official method Soviet literature and art, proclaimed in 1934. The main goal of art by S.R. – active educational influence on the masses, “illustrating” ideological dogmas, mythologizing reality, mandatory positivity.
Excellent definition
SOCIALIST REALISM
socialist realism), a term used in Soviet literary and art criticism in the 1930s–80s. to designate the “basic method” of literature and art, which “requires from the artist a truthful, historically specific depiction of reality in its revolutionary development,” combined “with the task of educating the working people in the spirit of socialism.” At the time of its proclamation in the beginning. 1930s socialist realism was opposed to the realism of the 19th century, which was called “critical” by M. A. Gorky. Socialist realism, having, as it was proclaimed, no basis for criticism in the new society, was supposed to glorify the heroism of everyday work, scenes of unity of the people and party speakers appealing to them, and embody a bright dream of the future. In practice, the introduction of socialist realism (mainly through the newly created (1932) organization - the Union of Artists of the USSR and the Ministry of Culture) led to the subordination of literature and art to the principles of ideology and politics. All artistic associations, except for the Union of Artists, were banned. The main customer is the state, the main genre is “thematic painting” in the spirit of Itinerant realism, reworked by the artists of the Association of Artists revolutionary Russia(B.V. Ioganson, B.I. Prorokov, I.I. Brodsky, S.V. Gerasimov, Vl. A. Serov, A.I. Laktionov, F.P. Reshetnikov, A.A. Plastov and many etc.). Artists who continued to defend freedom of creativity and did not fit into the “official line” were not allowed to participate in exhibitions.
Socialist realism (lat. Socisalis - social, real is - real) is a unitary, pseudo-artistic direction and method of Soviet literature, formed under the influence of naturalism and the so-called proletarian literature. He was a leading figure in the arts from 1934 to 1980. Soviet criticism associated with him the highest achievements of art of the 20th century. The term "socialist realism" appeared in 1932. In the 1920s, on the pages of periodicals there were lively discussions by definition, which would reflect the ideological and aesthetic originality of the art of the socialist era. F. Gladkov, Yu. Lebedinsky suggested calling new method"proletarian realism", V. Mayakovsky - "tendentious", I. Kulik - revolutionary socialist realism, A. Tolstoy - "monumental", Nikolai Volnova - "revolutionary romanticism", V. Polishchuk - "constructive dynamism". There were also such names like "revolutionary realism", "romantic realism", "communist realism".
The participants in the discussion also argued sharply about whether there should be one method or two - socialist realism and red romanticism. The author of the term "socialist realism" was Stalin. The first chairman of the Organizing Committee of the USSR SP Gronsky recalled that in a conversation with Stalin he proposed to name the method Soviet art"socialist realism". The task of Soviet literature and its method were discussed at M. Gorky’s apartment; Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov constantly participated in the discussions. Thus, socialist realism arose according to the Stalin-Gorky project. This term has a political meaning. By analogy, the names “capitalist” and “imperialist realism” arise.
The definition of the method was first formulated at the First Congress of USSR Writers in 1934. The charter of the Union of Soviet Writers noted that socialist realism is the main method of Soviet literature, it “requires from the writer a truthful, historically specific image of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, truthfulness and historical specificity artistic image and must be combined with the task of ideological remodeling and education of workers in the spirit of socialism." This definition characterizes the typological features of socialist realism, it is said that socialist realism is the main method of Soviet literature. This means that there can be no other method. Socialist realism has become a state method The words “demands from the writer” sound like a military order. They indicate that the writer has the right to freedom - he is obliged to show life “in revolutionary development,” that is, not what is, but what his goal should be. works - ideological and political - "education of working people in the spirit of socialism." The definition of socialist realism is political in nature, it is devoid of aesthetic content.
The ideology of socialist realism is Marxism, which is based on voluntarism; it is a defining feature of the worldview. Marx believed that the proletariat was capable of destroying the world of economic determinism and building a communist paradise on earth.
In the speeches and articles of party ideologists, the terms “ibisi” of the literary front, “ideological war,” “weapons” were often found. In the new art, methodology was most valued. The core of socialist realism is the communist party. Socialist realists assessed what was depicted from the standpoint of communist ideology, sang the praises of the communist party and its leaders, the socialist ideal. The foundation of the theory of socialist realism was V. I. Lenin’s article “Party organization and party literature.” A characteristic feature of socialist realism was aestheticization. Soviet politics and the politicization of literature. The criterion for evaluating a work was not artistic quality, but ideological meaning. Often artistically impotent works were awarded state awards. The Lenin Prize was awarded to the trilogy of L.I. Brezhnev "Small Land", "Renaissance", "Virgin Land". Stalinists, Leninians, ideological myths about the friendship of peoples and internationalism brought to the point of absurdity appeared in literature.
Socialist realists depicted life as they wanted to see it according to the logic of Marxism. In their works, the city stood as the personification of harmony, and the village - disharmony and chaos. The personification of good was the Bolshevik, the personification of evil was the fist. Hardworking peasants were considered kulaks.
In the works of socialist realists, the interpretation of the land has changed. In the literature of past times, it was a symbol of harmony, the meaning of existence; for them, the earth is the personification of evil. The embodiment of private property instincts is often the mother. In the story by Peter Punch "Mom, die!" the ninety-five-year-old Gnat Hunger dies long and hard. But the hero can join the collective farm only after her death. Full of despair, he shouts “Mom, die!”
The positive heroes of the literature of socialist realism were workers, poor peasants, and representatives of the intelligentsia appeared as cruel, immoral, and treacherous.
“Genetically and typologically,” notes D. Nalivaiko, “socialist realism refers to specific phenomena artistic process XX century, formed under totalitarian regimes." "This, according to D. Nalivaiko, "is a specific doctrine of literature and art, constructed by the Communist Party bureaucracy and engaged artists, imposed from above state power and implemented under her leadership and constant supervision."
Soviet writers had every right to praise the Soviet way of life, but they had no right to the slightest criticism. Socialist realism was both a rod and a bludgeon. Artists who adhered to the norms of socialist realism became victims of repression and terror. Among them are Kulish, V. Polishchuk, Grigory Kosynka, Zerov, V. Bobinsky, O. Mandelstam, N. Gumilev, V. Stus. He crippled the creative destinies of such talented artists, like P. Tychyna, V. Sosyura, Rylsky, A. Dovzhenko.
Socialist realism has essentially become socialist classicism with such norms and dogmas as the already mentioned communist party spirit, nationalism, revolutionary romance, historical optimism, and revolutionary humanism. These categories are purely ideological, devoid of artistic content. Such norms were an instrument of crude and incompetent interference in the affairs of literature and art. The party bureaucracy used socialist realism as a weapon of destruction artistic values. Works by Nikolai Khvylovy, V. Vinnichenko, Yuri Klen, E. Pluzhnik, M. Orseth, B.-I. Antonich were banned for many decades. Belonging to the order of socialist realists became a matter of life and death. A. Sinyavsky, speaking at the Copenhagen meeting of cultural figures in 1985, said that “socialist realism resembles a heavy forged chest, which occupies the entire room reserved for literature for housing. It remained either to climb into the chest and live under its lid, or to face the chest , falling, from time to time squeezing sideways or crawling under it. This chest is still standing, but the walls of the room have been moved apart, or the chest has been moved to a more spacious and display room, and the clothes folded in the screen have become dilapidated, decayed... none of the serious writers use them. . Tired of developing purposefully in a certain direction. Everyone is looking for workarounds. Someone ran into the forest and played on the lawn. large hall"Where there is a dead chest, this is easier to do."
The problems of the methodology of socialist realism became the object of heated debate in 1985-1990. Criticism of socialist realism was based on the following arguments: socialist realism limits and impoverishes the artist’s creative searches, it is a system of control over art, “evidence of the artist’s ideological charity.”
Socialist realism was considered the pinnacle of realism. It turned out that the socialist realist was higher than the realist of the 18th-19th centuries, higher than Shakespeare, Defoe, Diderot, Dostoevsky, Nechuy-Levitsky.
Of course, not all art of the 20th century is socialist realist. This was also felt by the theorists of socialist realism, who in last decades proclaimed it an open aesthetic system. In fact, there were other directions in the literature of the 20th century. Socialist realism ceased to exist when the Soviet Union collapsed.
Only under conditions of independence did fiction get the opportunity to develop freely. The main evaluation criterion literary work became an aesthetic, artistic level, truthfulness, originality of the figurative reproduction of reality. Walking the path of free development, Ukrainian literature not regulated by party dogma. Focusing on the best achievements of art, it takes its rightful place in the history of world literature.
Socialist realism - artistic method literature and art and, more broadly, aesthetic system, which developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. and established in the era of socialist reorganization of the world.
The concept of socialist realism first appeared on the pages of “ Literary newspaper"(May 23, 1932). The definition of socialist realism was given at the First Congress of Soviet Writers (1934). In the Charter of the Union of Soviet Writers, socialist realism was defined as the main method fiction and criticism, demanding from the artist “a truthful, historically specific depiction of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, the truthfulness and historical specificity of the artistic depiction of reality must be combined with the task of ideological remodeling and education of working people in the spirit of socialism.” This general direction of the artistic method did not in any way limit the freedom of the writer in choosing artistic forms, “ensuring,” as stated in the Charter, “ artistic creativity an exceptional opportunity to demonstrate creative initiative, choose a variety of forms, styles and genres.”
M. Gorky gave a broad description of the artistic wealth of socialist realism in a report at the First Congress of Soviet Writers, showing that “socialist realism affirms being as an act, as creativity, the goal of which is the continuous development of the most valuable individual abilities of a person...”.
If the origin of the term dates back to the 30s, and the first major works of socialist realism (M. Gorky, M. Andersen-Nexo) appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, then certain features of the method and some aesthetic principles were already outlined in the 19th century, from the moment of the emergence of Marxism.
“Conscious historical content,” an understanding of reality from the position of the revolutionary working class, can to a certain extent be found in many works of the XIX c.: in the prose and poetry of G. Weert, in the novel by W. Morris “News from Nowhere, or the Age of Happiness”, in the work of the poet of the Paris Commune E. Pothier.
Thus, with the entry of the proletariat into the historical arena, with the spread of Marxism, a new, socialist art and socialist aesthetics are being formed. Literature and art absorb new content historical process, beginning to illuminate it in the light of the ideals of socialism, generalizing the experience of the world revolutionary movement, Paris Commune, and with late XIX V. - revolutionary movement in Russia.
The question of the traditions on which the art of socialist realism is based can only be resolved by taking into account diversity and richness national cultures. Thus, Soviet prose is largely based on the tradition of Russian critical realism XIX century In Polish XIX literature V. the leading direction was romanticism, its experience has a noticeable influence on modern literature of this country.
The wealth of traditions in the world literature of socialist realism is determined primarily by the diversity of national ways (both social, aesthetic, artistic) of the formation and development of a new method. For writers of some nationalities of our country, the artistic experience of folk storytellers, themes, manner, style is of great importance ancient epic(for example, among the Kyrgyz “Manas”).
The artistic innovation of the literature of socialist realism affected itself already in the early stages of its development. With the works of M. Gorky “Mother”, “Enemies” (which had special meaning for the development of socialist realism), as well as the novels of M. Andersen-Nexo “Pelle the Conqueror” and “Ditte the Child of Man,” proletarian poetry of the late 19th century. Literature included not only new themes and heroes, but also a new aesthetic ideal.
Already in the first Soviet novels, a folk-epic scale was evident in the depiction of the revolution. The epic breath of the era is palpable in “Chapaev” by D. A. Furmanov, “Iron Stream” by A. S. Serafimovich, “Destruction” by A. A. Fadeev. The picture of the people's fate is shown differently than in the epics of the 19th century. The people appear not as victims, not as simple participants in events, but as driving force history. The depiction of the masses was gradually combined with the deepening of psychologism in the depiction of individual human characters representing this mass (“ Quiet Don"M. A. Sholokhov, “Walking in Torment” by A. N. Tolstoy, novels by F. V. Gladkov, L. M. Leonov, K. A. Fedin, A. G. Malyshkin, etc.). The epic scale of the novel of socialist realism was also manifested in the works of writers from other countries (in France - L. Aragon, in Czechoslovakia - M. Puymanova, in the GDR - A. Zegers, in Brazil - J. Amado).
The literature of socialist realism created new image positive hero- fighter, builder, leader. Through him, the historical optimism of the artist of socialist realism is more fully revealed: the hero affirms faith in the victory of communist ideas, despite temporary defeats and losses. The term "optimistic tragedy" can be applied to many works that convey difficult situations revolutionary struggle: “Destruction” by A. A. Fadeev, “First Cavalry”, Sun. V. Vishnevsky, “The Dead Stay Young” by A. Zegers, “Report with a Noose Around the Neck” by J. Fuchik.
Romance is an organic feature of the literature of socialist realism. Years civil war, restructuring of the country, heroics of the Great Patriotic War and the anti-fascist Resistance determined in art both the real content of romantic pathos and romantic pathos in the conveyance of real reality. Romantic traits widely manifested in the poetry of the anti-fascist Resistance in France, Poland and other countries; in works depicting people's struggle, for example in the novel English writer J. Aldridge "Sea Eagle". The romantic principle in one form or another is always present in the work of artists of socialist realism, going back at its core to the romance of socialist reality itself.
Socialist realism is a historically unified movement of art within the common era of socialist reorganization of the world for all its manifestations. However, this community is, as it were, reborn in specific national conditions. Socialist realism is international in its essence. The international origin is its integral feature; it is expressed both historically and ideologically, reflecting the internal unity of the multinational socio-historical process. The idea of socialist realism is continuously expanding as democratic and socialist elements strengthen in the culture of a particular country.
Socialist realism is a unifying principle for Soviet literature as a whole, despite all the differences in national cultures depending on their traditions and the time of entry into the literary process (some literatures have a centuries-old tradition, others received writing only during the years of Soviet power). With all the diversity of national literatures, there are trends that unite them, which, without erasing individual characteristics each literature, reflect the growing rapprochement of nations.
A. T. Tvardovsky, R. G. Gamzatov, Ch. T. Aitmatov, M. A. Stelmakh - artists, deeply different in their individual and national artistic features, by the nature of their poetic style, but at the same time they are close to each other in general direction creativity.
The international origin of socialist realism is clearly manifested in the world literary process. While the principles of socialist realism were being formed, the international artistic experience of literature created on the basis of this method was relatively poor. The influence of M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, M.A. Sholokhov, and all Soviet literature and art played a huge role in expanding and enriching this experience. Later in foreign literature The diversity of socialist realism was revealed and the greatest masters emerged: P. Neruda, B. Brecht, A. Zegers, J. Amadou and others.
Exceptional diversity was revealed in the poetry of socialist realism. For example, there is poetry that continues the tradition folk song, classical, realistic poetry of the 19th century. (A. T. Tvardovsky, M. V. Isakovsky). Another style was outlined by V.V. Mayakovsky, who started with breaking classical verse. Manifold national traditions V recent years was discovered in the works of R. G. Gamzatov, E. Mezhelaitis and others.
In a speech on November 20, 1965 (on the occasion of receiving Nobel Prize) M. A. Sholokhov formulated the main content of the concept of socialist realism as follows: “I am talking about realism, which carries within itself the pathos of renewing life, remaking it for the benefit of man. I am talking, of course, about the kind of realism that we now call socialist. Its originality lies in the fact that it expresses a worldview that does not accept either contemplation or withdrawal from reality, calling for the struggle for the progress of mankind, making it possible to comprehend goals close to millions of people, to illuminate the path of struggle for them. From this follows the conclusion about how I imagine how Soviet writer, the place of the artist in the modern world."
Material from Uncyclopedia
Socialist realism is a creative method of Soviet art, implying a truthful, historically specific reflection of reality in its revolutionary development for the purpose of the ideological and aesthetic education of workers in the spirit of socialism and communism. This is realism, based on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, serving the development of a socialist society. His main aesthetic principles are truthfulness, nationality, and partisanship of art. Based on a truthful reflection of life, the art of socialist realism actively promotes the revolutionary transformation of life, the construction of a new society, the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism, and the formation of a new man.
The emergence of socialist realism is associated with the emergence of the working class on the historical arena, with the emergence of Marxism-Leninism and the beginning of the workers’ struggle for revolutionary transformation public life. The founder of this method in literature was A. M. Gorky. The basic principles of this method are equally applicable to all types of art.
In the works of some masters of fine art of the pre-revolutionary period (N. A. Kasatkin, S. V. Ivanov, A. E. Arkhipov, S. T. Konenkov, A. S. Golubkina), in revolutionary satirical graphics, trends emerged that anticipated socialist realism . The method of socialist realism acquired decisive importance in our artistic culture after the Great October Revolution. socialist revolution. Having survived and won the fight against the formalistic movements and “left” tendencies of the 1920s, he achieved significant success in the 1930s, when this term itself was put forward (before that, terms such as “heroic realism”, “ monumental realism", "social realism", etc.). The term "socialist realism" in the best possible way expresses the nature of Soviet art: this is the realism of the socialist era, realism fighting for socialism and embodying its ideology. The realistic essence connects it with the best traditions of world art, while the socialist nature of the development of these traditions determines the innovation of this method.
Socialist realism arose and developed in the struggle against bourgeois ideology and modernist art, in particular against the tendencies of naturalism and formalism, which led towards meaningless experiments. He is characterized by figurative truth and ideological depth, suggesting perfection artistic form and emotional strength. The method of socialist realism is not reduced to any formal characteristics; it presupposes uniform ideological and aesthetic foundations of art, but at the same time a diversity of individuals, genres, styles, artistic forms and national characteristics.
Socialist realism is embodied in best works Soviet multinational art, which has now become its classics: in the sculptures of A. T. Matveev and N. A. Andoev, I. D. Shadra and V. I. Mukhina, E. V. Vuchetich and N. V. Tomsky, L. E. . . Korzhev, E. E. Moiseenko, A. A. Mylnikov and many other masters.
Works of socialist realism are characterized by a close connection with life, with modernity, a reflection of the natural and advanced in social development through unique, individualized images of people and events. The realistic reflection of life in this art acquires new features associated with a deeper and wider coverage of reality, the disclosure of multifaceted connections between the individual and society and, most importantly, with the reflection of life not only in its past and present, but also in the leading trends of its development, in its aspirations for the future. This is the essence of the revolutionary romance of socialist realism, its historical life-affirming optimism.
The art of socialist realism is characterized by new type a positive hero - a creator, an active fighter for the improvement of public life. At the same time, the art of socialist realism, showing shortcomings, negative trends, and contradictions of reality, helps the people in their struggle for the strengthening and development of a new society, for peace and cooperation between peoples. In the passionate affirmation of the new, the beautiful, in the angry denial of the old, outdated, in the definite ideological and aesthetic position of the artist, the civic pathos and communist party spirit of his work are expressed.
The art of socialist realism is increasingly spreading and strengthening in the work of artists from socialist countries, as well as in the work of outstanding progressive artists of the capitalist world. This art is developing and conquering new frontiers in the fight against bourgeois ideology and modernism, which belittles and destroys the image of man, leading to the collapse of the artistic form; it is in the forefront of the development of world progressive artistic culture, gaining more and more authority and love among the working people of the whole world.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Socialist realism- an artistic method of literature and art, built on the socialist concept of the world and man. According to this concept, the artist was supposed to serve with his works the construction of a socialist society. Consequently, socialist realism was supposed to reflect life in the light of the ideals of socialism. The concept of “realism” is literary, and the concept of “socialist” is ideological. In themselves they contradict each other, but in this theory of art they merge. As a result, norms and criteria were formed, dictated by the Communist Party, and the artist, be he a writer, sculptor or painter, was obliged to create in accordance with them.
The literature of socialist realism was an instrument of party ideology. The writer was interpreted as an “engineer” human souls" With his talent he was supposed to influence the reader as a propagandist. He educated the reader in the spirit of the Party and at the same time supported it in the struggle for the victory of communism. The subjective actions and aspirations of the personalities of the heroes of works of socialist realism had to be brought into line with the objective course of history.
There had to be a positive character at the center of the work:
- He is an ideal communist and an example for a socialist society.
- He is a progressive person, to whom the doubts of the soul are alien.
Lenin expressed the idea that art should stand on the side of the proletariat in the following way: “Art belongs to the people. The deepest springs of art can be found among the broad class of working people... Art must be based on their feelings, thoughts and demands and must grow with them.” In addition, he clarified: “Literature must become party literature... Down with non-party writers. Down with the superhuman writers! Literary work must become part of the general proletarian cause, the cogs and wheels of one single great social-democratic mechanism, set in motion by the entire conscious vanguard of the entire working class.”
The founder of socialist realism in literature, Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), wrote the following about socialist realism: “It is vitally and creatively necessary for our writers to take a point of view from the height of which - and only from its height - all the dirty crimes of capitalism, all the meanness of his bloody intentions and all the greatness is visible heroic work proletariat-dictator." He argued: “... a writer must have a good knowledge of the history of the past and knowledge social phenomena modernity, in which he is called upon to simultaneously perform two roles: the role of midwife and gravedigger"
A.M. Gorky believed that the main task of socialist realism is to cultivate a socialist, revolutionary view of the world, a corresponding sense of the world.
To follow the method of socialist realism, writing poetry and novels, creating paintings etc. it must be subordinated to the goals of exposing the crimes of capitalism and praising socialism in order to inspire readers and viewers to revolution, inflaming their minds with righteous anger. The method of socialist realism was formulated by Soviet cultural figures under the leadership of Stalin in 1932. It covered all areas artistic activity(literature, drama, cinema, painting, sculpture, music and architecture). The method of socialist realism affirmed the following principles:
1) describe reality accurately, in accordance with specific historical revolutionary developments; 2) coordinate their artistic expression with the themes of ideological reforms and the education of workers in the socialist spirit.
Principles of socialist realism
- Nationality. The heroes of the works must come from the people, and the people are, first of all, workers and peasants.
- Party affiliation. Show heroic deeds, building a new life, revolutionary struggle for a bright future.
- Specificity. In depicting reality, show the process of historical development, which in turn must correspond to the doctrine of historical materialism (matter is primary, consciousness is secondary).
The Soviet era is usually called the period national history XX century, covering 1917-1991. At this time, the Soviet Union took shape and experienced the peak of its development. artistic culture. An important milestone on the path to becoming a major artistic direction art Soviet era, which later began to be called “socialist realism”, were works that affirmed the understanding of history as a tireless class struggle in the name of the ultimate goal - the elimination of private property and the establishment of the power of the people (M. Gorky’s story “Mother”, his play “Enemies”). In the development of art in the 1920s, two trends clearly emerged, which can be traced through the example of literature. On the one hand, a number of major writers did not accept the proletarian revolution and emigrated from Russia. On the other hand, some creators poeticized reality and believed in the height of the goals that the communists set for Russia. Hero of literature of the 20s. - a Bolshevik with a superhuman iron will. The works of V.V. Mayakovsky (“Left March”) and A.A. Blok (“The Twelve”) were created in this vein. A rather motley picture was presented by fine arts 20s. Several groups emerged within it. The most significant group was the Association of Artists of the Revolution. They depicted today: the life of the Red Army, the life of workers, peasants, revolutionaries and labor.” They considered themselves the heirs of the Wanderers. They went to factories, mills, and Red Army barracks to directly observe the lives of their characters, to “sketch” it. Another creative community - OST (Society of Easel Painters) united young people who graduated from the first Soviet art university. OST's motto is development in easel painting themes reflecting the signs of the 20th century: industrial city, industrial production, sports, etc. Unlike the masters of the Academy of Arts, the “Ostovites” saw their aesthetic ideal not in the work of their predecessors - the “Itinerant” artists, but in the latest European movements.
Some works of socialist realism
- Maxim Gorky, novel "Mother"
- group of authors, painting “Speech by V.I. Lenin at the Third Komsomol Congress”
- Arkady Plastov, painting “The Fascist Flew Over” (Tretyakov Gallery)
- A. Gladkov, novel “Cement”
- film "The Pig Farmer and the Shepherd"
- film "Tractor Drivers"
- Boris Ioganson, painting “Interrogation of Communists” (Tretyakov Gallery)
- Sergei Gerasimov, painting “Partisan” (Tretyakov Gallery)
- Fyodor Reshetnikov, painting “Deuce Again” (Tretyakov Gallery)
- Yuri Neprintsev, painting “After the Battle” (Vasily Terkin)
- Vera Mukhina, sculpture “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” (at VDNKh)
- Mikhail Sholokhov, novel “Quiet Don”
- Alexander Laktionov, painting “Letter from the Front” (Tretyakov Gallery)