the end of the 18th century, when the romantics proposed a different approach (also having its roots in antiquity, more precisely in Hellenism) - the re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the “universe”. These two concepts, according to domestic literary criticism of the middle of the last century, underlie two “types of creativity” - “realistic” and “romantic”, within the framework of which the “methods” of classicism, romanticism, various types of realism, and modernism fit. It should be said that the concept of “method” was used by many literary theorists and writers: A. Watteau, D. Diderot, G. E. Lessing, I. V. Goethe, S. T. Coleridge, who wrote the treatise “On Method” (1818) .
The theory of imitation served as the basis for the development of naturalism. “Working on “Thérèse Raquin,” wrote E. Zola, “I forgot about everything in the world, I delved into the painstaking copying of life, devoting myself entirely to the study of the human body...”. Often a feature of this method of reflecting reality is the complete dependence of the creator of the work on the subject of the image, artistic knowledge turns into copying. Another model can lead to arbitrariness of subjectivity. For example, F. Schiller argued that the artist, re-creating reality (“material”), “... stops little before violence against him... The material that he processes, he respects as little as the mechanic; he only will try to deceive with its apparent pliability the eye that protects the freedom of this material." In a number of works, scientists propose to supplement the concept of method with the concept of a type of creativity, a type of artistic thinking. At the same time, two types of creativity - re-creating and recreating - cover all the richness of the principles of artistic reflection.
Regarding the problem of the relationship between method and direction, it is necessary to take into account that method as a general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from direction as a historically specific phenomenon. Consequently, if this or that direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a broad category of the literary process, can be repeated in the works of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore different directions and currents. For example, we find elements of the realistic principle of reflecting reality already in the directions of classicism, sentimentalism, i.e. even before the emergence of the realistic method itself, just as established realism later penetrates into the works of modernism.
- Gulyaev N. A. Theory of literature. M., 1985. P. 174.
- Literary manifestos of French realists. L., 1935. P. 98.
- Schiller F. Collected works: at 8 τ. T. 6. M.; L., 1950. P. 296.
What does the concept of “artistic method” mean in literature? What are its distinctive characteristics? What method did your favorite writers follow or follow? Do you want to distinguish symbolism from acmeism? This article is for you! It sets out the basis that will help you feel confident in a huge literary space.
What is artistic method?
This is one of the most important concepts in art. It means a set of general assessments, vision of the world and perception of certain things by writers. Thus arose various directions in literature. Nature of vision surrounding reality depends on what method the creator follows.
Adherents of a certain artistic (creative) method are united by the idea of ideals, human life, good and evil, and about art in general. They target different target audiences, so the existence of multiple literary methods is extremely important as they cater to the spiritual needs of people with different mindsets.
Distinctive characteristics
Main feature artistic method lies in the variety of its forms. In the literature there is huge amount directions and their “mixtures”, with the help of which we can look differently at an object and phenomenon. Classicism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, naturalism, modernism, symbolism, acmeism, futurism, impressionism, expressionism, existentialism, postmodernism are the main directions that have their own individual strength and character.
What artistic methods exist in literature?
Every writer certainly has his own individual style expressions of thought, unlike anyone else, but he is intertwined with one specific direction that is close to himself.
Let's move from the general to the specific and understand the main artistic methods in literature, starting from the 17th century and ending with the end of the 20th.
Classical movements of the 17th - 18th centuries
Classicism first emerged in the 17th century. Characterized by educational morality, simplicity of presentation, a clear division into positive and negative heroes, “three unities”—place, time and action. The following people worked in this direction: famous writers, like J. Racine, M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin. You can find the main features of classicism in “Ode to the Capture of Khotin”.
In the 18th century, J. Rousseau, I. Goethe, and N. Karamzin wrote in the next literary direction—sentimentalism. In this direction it is important to depict the state inner world character, his mental anguish and sincere emotions. You can get to know this area better by reading " Poor Lisa".
Romanticism appeared at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Love, feelings, desires, suffering, escape from oppressive reality - all this is incredibly beautifully described in their works by D. Byron, V. Hugo, M. Lermontov. "The Demon" is a vibrant work that will give you a complete understanding of this direction.
Everyday life of the 19th century
Realism, which emerged in the 19th century, describes a typical hero in a typical situation for the average person through colloquial vocabulary. This direction was subtly felt by Charles Dickens, O. de Balzac, L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, A. Chekhov, I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons” is a revealing novel that, without falsehood or pretense, will tell about the difference between generations and their perceptions; this is the essence of realism.
Naturalism is an artistic method that arose in late XIX century. is distinguished by an accurate and objective depiction of fate, everyday life, everyday life, and human character. Representatives of this trend, such as M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. Nekrasov, believed that there are no unworthy topics for presentation, even typical human experiences are real art. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a poem about the realities of peasant life and difficult fate- an undeniable representative of naturalism.
Catchy and unusual methods of presenting thoughts of the 19th - early 20th centuries
Modernism - common name for such movements as symbolism, impressionism, acmeism, futurism, expressionism. To have an idea of modernism, let us characterize all of the above trends.
- Symbolism arose in the 1870s; it differs from other movements in its figurative vision, the secret meaning of objects and phenomena, and the use of words with multiple meanings. For example, Z. Gippus, V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, A. Blok wrote in this interesting and unusual direction. “Pharmacy, Street, Lantern” is a poem that is worth reading or refreshing your memory to understand the essence of the symbolism.
- Acmeism is an artistic method that was followed only by our compatriots, for example O. Mandelstam, A. Akhmatova, N. Gumilyov. There is no ambiguity in this direction, words have exact value, and the images are clearly visible; by force artistic word writers rethought life processes that have flaws. “The Gray-Eyed King” - you need to immerse yourself in this poem to understand the logic of the poets of this movement.
- Futurism is the direction in which Russian and Italian creators worked. This catchy trend appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Shocking, bold decisions and non-standard construction of the poem, for example with a ladder, like the prominent representative of this direction V. Mayakovsky. Besides him, I. Severyanin, V. Khlebnikov, D. Burliuk created and broke the idea of classical art in this direction. "Could you?" - an extravagant, unusual, inspiring, absolutely futuristic poem.
- Impressionism in literature appeared at the end of the 19th century; writers in this direction described in detail feelings, experiences and emotions, and turned moments of life into art. The brightest representatives of this trend can be considered G. de Maupassant and M. Proust. "Dear Friend" - emotional and easy piece, after reading which you will certainly become a fan of impressionism.
- At the beginning of the 20th century, dark expressionism became widespread in Germany. The main themes of this direction are death, destruction, loss, and the ugliness of the surrounding reality. F. Kafka and E. Zamyatin were most clearly able to convey the essence of this direction. “We” is the strongest dystopia of our compatriot, which does not give rise to a feeling of depression, but fully reveals all the above themes of expressionism.
Modern views on literature since the mid-20th century
At the heart of existentialism, which appeared in the middle of the 20th century in France, are ideas about the loneliness and tragedy of existence, the insignificance of human ideals. J. P. Sartre and A. Camus were able to most confidently and clearly put this on paper. "The Fall" is a book in which you will not find sharp turns in the plot, but the subtle and intelligent dialogues will make you fall in love with existentialism.
Most modern direction- postmodernism - appeared in the second half of the 20th century, it is distinguished by maximalism of execution, irony and a satirical attitude to what is happening. H. Murakami, V. Nabokov, K. Vonnegut saw the world through a satirical prism. The work "Slaughterhouse-Five" is written in the best traditions of postmodernism, it will immerse you in deep thoughts about the value of life and views on it.
The importance of literary movements for modern man
The power of words can make a person look at certain things differently. Reading the works of writers who adhere to different artistic methods will make you a multifaceted person who can look at any situation critically and from different angles.
As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author’s perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques exist in Russian.
The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
It is impossible to imagine artistic techniques in literature without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world based on meanings already existing in the language itself.
The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
- Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
- Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
- Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).
In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.
The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. IN in this case we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one object to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.
As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.
A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is being revived, and the nature of simple ones is changing significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”
Epithet
It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective
Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
Epithet from simple definition distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.
Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative sense. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.
An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.
Personification
When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litotes
Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.
Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggerating what is being discussed.
Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, it creates comic effect, however, there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
- Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can feel a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.
Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.
In puns, the play on words is based on homonymy and polysemy. Anecdotes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.
Figure of speech - what is it?
The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.
What is a "trope"?
“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of phrase that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different ones are used means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them cause us positive emotions, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.
Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness
- Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.
Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.
Technique of sound recording in fiction
Sound recording is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This reception in fiction used in both poetry and prose.
Types of sound recording:
- Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia is the transmission of auditory impressions in special words reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world.
These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.