School work Based on the story “The Old Man and the Sea” by E. Hemingway. Hemingway is one of popular writers XX century. During his lifetime he became a legend. The writer Hemingway was a journalist, a war correspondent in five wars. It is interesting that Hemingway was known to those who were never familiar with his work; in our country in many houses one could see a photo of a bearded man with a high forehead and a clear gaze: this was Ernest Hemingway at the zenith of his fame. “The Old Man and the Sea” is a story for which the writer received Nobel Prize. She made a revolution in literature on a global scale. The story, at first glance, is very simple - a parable about the fisherman Santiago. But under Hemingway’s pen it turned into a real masterpiece
Which has a certain long life. Main character story - the old fisherman Santiago is a poor, lonely man. He lived in a hut built from palm letters, with a table, a chair and an earthen fire. However, the old man's life was not so miserable. Dreams sent to him in which he sees his homeland, its “golden shores, high white mountains.”
Santiago's fate is closely connected with the sea, which provides him with a modest existence. But the sea does not give anything away for free. To survive, you need to work hard and a lot. Between the sea and the shore, year after year, the life of an old man passes. Many trials befell him, but Santiago’s heart is always open to the inhabitants of the sea - living beings who, like him, are a piece of a huge world. It is clear that if it were not for the brutal struggle for existence, there would be no need to destroy fish by extracting them for food
But the old man always thought about the sea, as a living being, capable of both calming down and becoming agitated. The next test has already been prepared for the fisherman by his native sea element. Santiago has had to fight for a long time a huge fish, which got him on the hook. It is the struggle of the old fisherman with a huge fish that, in my opinion, is the main idea of the story. It was then that we saw Santiago in all the greatness of his simple soul: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. A person can be destroyed, but not defeated.” In reality, such courage does not bring happiness to a person: the sharks ate the fish, and the lonely feat left the old man Santiago only with feelings of fatigue, crippled hands and deep dream to the next day, when you need to go out to sea again for another fishing trip. Santiago cannot be considered an individualist who retired to his wisdom and courage. While fishing, the old man often mentions his little friend- Mandolin, a boy whom he taught to fish, and in general had a lot in common with him. The old man wanted Mandolin to always be next to him, and when the tired fisherman slept after a battle with the sea, the boy was his assistant.
The presence of Mandolin in the life of an old man somehow brightened up the loneliness. One of the main problems that Ernest Hemingway solves was the problem of happiness in the context of searching for the meaning of life. Santiago is a pessimist who has no illusions, and if happiness were sold, maybe he would buy it, but for what money, how much will it be measured, in what currency? One can understand that the same point of view is present in Hemingway's audience. Indeed, the writer was unable to free himself from the web of contradictions of existence and committed suicide. Or you can consider it a loss legendary man- Ernest Hemingway? In my opinion, the writer acted like an individualist
Nobel Prize in the field Literature is awarded to someone who, through their work, has achieved an exceptional understanding of humanity and the world. Who knows how many new things we will discover by rereading Ernest Hemingway’s story “The Old Man and the Sea.”
The strings are touched mainly by the player, as well as by the fingers and a bird's feather. The mandolin uses a tremolo technique. Because metal strings While mandolins produce a short sound, long notes are achieved by quickly repeating the same sound.
Story
The ancestor of the mandolin was the Italian soprano lute of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. A strongly curved version of the mandolin, which was made only in Naples, became a model for mandolins already in the 19th century. The history of the mandolin began with the mandola, a type of lute that appeared in the 14th century. When the instrument became widespread in Europe, many different names, and him structural characteristics varied depending on the country.
First mention modern version mandolins with steel strings (“Genoese mandolin”) are the works of famous Italian musicians who traveled throughout Europe, taught playing musical instruments and gave concerts. The most significant mention belongs to Gervasio Vinaccia, who traveled from the mid-18th to the early 19th century. These references and recordings of Neapolitan musicians of the Vinaccia family lead some historians to argue that the modern mandolin was invented in Naples by representatives of the Vinaccia family. A later version of the mandolin was designed by Antonio Vinaccia. Now this copy is in London, in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another example of the mandolin belonged to Giuseppe Vinaccia and was designed in, and is now located in the Museum of Musical Instruments in Claremont, California. The earliest existing mandolin was made in 1744 and can be found in the Royal Conservatoire of Brussels.
These mandolins, like their modern descendants, are called Neapolitan mandolins because their history begins in Naples, Italy. Antique mandolins are distinguished by an almond-shaped body with a curved body, like a ball, made of curved boards (rivets) of the required length with a notch (groove). The upper deck of the instrument has a fold, which is located behind the movable stand. This beveled design helps pull the strings tighter. The larch neck is fitted as closely as possible to the strings, ten metal (or ivory) frets are located along the top in semitones, additional frets are attached to the neck. The strings are usually brass, except for the lowest ones. The stand is made of durable wood or ivory. The wooden pegs are attached at the back using wooden nails (pegs). A plectrum (sometimes a stylus) is often used to play the mandolin.
The classic Neapolitan mandolin (in the Russian musical tradition it is sometimes called the “onion”) acquired its current form at the end of the 19th century. It is distinguished from an antique mandolin by its slightly changed shape, the fretboard extending onto the soundboard and sometimes covering the sound hole, metal pegs with a worm gear and steel strings. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Neapolitan mandolin became very popular. Instruments are produced in tens of thousands, both by individual craftsmen and large manufactories, not only in Naples, but also in other cities in Italy, as well as in Germany, France and other countries. Notched rivets are being used less and less in the manufacture of tool bodies, giving way to non-notched rivets (instruments with a smooth body) as a cheaper and less labor-intensive alternative. During this period there is big number experiments in mandolin design. In the USA, Orville Gibson patents a mandolin with arched soundboards (carved from wood, like a violin), in France, Lucien Gelas creates a mandolin with reverse tension of the strings (in a regular mandolin, the strings put pressure on the movable stand and soundboard, in Gelas’ design, on the contrary, the strings pull back a rigidly fixed stand from the soundboard), in Italy Umberto Ceccherini, and in Russia Ginislao Paris are developing instruments with a double top soundboard, which enhances the timbre and improves the color of the sound of the instrument.
By the 30s of the 20th century, the popularity of the Neapolitan mandolin in the world was declining. But at the same time, the mandolin of a non-classical design, with arched and flat soundboards, is beginning to be actively used in such styles of music as bluegrass, Celtic music, and jazz.
Renaissance of the mandolin, like classical instrument in the world, begins in the 80s of the 20th century. In Russia, in last years, there has also been a revival of classical and baroque mandolin culture, the instrument is taught in some music schools, schools, conservatories.
Varieties
The most common is the Neapolitan mandolin, with four double violin-like strings tuning in unison. Violin fingering. Milanese mandolin has not four, but five double strings. There is also mandriola, a Central European variant of the mandolin with four treble strings, also known as a trichordia, trichordia or tricordio, also used in Mexican folk music(aka Sicilian mandolin). The lower triple string of the mandriol (G, G) can be built in unison or through an octave. Sometimes the bass strings of a mandriol are not tuned, but doubled, like a regular mandolin.
This is how the famous Russian writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal describes the mandolin in his “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language": "A mandolin is a type of guitar without a pluck, which is played with a bone or a feather." Mandolins differ not only in the number of strings, but also in the shape of the body: the Neapolitan mandolin has a pear-shaped body, like a lute; The Portuguese mandolin has a flat bottom body. In the 20th century, the mandolin became quite widespread in American traditional music, mainly in the bluegrass style. Bluegrass mandolins have flat backs, and the top has two cut-out f-holes in the shape of an elongated letter S. It should be noted that mandolins with a “lute” pear-shaped body have a softer and stronger sound, and the flat varieties sound sharper.
Other members of the mandolin family:
Mandolin piccolo(or small mandolin, Italian sopranino mandolina or piccolo mandolina) is a rare instrument. The scale is usually 9.5 inches (240 mm). Build - C 4 –G 4 –D 5 –A 5.
Currently, interest in the mandolin is growing again and its capabilities are increasingly being used in a number of genres. modern music. It was used by Led Zeppelin in The Battle of Evermore (1971), Styx in Boat on the River (1980) in the song Losing My Religion alternative rock band R.E.M. main musical instrument is a mandolin. Actively uses mandolin
A poor country boy named Manolin is one of the main characters in Ernest Hemingway's story "The Old Man and the Sea." He is the successor of the work of his teacher Santiago, a symbol of the fact that the skill of the old fisherman is not destined to go to waste.
Manolin is very kind and sympathetic. The boy treats Santiago with great tenderness and love, who taught him everything he now knows about fishing.
Manolin tries to help the old man in everything: he takes care of him, brings coffee, catches sardines for bait, takes care of the old man’s gear. IN free time friends often drink beer in a restaurant on the Terrace and talk a lot about baseball, about their favorite player Joe DiMaggio and just about everything in the world.
Manolin first went sailing with Santiago at the age of five. That time he almost died when the old man “dragged a very young man into the boat.” live fish“And she beat her tail so desperately that she almost smashed the ship to pieces. Despite the fact that his first experience with the fisherman’s craft was unsuccessful, the boy still did not lose his desire to master this art.
Now Manolin is already a good fisherman and brings a good catch when he goes sailing on a lucky ship. In addition, he is very resilient and smart beyond his years. Early rises and going out to sea before dawn do not frighten him, since Manolin realizes that this is his “man's lot.”
The boy's parents Lately They began to forbid him to fish with Santiago, because they consider the fisherman salao, that is, unlucky. Manolin, despite their prohibitions, still strives to be close to his friend. He's the only one of them all local residents and other fishermen believes in Santiago and never doubts him and his skill: “There are many good fishermen in the world, and there are also simply wonderful ones. But there are no people like you anywhere.”
Watched today in Once again the very first Soviet film with combined filming of "Old Man Hottabych".
It became interesting to find out how the fate of the ideological pioneer Volka ibn Alyosha, played by Alexei Litvinov in 1956, turned out. At that time he was 12 years old.
It turned out to be very unexpected, especially how the actor lives now and how the filming went.
Alexey was born in Voronezh region March 24, 1944 in evacuation.
Then the pregnant mother was taken out of besieged Leningrad along the Road of Life.
They lived in the Voronezh region for a year, then returned to Leningrad.
He grew up without a father - he went missing during the war.
Litvinov was finishing fifth grade when assistant directors came to their school, located next door to the Lenfilm studio.
They selected several boys and invited them to screen tests. However, Alyosha Litvinov... did not pass them.
And a month later he was still invited to filming.
Mom was very happy that he was taken to act in films.
Moreover, this was also a large amount of financial assistance at that time.
Alyosha was paid a thousand rubles a month.
In life he was a brunette.
And so that in the frame they would not look like brothers with his movie dark-haired friend Zhenya, the director decided to repaint Volka with hydrogen peroxide.
The boy agreed, but then greatly regretted it: it was very painful when they smeared his entire head with perhydrol and put him under a hairdryer for an hour. And so on every week.
After filming ended, his hair grew longer and darkened, so no one recognized him.
This upset little Lesha.
And to perform this trick, he had to hang from the ceiling for hours.
The film was shot in Odessa, the boy actors misbehaved as best they could.
During filming, we ended up in police custody twice.
The first time was for free travel on the funicular, the second time they threw chestnuts at passers-by.
But on the set the discipline was ironclad, no concessions were given to the children.
Now Alexey Litvinov is retired, working part-time as an electrician after being laid off at the railway.
In the summer he lives in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in his own house.
Grows cucumbers and lights the stove.
Volka was the most memorable role in the movie.
Although, he also starred in four films after that.
Alexey Alexandrovich is glad that he starred in such a good film, there are no such people anymore.
And he hopes that he is still remembered.
photo from open sources
New post: Skeleton in the closet. The secret of Svetlana Khodchenkova's personal life.
The story by Ernest Hemingway was written in 1952, and since then has caused constant controversy over the interpretation of the main meaning of the work. The difficulty of interpretation lies in the fact that in the story equal attention is paid to the motives of suffering and loneliness of a person and the victory of the heroic principle in him.
But these topics are extremely important in the life of every person. The writer's genius is that he shows these themes as two sides of the same coin, and the key point of the story is that Hemingway allows the reader to choose which side to look at. Exactly this can be called Hemingway’s creative philosophy- the inconsistency and duality of his works. And “The Old Man and the Sea” is called the writer’s most striking and stunning story.
Images from the story “The Old Man and the Sea”
First of all, you should pay attention to main image in the story - on the old man Santiago, who suffers constant failures throughout the entire story. The sail of his boat is old and incapacitated, and the hero himself is an old man, exhausted by life, with cheerful eyes. Through the eyes of a man who doesn't give up. This is the philosophical symbolism of the story. When the reader watches the old man fight with the fish, he sees in the actions and words of the main character fatalism of man's eternal struggle. Santiago exerts all his strength and, despite everything, continues the fight, at the end of which he wins. It is at this moment that one of the main philosophical ideas of the work is revealed, which is that “a person can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated.”
The strength of an old man's character
With the fight between old Santiago and the big fish, Hemingway draws our attention to true nature human soul and meaning human life. The symbolic struggle of Santiago's personality continues when the sharks attack his fish. The hero does not despair, does not give up, and despite fatigue and exhaustion, he continues to fight, to protect what he has gained with so much effort. Neither the wounds on his hands nor the broken knife prevent him from doing this. And at the moment when it becomes obvious that Santiago could not save the fish, a key symbol of the writer's philosophy is revealed. The hero did not save the fish, but the hero did not lose because - he fought to the last.
The exhausted and weakened hero nevertheless returns to the port, where the boy is waiting for him. Hemingway shows us the old man as a winner and reveals the strength of his character. After all, the image of Santiago absorbed the features of a real hero, a man who never betrays himself and his principles. The writer’s idea was to show the philosophical side of the principles human existence, and he does this through the example of a single character and his attitude towards life.
The meaning of human life in the story
There is no tragic ending in this story; the ending can be called completely open to the imagination of the readers. This is the crushing power of Hemingway’s philosophy; he gives us the opportunity to independently sum up the moral conclusion of the story. Santiago's personality is symbol of the strength of the heroic principle in man and a symbol of real human victory, which does not depend on circumstances and events. Using this image, the writer reveals the meaning of human life, which can be called struggle. The main character is indestructible, thanks to the strength of his character, spirit and life positions, exactly these personal traits help him win, despite old age, loss of physical strength and unfavorable circumstances.