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The main trends in the development of literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries “...The silent and invisible spheres in which man became involved distorted his image... His self-awareness disintegrated and separated, became abstract and ideal... The image of man became multi-layered and multi-component...” M.M. Bakhtin
Philosophy at the turn of the century Marxist F. Nietzsche and his theory of “will and freedom” Seeking God All three main directions of philosophy move away from the true faith - an act of apostasy.
Marxist philosophy V.I. Lenin 1910 The development of aesthetics will occur based only on a “materialistic understanding of history” “We know... only one proletarian science - Marxism”
F. Nietzsche and his theory of “will and freedom” “...and the poor should be completely destroyed” “... remorse teaches one to bite others” “... push those who fall”
God-seeking Reconstruct the forms of civil life and human existence based on the renewal of Christianity. That is, an attempt to formulate universal laws that will restrain the aggressive forces of humanity.
“Milestones” (N. Berdyaev, S. Bulgakov) From the idea of social revolution to the idea of spiritual revolution The danger of fanatical service to any theoretical programs The moral inadmissibility of belief in the universal significance of certain social ideals They warned about the disastrousness of the revolutionary path for Russia
Disputes about the name of the era Decadence - (from the French "decline") - a certain state of mind, a crisis type of consciousness, which is expressed in a feeling of despair, powerlessness, mental fatigue. Modernism - the “newest, modern” “Silver” age of Russian poetry Russian literature, which previously had a high degree of ideological unity, at the turn of the century became aesthetically multi-layered.
Its founders were writers and famous religious publicists and philosophers of the “Silver Age”. V. Rozanov D. Merezhkovsky
Literary movements Realism: L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, L. Andreev, I. Bunin, V. Veresaev, A. Kuprin, I. Shmelev, M. Gorky Features: 1) Themes 2) Heroes 3) Genres 4) Stylistic features (pp. 21-28 textbook) Modernism: Symbolism Acmeism Futurism G. Severini “Blue Dancer” 1912
Modernism in painting
Modernism in architecture
Symbolism D. Merezhkovsky (1892 Lecture “On the causes of the decline and new trends in modern Russian literature”) V. Bryusov V. Ivanov A. Blok F. Sologub A. Bely F. Sologub called the main elements of the renewal of literature “ mystical content, symbols and the expansion of artistic impressionability" "a symbol is then a true symbol when it is inexhaustible in its meaning" "A symbol is a window to infinity" "The desire to reflect life as a whole, not only from its external side, not from its particular phenomena, but figuratively through symbols...to depict what forms a connection with Eternity, with the universal, world process
Artistic features Symbol is the central aesthetic category; multi-valued: it contains the prospect of limitless development of meanings, while the full significance of the subject plan of the image, its material texture. Music category. Not the rhythmic organization of sounds, but the universal metaphysical energy, the fundamental basis of all creativity. At the same time, this is the verbal texture of the verse permeated with sound and rhythmic combinations, i.e. maximum use of musical compositional principles in poetry
“Every poem is a veil stretched over the edges of several words. These words shine like stars. Because of them the poem exists." A. Blok " Notebooks“The poem should not so much convey the author’s thoughts and feelings as awaken his own in the reader, help him in his spiritual ascent from the “real” to the “ supreme reality“Symbolist lyrics awakened the “sixth sense” in a person, sharpened and clarified his perception, and developed an intuition akin to artistic
K. Balmont I am the sophistication of Russian slow speech, Before me are other poets - forerunners, I first discovered in this speech the deviations, Recited, angry, gentle ringing. I am a sudden break, I am playing thunder, I am a transparent stream, I am for everyone and no one. A multi-foam intertwining, broken and fused, Gemstones of the original land, Forest roll calls of green May - I will understand everything, I will take everything, taking everything from others. Forever young, like a dream. Strong theme that I am in love with both myself and others, I am an exquisite verse. 1901
Symbolism in painting by V. E. Borisov - Musatov “Ghosts” 1903 Odilon Redon "Eye like a ball" 1890
Futurism FUTURISM (from Latin futurum - future), avant-garde movement in European art 1910 - 20's, mainly in Italy and Russia. In an effort to create “the art of the future,” he declared (in the manifestos of Russian Cubo-Futurists from “Gilea”, participants in the “Association of Ego-Futurists”, “Mezzanine of Poetry”, “Centrifuge”) denial traditional culture(the legacy of the “past”), cultivated the aesthetics of urbanism and the machine industry. Painting (in Italy - U. Boccioni, G. Severini) is characterized by shifts, influxes of forms, multiple repetitions of motifs, as if summing up the impressions received in the process of rapid movement. For literature - the interweaving of documentary material and fiction, in poetry (V.V. Khlebnikov, V.V. Mayakovsky, A.E. Kruchenykh, I. Severyanin) - language experimentation (“words in freedom” or “zaum”).
Acmeism AKMEISM (from the Greek akme - highest degree something, blooming power), a movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s. (S. M. Gorodetsky, M. A. Kuzmin, early N. Gumilev, A. A. Akhmatova, O. E. Mandelstam); proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the “ideal”, from the polysemy and fluidity of images, complicated metaphors, a return to the material world, the object (or element of “nature”), exact value words. The “earthly” poetry of Acmeism is characterized by individual modernist motifs, a tendency towards aestheticism, intimacy or poeticization of the feelings of primordial man.
Kitsenko Zhanna Anatolevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
RKTK, Pushkin
Good afternoon, today we are starting a course on Russian literature of the 20th century.
All Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries has a direct connection with the history of the country; literature reflects all the events taking place before the eyes of writers and poets. Therefore, we will study the literature of the 20th century based on the history of our country.
A little about what happened at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Russia. Who can say what historical events marked the turn of the century and the 20th century in general? February Revolution 1905, October Revolution of 1917, Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905, First World War 1914-1918, Civil War 1918-1922, Great Patriotic War, Stalin's repressions, Khrushchev's thaw.
Everything is correct, but it is also very important to remember that the beginning of the 20th century was the time of the most important and global natural scientific discoveries. Who remembers what these discoveries are? Invention of wireless communication (telegraph), discovery x-rays, research into the phenomenon of radiation. At this time, quantum theory (1900) and the theory of relativity (1916-1917) were created. A car and a camera appeared. First aircraft. Movie.
These and other discoveries influenced a person’s life, his way of life and his worldview. At the end of the 19th century, people thought that science had comprehended all the secrets of the world. An unshakable faith in the power of the human mind, faith in the possibility and necessity of conquering nature appeared.
Everything was changing rapidly, people lived in constant anticipation of changes. This was not the calm 19th century, with its traditions and orderliness in everything; it was a century when everything around was rapidly changing. A person did not have time to assimilate and understand one natural scientific discovery before another appeared.
It is important for you and me to understand that in recent years XIX century became a turning point for Russian and Western cultures. From the 1890s until the October Revolution of 1917, all aspects of life changed, from economics, politics and science to technology, culture and art. This new stage of development was incredibly dynamic (fast, impetuous, irreversible): it was done huge amount discoveries; but at the same time extremely dramatic: wars, revolutions, coups, high-profile assassination attempts on prominent political figures (during this period the word terrorism was on everyone’s lips).
Now let's see what happens in literature during this period.
At the beginning of the 20th century, L.N. continued to write. Tolstoy and A.P. Chekhov. And along with them, realistic literature continues to develop, the prominent representatives of which will be M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin, I.A. Bunin, L.N. Andreev. What is realism? Realism is a direction whose main feature is a truthful depiction of reality and its typical features without any distortion or exaggeration.
The themes for these authors are what happens around them. As a rule, they simply describe the event without drawing a conclusion. The reader must draw a conclusion. They mostly wrote about people, about hard work, about the horrors of war, about everything that worried the writer.
But simultaneously with realism, a new direction appears in literature - modernism. This direction combines several movements: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, etc. These movements appeared not only in literature, but also in music and painting. All Russian art, which was associated with modernist movements, was called the “Silver Age”. This name refers not only to literature, but to Russian art in general. Who can name me representatives? modernist literature? Blok, Akhmatova, Mayakovsky, Yesenin and others.
What is modernism? Modern is new. The main goal of modernist movements is that only creativity will change the world for the better. The modernists set as their goal the spiritual revival of humanity. Beauty, art, creativity - these are the main values in the world. As a rule, these works are far from politics. These are works about love, about the power of beauty, about the heroic past, about exotic countries, about a wonderful future.
At the beginning of the century, Marxism developed in Russia.
What is it? Marxism is a doctrine (theory) about the revolutionary transformation of society. What is the essence of the theory? Over time, the impoverishment of the people will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase. This will lead to an intensification of the class struggle. In highly developed countries, the socialist revolution will win, the dictatorship of the proletariat (worker power) will be established, and private property will be abolished.
In connection with the development of Marxism, another direction arises in literature, related to the specific tasks of social struggle. The concept of the proletariat appears. The proletariat is a social class, the working class, poorest layer population. From Latin - have-nots. Proletarian poets drew attention to the plight of the working people, created and conveyed public sentiment. They created revolutionary songs and propaganda poems. This was their contribution to the cause of the revolution, they brought a lot of benefit to the proletarian movement, strengthened the ideology, prepared and called for class battles. But big artistic value they have no idea.
Representatives of this trend were many famous writers, but, as a rule, not for long. Mainly because over time they became disillusioned with the very idea of revolution. This was M. Gorky, and Kuprin, and Mayakovsky, and Yesenin and many others. But over time, with the communists coming to power, all literature becomes proletarian. All literature begins to serve the common cause of communism. How did this happen? In 1905, V. Lenin’s article “Party Organization and Party Literature” was published. This article played a huge role in the development of literature. In this article, Lenin introduces the concept and principle of party literature. He writes that literature “cannot generally be an individual matter, independent of the general proletarian cause.” Literature itself is understood as a “business”, not as a creative impulse, now it is not something related to inspiration, literature is a form of struggle, agitation, propaganda. Why is this article so important? The idea expressed in it became the program for the entire Soviet literature. Literature can only be for a common cause and only for a common cause. Here a principle is formed: whoever is not with us is against us. All this became the reason that talented poets and writers found themselves unrecognized, misunderstood, repressed, killed or expelled from home country. This fate befell many, even those who supported the idea of revolution from the very beginning.
We will talk about all this while studying the work of writers and poets of the 20th century. Studying these works will give you the opportunity to better understand the history of your country. We will talk about people who lost their homeland, who gave up their freedom, well-being, and lives for ideas that they believed in and did not renounce. Studying biographies, you will see how quickly and irreversibly a person’s fate could change. As you read, you will understand that fiction This is a unique way to preserve the history of the country. All literature of the 20th century is stories about what really happened.
Homework.
In the next lesson we will begin to study the work of Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev. Please read his following works: “Petka in the Dacha”, “Angel”, “The Story of the Seven Hanged Men”.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">Russian Literature at the turn of the 19th -20th centuries COMPLETED BY: STUDENT"> Литература России на рубеже 19 -20 веков ВЫПОЛНИЛА: УЧЕНИЦА 11 Б КЛАССА ШНУРКОВА А.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> General characteristics of the period Recent years The 19th century became a turning point for Russian "> General characteristics of the period The last years of the 19th century became a turning point for Russian and Western cultures. Starting from the 1890s and up to October Revolution Literally every aspect of 1917 changed Russian life, ranging from economics, politics and science, to technology, culture and art. The new stage of historical and cultural development was incredibly dynamic and, at the same time, extremely dramatic. It can be said that Russia, at a turning point for it, was ahead of other countries in the pace and depth of changes, as well as in the enormity of internal conflicts.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> What are the most important historical events took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century? Russia"> What were the most important historical events that took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century? Russia experienced three revolutions: -1905; -February and October 1917, -Russian-Japanese War 1904 -1905 -First World War 1914 -1918. , -Civil War
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> The internal political situation in Russia The end of the 19th century revealed the deepest crises"> Внутриполитическая обстановка в России Конец XIX столетия обнажил глубочайшие кризисные явления в экономике !} Russian Empire. -Confrontation of three forces: defenders of monarchism, supporters of bourgeois reforms, ideologists of the proletarian revolution. Various ways of perestroika were put forward: “from above”, by legal means, “from below” - through revolution.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">Scientific discoveries of the 20th century The beginning of the 20th century became a time of global natural science"> Научные открытия н. 20 века Начало XX столетия стало временем глобальных естественнонаучных открытий, особенно в области физики и математики. Самыми важными из них стали изобретение беспроволочной связи, открытие рентгеновских лучей, определение массы электрона, исследование феномена радиации. Мировоззрение человечества перевернули создание квантовой теории (1900), специальной (1905) и общей (1916 -1917) теории относительности. Прежние представления о строении мира были полностью поколеблены. Идея познаваемости мира, бывшая прежде непогрешимой истиной, подверглась сомнению.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> Tragic history of literature of the 20th century 1. In the 20th"> Трагическая история литературы 20 века 1. В 20 -е годы уехали или были изгнаны писатели, составлявшие цвет русской литературы: И. Бунин, А. Куприн, И. Шмелев и др. 2. Воздействие цензуры на литературу: 1926 год- конфискован журнал «Новый мир» с « Повестью непо- гашенной луны» Б. Пильняка. В 30 -е годы писателя рас- стреляют. (Е. Замятин, М. Булгаков и др.) И. А. Бунин!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-7.jpg" alt=">Tragic history of literature of the early 20th century 3. From the beginning of the 30th - x years"> Трагическая история литературы н. 20 века 3. С начала 30 -х годов начался процесс физического уничтожения писателей: были расстреляны или погибли в лагерях Н. Клюев, И. Бабель, О. Мандельштам и многие другие.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-8.jpg" alt="> Tragic history of literature of the early 20th century 4. From the beginning of the 30th - x years"> Трагическая история литературы н. 20 века 4. С начала 30 -х годов появилась тен- денция приве- дения литературы к единому методу - социалистическо му реализму. Одним из представителей стал М. Горький.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-9.jpg" alt="> In other words, almost everything creative people were in conflict in the 20th century"> In other words, almost all creative people in the 20th century were in conflict with the state, which, being a totalitarian system, sought to suppress the creative potential of the individual.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-10.jpg" alt="> Literature of the 19th - early 20th centuries At the end of the 19th -"> Литература к. 19 - н. 20 веков В конце XIX - начале XX века русская литература стала эстетически многослойной. Реализм на рубеже веков оставался масштабным и влиятельным литературным направлением. Так, в эту эпоху жили и творили Толстой и Чехов. (отражение реальности, жизненной правды) А. П. Чехов. Ялта. 1903 г.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-11.jpg" alt="> The transition from the era of classical Russian literature to the new literary time was accompanied by an unusual"> Переход от эпохи классической русской литературы к новому литературному времени сопровождался необычайно быстрой. На авансцену общекультурной жизни страны снова вышла русская поэзия, не похожая на прежние образцы. Так началась новая поэтическая эпоха, получившая название "поэтического ренессанса" или "серебряного века".!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-12.jpg" alt="> Silver Age - part artistic culture Russia late XIX- beginning of the 20th century,"> The Silver Age is part of the artistic culture of Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, associated with symbolism, acmeism, "neo-peasant" literature and partly futurism.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-13.jpg" alt=">New trends in Russian literature at the turn of the century In the period from 1890 to 1917"> Новые течения в литературе России рубежа веков В период с 1890 по 1917 год особенно ярко заявили о себе три !} literary movements- symbolism, acmeism and futurism, which formed the basis of modernism as a literary movement.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">SYMBOLISM March 1894 - a collection with the title"> СИМВОЛИЗМ Март 1894 г. - вышел в свет сборник с названием "Русские символисты". Через некоторое время появились еще два выпуска с таким же названием. Автором всех трех сборников был молодой поэт Валерий Брюсов, использовавший разные псевдонимы для того, чтобы создать впечатление существования целого поэтического направления.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-15.jpg" alt="> SYMBOLISM Symbolism is the first and largest of the modernist movements,"> СИМВОЛИЗМ Символизм является первым и самым крупным из модернистских течений, возникших в России. !} Theoretical basis Russian symbolism was founded in 1892 with a lecture by D. S. Merezhkovsky “On the causes of the decline and new trends in modern Russian literature.” The title of the lecture contained an assessment of the state of the literature. The author pinned his hope for its revival on “new trends.” Dmitry Sergeevich Merezhkovsky
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-16.jpg" alt=">Basic provisions of the Andrey current White Symbol- central aesthetic "> Basic provisions of the movement Andrei Bely Symbol is the central aesthetic category of the new movement. The idea of a symbol is that it is perceived as an allegory. The chain of symbols resembles a set of hieroglyphs, a kind of ciphers for the “initiates.” Thus, the symbol turns out to be one from varieties of tropes.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-17.jpg" alt="> Basic provisions of the flow The symbol is polysemantic: it contains an unlimited variety of meanings."> Основные положения течения Символ многозначен: он содержит безграничное множество смыслов. "Символ - окно в бесконечность", - сказал Федор Сологуб.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-18.jpg" alt="> The main provisions of the movement The relationships between"> Основные положения течения По-новому строились в символизме отношения между поэтом и его аудиторией. Поэт- символист не стремился быть общепонятным. Он обращался не ко всем, но лишь к "посвященным", не к читателю- потребителю, а к читателю -творцу, читателю- соавтору. Символистская лирика будила "шестое чувство" в человеке, обостряла и утончал а его восприятие. Для этого символисты стремились максимально использовать ассоциативные возможности слова, обращались к мотивам и образам разных культур.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-19.jpg" alt=">Acmeism The literary movement of Acmeism arose in the early 1910s. ( from Greek acme -"> Акмеизм Литературное течение акмеизма возникло в начале 1910 -х годов. (от греч. acme - высшая степень чего- либо, расцвет, вершина, острие). Из !} wide range Participants in the "Workshop" identified a narrower and more aesthetically more united group of acmeists - N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-20.jpg" alt="> Basic principles of the flow of skipping syllables and New rhythms are created"> Основные положения теченияпропуска слогов и Новые ритмы создаются путем А. Ахматова перестановки ударения Самоценность каждого явления «Непознаваемые по своему смыслу слова нельзя познать»!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-21.jpg" alt=">Creative individuality of the Symbolists clasped her hands under dark veil. . . "> Creative individuality of the Symbolists Clasped her hands under a dark veil... "Why are you pale today? " - Because I got him drunk with tart sadness. How can I forget? He came out staggering, His mouth twisted painfully... I ran away, without touching the railing, I ran after him to the gate. Gasping, I shouted: "A joke That's all was. If you leave, I’ll die.” He smiled calmly and creepily And said to me: “Don’t stand in the wind.” January 8, 1911
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-22.jpg" alt="> Futurism (from Latin futurum - future). For the first time he declared"> Футуризм (от лат. futurum - будущее). Впервые он заявил Футуризм о себе в Италии. Временем рождения русского футуризма считается 1910 год, когда вышел в свет первый футуристический сборник "Садок Судей" (его авторами были Д. Бурлюк, В. Хлебников и В. Каменский). Вместе с В. Маяковским и А. Крученых эти поэты вскоре составили группировку кубофутуристов, или поэтов "Гилеи" (Гилея - древнегреческое название части Таврической губернии, где отец Д. Бурлюка управлял имением и куда в 1911 году приезжали поэты нового объединения).!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-23.jpg" alt=">The main provisions of the flow As an artistic program"> Основные положения течения В качестве художественной программы футуристы выдвинули утопическую мечту о рождении сверхискусства, способного перевернуть мир. Художник В. Татлин всерьез конструировал крылья для человека, К. Малевич разрабатывал проекты городов- спутников, курсирующих по земной орбите, В. Хлебников пытался предложить человечеству новый универсальный язык и открыть "законы времени".!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-24.jpg" alt="> A kind of shocking repertoire has developed in futurism. Bitter names were used:"> В футуризме сложился своего рода репертуар эпатирования. Использовались хлесткие названия: "Чукурюк" - для картины; "Дохлая луна" - для сборника произведений; "Идите к черту!" - для литературного манифеста.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-25.jpg" alt=">A slap in the face to public taste Throw Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy"> Пощечина общественному вкусу Бросить Пушкина, Достоевского, Толстого и проч. , и проч. с Парохода Современности. . Всем этим Максимам Горьким, Куприным, Блокам, Сологубам, Ремизовым, Аверченкам, Черным, Кузминым, Буниным и проч. нужна лишь дача на реке. Такую награду дает судьба портным. . . С высоты небоскребов мы взираем на их ничтожество!. . Мы приказываем чтить права поэтов: 1. На увеличение словаря в его объеме произвольными и производными словами (Словоновшество). 2. На непреодолимую ненависть к существовавшему до них языку. 3. С ужасом отстранять от гордого чела своего из банных веников сделанный Вами венок грошовой славы. 4. Стоять на глыбе слова "мы" среди свиста и негодования. И если пока еще и в наших строках остались грязные клейма Ваших "Здравого смысла" и "Хорошего вкуса", то все же на них уже трепещут впервые Зарницы Новой Грядущей Красоты Самоценного (самовитого) Слова. Д. Бурлюк, Алексей Крученых, В. Маяковский, Виктор Хлебников Москва, 1912 г. Декабрь!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-26.jpg" alt=">Creative individualities of futurism In the poems of David"> Творческие индивидуальности футуризма В стихотворениях Давида Бурлюка "звезды - черви, пьяные туманом", "поэзия - истрепанная девка, а красота - кощунственная дрянь". В его провокационных текстах понижающие образы используются предельно максимально: Мне нравится !} pregnant man How handsome he is at the Pushkin monument Dressed in a gray jacket Picking the plaster with his finger<. .="">
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-27.jpg" alt=">Creative individuals of futurism Oh, laugh, you laughers!"> Творческие индивидуальности футуризма О, рассмейтесь, смехачи! О, засмейтесь, смехачи! Что смеются смехами, что смеянствуют смеяльно. О, засмейтесь усмеяльно! О, рассмешищ надсмеяльных - смех усмейных смехачей! О, иссмейся рассмеяльно, смех надсмейных смеячей! Смейево, смейево, Усмей, осмей, смешики, Смеюнчики, смеюнчики. О, рассмейтесь, смехачи! О, засмейтесь, смехачи! 1910!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-28.jpg" alt="> Let's summarize What historical events is Russia experiencing during this period?"> Подведем итоги Какие исторические события переживает Россия в этот период? Как развивалась литература на рубеже 19 -20 веков? Сформулируйте основные положения символизма, акмеизма, футуризма. Чем эти течения отличаются друг от друга? Назовите творческие индивидуальности каждого из литературных направлений.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-29.jpg" alt="> Let's draw conclusions At the turn of the century, Russian literature experienced a heyday comparable to"> Сделаем выводы На рубеже веков русская литература переживала расцвет, сравнимый по яркости и многообразию талантов с блистательным началом 19 века. Это период интенсивного развития философской мысли, !} fine arts, stagecraft. Various directions are being developed in the literature. In the period from 1890 to 1917, three literary movements especially clearly manifested themselves - symbolism, acmeism and futurism, which formed the basis of modernism as a literary movement. The literature of the Silver Age revealed a brilliant constellation of bright poetic individuals, each of which represented a huge creative layer that enriched not only Russian literature, but also world poetry XX century.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/15630017_267582300.pdf-img/15630017_267582300.pdf-30.jpg" alt="> Let's draw conclusions The last years of the 19th century became turning points for Russian and Western"> Сделаем выводы Последние годы XIX столетия стали поворотными для русской и западной культур. Начиная с 1890 - х гг. и вплоть до Октябрьской революции 1917 года изменились буквально все стороны российской жизни, начиная от экономики, политики и науки, и заканчивая технологией, культурой и искусством. Новая стадия историко-культурного развития была невероятно динамична и, в то же время, крайне драматична. Можно сказать, что Россия в переломное для нее время опережала другие страны по темпам и глубине перемен, а также по колоссальности внутренних конфликтов.!}
“By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia had become the focal point of the contradictions of the entire system of imperialism, its weakest link,” the first Russian revolution was “prepared by the entire course of the country’s socio-economic and political development.”
Its global significance was quickly understood. On January 25, Jean Jaurès wrote in the newspaper L'Humanité that the Russian people are fighting not only for themselves, but also for the cause of the international proletariat, and after the All-Russian October Strike, Anatole France spoke at a rally in Paris with the words: “Whatever the outcome This great and terrible struggle, Russian revolutionaries had a decisive influence on the fate of their country and on the fate of the whole world. The Russian revolution is a world revolution." The Russian proletariat entered the historical arena, becoming the vanguard of the world socialist movement.
The revolution was suppressed, but the heroism of the fighting of the Russian people not only attracted the attention of the international community, but also had a great influence on the revival political struggle in Europe and the awakening of the social struggle of the East.
Writers second half of the 19th century centuries have complained about the difficulty of depicting the deep processes of life in connection with its rapid changes. But what was all this in comparison with the development of life in two decades of the twentieth century? Literature of the 90s spoke about awakening the consciousness of the masses. In 1905, the people already loudly declared their denied rights.
Three revolutions in 13 years! Such a revolutionary takeoff, such rapid changes in political and public life, in the psychology of the people, which required enormous effort of will, intelligence and courage, not a single country knows.
During the years of the revolution, the innovation of M. Gorky's creativity was especially significant. Critics wrote already at the very beginning of the 1900s that it does not fit into the framework of old realism. The novel “Mother” and the play “Enemies” impressively revealed the main trends in development revolutionary Russia and showed who is the true creator modern history. It was realism, inspired by the socialist ideal, realism calling for the construction of a new society on socialist principles.
Literary scholars have still not come to a consensus about which work of Gorky marked the beginning of a new creative method, later named socialist realism. The fundamental features of this method are present both in the play “Philistines” (the choice of the central character) and in the play “At the Depths” (disclosing Gorky’s attitude towards man and his ideas about false and true humanism).
One can also recall “Foma Gordeev,” where the innovative features of Gorky’s psychologism were first demonstrated. However, Gorky appeared most clearly as a realist of a new type, as a Marxist writer, precisely in “Mother” and “Enemies”. The revolution of 1905 was the stimulus that allowed Gorky the artist to fuse together what he had previously achieved. "Mother" opened new page in the history of world literature.
For propaganda purposes, revolutionaries widely used works by foreign authors dedicated to the working class in workers' circles. Now the Russian writer has created a novel that has become reference book domestic and foreign proletariat. “Maxim Gorky,” wrote V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, who was adjacent to the Marxist camp of criticism, “is a symbol, this is the name of an entire era, marked by Gorky’s mood.”
To significant events literary life The revolutionary years date back to the appearance of V. I. Lenin’s article “Party Organization and Party Literature” (1905), which raised the question of modern literature.
Speaking about the impossibility of a writer to remain neutral in a class society (the myth of a free creator not subject to the pressure of this society was collapsing), the article called on writers to openly side with the awakening people and give their pen to the service of party art, speaking in defense of high socialist ideals. At the same time, Lenin explained that the principle of party membership does not limit creative possibilities and the inclinations of the authors.
The article drew attention to the most pressing problem of the time - the growing number of readers from the people, “who constitute the color of the country, its strength, its future”, for whom the writer should have worked.
In the 19th century More than once, disputes arose about “pure” and “tendentious” art, about the artist’s personal position, free or biased. Lenin's article continued this debate in new historical conditions. Thus, it is organically connected with the tradition of revolutionary-democratic criticism, which has always advocated active art, inextricably linked with folk life and advanced social ideas.
Written on the eve of the December battles of the proletariat in Moscow, Lenin’s article transferred long-standing disputes into the realm of judgments about the writer as a fighter of a certain socio-political camp, as an exponent of the modern aspirations of the people, and thereby gave this problem a different social orientation and scale.
Lenin's article caused a great resonance. Marxist criticism took it into service (see the article by A.V. Lunacharsky “Tasks of Social Democratic Artistic Creativity”). In 1906, the newspaper “Freedom and Life” (No. 11-13) published contradictory answers from writers of dissimilar social orientations to the proposed questionnaire “Literature and Revolution”; These answers were essentially responses to Lenin’s speech.
This speech was met with irritation by the Symbolists, who especially intensively praised early work self-sufficient individualism. Bryusov immediately appeared in the magazine “Scales” (1905, No. 11) with a polemical article aimed at defending the artist’s independent position.
Indirectly, such responses appeared in critical articles the same “Libra”; they argued that party art entails a decline in talent, that party membership and aesthetics are incompatible concepts. And if A.V. Lunacharsky, relying on Gorky’s new works, said in 1907 that an innovative type of socialist literature had arisen, then the critic of the symbolist camp D. Filosofov would publish the article “The End of Gorky” in the same year.
Responses to the questions raised in Lenin’s article can be found in a number of works of art(“The Last Martyrs” by Bryusov, “The Spirit of the Times” by A. Verbitskaya).
Pre-October realistic literature had not yet been able to become an organic part of the proletarian cause (the only exceptions were the works of Gorky, Serafimovich, and proletarian poets), but many of its representatives were actively involved in the fight against the autocracy and the bourgeoisie.
During the revolution, the work of writers grouped around the Znanie publishing house, headed by Gorky, attracted general attention. Znanievo people wrote about the breakdown of the old worldview, about the rebellion of man and the growth of his social activity, about the aggravation of conflicts in all areas of life.
They were not only witnesses, but also chroniclers of a time when it was no longer just individuals who saw the light socially, but vast masses of people. The Znanievites were the first to depict this process, which was so complex and unusual for Russian reality.
Depending on their ideological positions, modern critics called Znanievo’s realism, which they perceived as a special realistic movement, like the “Gorky school,” “combat,” “red,” or “directional.”
Some noted the innovation of the Znanievo people, emphasizing, however, the insufficient artistic depth of their discoveries; others believed that rhetoric and journalisticism obscured their artistic beginnings. There were many who did not accept the ideological essence of Znaniev’s creativity. But on the whole, criticism was forced to recognize the enormous popularity of the “Collections of the Knowledge Partnership.”
Other realists also turned their attention to the phenomena born of the revolution, but they paid their attention mainly to the negative phenomena that accompanied the revolutionary process.
The revolution of 1905 brought to life a mass of sharp satirical magazines. For the first time in the history of Russian satirical periodicals, a kind of “picturesque journalism” (political drawings and illustrations) appeared on their pages.
After the revolution, the “turmoil” of the era intensified even more. The prevailing reaction is once again causing a wave of disappointment, pessimism, and disbelief in the strength of the people, in the possibility of a quick change in the destinies of Russia. The passion for idealistic philosophy flares up again with even greater force, and religious quests come to life. There is an outbreak of neo-populist ideas, which have penetrated, in particular, into the circle of symbolists, and neo-Slavophilism.
History of Russian literature: in 4 volumes / Edited by N.I. Prutskov and others - L., 1980-1983.
together. New within the old. The same themes are heard in the works of writers of different directions. Questions about life and death, faith, meaning of life, good and evil. At the turn of the 20th century there were apocalyptic moods. And next to this is a hymn to man. 1903 Gorky. Prose poem "Man". Nietzsche- an idol for Gorky, Kuprin and others. He raises questions about self-respect, dignity and importance of the individual. Kuprin "Duel". Interesting Freud, interest in the subconscious. "Man - that sounds proud." Attention to the person. U Sologuba on the contrary, pay attention to the little person. Andreev made the ordinary average person perceive the thoughts of a proud Man and led him to the realization of the impossibility of life. The problem of personality. Search, questions about life and death on equal terms. The motif of death is in almost every poem. The search for meaning and support in man, then the question of faith and unbelief arose. They turn to the devil no less than to God. An attempt to understand what is greater: the devilish or the divine. But the beginning of the century is still an era of prosperity. High level art of words. Realists: Tolstoy, Chekhov, Kuprin, Bunin.
Writers counted on a thinking reader. The open sound of the author's voice in Gorky, Blok, Kuprin, Andreev. The motive of leaving, breaking with home, environment, family among Znanievo residents.
Publishing house "Knowledge". Fundamentally focused on realistic literature. There is a “community of the literate.” They are promoting literacy. Pyatnitsky works there. In 1898, the publishing house “Znanie” was separated from this society on his initiative. First, scientific works are published. General education literature.
All publishers published realistic works. "World of Art" - the first modernist publishing house. 1898 And the magazine of the same name. The organizer of the release is Diaghilev. There were symbolists here until 1903, and then they had the magazine “ New way" “Scorpio” (“Libra”) in St. Petersburg, “Vulture” (“Golden Fleece”) in Moscow.
"Satyricon" and "New Satyricon". Averchenko, Teffi, Sasha Cherny, Bukhov.
General characteristics of the literature of the beginning of the century. (more details, please read)
Late XIX - early XX centuries. became a time of bright flourishing of Russian culture, its " silver age"(Pushkin's time was called the "golden age"). In science, literature, art, new talents appeared one after another, bold innovations were born, competitions different directions, groupings and styles. At the same time, the culture of the “Silver Age” was characterized by deep contradictions that were characteristic of all Russian life of that time.
Russia's rapid breakthrough in development, the clash of different ways and cultures changed the self-awareness of the creative intelligentsia. Many were no longer satisfied with the description and study of visible reality, analysis social problems. I was attracted by deep, eternal questions - about the essence of life and death, good and evil, human nature. Interest in religion revived; The religious theme had a strong influence on the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century.
However, a turning point not only enriched literature and art: it constantly reminded writers, artists and poets of impending social explosions, of the fact that the entire familiar way of life, the entire old culture, could perish. Some awaited these changes with joy, others with melancholy and horror, which brought pessimism and anguish into their work.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries . literature developed under different historical conditions than before. If you look for a word that characterizes the most important features period under consideration, then this will be the word "crisis". Great scientific discoveries shook the classical ideas about the structure of the world and led to a paradoxical conclusion: "matter has disappeared". A new vision of the world, thus, will determine the new face of realism of the 20th century, which will differ significantly from the classical realism of its predecessors. Also devastating consequences for human spirit had a crisis of faith (“God is dead!” exclaimed Nietzsche). This led to that a person of the 20th century began to increasingly experience the influence of irreligious ideas. The cult of sensual pleasures, the apology of evil and death, the glorification of the self-will of the individual, the recognition of the right to violence, which turned into terror - all these features indicate deepest crisis of consciousness.
In Russian literature of the early 20th century a crisis of old ideas about art and a feeling of exhaustion of past development will be felt, a revaluation of values will form.
Updating literature, its modernization will cause the emergence of new trends and schools. The rethinking of old means of expression and the revival of poetry will mark the advent of the “Silver Age” of Russian literature. This term is associated with the name N. Berdyaeva, who used it in one of his speeches in D. Merezhkovsky’s salon. Later, the art critic and editor of Apollo S. Makovsky consolidated this phrase, calling his book about Russian culture at the turn of the century “On Parnassus of the Silver Age.” Several decades will pass and A. Akhmatova will write “...the silver month is bright / Cold over the silver age.”
Chronological framework of the period, defined by this metaphor, can be designated as follows: 1892 - exit from the era of timelessness, the beginning of social upsurge in the country, manifesto and collection "Symbols" by D. Merezhkovsky, the first stories of M. Gorky, etc.) - 1917. According to another point of view, the chronological end of this period can be considered 1921-1922 (the collapse of former illusions, the mass emigration of Russian cultural figures from Russia that began after the death of A. Blok and N. Gumilyov, the expulsion of a group of writers, philosophers and historians from the country).
Russian literature of the 20th century was represented by three main literary movements: realism, modernism, and the literary avant-garde.
Representatives of literary movements:
Senior Symbolists: V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius, F.K. Sologub et al.
Mystics-seekers of God: D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius, N. Minsky.
Decadent individualists: V.Ya. Bryusov, K.D. Balmont, F.K. Sologub.
Junior Symbolists: A.A. Blok, Andrey Bely (B.N. Bugaev), V.I. Ivanov and others.
Acmeism: N.S. Gumilev, A.A. Akhmatova, S.M. Gorodetsky, O.E. Mandelstam, M.A. Zenkevich, V.I. Narbut.
Cubo-Futurists (poets of "Hilea"): D.D. Burlyuk, V.V. Khlebnikov, V.V. Kamensky, V.V. Mayakovsky, A.E. Twisted.
Egofuturists: I. Severyanin, I. Ignatiev, K. Olimpov, V. Gnedov.
Group "Mezzanine of Poetry": V. Shershenevich, Khrisanf, R. Ivnev and others.
Association "Centrifuge"": B.L. Pasternak, N.N. Aseev, S.P. Bobrov and others.
One of most interesting phenomena in the art of the first decades of the 20th century there was a revival of romantic forms, largely forgotten since the beginning of the last century.
Realistic publishing houses:
Knowledge (issue general education literature- Kuprin, Bunin, Andreev, Veresaev); collections; social Issues
Rosehip (St. Petersburg) collections and almaci
Slovo (Moscow) collections and almanacs
Gorky publishes the literary and political magazine “Chronicle” (Parus Publishing House)
“World of Art” (modernist. Art; magazine of the same name) - Diaghilev founder
“New Path”, “Scorpio”, “Vulture” - symbolist.
“Satyricon”, “New Satyricon” - satire (Averchenko, S. Cherny)