Vasil Bykov “Sotnikov”, “Obelisk” A striking example moral choice can be found in Vasil Bykov’s work “Sotnikov”. Partisan Sotnikov, faced with a choice between life and death, was not afraid of execution and admitted to the investigator that he was a partisan, and the others had nothing to do with it. Another example can be found in Vasil Bykov’s story “Obelisk”: teacher Moroz, having a choice to stay alive or die along with the students whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.
Arguments for the essay
A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" A hero with high moral qualities is Petrusha Grinev, a character in A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter.” Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev: he is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself to please his momentary desires.
Happiness
Arguments for the essay
A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” Everyone understands happiness differently. The hero of the story, for example, by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” recognizes himself as “happy” because he did not end up in a punishment cell, received an extra bowl of soup, did not get sick, but the main thing is that he rejoices in honest work. The writer admires the patience and hard work of the Russian people, who believes in God and hopes for his help.
Evil, good and artistic activity
Arguments for the essay
Akutagawa Ryunosuke "The Torments of Hell" Creates a psychological portrait of the elder artist Yoshihide, very famous in his area - primarily for his terrible, asocial character and corresponding paintings. The only thing that pleases his eyes is his only daughter. One day, the ruler ordered a painting from him depicting Hell and the torment of sinners in it. The old man agreed, however, on the condition that for greater realism he would see the death of a woman in a falling carriage. He was given this opportunity, however, as it turned out later, that woman turned out to be his own daughter. Yoshihide calmly works on the painting, but upon completion, he commits suicide. Thus, it is worth assessing art through morality, but this assessment entirely depends on the actual ideals of the assessing subject. Yoshihide had one value - his daughter, whom he lost because of art.
Does a person have freedom of choice?
Arguments for the essay
V. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man" The main character Maria, having met a wounded enemy (German), was faced with a moral choice: to kill him or not to kill him? for all their atrocities, but it was a boy, his cry of “mother” stopped her, the heroine could not take a desperate step, she managed to stop in time, realizing that the hatred that overwhelmed her would not lead to anything good. V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" On the shores of the Angara, the authorities planned to build a dam that would flood the nearby island, so the population had to move to another place. The main character, old lady Daria, is presented with the right to a moral choice: to leave, or to defend her right to happiness, to life native land.
The attitude of the crowd towards people who stand out from it
Arguments for the essay
Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. Chatsky is a rebel, a rebel, rises up against the crowd, Moscow society of that time. Their habits are wild and alien to him; the morality of society amazes him. He is not afraid to speak his mind. In the monologue “Who are the judges?” its essence is fully revealed. The problem with the crowd is that they do not know how to listen and do not even want to listen to the truth. They consider as “truth” the precepts of their hypocritical fathers, which have long since become obsolete. Mayakovsky's work Mayakovsky's work is devoted to the theme of confrontation between the hero and the crowd. The crowd is vulgar people living spiritually. They don’t see beauty, they don’t understand real art. The hero is alone in his world. He does not shy away from the crowd, does not hide, but boldly challenges it, ready to fight misunderstandings. For example, in the poem “Could You?” a sharp line has been drawn between “I” and “you”.
National enmity
Arguments for the essay
A. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night” The problem of national enmity is especially acute in A. Pristavkin’s story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night.” The author shows us the tragic events of the 40s of the twentieth century associated with the resettlement of orphanages to the Caucasus, to territories “liberated” from local residents- Chechens. The revenge of people forcibly evicted from the land of their ancestors falls on innocent people, including children. We see how a brutal murder separates twin brothers Sashka and Kolka Kuzmenysh. It is symbolic that at the end of the story Kolka calls the Chechen boy Alkhuzur his brother. So the author convinces us that all peoples are brothers, that the humane human principle stronger than evil that the government that incites national hatred is committing a crime against humanity and mankind.
The tragedy of the "little man"
Arguments for the essay
N.V. Gogol "The Overcoat" The problem of the “little man” is most fully revealed by the Russian writer, poet, critic N.V. Gogol. In the story “The Overcoat,” the playwright tells the reader about Akaki Akakievich, a poor titular councilor from St. Petersburg. He carried out his duties zealously and was very fond of manual copying of papers, but in general his role in the department was very insignificant, which is why young officials often laughed at him. In his tragedy of the theft of a new overcoat, the hero does not find a response from society.
Personality in history: Peter I
Arguments for the essay
A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin wrote in “The Bronze Horseman”...Nature here destined us to cut a window into Europe... These lines were written about Peter the Great. He is a man who changed the course of history, one of the most outstanding statesmen who determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. Peter launched large-scale reforms Russian state, changed the social structure: he cut off the boyars’ sleeves and beards. He built the first Russian fleet, thereby protecting the country from the sea. Here he is, that person, that person who accomplished a lot of great and heroic things in his life, who made history. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy denied the possibility of an individual actively influencing history, believing that history is made by the masses and its laws cannot depend on the desires of an individual. He viewed the historical process as a sum made up of “countless human arbitrariness,” that is, the efforts of each person. It is useless to resist the natural course of events, it is in vain to try to play the role of the arbiter of the destinies of mankind. This position of the writer was reflected in the novel “War and Peace”. Using the example of two historical figures: Kutuzov and Napoleon, Tolstoy proves that it is the people who are the creator of history. Millionary masses ordinary people It is not heroes and generals who unconsciously move society forward, create something great and heroic, and create history.
Rudeness
Arguments for the essay
M.A. Bulgakov" dog's heart " The main character of the story M.A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”, Professor Preobrazhensky is a hereditary intellectual and an outstanding medical scientist. He dreams of turning a dog into a human. So Sharikov is born with the heart of a stray dog, the brain of a man with three convictions and a pronounced passion for alcohol. As a result of the operation. the affectionate, albeit cunning Sharik turns into a boorish lumpen, capable of betrayal. Sharikov feels like the master of life, he is arrogant, swaggering, and aggressive. He quickly learns to drink vodka, be rude to the servants, and turn his ignorance into a weapon against the education of the professor and his inhabitants. apartments become a living hell. Sharikov - image boorish attitude towards people. D.I. Fonvizin “Minor” Outraged by other people's rudeness, people often do not notice that they themselves sometimes behave just as outrageously. Perhaps this can best be seen in the relationship of parents to children. A person’s character is formed in the family, but what kind of person could Mitrofanushka become? He adopted all the vices from his mother: extreme ignorance, rudeness, greed, cruelty, contempt of others, rudeness. Not surprising, because parents are always the main role models for children. And what kind of example could Mrs. Prostakova set for her son if she allowed herself to be rude, rude, and humiliate those around him in front of his eyes? Of course, she loved Mitrofan, but due to this she spoiled him greatly.
False/true values, search for the meaning of life
Arguments for the essay
I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco” I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was. W. S. Maugham "The Burden of Human Passions" The novel by the famous English writer W. S. Maugham, “The Burden of Human Passions,” touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there meaning in life, and if so, what is it? Main character works Philip Carey painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at Persian carpets and refuses further explanation. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is purposeless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction in choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, gets married, gives birth to children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or the desire for success - perhaps some kind of alarming beauty is hidden in them.”
Self-realization, aspirations
Arguments for the essay
And A. Goncharov “Oblomov” A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself, his laziness and promiscuity, and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. U.S. Maugham "The Razor's Edge" In his late novel"The Razor's Edge" by W.S. Maugham_draws life path young American Larry, who spent half his life reading books, and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image stands out clearly against the background of young people of his circle, wasting their lives and extraordinary abilities on fulfilling fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, not paying attention to the misunderstanding and reproach of loved ones, sought the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He devoted himself entirely to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, and discover the meaning of the universe. D. London "Martin Eden" Main character novel of the same name American writer Jack London Martin Eden - a working guy, a sailor, coming from the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse - a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation. English words and awakens his interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who publish in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he has fallen in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will move him towards his goal. In the end, after going through a long and thorny path, after numerous refusals and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that fulfilling a dream does not always bring happiness) Scientific facts If a shark stops moving its fins, it will sink to the bottom like a stone; a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Likewise, a person, if his aspirations, desires, goals fade away, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into the thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a stinking swamp. Likewise, a person who stops searching, thinking, striving, loses the “beautiful impulses of his soul”, gradually degrades, his life becomes aimless, miserable vegetation.
Self-sacrifice
Arguments for the essay
M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” In the story of the Russian writer, prose writer and playwright Maxim Gorky, “The Old Woman Ivergil,” the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. Danko was “the best of all, because a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes.” He led people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But weak people During the journey they began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of mismanaging them. He overcame indignation and in the name of his great love He tore open his chest to the people, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame the difficult road. And then they forgot their hero. And Danko died. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" In his work “Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky addresses the theme of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving someone else’s soul, revealing it using the example of the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. Sonya is a poor girl from a dysfunctional family who follows Raskolnikov to hard labor in order to share his burden and fill him with spirituality. Out of compassion and a sense of high social responsibility, Sonya goes to live “on a yellow ticket,” thus earning bread for her family. People like Sonya, who have “infinitely insatiable compassion,” are still found today. (another option) Self-sacrifice, compassion, sensitivity and mercy are a controversial issue. This is clearly visible in the work of the great Russian playwright F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” His two heroines, Sonechka Marmeladova and Dunya Raskolnikova, sacrifice themselves in the name of the people dear to them. The first sells her own body, thus earning bread for her family. The girl suffers severely, is ashamed of herself and her life, but even refuses to commit suicide, because she understands that her family will be lost without her. And the family gratefully accepts her sacrifice, practically idolizes Sonya, her self-sacrifice goes for the good. The second is going to marry a low, vile, but rich man in order to help her beggar brother.
Compassion, love for one's neighbor
Arguments for the essay
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard" In the story “Matryonin’s Dvor” by the Russian writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature A.I. Solzhenitsyn is struck by the image of the peasant woman Matryona, her humanity, selflessness, compassion and love for everyone, even strangers. Matryona “helped strangers for free”, but she herself “didn’t chase after the acquisition”: she didn’t start “good”, didn’t try to get a tenant. Her mercy is especially evident in the situation with the upper room. She allowed her house (where she lived all her life) to be dismantled into logs for the sake of her pupil Kira, who had nowhere to live. The heroine sacrifices everything for the sake of others: the country, neighbors, relatives. And after her quiet death, a description arises of the cruel behavior of her relatives, who are simply overwhelmed by greed. Thanks to her spiritual qualities, Matryona made this world a better and kinder place, sacrificing herself and her life. Boris Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” In the work “My Horses Are Flying...” Boris Vasiliev tells a story about a wonderful man - Doctor Jansen. Out of compassion, the doctor, at the cost of his life, saved the children who had fallen into the sewer pit! L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Having been captured, Pierre Bezukhov met there a simple soldier Platon Karataev. Plato, despite his suffering, lived lovingly with everyone: with the French, with his comrades. It was he who, with his mercy, helped Pierre gain faith and taught him to value life. M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Out of compassion, Raskolnikov gives his last money for Marmeladov’s funeral.
Ingratitude of children parental love
Arguments for the essay
A. S. Pushkin “Station Warden” Samson Vyrin, the main character of the story, has a daughter, Dunya, whom he dotes on. But a passing hussar, who has his eye on the girl, tricks her into taking her away from her father’s house. When Samson finds his daughter, she is already married, well dressed, lives much better than him and does not want to return. Samson returns to his station, where he subsequently drinks himself and dies. Three years later, the narrator drives through those places and sees the grave of the caretaker, and a local boy tells him that in the summer a lady came with three young children and cried for a long time at his grave. F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" Natasha, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Humiliated and Insulted", betrays his family by running away from home with his lover. The girl’s father, Nikolai Ikhmenev, is sensitive to her leaving the son of his enemy, considering it a shame, and curses his daughter. Rejected by her father and having lost her beloved, Natasha is deeply worried - she has lost everything that was valuable in her life: her good name, honor, love and family. However, Nikolai Ikhmenev still madly loves his daughter, no matter what, and after much mental anguish, at the end of the story, he finds the strength to forgive her. In this example, we see that parental love is the strongest, selfless and forgiving. D. I. Fonvizin “Minor” Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready to do anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment. This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this. A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit” The Russian writer A. S. Griboedov did not ignore the problem of fathers and children in his work “Woe from Wit.” The comedy traces Famusov's relationship with his daughter Sophia. Famusov, of course, loves his daughter and wishes her happiness. But he understands happiness in his own way: happiness for him is money. He accustoms his daughter to the idea of profit and thereby commits a real crime, because Sophia can become like Molchalin, who adopted only one principle from her father: to seek profit wherever possible. The fathers tried to teach their children about life, in their instructions they conveyed to them what was most important and significant for themselves.
Generation Conflict
Arguments for the essay
I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” The novel by the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons.” We see a conflict of generations in the relationship between Bazarov and his parents. The main character has very contradictory feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other, he despises the “stupid life of his fathers.” What alienates Bazarov from his parents is, first of all, his beliefs. If in Arkady Kirsanov we see superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more by the desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life. With all this, we see that it was to the parents that their son Evgeniy was truly dear. The old Bazarovs love Evgeny very much, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. It is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies.
Teacher influence
Arguments for the essay
In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" an ordinary village boy hard fate and hunger force him to contact local boys and start gambling for money. Finding out that the child is malnourished and has no other way to get the funds he needs, a young teacher French, Lidia Mikhailovna invites the boy to study additional French. But this is only a plausible excuse. In reality, she strives to somehow help a child who finds himself in a difficult situation, but out of pride he refuses to have dinner with his teacher and indignantly returns the parcel of food to her. Then she offers to play with her for money, knowing for sure that he will beat her, receive his treasured ruble and buy the milk that he so needs. She deliberately commits a crime from a pedagogical point of view, breaks all existing rules for the sake of her student, showing genuine philanthropy and unseen courage. The school director, however, considered playing with a student a crime, seduction, and fired Lydia Mikhailovna. Having gone to her home in Kuban, the woman did not forget the boy and sent him a parcel to school with food and even apples, which the boy had never tried, but had only seen in pictures.
Globalization, technical and scientific progress, their impact on individuals and society
Arguments for the essay
E.I. Zamyatin - Russian writer of the early 19th, late 20th centuries “We” In the novel “We” by Evgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin, the main character, D-503, describes his life in the totalitarian “Unified State”. He talks enthusiastically about the mathematics-based organization and community life. The author in his work warns people about the harmful influence of scientific and technological progress, about its worst sides, that scientific and technological progress will destroy morality and human feelings, since they are not amenable to scientific analysis. M.A. Bulgakov - Russian Soviet writer and 20th century playwright "Fatal Eggs" The problem of scientific and technological progress is reflected in M. Bulgakov’s story “Fatal Eggs”. Pursuing only his own goals, Professor Rokk thoughtlessly uses Persikov’s invention and raises giant reptiles, ostriches. Rocca's wife Manya, thousands of people and Persikov himself die in this ridiculous disaster. M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog” The problem of interaction between people and nature is also reflected in literature. In M. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” Professor Preobrazhensky performs an operation to transform a dog into a human. In the work, the reader sees how the pretty dog Sharik turns into the disgusting Sharikov. “The moral of this fable is this” - you cannot interfere with the natural processes of nature without predicting the nature of the consequences.
Memory of the heroic deeds of soldiers
Arguments for the essay
K. Simonov The poet Konstantin Simonov, who during the war years worked as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper and was constantly in the active army, writes: “Don’t forget about the soldiers who fought with all their might, moaned in bandages in the medical battalions and so hoped for peace!” I am sure that none of those soldiers about whom Simonov wrote will ever be forgotten, and their feat will forever remain in the memory of descendants.
Arguments for the essay
M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” The main character, Andrei Sokolov, fought to save his homeland and all humanity from fascism, losing relatives and comrades. He suffered the most difficult trials at the front. The hero was hit by news of the tragic death of his wife, two daughters, and son. But Andrei Sokolov is a Russian soldier of unbending will, who endured everything! He found the strength in himself to accomplish not only a military, but also a moral feat, adopting a boy whose parents were taken away by the war. A soldier in the terrible conditions of the war, under the onslaught of enemy force he remained human and did not break. This is the real feat. It was only thanks to such people that our country won a very difficult fight against fascism. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet” Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich, Galya Chetvertak and Sergeant Major Vaskov, the main characters of the work, showed real courage, heroism, and moral restraint while fighting for their Motherland. More than once they could save their lives; they just had to give up their own conscience a little. However, the heroes were sure: they couldn’t retreat, they had to fight to the end: “Don’t give the Germans a single scrap... No matter how hard it is, no matter how hopeless it is, to hold on...”. These are the words true patriot. All the characters in the story are shown acting, fighting, dying in the name of saving the Motherland. It was these people who forged the victory of our country in the rear, resisted the invaders in captivity and occupation, and fought at the front. Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" Everyone knows the immortal work of Boris Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”. At the heart of the dramatic story - real facts biography of fighter pilot Alexei Meresyev. Shot down in battle over occupied territory, he made his way through secluded forests for three weeks until he ended up with the partisans. Having lost both legs, the hero subsequently shows amazing strength of character and adds to his tally of aerial victories over the enemy.
Love to motherland
Arguments for the essay
S. Yesenin, poem “Rus” The theme of love for the homeland permeates the work of S. Yesenin: “But most of all, Love for my native land tormented, tormented and burned me.” Wishing with all my heart to help the Fatherland in hard times, the poet writes the poem “Rus”, in which the voice of the people’s anger is heard. Yesenin fully reveals the theme of love for the Fatherland: “If the holy army shouts: “Throw away Rus', live in paradise!” I will say: “There is no need for paradise, Give me my homeland.” A. Blok A. Blok's lyrics are filled with a very special love for Russia. He spoke about his homeland with infinite tenderness, his poems are full of sincere hope that his fate and the fate of Russia are inseparable: “Russia, poor Russia, Your gray huts are to me, Your wind songs are to me, Like the first tears of love!..” Legend There is a legend that one day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?” The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible. Blok, “Sin shamelessly, uncontrollably” The lines of the poem trace Russian everyday life, reflecting the dullness and inertia of its social system. The main idea is contained in the lines: Yes, and so, my Russia, You are dearer to me than anyone else. What a strong feeling the poet has for his native land! He believes that a true patriot must love Russia as it is. Despite the imperfections of their country, its troubles and difficulties, everyone needs to experience bright feelings for it. This example of sincere and selfless love for the Motherland may help someone take a different look at their father’s home.
Dedicated to the problem of heroism, where we will present arguments from literature. And write homework will not be difficult, because many writers touched on the topic where they revealed the problem of heroism, introducing readers to the heroes of their works. Often this problem connected with works about war and not without reason, because it is in war that a person manifests true or false heroism, as evidenced by arguments from the literature for the Unified State Exam.
Revealing the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war and arguing with examples, I would like to recall the wonderful work of Leo Tolstoy, where the author raises various philosophical questions. We see how the problem being studied evolves in the minds of Andrei Bolkonsky. Now Andrei’s priorities are to be a hero, and not to seem like one. Captain Tushin, as well as other heroes who gave their lives for their Motherland, showed real heroism in the novel. At the same time, there were also false patriots represented by people of high society.
The problem is also raised by Sholokhov in his work, where the hero Sokolov Andrei selflessly defended his homeland from the Nazi invaders. The war took his wife and children from him, but his will remained unbending, he endured everything and even found the strength to adopt an orphaned child. And this also revealed the heroic traits of his character.
Arguing the problem of heroism, I would like to recall the work of Tvardovsky about. In the work, the hero, despite fear, at the cost of his health, life, for the sake of love for the Motherland and family, does the impossible. A true heroic act when Vasily swims across a cold river in order to convey information that will contribute to the quick end of the war.
To be honest, many more arguments can be made from literature, where the authors touch on the problem of true and false heroism. This is both a novel by Bykov Sotnikov and a novel White Guard Bulgakov, and The Tale of a Real Man by B. Polevoy and many other works famous writers, whose works we read with pleasure, experience together with the heroes, feel their pain and are proud of their dedication and heroic deeds.
The problem of heroism: arguments from literature
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The problem of repentance: arguments from literature (Unified State Examination)
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Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for essays
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The influence of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in war. A person's responsibility for his actions.
What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)
In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man” can be seen as a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he went through all the trials: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained his human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break, and again showed courage, although not on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.
The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")
In the center of the story of the novel “The Book Thief” by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who finds herself in a foster family on the threshold of war. Native father The girl was associated with the communists, so in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers to raise. Liesel begins new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, even though it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudi scatter bread on the road along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is no coincidence that the book is narrated from the perspective of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.
Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)
It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. Thus, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy "Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in battles, but tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torture, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is unable to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is found within every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.The main character of G. Baklanov’s story “Forever Nineteen,” Alexey Tretyakov, painfully reflects on the causes and meaning of the war for the people, people, and life. He finds no compelling explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, devaluation human life for the sake of achieving any important goal horrifies the hero and causes bewilderment: “... The same thought haunted me: will it ever turn out that this war might not have happened? What could people do to prevent this? And millions would remain alive...”
Dedicated to the problem of unity of people during the war years great amount works of Russian literature. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy "" people of different classes and views united in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer using the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov disguises himself and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of the people in the face of danger are fascinating. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and felt brotherhood, the people were able to unite and defeat the enemy.
What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")
The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in V. Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”. A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sashka is ordered to take him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet on which it was written that the prisoners were guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost loved one in this war, orders the Germans to be shot. Conscience does not allow Sashka to kill an unarmed person like him young guy, who behaves the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, maintaining human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not follow the commander’s orders. Belief in the rightness saves his and his prisoner’s life, and the commander cancels the order.How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)
G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - Nineteen Years” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, the memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe there is a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. – Never before has so much depended on each of us. That's why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That’s how people are.” War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, and the determination of true life values by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values occurs, a person’s worldview and character change.The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)
In the epic “Sun of the Dead” I. Shmelev shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay,” “the cackling, stomping and roaring” of humanoids, these are cars of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads!” Human!” War is the absorption of the world of the living world of the dead. It turns a person into a beast and forces him to do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction may be, they are not what terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not resist it; for him “everything is nothing!” “and there is no one, and no one.” For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")
In the story “Abel (Sixth of August)” by V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about a universal misfortune and environmental disaster, but also about a person’s personal tragedy. Young bombardier Connor bears the burden of responsibility for becoming the man destined to activate the killing mechanism with the press of a button. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with their inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to preserve their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is confident that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. Pairing in one person heightened senses Peace and soldierly diligence, imposed by the state machine and the education system, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. The crew members perceive what happened differently; not all of them feel responsible for what they did, and they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a fight against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute consciousness of guilt, constantly washing his hands, as if trying to wash them from the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that he inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken upon himself.What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)
In the story “Killed near Moscow” K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts different people, has moved, is moving not by someone else’s will, but by itself, having received its own move, and therefore unstoppable.” The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the “master” of everything. All life is now determined by war, changing not only everyday life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: “In war, whoever breaks down first.” The death that war brings occupies almost all the soldiers’ thoughts: “In the first months at the front, he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one like this. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with themselves: there will be no other life.” The metamorphoses that happen to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage and self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only people’s bodies, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.SUMMARY
Of the many topics that are provided in the Russian language exam for writing an essay, the topic “Heroism” can be especially highlighted.
Target Russian education- to raise a worthy and intelligent person who knows what he wants to achieve in life, a true patriot of his country. Increasing demands on the quality of the educational level of the population of the Russian Federation led to the introduction of the Unified State Exam, designed to test the knowledge of schoolchildren.
The Unified State Exam measures the knowledge of graduates after graduation, on the way to higher education educational institution, in various branches of science.
One of the most important subjects in the country in which schoolchildren are examined is the Russian language. This is literally the pillar on which the country is built, because only people who have own system oral communication can be considered a single people.
What is heroism
Heroism, in the understanding of people, is the accomplishment of a great feat by a person in the name of other people.
Heroes are not those who were born with this intention, but those who stand shoulder to shoulder for a common goal, driven by the concept of justice.
Self-sacrifice for a good cause that brings peace and prosperity to humanity is also considered heroism.
Accordingly, a hero is a person who performs a feat out of love for his neighbor, actively creates the fate of the world and is prone to altruistic behavior. From the point of view of psychology, this concept can designate any individual who commits Noble act, overcoming your own fears and doubts.
Examples of heroic behavior can be found not only in literary sources, but also in environment. Works telling about the exploits of heroes are often based on events taken from life.
The problem of heroism - arguments from literature for the Unified State Exam
The problem of heroism and the development of a person’s personality as a hero was raised by many writers in their works.
The most famous works of Russian authors are: B. Vasilyev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” and B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”.
Less known in modern Russia the story “Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya” by V. Uspensky, which is based on the story of a young pioneer who, together with her friends, joined a partisan detachment and died heroically under torture by the Nazis.
B. Polevoy’s story is based on a story from real life about the pilot Alexei Maresyev. Shot down in enemy territory, he was able to pass through the thicket of the forest. Due to the fact that in extreme conditions there was no one to provide first aid, the man lost both legs, however, overcoming his own imperfections for the sake of his love for the sky, he was able to learn to fly an airplane while wearing prosthetics.
“The Fate of a Man” tells the story of Andrei, who defended his native Fatherland from Nazi Germany. Despite the news of the death of people close to him, the main character was able to survive and not give in to the horrors of war. The ability to empathize with people remained in him, despite the hardships and hardships that fate presented. This is most clearly expressed in his action: Andrei adopted a boy who had lost his family.
The heroes of the book “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” are ordinary people who, by the will of fate, found themselves in the forefront of the battle for the country. They could survive, but most strong desire They had to defend their homeland, so their death was worthy.
Foreign literature also presents many works based on heroism ordinary people. You can highlight arguments from the works of famous authors.
A classic example is E. Hemingway’s story “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” where two people from different worlds– a demolitionist and an ordinary girl. Robert, who died in the explosion of the bridge, who knows that he is going to certain death, but did not retreat from the task entrusted to him, and Maria, who increasingly understands that she will not see her lover, but lets him go for the sake of the great goal - to put an end to the war that is tearing the country apart. parts. Which of them can be considered a real hero?
Another classic example of heroism can be considered the story of D. London “Love of Life”. The man in this creation does not save anyone but himself, however, his courage, determination and will to preserve life deserve the deepest respect, since many people, faced with the betrayal of friends, would have surrendered to the will of circumstances if they found themselves in a hostile area.
The problem of true and false heroism according to Tolstoy
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest novelists in the world
For example, true heroism always comes “from the heart”, full of depth and purity of thoughts; false heroism manifests itself as the desire to “show off” without having deep motives inside. According to the classics of Russian literature, a person who commits a heroic act in order to be positively assessed by others cannot be a real hero.
The example here is Bolkonsky, who strives to accomplish “a beautiful feat that will certainly be appreciated by other people.”
True heroism lies in the fact that a person steps over his ego, not caring how beautiful he will look in the eyes of other people, and does everything possible for the well-being of the common cause.
The heroism of a Russian woman and mother
Woman in literature home country- This collective image from several roles: mother, wife, daughter.
An example of the heroism of Russian young ladies can be the wives of the Decembrists, who followed their beloved husbands, who were exiled to distant, practically uninhabited lands.
Women brought up according to the laws secular society, where exile means shame, they were not afraid to leave comfortable conditions for the wilderness.
The second example of the heroism of a Russian woman can be Rozaltseva Vera from Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” The heroine represents a qualitatively new type of emancipated lady. She is not afraid of difficulties and actively implements her own ideas, while helping other girls.
If we consider female heroism using the example of a mother, we can highlight V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man.” Maria, a simple Russian woman who lost her family due to the Nazis, loses the will to live. The inhumanity of the war makes her “petrify her heart,” but the heroine finds the strength to live on and begins to help orphans who are also grieving for their departed relatives.
The image of the Mother presented in the story is deeply humane in relation to people. The author of the work presented to the reader such a quality of a woman as love for humanity, indivisible by nationality, faith, etc.
Heroism during the Great Patriotic War
The war with Germany brought many new names to the honor roll, some of whom became such posthumously. The fire of indignation that broke out at the inhumanity and unscrupulousness of the Fuhrer SS troops is manifested in partisan methods of warfare.
Two types of heroes can be distinguished during the Second World War:
- partisans;
- soldiers of the Army of the Soviet Union.
The first include the following people:
- Marat Kazei. After the Nazis killed his mother for harboring partisans, he went to fight with his sister at the partisan headquarters. For your courage awarded a medal in 1943, died the following year at the age of 14 while performing a mission;
- Lenya Golikov. He joined the partisan detachment in 1942. For his numerous exploits, it was decided to award the hero a medal, but he never managed to receive it. In 1943 he was killed along with the detachment;
- Zina Portnova. She became a scout in 1943. She was caught while performing a mission and subjected to many tortures. In 1944 she was shot.
The second group includes the following people:
- Alexander Matrosov. He closed the embrasure with his body, allowing the detachment to pass through to carry out the combat mission;
- Ivan Panfilov. The division under his leadership fought bravely near Volokolamsk, repelling enemy attacks for six days;
- Nikolay Gastello. Directed a burning plane towards enemy troops. Died with honor.
Apart from people famous for their exploits and participation in the war, a huge number of heroes were never named by the country due to ignorance about them.
The problem of courage and heroism of sailors
War does not happen only on land. They are captured by her and firmament, and water spaces. Such is the inherent power of the destructive element - to draw everything and everyone into its networks. People of opposing sides clashed not only on land, but also in water.
- V. Kataev “Flag”. The Nazis offer to surrender to the Russian team of sailors, but the latter, realizing that they will die if they do not capitulate, still decide in favor of battle, defending the city;
- V. M. Bogomolov “Flight of the Swallows.” While transporting ammunition across the river, the ship "Lastochka" is fired upon fascist troops, as a result of this action, the mine hits the barge. Realizing the fact of danger, the captain, driven by the idea of protecting his native fatherland, turns the helm and directs the ship towards the enemy.
Russian writers focus on the decisions of people whose main quality is courage. Brave behavior when high risk is still relevant today.
Courage and heroism today
There are heroes at any time, regardless of the circumstances of their environment. Nowadays, the names of those who accomplished feats in the name of humanity are engraved on the honor board.
These are ordinary children Everyday life and heroes in extreme situations:
- Evgeny Tabakov. At the age of seven, he saved his sister from a maniac, receiving a mortal wound;
- Julia Korol. Showed highest level courage in saving comrades as a result of the tragedy on Syamozero;
- Sasha Ershova. During an accident at a water park, she held a little girl above the water, preventing her from drowning.
Not only the children presented above, but also many others are inscribed in the annals of the history of our days. modern people, actively helping in high-risk situations those who find themselves in weaker circumstances.
In stories with a heroic way of life, the proper upbringing of their children by parents is of great importance. After all, the maturation of the future personality depends on how well the relatives convey norms and values to the child.
How to write an essay on the topic “Heroism of the Russian people”
The heroic deeds of people over many generations formed the history of the exploits of the Russian state. Students who need to pass a specialized exam in the Russian language write an essay upon completing 9th grade.
"How to write correctly creative task? - this question worries many schoolchildren who want to show maximum result when testing.
The basis of any essay on a given topic is always a goal and a plan. The purpose of the essay is given in the assignment for it. The plan is developed by the student himself; it usually involves dividing the work into stages of work on it.
What does an essay plan consist of:
- Introduction.
- Main part.
- Conclusion.
In addition to the main stages, the student should think about what arguments he will refer to when writing an essay; relevant presentation of information that the student would like to convey to the reader; correct use of Russian language means in the text.
For example, let’s consider the theme of the heroism of the Russian people using the example of Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”. It is based on the history of the world of White Guards fighting for their ideals. They are doomed by history to disappear, but they fearlessly fight against the bitter truth of communism, which is forcibly implanted on the Cossack Don.
The epic clearly shows the problems that worried people of that time: the split of the population into two fronts (white and red guards), the desire to defend their truth, life and established order; clash of ideals various groups population.
Sholokhov show the internal evolution of the heroes of their novel, their changes over time: both internal and external. For example, Dunyasha first appears to the audience as a “girl with pigtails”, but at the end of the novel she is an integral person who has independently chosen her path. Dunya, a descendant of a White Guard, chooses as her husband the communist who killed her brother.
The girl is an example of the highest sacrifice and heroism, as she is not afraid to step over the outdated stereotypes of society.
Conclusion
Each person decides for himself who to call a hero. S. Marshak, for example, in his poem about an unknown rescuer, draws the reader’s attention to the fact that any passerby could turn out to be such a hero.
L. Tolstoy in his epic distinguishes between the concepts of true and false heroism. False heroism, according to the writer, is the desire to show off in public, while a person’s real feat begins with the pure thoughts of his soul.
Absolutely anyone can become a hero, regardless of circumstances. No one knows what kind of life the little partisans would have lived if the Patriotic War had not happened in the 40s of the last century.
The most important thing in life is to be a person worthy of yourself; respect yourself as a person; strive for the stars and help people who are lost in life.
Reasoning about correct behavior nothing without practical application. Big things always start with small things. Becoming a hero starts with helping those in need.
- Self-sacrifice does not always involve risking one's life
- Love for the Motherland motivates a person to perform heroic deeds
- A man is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
- To save a child, sometimes it is not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing a person has - his own life.
- Only a moral person is capable of performing a heroic act
- Willingness to self-sacrifice does not depend on income level and social status
- Heroism is expressed not only in actions, but also in the ability to be true to one’s word even in the most difficult life situations
- People are ready to sacrifice themselves even in the name of saving a stranger
Arguments
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic act. This is confirmed by the example from of this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He - real man who does not put his financial situation first. Without sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic act. You can also turn to the image of Captain Tushin. At first he does not make a good impression on us: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, without cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.
I.A. Bunin “Lapti”. In an impenetrable blizzard, Nefed went to Novoselki, located six miles from home. He was prompted to do this by the requests of a sick child to bring red bast shoes. The hero decided that “he needs to get it” because “his soul desires.” He wanted to buy bast shoes and paint them magenta. By nightfall Nefed had not returned, and in the morning the men brought his dead body. In his bosom they found a bottle of magenta and brand new bast shoes. Nefed was ready for self-sacrifice: knowing that he was putting himself in danger, he decided to act for the benefit of the child.
A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. Love for Marya Mironova, captain's daughter, more than once encouraged Pyotr Grinev to put his life in danger. He went to the captured Pugachev Belogorsk fortress to snatch the girl from Shvabrin’s hands. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was getting into: at any moment he could be caught by Pugachev’s people, he could be killed by the enemies. But nothing stopped the hero, he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost own life. The readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev showed by his actions that he was ready to endure anything for the sake of the happiness of the person dear to him.
F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”. The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went along “ yellow ticket”, is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided to do this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her drunkard father, stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the entire work she proved her spiritual beauty.
N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. If Andriy, younger son Taras Bulba turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, proved himself to be a strong personality, a real warrior. He did not betray his father and homeland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary it was for him, he did not make a sound during the execution. Ostap is a real hero who gave his life for his homeland.
V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about it. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began teaching the student French, which he was not good at, at home, and then offered to play “measures” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lydia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong action turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.
N.D. Teleshov “Home”. Semka, so eager to return to his native land, met an unfamiliar grandfather along the way. They walked together. On the way, the boy fell ill. The unknown person took him to the city, although he knew that he was not allowed to appear there: his grandfather had escaped from hard labor for the third time. Grandfather was caught in the city. He understood the danger, but the child's life was more important to him. The grandfather sacrificed his quiet life for the future of a stranger.
A. Platonov “The Sandy Teacher”. From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped create a real green oasis. She devoted herself entirely to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the nomads who were transitioning to sedentary life the culture of the sands. She agreed, which demonstrated her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in the difficult struggle against the sands.
M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready to do anything. She decided to make a deal with the devil and was the queen at Satan’s ball. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to go through all the tests prepared for her by fate.
A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”. The main character of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier’s duty. His crossing of the river was a real heroic act. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant’s request. What the hero did seems impossible, incredible. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.