Fine art of the 20th century. Main directions. General characteristics of 20th century art

The art of the 20th century is especially diverse in its areas. Traditional academic (or conservative) art, based on the classical traditions of high ideals, continues to develop successfully

both in the first and second half of the 20th century, without stopping in the already arrived 21st century. Academic art today continues to exist and develop based on the traditions of classical aesthetics. However, it is not something frozen and devoid of development, since it strives for unshakable human values ​​and therefore claims eternal significance for humanity. On the other hand, traditional academic art developed quite actively within the framework of the so-called “totalitarian regimes” (for example, the art of Nazi Germany or the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union), showing no less a desire for perfection and ideal than in the times of the ancient Greeks . What this ideal was and how this perfection was achieved is another matter. Thus, the academic line of development of art throughout the 20th century is diverse and diverse, but the basis of this dynamics remains the same principle following the established traditions of the classical heritage.

A set of artistic movements that oppose the radical aspirations of avant-gardeism and continue classical traditions art, as well as those who avoid harsh “revolutionary” tactics, are called traditionalism. Traditionalists can stand not only on the canons of classicism, but also on the principles of romanticism or modernism, impressionism or post-impressionism. There are also compromise movements that combine traditionalism and modernism: magical realism, metaphysical painting or postmodernism. Thus, traditional art strives to preserve what is of value to humanity and can be considered tradition. Therefore, traditionalism can also be conditionally called conservatism in art.

Modernist artistic movements(avant-garde)beginning of the 20th century aimed at experimenting, at breaking out of the traditional, sustainable framework, at searching for something completely new. The artistic avant-garde begins by taking art out of the framework of the artistic. The task of art is seen as transforming the world according to artistic ideals and aesthetic needs. The main slogan becomes: “It’s time to move from contemplation to action!” Modernists deliberately break the foundations of the classical understanding of a work of art as a relationship between content and form, craft and art, technology and beauty, life and culture, creating a new harmony of social existence. With the advancement of avant-garde ideas in art, the individualistic principle of the artist-author begins to prevail. Art is structurally fragmented: stable forms of the traditional movement are being replaced by interacting, integrated types of art and genres.

In the middle of the 20th century, a new concept of art was established: it

is not intended to transform reality, but must obey social and state orders, being a means of ideological politics. It develops most actively at this time art of totalitarian regimes, based on traditional art. It reaches particular development in countries such as Soviet Union, Hitler's Germany and communist China. This direction is distinguished by a special ideology and a desire for mass participation. WITH traditional art he is united by the installation of affirming a positive ideal and imposing ideas of perfection.

Modernismsecond half of the 20th century(neo-avant-garde) demonstrates a departure from the problems of life and a rejection of ideological content. It breaks up into many independent movements that continue those avant-garde ideas that arose at the beginning of the century (the so-called neo-, super-, ultra-), and those called trans-avant-garde. The aesthetics of the neo-avant-garde is often no less scandalous and shocking than the aesthetics of the avant-garde of the first third of the century, but we must not forget that many discoveries of these sensational movements helped and are helping to understand the problems of all modern art as a whole and outline possible paths for its development in the future. The neo-avant-garde worldview is characterized by feelings of fragility and variability of the world, its instability and a predilection for irony and skepticism. The neo-avant-garde no longer seeks to radically transform the world; it is enough for it to simply invent something that did not exist before, simply to surprise, to stand out at any cost. Their activity ceases to be a creative search or experiment, often becoming a simple mockery of tradition.

The emergence in the middle of the 20th century of a new mentality, called “postmodernism,” also gave rise to new phenomena in the artistic environment. In their entirety, these phenomena are today called "Postmodern Art". IN Due to the insufficient development of the very concept of “postmodernism” in science, one can also find such a use of the concept “postmodern art”, which implies the entire set of artistic non-traditional practices. However, this is an erroneous opinion, since the manifestation of postmodernism in art is trans-artistic. This means that it is not a local formation in the art of the 20th century. It would be more correct to talk about the manifestation of postmodernism in specific works of art. Even some works of art created today and classified by art historians as traditional academic art, contain elements of post-modernity. The aesthetics of postmodernism is saturated and oversaturated with impressions of the past and experiences; it is based on the idea of ​​​​eternal repetition. Postmodernism brings artistry to the point of decorativeness and excessive grandiosity, but proclaims the cult of everything accidental, fragmentary.

mental and unstable. The aesthetics of such art are tuned to uncertainty and negligence.

And finally, another direction in the development of art of the second half of the 20th century, named today post-postmodernism. Post-postmodernism in art is associated with changes in the general cultural situation that arose as a result of the emergence and active spread of new means of communication, media, as well as computer technology and the Internet. This could not but affect the art of the 20th and 21st centuries. The most difficult thing for aesthetics and art history today is choosing a position in assessing these phenomena. Is such a leap in the development of artistic culture a blessing or ruin for humanity? Should we be afraid of these changes, fight them or welcome them? Most likely, you just need to react faster to the changes taking place, analyze them more boldly, not be afraid of your own mistakes and forecasts, and not declare that everything new is a collapse for humanity. After all, everything that arises in culture (including art) is just a response to emerging requests or needs born of the dynamics of the world.

Thus, main feature The aesthetics and art of the entire 20th century can be considered eclectic, multi-level or conventional (V.V. Bychkov), due to an unprecedented diversity of trends and ideas.

The first decades still remain true to the spirit of impressionism - a bright and enthusiastic style. Claude Monet's famous paintings “Charing Cross Bridge” and “Water Lilies” are filled with transparency, air and mystery. And the works of the Russian artist Konstantin Korovin “Moskvoretsky Bridge”, as well as “Fish, Wine and Fruit” are imbued with the intelligent spirituality of the beginning of the century. However, subtle perceptions were replaced by new trends of modernism.

Futurism

Riots and suffering common people, the discord between science and creativity led to the birth of protest and expressive movements, one of which was futurism. The current offers to destroy cultural stereotypes and look to the future with optimism. D. Severini, L. Russolo, D. Balla and K. Kara conveyed the feelings of a person living in new growing cities. The first exhibitions of N. Udaltsova, O. Rozanova, and K. Boguslavskaya opened in Russia; artists predicted a transition from Cubo-Futurism to Suprematism. New styles emerged as quickly as political movements in the 20th century.

Surrealism

Artists of this movement denied reality and proposed immersing themselves in the world of the illusory and subconscious. Salvador Dali's paintings “The Persistence of Memory” and “The Evening Phantom” turned the human subconscious inside out. Creativity of the great Spanish painter still simultaneously stuns and enchants the souls of art lovers. Pablo Picasso, author famous paintings“Absinthe Lover” and “Girl on a Ball”, he worked in an inimitable mixture of styles at the intersection of post-impressionism, cubism and surrealism.

Abstractionism

V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian And K. Malevich became the founders of a new direction that abandoned the real world. Geometry has replaced poetry. Absolute beauty of lines and spatial forms - main idea currents. Malevich’s squares and circles suddenly gave way to “Red Cavalry” - the artist developed Suprematism in his work.

Readymade

New style, discovered by the French artist Marcel Duchamp, brought simple everyday objects into the space of art. An extraordinary view of things, which turned them into objects of contemplation, became a real revolution. The scandalous paintings “Bicycle Wheel” and “Fountain” force people to look for new meanings and associations in familiar objects.

European and Russian painting of the early 20th century dynamically moved from direction to direction. Many movements gave birth to many geniuses. Purism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Neoplasticism and Orphism reflected the turbulent state of the era, torn and crippled by wars, undecided about its future.

Abstract expressionism

To replace modernist movements In the second half of the 20th century, postmodernism came, radically reconsidering the positions of avant-garde styles. Russia, Europe, and the whole world in the fifties post-war years became different. Early works Kandinsky were already infected with a new philosophical perception. Pollock's "Convergence" and "Depth" and Willem de Kooning's "Women" are famous examples of abstract expressionism.

Primitivism

« Naive art"or "children's art" - this is how this direction is called in modern schools of painting, based talented artists who didn't have special education. The true masterpieces of the French A. Rousseau and C. Bombois entered the world treasury due to their deep sacredness and canonicity.

Minimalism

Minimalism, which evolved from Suprematism and abstractionism, is characterized by monochrome, simplicity of form and uniformity. It is called "cool" or "serial" art. Famous representatives minimal art - K. Andre, D. Flavin, M. Bochner.

Depict not the original, but the attitude towards it (Pablo Picasso)

Welcome to the blog!

Contemporary art movements and museums of the world. We all chronically lack time to “absorb” all the information in all areas of interest to us, so I decided to prepare this guide to modern art .

It will be as concise as possible. We will look at the main movements of contemporary art, as well as the most famous museums in the world of contemporary art in which they are represented. By the way, this can serve as an additional incentive for new travels!

At the end of the article you will find a video review of one of the most interesting museums —Theater-Museum of Salvador Dali in Figueres (Spain).

You will learn from the article:

• where and how each of the movements of modern art and its ideas appeared
• who are the brightest representatives of the direction
• places to see their work

We will consider 50 most significant and vibrant trends of the 20th and 21st centuries, which became revolutionary and determined the course of events in the future. Perhaps it will not be possible to fit all the information into one article, so you will have to break it into 3 parts according to the periods of origin of each direction contemporary art.

The guide to contemporary art will include 3 articles:

• Part 1. First half of the 20th century ( we'll look at it in this article)

If you want to delve deeper into each of the areas of contemporary art(each has branches) and see many works of their most prominent representatives, very I recommend that you use the Google projectGoogle Art Project. I also recommend these blogs to understand what's going on in contemporary art and design: But Does It Float, Them Thangs, American Suburb X, M U S E O.

Directions of contemporary art of the 1st half of the 20th CENTURY. The most famous museums in the world of contemporary art.

In this part we will look at these brightest trends of the first half of the 20th century:

1. Modernism
2. Post-Impressionism
3. Avant-garde
4. Fauvism
5. Abstractionism
6. Expressionism
7. Cubism
8. Futurism
9. Cubofuturism
10. Formalism
11. Naturalism
12. New materiality
13. Dadaism
14. Surrealism

The 20th century is a time of the most unexpected, and sometimes even extravagant ideas. But without them, art most likely took a different path of development. And it would remain the advantage of a small number of initiates. But new trends in art have “brought” art closer to life and, one might say, “brought” it to the streets, to the ordinary passerby. They made this passerby a co-author of their works. The opportunity to create and understand art has become available not only to the elite, but to many.

The motto of 20th century art was the words “Art into life”

Gesture art, readymades, and installations are still relevant today. Net art, massurrealism, and superflatness are art movements adequate for their time, because they appeal to to modern man in a language he understands.

In our century similar story happened to the profession of photographer. Thanks to the advent of digital photography, the Internet and social networks, the availability of a camera (it simply became an addition to the phone), now this most interesting area of ​​​​activity has become available to absolutely everyone. Now every second person is a talented photographer who has a beautiful account with photos on Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook, and other social networks. Read more about this phenomenon of our century in the article on technological socialism ().

1. MODERNISM. Modernist artists. An innovative movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which questioned the tradition of realistic depiction

Modernism is all the movements in art that appeared after 1863 and until the mid-20th century. In 1863, the Salon of the Rejected exhibition opened in Paris - an alternative to the official Salon. The goal of the new art was to create works not with real picture, but taking into account the author’s vision of the world.

Modernist artists - Chagall, Picasso, Modigliani, Borisov-Musatov, Klimt and other artists from impressionists to surrealists made a breakthrough, a revolution in art. They believed that a person’s view of the world is unique and inimitable. And the tradition of depicting realistically in sculpture and painting is outdated.

Further, the Dadaists generally questioned the significance and essence of art. Their doubts led to the emergence of conceptual art, which discussed not the execution of the work, but its idea. Impressionists began to organize their exhibitions, an art market appeared and art became a form of investment.

2. POST-IMPRESSIONISM. Post-impressionism in painting was based on impressionism, but conveyed not a state, but a separate moment

Post-Impressionism in painting became the link between the 19th and 20th centuries. This movement belonged neither to the impressionists nor to the realists. These artists were looking for a middle ground, each in their own way, inventing new techniques: pointillism (Paul Signac, Georges Seurat), symbolism (Paul Gauguin and the Nabi group), linear-painting Art Nouveau style (Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec), the constructive basis of the subject (Paul Cézanne ), and the presaging expressionist paintings of Vincent van Gogh.

Look. Post-Impressionist artists are represented in many museums. Paintings by Georges Seurat - in Royal Museum Fine Arts (Brussels, Belgium), Emile Bernard - in the Orsay Museum (Paris, France), Vincent Van Gogh - in the museum of the same name (Amsterdam, Holland), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - in the museum named after him (Albi, France), Henri Rousseau - in the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (Russia).

3. AVANT-GARDISM. The most innovative movements, of which there were 15 in the 20th century, from Fauvism to Pop Art

Avant-garde artists understood that painting the world as it is had become meaningless. It was only possible to amaze the viewer who believed in progress and Nietzsche’s superman with something extravagant. But not landscapes.

Therefore, the avant-garde artists abandoned absolutely everything that was “classical” and looked “beautiful.” And now, everything that looked shocking and required associations and imagination began to be called avant-garde. Avant-gardists despised details because they believed that the world was universal.

It is the avant-garde artists who own the motto “Art into life!” The key directions of avant-garde art are installation, ready-made, happening, environment, as well as electronic music, photography, cinema.

Look: Avant-gardeism in painting is represented by the works of Marcel Duchamp, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Henri Matisse - in the Hermitage (St. Petersburg, Russia), the Center Georges Pompidou (Paris, France), the Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA), Guggenheim Museum (New York, USA).

4. FAUVISM. The direction to which the group of artists “Wild Beasts” belonged

Fauvism became the very first avant-garde movement in the art of the 20th century. There was only 1 step left from him to abstractionism.

Fauvist artists were “wild” primarily in color. Henri Matisse, the leader of the group, used in his works the then fashionable motifs of color Japanese prints. To enhance the effect, the Fauvists quite often used a colored outline. The Wild Ones greatly influenced the German Expressionists.

Look: Fauvism in painting is presented at the Center Georges Pompidou (Paris, France), the Orsay Museum (Paris, France), and the Museum of Modern Art (Baltimore, USA).

5. ABSTRACTIONISM. The first painting movement in the history of art that refused to depict the world as real

Abstract artists, founders of the movement - Kandinsky, Malevich, Mondrian, Delaunay. They called abstraction a new stage in painting. It was argued that abstraction could now create forms that only existed in art. For example, Malevich's Black Square can contain everything that the black color and shape of a square can contain, for example, the entire history of art.

There are lyrical and geometric abstractionism. Geometric abstractionism includes Malevich's Suprematism, Delaunay's Orphism, and Mondrian's Neoplasticism. To the lyrical - the works of Kandinsky, some expressionists (Pollock, Gorky, Mondrian), Tachists (Vols, Fautry, Saur), informalists (Tapies, Dubuffet, Schumacher).

Look: State Russian Museum (St. Petersburg, Russia), Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow, Russia), National Art Museum and Kiev Museum of Russian Art (Kyiv, Ukraine), Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA).

6. EXPRESSIONISM. Expressionist artists depicted bright pictures with dreary subjects.

Egon Schiele. Valli in a red blouse, with her knees raised, 1913

Expressionism in painting is associated with the creativity of two art associations. "Bridge" - founded in 1905 by Kirchner, Schmidt-Rottluff and Heckel and "Blue Rider" - in 1911 by Mark and Kandinsky.

"The Bridge" drew on African sculpture, German Gothic and folk art, and "The Blue Rider" - on cosmology and mystical theories that led them to abstraction. The language of the expressionists is deformations, bright colors, exalted images.

Both groups had a rather morbid worldview, which was taken to the extreme by their followers - Edvard Munch, Max Beckmann and James Ensor.

Look: Edvard Munch Museum (Oslo, Norway), paintings by James Ensor - in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp (Belgium).

7. CUBISM. French cubist artists tried to depict the world using geometric shapes.

Like other directions, cubism in painting developed from rough massive forms to small ones, and then went headlong into collage. Experience has shown that simple geometric shapes too few and too crude to reflect the world. But in collages, cubists could use bright, voluminous, textured objects and thereby extended the life of this direction for some time.

Very interesting statements about Cubism were written by his contemporaries, for example, the Russian philosopher Berdyaev called Cubism “the most radical revolution since the Renaissance.” Hemingway said: “To understand Cubism, you need to see what the earth looks like from an airplane window.”

Look: It is best to see Picasso in the museum named after him (Barcelona, ​​Spain), Marcoussis, Braque and Léger - at the Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA), Alexander Archipenko - at the Ukrainian Museum of Art (New York, USA), the Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA), National art museum(Kyiv, Ukraine).

8. FUTURISM. "Future Art" of the early 20th century, which influenced future art throughout the world.

For the first time in history, artists officially renounced everything that had been created before them and began to depict the world in a new way. They believed that an artist should keep his finger on the pulse of his time.

Futurist artists painted both realistic landscapes and abstractions depicting speed, energy and movement. Futurism in painting was based on previous trends - Fauvism (in terms of color), Cubism (in terms of form).

Futurists became famous for their provocative speeches and actions. They were essentially the first performances and art gestures. The ideas of the Italians were picked up by Russian and Ukrainian artists and poets.

Look: Works by Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini - in the Museum of Modern Art of Trento and Rovereto (Rovereto, Italy), the Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA), the National Gallery of Modern Art (Rome, Italy). Russian and Ukrainian futurists can be seen in the Museum fine arts them. Pushkin (Moscow, Russia), National Art Museum of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine), Dnepropetrovsk Art Museum (Dnepr, Ukraine).

9. CUBO-FUTURISM. A movement that united many Eastern European abstractionists.

Cubo-futurism in painting became a mixture of the ideas of cubism, futurism and folk primitivism. “Russian Cubism” lived only 5 years, but thanks to it such bright trends of the last century as Suprematism (Malevich), Constructivism (Lissitzky, Tatlin), analytical art (Filonov) appeared.

Cubo-Futurist artists collaborated with Futurist poets (Khlebnikov, Guro, Kruchenykh), from them they received new ideas.

Look: Malevich - in the Municipal Gallery of Amsterdam (Holland), State Russian Museum (Moscow, Russia), Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow, Russia), Works by Burliuk, Exter, Goncharova - in the National Art Museum (Kyiv, Ukraine).

10. FORMALISM. A direction that implied the primacy of form over meaning

Cubism, futurism, fauvism, and abstractionism are similar in that they depict the world as different from reality. Many German art historians worked on the theory of formalism - Fiedler, Riegl, Wölfflin. They substantiated the dominant form in art, with the help of which “ideal reality” is created.

Based on this idea, the linguistic school of formalism appeared in Russia in the 1910s. Thanks to her, literary criticism has become a science of world importance.

Look: Matisse Museum in Nice (France), Picasso Museum in Barcelona (Spain), Tate Gallery (England).

11. NATURALISM. A movement in literature and art that arose under the influence of the ideas of positivists

American and European naturalist artists, supporters of the then fashionable ideas of the positivists Spencer and Comte, began to imitate science, depicting the world without embellishment, dispassionately, objectively. Very soon they slipped into socialism and biologism: they began to depict portraits of marginalized people, pathologies, and scenes of violence.

Look: Paintings by naturalist artists Max Liebermann - in art gallery Kunsthal (Hamburg, Germany), Lucian Freud - at the Museum of Modern Art (Los Angeles, USA).

Naturalism in painting influenced the work of artists such as Degas and Manet. Photographicity and de-aestheticization of naturalism in the 20th century will manifest itself in hyperrealism, but here it carries a different meaning. Hyperrealist artists do not strive to copy everyday reality. The objects of their painting are very detailed and create the illusion of reality. False, but convincing.

12. NEW SUBSTANCE. Neoclassicism - represented by the work of German artists of the 20-30s

The director of the gallery in Mannheim called the work of the young talents who exhibited in his gallery in 1925 “new substance.” They rejected the ideas of expressionism and advocated a return to realistic depiction of reality.

They believed that the world should be depicted on canvas photographically accurately, in all its ugliness. But their realism was more likely to be attributed to the grotesque than to the truth.

New thingsists Georg Gross, Max Beckmann, Otto Disk are masters of static compositions and exaggerated forms.

Look: Georg Grosz, Otto Disk - in the New National Gallery (Berlin).

13. DADAISM. Anti-cultural and anti-war movement, named by the French after a wooden horse

The Dadaists considered the creation of something funny to be the only meaning of creativity, since the world is crazy. The first Dadaists - residents of Zurich Gulsenbeck, Ball, Janko, Arp organized noisy and fun parties, published a magazine, gave lectures.

They had followers in Berlin (they were more involved in politics), Cologne (they became famous for an exhibition that could only be accessed through the toilet), and Paris (they were carried away by provocative actions). The main Dadaist was Marcel Duchamp, the author of the “ready-made” concept and the first daredevil who painted Gioconda’s mustache. And also Picabia, who exhibited fantastic designs that were both a verdict and a hymn to industrial society.

Look: Works by Duchamp and Picabia - in the English Victoria and Albert Museum (London, England), National Museum Art of Catalonia (Barcelona, ​​Spain), Guggenheim Museum (New York, USA), Art Institute of Chicago (USA).

14. SURREALISM. A powerful movement of the 1st half of the 20th century, which was inspired by dreams, dreams and hallucinations.

Surrealist artists, who called themselves direct followers of the Dadaists, provoked viewers, changed consciousness, and turned traditions upside down.

Initially, surrealism appeared in literature (the magazine Literature and the Surrealist Revolution, author Andre Breton). Artists read Freud and Bergson and considered the subconscious - dreams, hallucinations - to be the source of creativity.

Representatives of the first direction of surrealism in painting (Ernst, Miro, Masson) depicted blurred images. The second (representatives of Dali, Delvaux, Magritte) - believable, accurate, but unrealistic landscapes and characters. The beautiful deception instantly captivated the world. Surrealism gave impetus to the emergence of pop art, happenings and conceptual art.

Look: Dali Theater-Museum in Figueres (Spain), Rene Magritte Apartment Museum in Brussels (Belgium), Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art (New York, USA), Tate Gallery of Modern Art (London, UK).

In this part we got acquainted with the most striking art trends of the 1st half of the 20th century. In the next publication we will look at the trends of the middle of the last century.

Resume

1) From the article you learned about the main bright directions of art of the 1st half of the 20th century: Modernism, Post-Impressionism, Avant-garde, Fauvism, Abstractionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Cubo-Futurism, Formalism, Naturalism, New Materiality, Dadaism, Surrealism.

2) I think you have there was a desire to go on a trip to visit the most famous museums in the world, which represent all areas of contemporary art. Even if you don’t have such an opportunity now, don’t be upset, the main thing is: dream and your dream will come true! Checked!

For inspiration, watch a video review of the extraordinary, amazing Dali Museum-Theater surrealist artist Salvador Dali, located in the city of Figueres, in Catalonia (Spain). From Barcelona to Figueres you can drive in just 53 minutes. Ticket prices start from 20 euros. How to plan the perfect trip to Barcelona read this useful article .

With all my heart I wish you to go on a trip as soon as possible to see the works of your favorite masters!

I wish everyone to rejoice and dream!

P.S..

Write your thoughts and questions in the comments, what do you think about contemporary art?

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Artistic culture The 20th century is problematic for study in the history of art, because has a complex and multi-level order. This is due to socio-political, philosophical, scientific and technical reasons that are superimposed on the historical situation (wars, crises, national liberation movements, etc.). In addition, many trends that arose in the previous time are still not completed and assessments and views on many processes have not been established. This led to a blurring of aesthetic criteria, citing (direct and indirect) works of world art, and bringing critical judgments to the point of grotesquery. People's desire for self-affirmation in creativity was realized in extremely diverse ways, which sometimes caused a feeling of emptiness, discord and disharmony. However, never before has the history of art been so close to reality when creating images, united with the worldview and worldview of various cultural eras, as it happened in the 20th century.

Modern human existence was determined by a spatial arrangement in which individual contacts coexisted with directions, trends, styles, which, although with difficulty, fit into a pattern. The peculiarity of its distribution is genetic, and not chronological (as was customary in the 19th century). The polarity is defined by the terms “realism” (with a dominant imagery) and “non-objectivity” (with an emphasis on expressiveness). Between them were located with varying degrees of combination of figurativeness and expressiveness: traditionalism, epatism, surrealism and geometry.

The pervasive impact of its content is felt in all areas of human existence and shapes the modern lifestyle. Hence the relevance of conversations about art. Especially in schools additional education, where students are given ideas about types and genres, their specifics; as well as familiarity with the most important trends, directions and styles, works of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative and applied arts, design in a historical and cultural context (from ancient times to the 20th century). However, the lack of time with a significant volume of material causes certain difficulties in the selection and presentation of information. “A well-structured brain is preferable to a well-filled one,” said French philosopher and writer Michel de Montaigne. Based on this statement, we propose an option for presenting content that is based on supporting schemes that do not violate the systemic logic of the development of art. Originality is revealed when getting acquainted not only with specific works, but also with a thesaurus, which shapes the artistic thinking of students, develops aesthetic taste, imagination, creative and analytical abilities.

Direction "Realism"(Late Latin realis - material, real) - a term that represents works of art that are based on natural visual images that recreate the processes and phenomena of reality. Characteristic: verism, plot, sensory authenticity. It includes the concepts: “naturalism”, “primitivism”, “democratic, critical, social realism”, magical realism (metaphysical art), expressionism, “hyperrealism” (photorealism, superrealism).

“Naturalism” (French naturahsme; Latin natura) is a manner of executing works of art with photographic precision (dispassion, randomness) daily life a person (his physiological essence) and his environment. It is characterized by the authenticity of the embodiment of the idea of ​​similarity between society and nature, without any admixture of the ideal, to the detriment of ideological and artistic content.

“Primitivism” (Latin primiti vus – “first, earliest”; English primitivism; German Primitivismus / Primitivitat). The synonym is “naivism”. Characteristic: deliberately simplified manner of performance; appeal to children's, primitive, folk medieval art. It developed in two directions: in the non-professional creativity of masters involved in the artistic process and in the works of artists who deliberately sought to gain purity and emotional clarity of images and worldview. Later, the creativity of outsiders was added - art brut(French art brut - rough art). Their work has a spontaneous character, practically independent of cultural patterns.

“Democratic, critical, social realism” - an objective reflection of reality artistic means. In the democratic - simplicity, accessibility of figurative language, presented the world as an illustration. Hence the appeal to the people and the traditions of the classics. In the critical, the essential aspects of human life were revealed and an aesthetic assessment of the social and aesthetic ideal that existed in reality was given. In the social, “the typical in typical circumstances” was identified and emphasized, i.e. social reality and human personality were shown in indissoluble unity with social relations.

“Magic realism” is an artistic method in which the works created showed a fantastic transformation of reality (sometimes they had a shocking, frank character, sometimes combined with anecdotal situations and caricature of characters). The resemblance to life in these paintings was an extreme form of grotesque, where reality resembled a restless dream or hallucinatory delirium. Therefore, symbols are often included in paintings. Synonym: “metaphysical art.”

“Expressionism” (Latin expressio – “expression”) is a reflection of a subjective emotional state (disappointment, anxiety, fear, ugliness, banality, horror, pain, scream). Hence - exaggeration, simplification, exaltation of color, rough strokes, deformation of images.

“Hyperrealism” (English hyperrealism - photorealism, superrealism, cold realism, radical realism) - a pictorial transfer of an image from the natural to the bosom of artificiality: based on copying photographs. Characteristic: detailed reproduction while maintaining a smooth surface texture to remove the viewer from the creative process and distance the viewer.

“Traditionalism” is called the direction in which authors, individually or as a group, address society, for this they use the past (consciousness, experience, skills, customs) as an antipode to the values ​​of the present. Usually it is emotionally colored, often mythologized and idealized. The scope of the concept of “traditionalism” includes: “non-figurativeness”, “realistic formalism”, which includes: “regionalism”, kitsch, “new materiality”, “steel romance”, “novecento”.

“Realistic formalism” is a method of depiction where there was a shift in the value relationship between the form that comes to the fore, expressing subjective concepts and the content of a single image.

Under " unimaginativeness“in the 20th century they understood the author’s interpretation of reality; the individual style of execution (handwriting) of the master, who brought the expressive side to the fore. At times his artistic language gravitated towards any direction. Hence the phrase “Unimaginativeness with tendencies...”.

“Regionalism” (English region - “area, sphere”; regional - “regional, local”) - a direction in art focused on archaistic and harsh realism and naturalistic transmission of life (almost at the level of verism). Range of topics: life in the countryside or the outskirts of megacities, provinces.

Kitsch – (German kitsch - hack work, bad taste, “cheap”) – a product of mass culture with an extravagant appearance oriented towards standard perception. Characterized by aggressiveness, vulgarity, vulgarity of taste, which is combined with humor, respect for rank, skillful craftsmanship and precision.

“New materiality” (German neue sachlichkeit) - a manner of performance that embodied a specific emphasized reality (objectivity) with a feeling of a terrible “demonic” principle in the world, photographic accuracy with elements of paradox, which evoked in the viewer a feeling of unreality, filling everyday life with an atmosphere of mystery.

“Steel romance” – politicized art serving totalitarian regimes. The works are characterized by classicism and a sublime attitude towards what is depicted.

“Novecento” (Italian novecento - lit. “twentieth century”) - a movement focused on returning to national origins, the Renaissance. Characteristic: precision of forms, clarity of concepts, lack of arbitrariness. The plots convey “labor heroism”, “unity of the people and the authorities”.

“Surrealism” (French “super-realism”, “over-realism”) is an irrational movement that expresses the subjectivity of worldview. Uses concepts, themes and examples from Freudian psychoanalysis, but creates his own poetic therapeutic, anti-therapeutic methods (“alternative psychoanalysis”). Hence the birth of a “new mythology” based on modernity, which is characterized by: humor, a laughter principle, and a demonstration of a multivalent sign. The works of “academic surrealism” are devoid of naturalism, tending more toward non-objectivity. In this branch, the main techniques were invented: grattage, fummage, decollage, decalcomania, collage, dripping. In inadequate surrealism, reality was guessed in the works (a sensory phenomenon in an inadequate situation). In the half-hearted version there was a certain amount of surreal finds. Paranoid-critical – expressed duality of perception. Passive surrealism embodied the presence of the author at the level of sleep and dreams. Hence the “accidents” in the paintings.

Epatism (French “epatage”; from “epater” - to chip away, beat, tear) expresses an extreme form of expressiveness of the second half of the 20th century. It was formed from Fauvism, Dadaism, Neo-Dadaism, Pop Art, “ new wave”(minimalism, conceptualism, “poor art”, “water art”, “sky art”, earth art”).

“Fauvism” (French fauvisme, from fauve - “wild”) - open, bright local color, simplified forms and flattening of the image - the main means of expressing the artist’s feelings and moods; contrasting combinations and black outline, refusal of light and shadow modeling and linear perspective.

“Dada"– (French dada – “horse”, “children’s wooden horse”) is a deliberately unaesthetic, nihilistic, pessimistic type of activity. Characteristic: illogical thinking, the world is like crazy chaos, lack of values, going beyond the seriousness of art, a break with traditions.

“Pop art” (English pop-art, short for popular art) is a movement in art that arose as a reaction to abstract expressionism, using images of consumer products placed in a different context. Characteristic: the use of iconic and objective material from everyday life, advertising, comics, etc. trivial varieties of modern civilization.

“New wave” (English: new wave - “new wave”) is a direction of non-profit artistic and intellectual activity. Synonym: “immaterial art”. In essence, it represents a creative act not related to the material, i.e. creating “something” in the random. Her technique is focused on the use of non-traditional, non-artistic techniques: construction from household objects or technical modules, living plants and animals, font fragmentary texts, the natural environment - dust, ice, clouds, etc.

“Minimalism” (English minimal art; from Latin minimus - “smallest”). Other names: serial art, art of primary structures, mini-art. This is the direction of avant-gardeism, which used a minimum of visual means, simple uniform forms. The essence of the direction is to cause devastation in the viewer. Hence - impersonal impersonal creations, non-associative, representing material structures, specific objects, built according to the laws of mathematics.

“Conceptualism” (lat. conceptus - thought, idea, concept), a direction based on the transmission of an idea, existing in the form of phrases, texts, diagrams, graphs, drawings, photographs, audio and video materials. It contains an appeal to the intellectual comprehension of what is seen.

Actionism (French, English actionnisme; from Latin action - action, deed) is a movement and method of new artistic practices that sought to erase the line between art and reality. I gravitate towards 4-dimensional art, expressed in video art, environment, happenings, performance, body art, etc. Happening happening - happening, happening) and performance(English: performance - performance, game) - varieties of actionism, embodied in theatrical form. The difference between them is that a happening carries a concept that has a paradoxical, illogical, absurd character, suggesting improvisation, while a performance has a planned action to involve the viewer in the playing field. For body art(English body art - body art) the basis is the body, which is recorded in photos, videos, in the form of mannequins, etc.

“Poor art” (Italian: “Arte Povera”) - a presentation option where inexpensive things or scrap materials were used. Deliberately meager, “poor” objects and symbols only hint at the artistic idea, giving it a mysterious understatement.

Land art (English: land art - landscape art) - expresses the relationship between nature and man. It was often embodied in the forms of environment (English environment - surroundings, environment), which represented a spatial composition completely organized by the artist, enveloping the viewer like a real environment.

“Neo-Dadaism” (eng. neo-pop, post-pop) is an art direction that represents the genesis of pop art with symbols of new times. It expressed the position of “denial of negation.” As a consequence, the replacement of a work of art with an object of everyday life, an absurd action (happening, environment, etc.).

Geometric art: concretism (cubism, suprematism, constructivism and neo-concretism (“programmed art”, op art, “new abstraction”, “new trend” (happening and environment).

“Concretism” (Latin conservare - preserve) - a type of artistic practice and perception, focused on the values, ideals and artistic techniques of the past, perceived as a canon. Basically - a reference point for realistic art in strict genre forms. Modified by modernism, embodied in neoconcretism, falling on the 2nd floor. XX century.

Cubism (French cubisme, from cube - cube) is the direction where, according to the concept, purposeful modeling of reality takes place on the simplest spatial models (geometrically correct figures) when depicting a complex, multifaceted world. Characteristic: deformation of forms, congestion, dependence of vision on preliminary settings.

Futurism (lat. future - future) is a movement that expresses the idea of ​​​​the formation of a new civilization, where the fusion of man and machine takes place. The works contain an apology for technology, urbanism, and the absolutization of the idea of ​​movement. Had different options: 1) embodiment of dynamics with the help of numerous frequently repeated elements; 2) with the help of simultaneity - the penetration of objects into each other; 3) transferring the process of movement through abstraction.

Geometric abstraction is a movement in which the basis is compositions of various geometric shapes, straight lines and planes. The transformations are based on a reaction to the discoveries of physics—the search for a “new reality.” Hence the flattening and deformation. Had branches: Suprematism (Russia); non-plasticism (Holland); Orphism (France); futurism (Italy), etc. Synonyms – “cold abstraction”, “logical intellectual abstractionism”.

Suprematism ( lat. supremus - highest) is a direction, a type of abstractionism that abandons figurativeness in favor of the simplest geometric forms. The compositions represent combinations of multi-colored planes, lines, dots, etc. figures that are permeated with internal movement.

Orphism (French orphisme) is a movement that models reality from the elements of light and color as the opposite visible world. Their painting was based on the effects of movement that occur when contrasting colors are juxtaposed. Aestheticism, abstract plasticity, rhythm of forms, silhouettes and lines are its characteristic features.

“Neoplasticism” is a direction in art based on a philosophical system that reveals the structure of the Universe (the horizontal and vertical lines of force of the Earth, which have a relationship with the Sun). Characteristic: rectangular shapes, primary colors of the chromatic scale and chromatic (black and white).

Constructivism is a direction and method characterized by a geometrically organized spatial-dynamic environment, where laconic appearance and solidity are functional components.

“Programmed Art” – likening a hand-made image to a machine one. Synonym: machine art.

“Op art” (abbreviated from English optical art - optical art) is a movement that uses various visual illusions based on the features of visual perception flat and spatial figures, geometric combinations of lines and spots. He was the successor of constructivism in postmodernism. It was focused on the spatial-dynamic modeling of the surrounding reality using non-traditional means of figurative language in the following directions: 1) optical (light effects using technical devices, mirrors, focusing and diverging lenses, etc.; 2) “gestalt geometry” (designs from various materials - glass, metal, cardboard, plastic, etc.; 3) graphic (planar image of displaced modules, causing the illusion of volume); 4) synthetic (mixing the above methods).

Kinetic art (Greek kinetikos - movement that sets in motion). It represented the creation of procedural-articulative works, involving the direct participation of subjects of perception. It has genres: 1) participation in the process, determined by the context of the exhibit (beats, dances, etc.); 2) integral – participation with consciousness; 3) material; 4) “self-destructive”.

New abstraction - the canvases combine dynamic abstraction and transformed living images, embodied in structural hybrids.

The new trend or “post-painterly abstraction” embodies all spheres of artistic culture, which is expressed in the emergence of new and modernization of old types of artistic creativity. The media, computer technologies for processing images, sounds, etc. play a big role here, which expands the boundaries of art.

Non-objective art: classical non-objectiveness (“the art of silence”, tachisme), “non-objective expressionism” (“the art of action”, “the art of gesture”, “the art of free expression”). All works of this direction are distinguished by the absence of visual image and feelings. Characteristic: publicity, demonstration, playful situation of the artist with the material.

Classical abstractionism (Latin abstractio - removal, distraction) is a direction of non-figurative art in which harmonization was achieved by color combinations and geometric shapes that evoke associations. Acted as an expression of spontaneous feelings.

Tachisme (French tache - “stain”) is a French version of abstract expressionism. Synonym: lyrical abstractionism, “ ar informel” or “color field painting.” Characteristic: spontaneity, improvisation, expression of the soul through gesture (no pre-planned actions). One of the variants of Tachisme is Nuageism (French for “cloud”), because the images resembled cloud-like colored images. They expressed peace of mind and mental harmony, which was the reason for applying another term to them - the art of silence.

Abstract expressionism is an American version of lyrical abstraction. The synonym - “color field painting” arose due to the maximum use of color by artists, due to which the paintings were presented in a large format. As a rule, works of this type were numbered.

The art of action is a direction of actionism, where “action” dominates “painting”. TO this species Activities began to include street art and street logo. The art of gesture is a basic bodily tool for creating artistic imagery in the form of a sign system, when a gesture expresses: 1) a situation; 2) a stable and in a specific society spatial sign of language, sounds, screams, light, onomatopoeia, etc. The Art of Free Expression– in this direction, the artist is given the opportunity to choose different ways of embodying his preferences: from realism to non-objectivity.

Literature

1. Borev Yu. B. Artistic culture of the 20th century. – M.: Unity, 2007.
2. Galeeva T.A., Prudnikova A.Yu.. Artistic practices of the 20th century as a school of tolerance / study. allowance. – Ekaterinburg, USU, 2008
3. Gritsanov A., Mozheiko M. – Postmodernism. Encyclopedia. – Minsk: Interpressservice, Book House; 2001.
4. Savelyeva A. World art. Directions and trends from impressionism to the present day. – St. Petersburg – M.: SZKEO Kristall-Onyx, 2005.
5. Turchin V.S. Through the labyrinths of the avant-garde. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1993.

STYLES IN ART

· Empire -

· -Romansky (X – XIII centuries)

· -Gothic (XIII – XVI centuries)

· -Baroque (late 16th - mid-18th centuries) - the main style direction in the art of Europe and America (late 16th - mid-18th centuries), which is characterized by contrast, dynamic images, and a desire for pomp and grandeur.

· -Naryshkinskoe (Moscow) Baroque - a style direction in Russian architecture of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, externally similar to Western European Baroque. It is characterized by lush white stone decor (Church of the Intercession in Fili, Novodevichy Convent).

· -Classicism (XVII – XIX centuries) – style direction in literature and art XVII- beginning XIX centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. Classicism developed in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. He embodied the ideals of an enlightened moral monarchy and civil service. Later, in the 18th century. Began to express the civic ideals of the Enlightenment. Features of Russian classicism: preference for national themes, connection with the traditions of Russian folklore and enlightenment.

· -Rococo (mid-18th century) - style direction in European art ser. XVIII century Rococo architecture is characterized by whimsical, often asymmetrical interior decoration, usually including a shell-shaped scroll (rocaille). Fine art in the Rococo style is characterized by a graceful interpretation of images, a predominance of salon-erotic and pastoral subjects, theatricality and mannerisms of images, intimacy, and decorative effects.

· -Romanticism (late 18th - early 20th centuries) - ideological and artistic movement in European and American culture. XVII – beginning XIX centuries The basis of the romantic worldview is the painful discord between ideal and reality. The direction is inherent in the image strong passions, spirituality of nature, increased interest in creative life personality, idealization of the past. Representatives of romanticism: V.A. Zhukovsky (1783 -1852) - an outstanding Russian poet and translator, conservative romantic, K.F. Ryleev (1795 - 1826) - Decembrist poet, the brightest representative of active civil romanticism.

· -Realism (XVIII centuries) – (from late Lat. Realis - material, real) a form of artistic consciousness of the new time, as well as a stylistic direction and creative method in art. It is based on a truthful depiction of the most characteristic phenomena of life and implies, in addition to the truthfulness of details, the truthfulness of the reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances. Its variety is critical realism.

· -Naturalism (late 19th century)

STYLES IN ART OF THE XX CENTURY.

· Modernism – trends in literature and art. XIX - early XX centuries (cubism, futurism, neoclassicism, neo-romanticism) characterized by a break with the traditions of realism.

· Symbolism is a movement in art from 1870 to 1910, focused primarily on artistic expression through the symbol of the “thing in itself” and ideas that are beyond sensory perception; it is also a universal philosophy, ethics, aesthetics and way of life of that time.

· Impressionism – (French Impression – impression) – the latest direction in art. thirds of the XIX– beginning twentieth century, marked by the desire to most naturally capture real world in its mobility and variability, to convey the fleeting impressions of the artist. This led to the search for new forms, compositions, and color combinations in painting; in sculpture - new plastic volumes and dynamics of the body.

· Post-Impressionism is the general name for movements in painting from the late 19th century to the beginning. XX century, which is characterized by an interest in philosophical and symbolic aspects, in decorative and stylizing formal techniques. The European founders were Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin. Of the Russians, the features of post-impressionism are inherent in many artists " silver age»V. Borisov-Musatov, M. Vrubel, N. Roerich)

· Surrealism

· Abstractionism (non-objective art) is a movement in art, mainly in painting, sculpture and graphics. Associated with the concept of "art for art's sake." It arose in the twentieth century during the stratification of a number of movements (cubism, futurism, etc.). Prominent representatives V. Kandinsky, K. Malevich

· Futurism – (lat. Futurum - future) avant-garde movement in European art of the 10-20s. 20th century, a type of modernism that cultivated urbanism (the aesthetics of the machine industry and big city) and destroyed even natural language (“words in freedom” or “brain”).

· Dadaism