Examples of painting, genres, styles, various techniques and directions. Dictionary of special terms in painting

15.04.2019

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these are works of various types of art.

Arts are classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-fine arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) types of arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk to you about today.

Kinds of art

Fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most widespread forms of art. The very first works of painting date back to ancient times; they were discovered on the walls of caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco of Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
Easel painting– these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper) most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external resemblance and disclosure inner world, the essence of human character.

I. Kramskoy “Portrait of Sofia Ivanovna Kramskoy”
Historical genre(image historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are often intertwined, because... when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
Mythological genre– illustration of myths and legends of different peoples.

S. Botticelli “Birth of Venus”
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.

V. Vasnetsov “After the massacre of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians”
Everyday genre– depiction of scenes from a person’s everyday, personal life.

A. Venetsianov “On the arable land”
Scenery– depiction of nature, the environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, etc.

And Savrasov “The rooks have arrived”
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - “dead nature”) - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment.
Animalistic genre– image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include primarily drawings and engravings, in which the design is created mainly using a line on a sheet of paper or a cutter on a solid material, from which the image is imprinted onto a sheet of paper.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a design is applied to the flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and stamped on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main materials for engraving are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The engraving board is processed by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
Printmaking– a print from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The print is printed from a board that the artist himself engraved; often he also makes the impressions. Such works are usually signed, author's copies and are considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
Book graphics- design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics – creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, forms and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising and is included in the design system.
Bookplate- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The bookplate is attached to inner side book binding or cover. Book characters are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster– an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography– type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and making an impression from it.
Woodcut– wood engraving.

Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching– type of engraving on metal, engraving method and impression obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer and shown dynamically or statically. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages and make unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately conveying their appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved that embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them “Venuses.”

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC. e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, in sculpture there are easel and monumental forms. Monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. Easel sculpture– these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and crafts

The creators of works of decorative and applied art set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but this thing at the same time must have certain artistic qualities. Everyday objects should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, delight the eye with the perfection of shapes and colors.
Of course, now many works of decorative and applied art have mainly aesthetic value, But it was not always so.

Main types of decorative and applied arts

Batik– hand painting on fabric

Work using the hot batik technique (using wax)
Beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
Quilling- the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Artistic painting on wood
Artistic painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic processing of leather

Artistic painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
Pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Working with glass

Upper half of a window at Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photographic art

The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Images on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to elaborate drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. Comics combine the features of such art forms as literature and fine art.

Artist Winsor McCay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-fine arts

Architecture

Architecture– the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of individual buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles develop historically: buildings built at different times form a single whole. An example is Moscow's Red Square.
Architecture provides insight into technical achievements and artistic styles different eras. Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, and temples have survived to this day. Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in St. Petersburg

Literature

In the broadest sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be classified as a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epos, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville , sideshow, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by gender.
Epic kind: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, short story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyrical gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyric-epic genus: ballad, poem.
Dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music- this is art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, it is impossible to give one exhaustively precise definition of the concept “music”. This is a special type of creative activity, including a craft and profession.
The type and stylistic variety of music is great.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions, born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular– predominantly song and dance musical genres.
Extra-European (non-European)– music of those peoples (East) whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)– folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of an ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (easy)– music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz– performing traditions reinterpreted by Europeans American blacks, based on a synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock– music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- direction in professional composing in the 20th century.
Alternative– new musical compositions or performances (sound presentations, “performances”), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function it performs: military, church, religious, theater, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Let's take an example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- This is music performed on instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music can be symphonic or chamber music.
Chamber music– compositions intended for performance in small spaces, for home, “room” music playing. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata– one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude– a musical piece designed to improve technical skills in playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French “night”) is a genre of a small one-part melodious lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(Latin for “introduction”) – a short instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be an independent work.

Quartet– a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each type of music, their own styles and trends can arise and develop, distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialism, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts

Theater

A spectacular form of art, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, visual arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet theater, pantomime theater, etc. The art of theater has been known for a long time: theater was born from the most ancient ritual festivals, which in allegorical form reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes.

Opera

An art form in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes are fused into a single whole.

Teatro alla Scala (Milan)

Stage

This type of art of small forms is predominantly popular and entertaining. Variety includes the following directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clowning.

Circus

A type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of modern circus performances is the demonstration of magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, balancing act), trained animals.

Film art

A type of entertainment art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (scenery), etc.

Ballet

Type of performing arts; a performance whose content is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept. In the 20th century a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which was based on the development inherent in the music.

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Features of painting as a form of fine art

Paintings belongs a special place among other arts : perhaps no other form of art is capable of conveying the phenomena of the world seen, human images with such completeness, especially considering that We receive most information from the outside world through vision, those. visually. art painting portrait landscape still life

It was the art of painting that managed to create the impossible - to stop a moment long before photography: works of this type Andart conveys through one depicted moment previous, subsequent, past and future, imagined by the viewer.

Painting - this is a spectacle organized by the artist:

· Despite the fact that the painter embodies real images in visible forms, they are not a direct copy of life;

· When creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but at the same time recreates it on the material obtained as a result of his social and professional experience, skills, mastery, imaginative thinking.

Can be detected Several main types of experiences evoked by paintings:

· Recognition of familiar objects comprehended by sight - on the basis of this, certain associations are born about what is depicted;

· Gaining an aesthetic sense.

Thus, painting performs visual, narrative and decorative functions.

Types of painting and its means of expression

Painting is divided into the following types:

· Monumental - decorative - serves to complement and decorate architectural structures(wall paintings, lampshades, panels, mosaics);

· Decorative - used in other forms of art (cinema or theater);

· Easel;

· Iconography;

· Miniature.

The most independent variety is easel painting.

Painting has special expressive means:

· Drawing;

· Color;

· Composition.

Drawing - one of the most important means of expression: it is with the help of it that the components of the drawing lines are being created plastic images. Sometimes these lines are schematic; they only outline the designs of volumes.

Color -the leading expressive means of painting. It is in color that a person perceives the world around him. Color:

· Builds form depicted objects;

· Models space items;

· Creates mood;

· Forms a certain rhythm.

Color organization system, color tones relationships, with the help of which problems are solved artistic image, called flavor:

· In a narrow sense, this is the only true organization color solutions this picture;

· In wide - common to most people's laws of color perception, since you can say “warm color”, “cold color”, etc.

In different periods of the history of painting there were their own color systems.

In the early stages it was used local color, excluding the play of colors and shades: the color here seems to be uniform and unchanged.

During the Renaissance there was tonal coloring, Where colorsconditionedposition in space and their illumination. The ability to indicate with light the shape of a depicted object is called plastic color.

There are two types of tonal color:

· Dramatic - contrast of light and shadow;

· Color - contrast of color tones.

For an artist, the ability to use the technique is very important. chiaroscuro, those. maintain the correct gradation of light and dark in the picture, because that's how it's achieved volume of the depicted object, surrounded by a light-air environment.

Composition in painting in the very in a general sense - placement of figures, their relationship in the space of the picture. The composition combines a huge variety of details and elements into a single whole. Their cause-and-effect relationship forms a closed system in which nothing can be changed or added to it. This system reflects a part of the real world, which is realized and felt by the artist, isolated by him from many phenomena.

At the same time, in the area of composition there is concentration of ideological and creative ideas, because it is through it that it manifests itself the creator's attitude towards his model. The image becomes an artistic phenomenon only when it is subordinated to an ideological plan, because otherwise we can only talk about simple copying.

N.N Volkov draws attention to difference between the concepts of “structure”, “construction”, and “composition”:

· Structure determined a unified nature of connections between elements, a unified law of formation. The multi-layered nature of a work of art is associated with the concept of structure in relation to a work of art, i.e. in the process of perceiving a picture we can penetrate into the deeper layers of its structure;

· Construction - this is a type of structure in which elements are connected functionally, because its integrity depends on the unity of function. In relation to a picture, we can say that the function of constructive connections in a picture is the creation and strengthening of semantic connections, since usually the constructive center is most often the semantic node;

· Composition of a work of art there is a closed structure with fixed elements, connected by a unity of meaning.

One of the main laws of compositionis a limitation Images, which provides opportunities for the painting that is most important in expressing the intent.

Restriction form also plays significant role- in artistic practice such basic forms:

· Rectangle.

The limitation also applies to What can be depicted, i.e. find external similarity in colors, lines on a plane objects, persons, visible space, etc.

In the practice of fine arts, the following types of compositions are known:

· Stable (static) - the main compositional axes intersect at right angles in the center of the work;

· Dynamic - with dominant diagonals, circles and ovals;

· Open - compositional lines seem to diverge from the center4

· Closed - the lines are drawn towards the center.

Stable and closed composition schemes characteristic of artistic practice Renaissance,dynamic and open - For Baroque era.

Techniques and main genres of painting

Expressiveness of the picture and embodiment artistic design depend on what painting technique is used by the artist.

Main types of painting techniques:

· Oil painting;

· Watercolor;

· Tempera;

· Pastel;

· Fresco.

Oil painting characterized by the fact that with their help you can obtain complex color solutions - The viscosity and long drying time of oil paints make it possible to mix paints and obtain their various combinations.

The usual base for oil painting is linen canvas covered with semi-oil primer.

Other surfaces are also possible.

Watercolor differs from other techniques in a special way transparency and freshness of color. It does not use white and is used on unprimed white paper, which performs their role.

Watercolors done on damp paper are interesting.

Tempera, prepared on a casein-oil, egg or synthetic binder, is one of the most ancient painting techniques.

Tempera complicates the artist’s work in that it dries quickly enough and cannot be mixed, and also changes color when drying, but color in tempera especially beautiful - calm, velvety, smooth.

Pastel - painting with colored chalks.

Gives soft, gentle tones. Performed on damp paper or suede.

Works made in pastel, unfortunately, are difficult to preserve due to their flowability.

Watercolor, pastel and gouache sometimes referred to as graphics, since these paints are applied to unprimed paper, however, they have to a greater extent the main specific property of painting - color.

Fresco painting It is performed as follows: the paint pigment powder is diluted with water and applied to wet plaster, firmly holding the paint layer together.

It has a centuries-old history.

This technique is especially often used when decorating the walls of buildings.

Despite the fact that painting is capable of reflecting almost all phenomena of real life, most often it represents images of people, living and inanimate nature.

That's why The main genres of painting can be considered:

· Portrait;

· Scenery;

· Still life.

Portrait

Portrait in the most general sense is defined as a depiction of a person or group of people who actually exist or have existed.

Usually indicate such signs of a portrait in fine arts:

· Similarity to the model;

· Reflection of social and ethical traits through it.

But, undoubtedly, the portrait reflects not only this, but also the artist’s special relationship to the subject being portrayed.

One can never confuse portraits by Rembrandt with the works of Velasquez, Repin, Serov or Tropinin, since the portrait represents two characters - the artist and his model.

Inexhaustible the main theme of the portrait isHuman. However, depending on the characteristics of the artist’s perception of the person being portrayed, an idea arises that the artist seeks to convey.

Depending on the idea of the portrait, the following are determined:

· Compositional solution;

· Painting technique;

· Coloring, etc.

The idea of the work gives rise to the image of the portrait:

· Documentary-narrative;

· Emotional-sensual;

· Psychological;

· Philosophical.

For documentary-narrative solution image is characterized by a gravitation towards reliable specification of the portrait.

The desire for documentary similarity here prevails over the author's vision.

Emotional figurative decision achieved decorative painting means and documentary authenticity is not required here.

It is not so important how similar Rubens’ women are to their prototypes. The main thing is admiration for their beauty, health, sensuality, transmitted from the artist to the viewer.

To the variety philosophical portrait can be attributed to Rembrandt’s “Portrait of an Old Man in Red” (c. 1654). During the period of his creative maturity, such portraits-biographies older people who are philosophical reflection of the artist about that period human life, when the peculiar results of a long and difficult existence are summed up.

Artists quite often choose as a model of myself, that's why it's so common self-portrait.

In it, the artist seeks to evaluate himself from the outside as an individual, to determine his place in society, and simply to capture himself for posterity.

Durer, Rembrandt, Velazquez, Van Gogh carry out an internal conversation with themselves and at the same time with the viewer.

Occupies a special place in painting group portrait.

It is interesting because of what it represents general portrait, rather than portraits of several specific individuals depicted on one canvas.

In such a portrait, of course, there is a separate characteristic of each character, but at the same time the impression of community, unity of the artistic image is created (“Regenshi of the nursing home in Haarlem” by F. Hals).

It is sometimes very difficult to draw the line between group portraits and other genres, since the old masters often depicted groups of people in action.

Scenery

The main subject of the landscape genre is nature -either natural or transformed by man.

This genre much younger than others. If sculptural portraits were created as early as 3 thousand BC, and paintings have a history of about 2 thousand years, then the beginning of the biography of the landscape dates back to the 6th century. AD, and they were widespread in the East, especially in China.

The birth of the European landscape occurred in the 16th century, and it acquired independence as a genre only from the beginning of the 17th century.

The landscape genre was formed, having gone from a decorative and auxiliary element as part of other works to an independent artistic phenomenon, portraiture of the natural environment.

It can be real or imaginary types of nature. Some of them have their own names:

· Urban architectural landscape called redoubt (« Opera passage» C. Pissarro;

· Marine species - Marina ( landscapes by I. Aivazovsky).

Landscape genre becomes not just a reflection of nature, but also a means of expressing a special artistic idea.

Moreover, by the nature of his favorite subjects, one can to a certain extent judge the emotional structure of the artist and the stylistic features of his work.

The choice of natural species depends figurative meaning works:

· Epic start contained in the image of forest distances, mountain panoramas, endless plains (“Kama” by A. Vasnetsov).

· A stormy sea or an impassable wilderness embodies something mysterious sometimes harsh (J. Michel “The Thunderstorm”);

· Lyrical views of snow-covered paths, forest edges, small ponds;

· Sunny morning or afternoon may transmit feeling of joy and tranquility (“White Water Lilies” by C. Monet, “Moscow Courtyard” by V. Polenov).

As pristine nature is gradually exposed to active human intervention, the landscape takes on the features of a serious historical document.

The landscape can embody even some social sensations of the era, the flow of social thought: so in the mid-19th century the aesthetics of romantic and classical landscape gradually gives way to the national landscape, which often acquires social meaning; The advent of a new technical era is also recorded in the landscape (“New Moscow” by Yu. Pimenov, “Berlin-Potsdam Railway” by A. Menzel).

Scenery is not only an object of knowledge of nature, a monument of art, but also a reflection of the state of culture of a certain era.

Still life

A still life depicts the world of things surrounding a person, which are placed and organized into a coherent composition in a real everyday environment.

Exactly like this organizing things is a component figurative system genre.

Still life can have independent meaning, or maybe it will become part of a composition of another genre, in order to more fully reveal the semantic content of the work, as, for example, in the paintings “Merchant's Wife” by B. Kustodiev, “Sick Woman” by V. Polenov, “Girl with Peaches” by V. Serov.

In subject-thematic paintings, still life, although important, has a subordinate significance, however, as an independent genre of art it has great expressive possibilities. It presents not only the external, material essence of objects, but in figurative form essential aspects of life are conveyed, the era and even important historical events are reflected.

Still life serves well creative laboratory, where the artist improves his skills, individual handwriting,

Still life painting experienced periods of decline and development.

Played a huge role in its formation Dutch painters 16th - 17th centuries

They developed basic, artistic principles:

· Realism;

· Subtle observations of life;

· A special gift for conveying the aesthetic value of familiar things.

In the favorite “breakfasts” and “shops”, the material of objects was conveyed with great skill; texture of the surfaces of fruits, vegetables, game, fish.

What is especially important is that Still life emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and the world of things.

Impressionist artists They solved the creative problem of still life painting somewhat differently.

The main thing here was not the reflection of the properties of objects, but their tangibility. A play of light, color, freshness of color (still lifes by C. Monet, masters of the Russian branch French impressionism K. Korovin and I. Grabar).

Not every capture of the world of things on paper or canvas will be considered a still life. Since each object has its own natural habitat and purpose, placing it in other conditions can cause dissonance in the sound of the picture.

The main thing is that the things combined into a still life composition create harmonious, emotionally rich artistic image.

Other genres of painting

Genres occupy a significant place in the art of painting:

· Household;

· Historical;

· Battle;

· Animalistic.

Everyday genre depicts everyday private and public life, usually, contemporary artist.

Paintings of this genre depict the work of people (“Spinners” by D. Velazquez, “At the Harvest” by A. Venetsianov), holidays (“Peasant Dance” by P. Bruegel), moments of rest and leisure (“Young Couple in the Park” by T. Gaisborough , “Chess Players” by O. Daumier), national flavor (“Algerian women in their chambers” by E. Delacroix).

Historical genre - capturing important historical events. This genre includes legendary and religious subjects.

Among the paintings historical genre can be called "The Death of Caesar" by K.T. von Piloty, “The Surrender of Breda” by D. Velazquez, “Hector’s Farewell to Andromache” by A. Losenko, “Sbinyanok” by J.L. David, “Liberty Leading the People” by E Delacroix et al.

Subject of the imagebattle genre are military campaigns, glorious battles, feats of arms, military operations (“Battle of Anghiari” by Leonardo da Vinci, “Tachanka” by M. Grekov, “Defense of Sevastopol” by A. Deineka). Sometimes it is included in historical painting.

In picturesanimal genre displayed animal world (" Poultry” by M. de Hondekoeter, “Yellow Horses” by F. Marc).

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Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine art, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait is a realistic depiction of a person in which the artist tries to achieve a resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait likeness (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. Portraits of various styles are the most popular part of the exhibition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a type of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, painted by himself.

Scenery- one of the popular painting genres in which the artist seeks to depict nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a strong emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creativity.

- this genre is in many ways similar to landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special focus is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of a place. Another direction of this genre is the depiction of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or images of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main subject of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. What’s interesting is that a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme belong to this genre. Since in the Middle Ages biblical stories were considered “historical” events and the main customers of these paintings were the church. “Historical” biblical subjects are present in the works of most artists. The second birth of historical painting occurs during the times of neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical subjects, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. The peculiarity is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional elevation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of political emphasis and the strength of the artist’s talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, and dishes. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is caused by the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic boom of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) among a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. When painting paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose the paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the subject of the paintings are everyday scenes Everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation ordinary people. Just like still life, it became widespread among Dutch artists in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth; paintings strive not so much to reflect everyday life, but to romanticize it, to bring it into the plot certain meaning or morality.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets at sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, naval battles still belong to the “marina” genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

— a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for realistic images has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, systematic schools and education. In ancient times, one can more often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of drawing on plaster. During antiquity, higher value given to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works were formed (Vitruvius), which will be the basis for a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the level of technology of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are prohibited, and many artistic values destroyed because of their dedication to ancient deities. A return to the values of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (rebirth).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) had to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the works of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the “dark ages” of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these 14th century paintings!

The emergence and spread of the technology for making oil paints and the technique of painting with them in the 15th century gave rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artist’s products - color paintings with oil paints on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in qualitative development during the Renaissance, largely thanks to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He was the first to set out the foundations of perspective in painting (the treatise “On Painting” of 1436). The European art school owes to him (his work on systematizing scientific knowledge) the emergence (revival) of realistic perspective and natural proportions in artists’ paintings. Famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius’ ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti’s treatise “On Painting”. And Leonardo’s work is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and widespread development starting from the 16th and 17th centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It was the system of knowledge and art education (drawing techniques), combined with the demand for works of art among the aristocracy and monarchs, that led to the rapid flourishing of fine art in Europe (the Baroque period).

The unlimited financial capabilities of European monarchies, aristocracies and entrepreneurs became an excellent basis for further development painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening influence of the church and a secular lifestyle (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and movements in painting (Baroque and Rococo).

In the course of the development of fine art, artists have developed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in their works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist movements), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, mass competition and high demands on artists' skills by the public (and buyers) are giving rise to new directions in methods of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of technique; artists strive to introduce special meanings, ways of “looking” and philosophy into works. What often comes at the expense of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a method of shocking. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies belong to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

Painting is one of the most common forms of art, with the help of which artists convey their vision of the world to viewers.

Thus, painting is a separate and very popular type of fine art, in which visual images are conveyed by the master through the application of paints to the surface of the picture.

I. I. Shishkin. Landscape "Ship Grove" (1898).

All paintings that exist today can be divided into several separate genres, which have their own characteristics in subject matter and image technique. Let's consider the main ones in order to have a correct idea of the structure of paintings.

So, among modern genres of painting we can name the following:

Portrait
Scenery
Marina
History painting
Battle painting
Still life
Genre painting
Architectural painting
Religious painting
Animal painting
Decorative painting

Schematically, the division of genres of painting will look like this:

Portrait

Many of us are familiar with the genre of painting known as portraiture. This is one of the most oldest species fine painting, and can also be found in sculpture and graphics. Previously, there were no photographs, so every rich or famous person considered it necessary to perpetuate his face and figure for posterity - and in this, portrait artists came to his aid.

Moreover, the portrait can depict both real people and literary or mythical heroes. In addition, both a portrait of a person who lived in past times and of our contemporary who exists today can be created.

The portrait genre has no clear boundaries, so in one work a portrait can be combined with elements of other genres of painting - landscape, still life, and so on.

Types of portraits

Among the most common types of portraiture are the following:

Historical portrait
Retrospective portrait
Portrait - painting
Typical portrait
Self-portrait
Donor portrait
Ceremonial portrait
Half-dress portrait
Chamber portrait
Intimate portrait
Small format portrait
Portrait - miniature

Each type of portraiture has its own characteristic features and differences in execution technique. Let's look at them in more detail.

Historical portrait- contains an image of any historical figure, political figure or creative person. Such a portrait can be created from the memories of contemporaries or born in the imagination of the painter.

A. M. Matveev. Portrait of Peter the Great (1724 - 1725). Canvas, oil.

Retrospective portrait- a posthumous image of a person who lived in the past, which was created according to descriptions of eyewitnesses or from an intravital image. However, there may also be cases where the portrait was completely composed by the master.

Vladislav Rozhnev "Woman's Portrait" (1973). Canvas, oil.

Painting - portrait- a person is depicted in a plot relationship with the surrounding world, nature, against the backdrop of architectural buildings or the activities of other people. In portrait paintings, the blurring of boundaries and the combination of various genres - landscape, historical and battle painting and so on.

Boris Kustodiev. The painting is a portrait of F. I. Chaliapin (1922). Canvas, oil.

Typical portrait- artist - painter depicts collective image, made up of characteristic features the appearance of many people united by common ideas, activities, social status or way of life.

F. V. Sychkov "Portrait of a Peasant Woman".

Portrait in costume- the person depicted is presented to the viewer in the form of a literary or theatrical character, historical figure or mythological hero. Such portraits are of particular interest for the study of costumes from other eras.

Self-portrait- a special type of portrait painting in which the artist depicts himself. That is, he wants to convey and convey to the audience his inner essence.

Donor portrait- one of the outdated forms of portraiture. Such a painting with a religious theme depicted a person who made large donations to the church. He appeared before the audience surrounded by saints, next to the Madonna or on one of the doors of the altar, kneeling. Wealthy people in those days saw a special meaning in creating a donor portrait, because such paintings were always perceived positively and were revered on a par with.

Pinturicchio. "Resurrection of Christ" with kneeling Pope Alexander VI.

By nature and method of depiction human figures, all portraits are divided into the following types:

Ceremonial portrait- shows a person in a standing position full height. At the same time, all the details of the appearance and figure are written out very clearly.

Half-dress portrait- a person is depicted from the waist up, to the knees, or in a sitting position when the lower part of the legs is not visible. In such a work of portraiture, the image of the surrounding environment or accessories plays a huge role.

Rokotov F. S. “Coronation portrait of Catherine II” (1763).

Chamber portrait- the human figure is performed on a neutral background, and a shortened version of the image of the human figure is used - to the waist, to the chest, or even to shoulder level. In this case, the master draws out the person’s facial features especially clearly and carefully.

Intimate portrait- is used extremely rarely and represents one of the varieties of intimate portraits due to its execution on a neutral background. The creation of an intimate portrait is based on the artist’s deep feelings for the person depicted or a trusting relationship between them.

Edouard Manet "Girl in a Spanish Costume" (1862 - 1863).

Small format portrait- a small painting. usually done with ink, pencil, pastel or watercolors.

Portrait - miniature- one of the most recognizable and complex types of portraiture in terms of technique. The miniature is characterized by a small image format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), as well as an extraordinary delicacy of writing and a careful, almost jewelry-like drawing of all lines. Miniature portraits were inserted into medallions and used to decorate watches, bracelets, brooches, rings and snuff boxes.

Jacques Augustine "The Bacchante" - miniature portrait (1799). Bone, watercolor, gouache. Size 8 cm (circle).

Scenery

Landscape is a separate genre of painting, the main object of which is nature in its original form or slightly changed in the process of human activity.

Konstantin Kryzhitsky "Road" (1899).

The genre of landscape painting has been known since ancient times. However, in the Middle Ages it somewhat lost its relevance. But already in the Renaissance, landscape was revived and acquired the significance of one of the most important genres in pictorial art.

Jean - Francois Millet "Spring".

Marina

Marina (from the Latin word “marinus” - “sea”) - special genre painting, in which all depicted events, types of human activity and pictures of nature are dedicated to the sea. Often the canvases depict seascapes at different times of the year and under different lighting conditions.

I.K. Aivazovsky “The Ninth Wave” (1850).

Artists who paint the sea in its various manifestations are called “marine painters.” One of the most famous marine painters is Ivan Aivazovsky, who created over 6 thousand paintings on marine themes.

Ivan Aivazovsky "Rainbow" (1873).

History painting

The genre of historical painting originated during the Renaissance, when artists sought to reflect in their canvases scenes from the life of society in various periods of history.

However, historical paintings could depict not only pictures from the lives of real people, but also mythological subjects, as well as illustrated reinterpretations of biblical and gospel stories.

Domenico Beccafumi "The Temperance of Scilio Africanus" (circa 1525).

Historical painting serves to display events of the past that are most important for a particular people or all of humanity as a whole.

Francisco Pradilla "Baptism of Prince Juan, son of Ferdinand and Isabella" (1910).

Battle painting

One of the varieties of the historical genre is battle painting, the subject of images of which is devoted mainly to military events, famous battles on land and sea, as well as military campaigns. The battle genre covers the history of military clashes throughout the history of human civilization.

At the same time, battle paintings are distinguished by a large number and variety of figures depicted, as well as fairly accurate pictures of the terrain and features of a particular region.

Francois Edouard Picot "The Siege of Calais" (1838).

The battle painter faces several difficult tasks:

Show the heroism of war and show the behavior of the most courageous warriors.
Capture a particularly important or turning point in a battle.
Reveal in your work the full historical meaning of military events.
Accurately and clearly express the behavior and experiences of each of the participants in the battle - both famous commanders and ordinary soldiers.

Jean-Baptiste Debray » Napoleon speaks to the Bavarian troops in Abensberg on April 20, 1809.

It should be noted that the genre of battle painting is considered one of the most difficult, so such paintings are created by masters for a long time - sometimes ten years. The artist is required not only to have excellent knowledge of the detailed history of the battle being depicted, but also to be able to create multi-figure canvases with a large number of auxiliary details. These include pictures of nature, elements of architecture, and images of weapons or military mechanisms. Therefore, the battle genre occupies a special place and stands separately from historical painting.

Still life

Still life is the creation on canvas of compositions from inanimate objects in various combinations. The most popular are images of dishes, flowerpots with bouquets of flowers and fruits on a platter.

Cezanne "The Corner of the Table" (1895 - 1900).

Initially, the theme of images in the genre of still life arose at the turn of the 15th - 16th centuries, but the final formation of the genre into a separate direction of painting occurred in the 17th century. The first creators of still lifes were Dutch and Flemish artists. Later, still life took an important place in the work of Russian artists.

The subject matter of images in still lifes can be very rich and varied, and is not limited exclusively to everyday objects. These can be books, magazines and newspapers, bottles, figurines, a globe and many other objects.

David Teniers the Younger. Still life (1645 - 1650).

The main idea of compositions in the Vanitas genre is the idea of the finitude of earthly existence and humility before the inevitability of the transition to another world. Still lifes with a skull in the center of the composition gained the greatest popularity in the 16th - 17th centuries in Flanders and the Netherlands. A little later, French and Spanish artists began to contact him.

Peter Claes "Still life with a skull".

Genre painting

In fine arts genre painting considered part of the everyday genre. Since ancient times, artists have depicted scenes of everyday life of ordinary people - peasants, artisans, traders, as well as servants of noble courtiers in the process of work or in the daily life of their families.

Gabriel Metsu "The Bird Seller" (1662).

The first examples of genre paintings in the modern sense appeared in the Middle Ages, and subsequently became widespread and popular. The themes of genre paintings are characterized by enviable diversity, which arouses the interest of viewers.

Bernardo Strozzi "The Cook" (1625).

Architectural painting

Architectural painting is a special pictorial genre, the subject of which is devoted to the depiction of buildings, structures and various architectural monuments, as well as the most interesting solutions in the historical aspect. This refers to the image of the interior design of palaces, theater and concert halls, and so on.

Thanks to such paintings, the viewer has the opportunity to personally see architectural monuments in their original form through the eyes of the artist himself. Works of architectural painting also help in studying the architectural landscape of cities of bygone times.

Louis Daguerre "Fog and snow visible through a ruined Gothic colonnade" (1826).

Animal painting

The animalistic genre is a separate genre of painting that specializes mainly in depicting the animal world of our planet. In paintings of this genre we can see animals, birds, fish, as well as representatives of many other species in their natural habitat.

George Stubbs "The Sleeping Leopard" (1777).

However, this does not mean that the theme of the animal genre is only wild animals. On the contrary, artists very often paint paintings dedicated to pets - cats, dogs, horses, and so on.

Decorative painting

Genre decorative painting can be divided into several types that have their own differences:

Monumental painting
Theatrical scenery painting
Decorative painting

The diversity of the decorative genre is explained by the fact that artists at all times tried to decorate every object in the surrounding world.

Monumental painting- a genre of monumental art, the works of which are of a fairly large-scale nature and are used as decorative decoration for buildings and structures of a secular and religious nature for various purposes (and churches, office buildings and cultural buildings, architectural monuments and residential buildings).

Theater scenery- this is a very popular type of decorative genre, which includes the creation of scenery and costume designs for characters theatrical productions and movie characters, as well as sketches of individual mise-en-scenes. Decorators in the theater and on the film set sometimes create real masterpieces, which are later included among the best theater and film sets.

Decorative painting- represents story compositions or ornamental decor created on various parts buildings and structures, as well as on examples of decorative and applied arts, which have their origins in folk arts and crafts. The main types of painted items were dishes, household items, furniture, and so on.

The great figure, scientist and artist of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci said: “Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard.” And one cannot but agree with him. You truly perceive real art from all sides. We see, contemplate, hear, and store in our souls the works of art we like. And world masterpieces remain in our memory for many years.

Genres and types of painting

When drawing a picture, the master performs it in a certain state, a special character. The work will not turn out to be complete, worthy of love and attention, if only shape and color are depicted on it. The artist is obliged to endow objects with soul, people with charisma, spark, perhaps mystery, nature with unique feelings, and events with real experiences. And genres and types of painting help the creator in this. They allow you to correctly convey the mood of an era, event, fact, and better capture main idea, image, landscape.

Among the main ones are the following:

Historical- depiction of facts, moments in the history of different countries and eras.
Battle- conveys scenes of battles.
Domestic- scenes from everyday life.
Scenery- these are pictures of living nature. There are sea, mountain, fantastic, lyrical, rural, urban, and cosmic landscapes.
Still life- illustrates inanimate objects: kitchen utensils, weapons, vegetables, fruits, plants, etc.
Portrait- This is an image of a person, a group of people. Often, artists like to paint self-portraits or canvases depicting their lovers.
Animalistic- pictures about animals.

Separately, we can distinguish the plot-thematic genre and include here works whose subject are myths, legends, epics, as well as paintings of everyday content.

Types of painting also imply separate ones. They help the artist achieve perfection in creating a canvas, tell him in which direction to move and work. The following options exist:

- Panorama- image of the area in a large-scale format, general view.

- Diorama- a semicircular image of battles and spectacular events.

- Miniature- manuscripts, portraits.

- Monumental and decorative painting- painting on walls, panels, lampshades, etc.

- Iconography- paintings on religious themes.

- Decorative painting- creation of artistic scenery in cinema and theater.

- Easel painting- in other words, paintings.

- Decorative painting everyday items life.

As a rule, each master of fine art chooses for himself one genre and type of painting that is closest to him in spirit, and primarily works only in it. For example, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Gayvazyan) worked in the style seascape. Such artists are also called marine painters (from “marina”, which means “sea” in Latin).

Technicians

Painting is a certain manner of execution of a plot, its perception through the world of colors and strokes. And of course, such reproduction cannot be accomplished without the use of certain techniques, templates and rules. The very concept of “technique” in fine art can be defined as a set of techniques, norms and practical knowledge with the help of which the author conveys the idea and plot of the picture most accurately and close to reality.

The choice of painting technique also depends on what type of materials and type of canvas will be used to create the work. Sometimes an artist can take an individual approach to his work, take advantage of mixing different styles and directions. This author's approach allows us to create truly unique works of art - world masterpieces.

In technical terms, there are several options for painting. Let's look at them in more detail.

Painting of ancient times

The history of painting begins with rock paintings primitive man. At this time, the paintings were not distinguished by the vividness of their plots or the riot of colors, but they had a peculiar emotion. And the stories of those years clearly inform us about the existence of life in the distant past. The lines are extremely simple, the themes are predictable, the directions are unambiguous.

IN ancient times the content of the drawings becomes more diverse, more often they depict animals, different things, entire biographies are made on the entire wall, especially if the pictures are created for the pharaohs, which was very believed at that time. After about another two thousand years, wall paintings begin to acquire colors.

Ancient painting, in particular Old Russian, is well conveyed and preserved in old icons. They are sacred and best example, conveying the beauty of art from God. Their color is unique, and their purpose is perfect. Such painting conveys the unreality of existence, images and instills in a person the idea of the divine principle, of the existence of ideal art, which one must emulate.

The development of painting did not pass without a trace. Over a long period of time, humanity has managed to accumulate real relics and spiritual heritage of many centuries.

Watercolor

Watercolor painting is distinguished by the brightness of its colors, purity of color and transparency of application on paper. Yes, it is on a paper surface that it is best to work in this fine art technique. The pattern dries quickly and as a result acquires a lighter and more matte texture.

Watercolor does not allow you to achieve interesting shimmers when using dark, monochromatic shades, but it perfectly models color if layers are applied one on top of another. In this case, it turns out to find completely new, unusual options that are difficult to obtain with other artistic techniques.

Difficulties in working with watercolors

The difficulty of working in a technique such as watercolor painting is that it does not forgive mistakes and does not allow improvisation with radical changes. If you didn’t like the applied tone or you got a completely different color than you wanted, then it’s unlikely to be corrected. Any attempts (washing with water, scraping, mixing with other colors) can lead to either a more interesting shade or complete contamination of the painting.

Changing the location of a figure, an object, or any improvement in composition in this technique is essentially impossible to do. But thanks to the fast drying of paints, painting is ideal for sketching. And in terms of depicting plants, portraits, city landscapes, it can compete with works done in oil.

Oil

Each of the technical varieties of painting has its own specifics. This applies to both the manner of execution and the artistic rendering of the image. Oil painting is one of the most favorite techniques of many artists. It is difficult to work in it, since it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience: starting from preparation necessary items, materials until the final stage - covering the resulting painting with a protective layer of varnish.

The entire process of oil painting is quite labor-intensive. Regardless of which base you choose: canvas, cardboard or hardboard (fibreboard), it must first be covered with primer. It will allow the paint to adhere and adhere well, without any oil escaping from it. It will also give the background the desired texture and color. There are a lot of types and recipes for different soils. And each artist prefers his own, a certain one that he is used to and which he considers the best option.

As mentioned above, the work takes place in several stages, and the final stage is coating the painting with varnish substances. This is done in order to protect the canvas from moisture, cracks (mesh) and other mechanical damage. Oil painting does not tolerate work on paper, but thanks to a whole technology of applying paints, it allows you to keep works of art safe and sound for centuries.

Chinese fine arts

I would like to pay special attention to the era of Chinese painting, since it has a special page in history. The Eastern direction of painting has developed over more than six thousand years. His development was closely connected with other crafts, social change and conditions occurring in people's lives. For example, after the introduction of Buddhism in China, religious murals became of great importance. During the period (960-1127), paintings of a historical nature became popular, also telling about everyday life. Landscape painting established itself as an independent direction already in the 4th century AD. e. Images of nature were created in blue-green colors and Chinese ink. And in the ninth century, artists increasingly began to paint pictures in which they depicted flowers, birds, fruits, insects, fish, embodying in them their ideals and the character of the era.

Features of Chinese painting

Traditional Chinese painting is distinguished by its particular style, as well as the materials used for painting, which, in turn, influences the methods and forms of oriental art. Firstly, Chinese painters use a special brush to create paintings. It looks like watercolor and has a particularly sharp tip. Such a tool allows you to create sophisticated works, and, as you know, the style of calligraphy is still widely used in China. Secondly, ink is used everywhere as paint - Chinese ink (sometimes together with other colors, but it is also used as an independent paint). This has been happening for two thousand years. It is also worth noting that before the advent of paper, painting was done on silk in China. Today, modern masters of art perform their works both on a paper basis and on a silk surface.

This is not all the technical capabilities of painting. In addition to the above-mentioned, there are many others (gouache, pastel, tempera, fresco, acrylic, wax, painting on glass, porcelain, etc.), including original versions of art.

Epochs of painting

Like any form of art, painting has its own history of formation. And above all, it is characterized by different stages of development, multifaceted styles, and interesting directions. The eras of painting play an important role here. Each of them affects not just a piece of the life of a people and not only the time of some historical events, but a whole life! Among the most famous periods in the art of painting are: the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the work of impressionist artists, Art Nouveau, surrealism and many, many others. In other words, painting is a visual illustration of a certain era, a picture of life, a worldview through the eyes of the artist.

The concept of “painting” literally means “to paint life”, to depict reality vividly, masterfully, and convincingly. To convey on your canvas not only every detail, every little thing, moment, but also the mood, emotions, flavor of a particular time, the style and genre of the entire work of art.

Examples of painting, genres, styles, various techniques and directions. Dictionary of special terms in painting

Kinds of art

Fine arts

Painting

Genres of painting

Graphic arts

Types of graphics

Sculpture

Arts and crafts

Main types of decorative and applied arts

Photographic art

Graffiti

Comic

Non-fine arts

Architecture

Genres of literature

Music

Choreography

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts

Theater

Opera

Stage

Circus

Ballet

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Similar documents

Genres of painting

History of painting

Portrait

Types of portraits

Scenery

Marina

History painting

Battle painting

Still life

Genre painting

Architectural painting

Animal painting

Decorative painting

Genres and types of painting

Technicians

Painting of ancient times

Watercolor

Difficulties in working with watercolors

Oil

Chinese fine arts

Features of Chinese painting

Epochs of painting