Historically, the Ukrainian people have always been creative, loved to sing and dance, invent poems and songs, myths and legends. Therefore, for many centuries, truly great and talented people have worked in all corners of Ukraine.

Ukrainian literature is phenomenal and unusual in its essence. Famous Ukrainian writers described each historical stage metaphorically and topically. That is why very real characters look at us through the lines from yellowed sheets of paper. And as we delve deeper into the narrative, we begin to understand what worries the author, inspires, frightens and encourages. It is quite possible to learn history from the masterpieces of Ukrainian literature - events are described so truthfully and sometimes painfully.

Who are all these geniuses of the pen who penetrate the soul with words and make us laugh and cry with them? What are their names and what did they do? How did they achieve success and did they find it at all? Or maybe they never learned that their creations brought them eternal fame and veneration, forever inscribing their name in the classics of Ukrainian literature?

Unfortunately, not all Ukrainian writers were able to enter the world literary arena. Many masterpieces have never been in the hands of the Germans, Americans, or British. Hundreds of wonderful books did not receive their well-deserved prizes in literary competitions in France or Germany. But they are really worth reading and understanding.

And although hundreds of talented people have written on the “nightingale language,” perhaps it’s worth starting with a unique and phenomenal woman. This brilliant poetess, whose lines express a storm of emotions, and whose poems remain deep in the heart. And her name is Lesya Ukrainka.

Larisa Petrovna Kosach-Kvitka

Lesya, being a weak and small woman, showed incredible fortitude and courage, becoming an example to be followed by millions of people. The poetess was born in 1871 into a noble family. famous writer O. Pchilki. At birth, the girl was given the name Larisa, and her real name there was Kosach-Kvitka.

Since childhood, suffering from a terrible disease - bone tuberculosis - Lesya Ukrainka was bedridden almost all the time. Lived in the South. The beneficial influence of the mother and passion for books (especially the master of Ukrainian literature - Taras Shevchenko) bore fruit.

From a young age, the girl began to create and publish in various newspapers. Like many famous Ukrainian writers, in her works Larisa adhered to the sentiments and traditions of T. G. Shevchenko, creating several cycles of lyrical and philosophical poems.

About Lesya's work

Intrigued by magical mythology and world history, Lesya devoted many books to this topic. Most of all she liked novels about Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, about humanism and human qualities, about the fight against despotism and evil, as well as Mystic stories about the undead and nature of Western Ukraine.

It should be noted that Lesya Ukrainka was a polyglot and knew more than ten languages. This gave her the opportunity to make high-quality literary translations of the works of Hugo, Shakespeare, Byron, Homer, Heine and Mickiewicz.

The most famous works that everyone is recommended to read are “The Forest Song”, “Possessed”, “Cassandra”, “The Stone Lord” and “Songs about Freedom”.

Marko Vovchok

Among the famous writers of Ukraine there was another extraordinary woman. Many called her the Ukrainian George Sand - just as her patron Panteleimon Kulish dreamed. It was he who became her first assistant and editor, giving her the first impetus to develop her potential.

Woman with a fiery heart

Marko Vovchok was a fatal woman. As a child, her mother sent her to a private boarding school, away from her father’s bad influence, then to Orel to live with a rich aunt. There the endless love cycles began. Marco Vovchok - Maria Vilinskaya - was a very beautiful girl, so it is not surprising that crowds of gentlemen revolved around her all her life.

Among these gentlemen were famous writers whose names are well known to us. Even though she tied the knot (as she later admitted, not for love) with Opanas Markovich, her husband could not do anything with the attractive energy of this young lady. Turgenev, Kostomarov and Taras Shevchenko fell at her feet. And everyone wanted to become her teacher and patron.

"Marusya"

The most famous work of Marko Vovchok is the story “Marusya” about a girl who gave her life to help the Cossacks. The creation impressed readers and critics so much that Maria was awarded an honorary award from the French Academy.

Men in Ukrainian literature

The creativity of Ukrainian writers was also under the auspices of talented men. One of them was Pavel Gubenko. Readers know him under the pseudonym Ostap Cherry. His satirical works made readers laugh more than once. Unfortunately, this man, who smiles at us from newspaper pages and literature textbooks, had few reasons for joy in his life.

Pavel Gubenko

Being a political prisoner, Pavel Gubenko honestly served his required 10 years in a forced labor camp. He did not abandon creativity, and when his stern superiors instructed him to write a series of stories from the lives of prisoners, even there he could not resist irony!

The writer's life path

But life put everything in its place. The one who previously accused Ostap Vishnya himself ended up in the dock and became an “enemy of the people.” And the Ukrainian author returned home ten years later and continued doing what he loved.

But these long years in the correctional camps left a terrible imprint on the condition of Pavel Gubenko. Even after the war, returning to the already free Kyiv, he still could not forget the terrible episodes. Most likely, the endless inner struggles of a man who always smiled and never cried led to his tragic death from a heart attack at the age of 66.

Ivan Drach

A short excursion into the work of Ukrainian writers ends with Ivan Drach. Many modern authors still turn to this master of (self-)irony, witty words and humor for advice.

Life story of a genius

Ivan Fedorovich Drach began his creative path when he was still a seventh-grader, with a poem eagerly published in a local newspaper. As soon as the writer graduated from high school, he began teaching Russian language and literature in a rural school. After the army, Ivan entered the philological department of Kyiv University, which he never graduated from. And all because a talented student will be offered a job in a newspaper, and then, after the course, the writer will receive the specialty of film playwright in Moscow. Returning to Kyiv, Ivan Fedorovich Drach begins working at the famous film studio named after A. Dovzhenko.

Over more than 30 years of creative activity, a huge number of collections of poems, translations, articles and even film stories have been published from the pen of Ivan Drach. His works have been translated and published in dozens of countries and appreciated throughout the world.

An eventful life tempered the writer’s character, fostering in him an active civic position and a unique temperament. The works of Ivan Fedorovich express the sentiments of the sixties and children of war, thirsting for change and praising the achievements of human thought.

What's better to read?

It is better to start getting acquainted with the work of Ivan Drach with the poem “Pero”. It is this that is the credo of life and conveys the leitmotifs that permeate the entire work of the brilliant poet and writer.

These famous Ukrainian writers made an invaluable contribution to the domestic and world literature. Decades later, their works convey to us current thoughts, teach and help in various life situations. The work of Ukrainian writers has enormous literary and moral value, is perfect for teenagers and adults and will bring pleasure from reading.

Each of the Ukrainian authors is unique in their own way, and their unusual individual style will help you recognize your favorite writer from the first lines. Such a writer’s “flower garden” makes Ukrainian literature truly extraordinary, rich and interesting.

Over the years of independence, a whole galaxy of writers with an original style, a special manner of writing and genre diversity has formed in Ukrainian literature. Modern texts have more openness, experimentation, national flavor and thematic breadth, which allows authors to achieve professional success not only in Ukraine, but also abroad. prepared a list of 25 Ukrainian writers who are shaping modern literature, which, no matter what skeptics say, continues to actively develop and influence public opinion.

Yuri Andrukhovich

Without this author it is difficult to imagine modern Ukrainian literature in general. Creative activity began when in 1985, together with Victor Neborak and Alexander Irvanets, he founded the literary association Bu-Ba-Bu. The writer’s name is associated with the emergence of the “Stanislavsky phenomenon” and interest in modern Ukrainian literature in the West.

THINGS WORTH READING: From poetry collections - "Exotic birds and plants" And "Songs for a dead song" , from novels - "Recreations" , "Moskoviada" And "Twelve Hoops" . The essays from the collection will be no less interesting "The devil has a home in Syria" , and travelers will enjoy the largest book by Yuri Andrukhovich "Lexicon of intimate places" .

Sergey Zhadan

There is probably no more popular author in Ukraine today than Zhadan. Poet, novelist, essayist, translator, musician, public figure. His texts resonate in the hearts of millions of readers (and since 2008 - and listeners - with the release of the first joint album with the group "Dogs in Space" called "Army Sports Club").

The writer actively tours, participates in public life country and helps the army. Lives and works in Kharkov.

THINGS WORTH READING: All of the author’s poetry collections are worth reading, and among prose – early novels "Big Mac" , "Depeche Mode" , "Voroshilovgrad" and late "Mesopotamia" (2014).

Les Podervyansky

Outrageous Ukrainian writer, artist, author of satirical plays. Practices oriental martial arts. In the 90s, his texts were copied from tape to tape and secretly passed between teenagers. The complete collection of works “Africa, Dream” was published in 2015 by the publishing house “Our Format”.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Hero of our hour" , "Pavlik Morozov. An epic tragedy" , "Hamlet, or the Phenomenon of Danish Katsapism" , "Vasilisa Yegorovna and the peasants" .

Taras Prokhasko

Undoubtedly, the most mysterious Ukrainian writer, whose voice fascinates and calms at the same time. In terms of his writing style and lifestyle, the author is often compared to the wandering philosopher Skovoroda.

THINGS WORTH READING: One of the author's most representative works is the novel "Difficulties" . Also worthy of attention: "Annie's Other Days" "FM Galicia" , "The same and the same" .

Yuri Izdrik

Editor-in-Chief of the legendary magazine "Chetver", published since 1990 and aimed at popularizing modern Ukrainian literature. Yuri Izdrik is a poet, prose writer, participant in the musical project "DrumTIatr". Lives and works in Kalush.

THINGS WORTH READING: novels "KRK Island" , "Wozzeck & Wozzekurgy" , "Underwhelming Leon" . An interesting creative experiment is a book project with journalist Evgenia Nesterovich Summa , in which the author shares recipes for happiness, love and understanding of the world.

Oleg Lishega

Poet, prose writer, translator of works by Mark Twain, Thomas Eliot, Ezra Pound, David Herbert Lawrence, Sylvia Plath, John Keats. His work was greatly influenced, on the one hand, by the literature of China, and on the other, by the works of Ivan Franko and Bogdan-Igor Antonich.

Lishega is the first Ukrainian poet to be awarded the PEN Club Prize for poetic translation. Unfortunately, the author passed away in 2014.

THINGS WORTH READING: the writer's most famous prose book "Friend Li Bo, brother Du Fu" , longlisted for the BBC Book of the Year Award.

Oksana Zabuzhko

Cult Ukrainian writer, essayist and translator. The author was first actively discussed in the second half of the 90s. with the release of her novel "Poly's Investigations into Ukrainian Sex", which caused a real sensation in Ukrainian literature. Since then, she has received many awards, including the recent Literary Prize of Central and Eastern Europe "Angelus" (Poland) for the book "The Museum of Abandoned Secrets."

THINGS WORTH READING: "Polish investigation into Ukrainian sex" , "Museum of Abandoned Secrets" , "Let my people go: 15 texts about the Ukrainian revolution" , "Map of books and people" , "Chronicles of Fortinbras" .

Natalia Belotserkovets

The poetess is known to Ukrainian readers primarily as the author of the poem “We will not die in Paris...”, which became a hit performed by the group “Dead Song”. She rarely gives interviews and rarely speaks in public, but her texts can be considered classics of modern Ukrainian literature. Almost no anthology of modern Ukrainian poetry is complete without her poems. Natalia Belotserkovets’s poems are light and deep at the same time; they very subtly set the mood and inspire writing.

THINGS WORTH READING: collection "Hotel Central" .

Kost Moskalets

Poet, prose writer, essayist, literary critic. Since 1991, he has lived in the Chernigov region in the Tea Rose Cell, which he built with his own hands, doing exclusively literary work. He maintains an author's blog where he posts poems, reviews and photos. Author of the cult Ukrainian song "Vona" ("Tomorrow I'll come to the room..."), performed by the group "Crying Jeremiah". For the book "Flashes" in 2015 he received National Award named after Taras Shevchenko.

THINGS WORTH READING: among poetry books - "Mislivtsi in the snow" And "Symbol of the Trojans" , prosaic - "The Cell of the Tea Trojan".

Tanya Malyarchuk

Writer and journalist, winner of the Joseph Conrad-Korzeniewski Literary Prize (2013). Now lives in Austria. The author's texts have been translated into Polish, Romanian, German, English, Russian and Belarusian.

THINGS WORTH READING: the writer's early novels - "Burn Down. Book of Fears" , "How I became a saint" , "Speak" , and "Biography of a fall miracle" , included in the “long list” of the 2012 BBC Book of the Year award.

Alexander Irvanets

Together with Yuri Andrukhovich and Victor Neborak, in 1985 he founded the literary association Bu-Ba-Bu. Known as Treasurer Boo-Ba-Boo. Those who follow the author’s work on Facebook know his witty short poems about current events of our time.

THINGS WORTH READING: alternative history novel "Rivne/Rivne" , "Five p'es" "Ochachimrya: Tale and Revelation" , "Satyricon–XXI" .

Andrey Lyubka

Idol of girls, holder of the title "the most eligible bachelor of Transcarpathia", writer, columnist and translator. Born in Riga, lives in Uzhgorod. The author speaks at many literary festivals, actively travels to various scholarships abroad, and writes columns for several publications. Each of his new books causes lively discussion on social networks and the media.

Worth reading: author's debut novel "Carbide" , as well as his collections of poems: "TERORISM" , "Forty bucks plus tip" and a collection of essays "Sleep with the women" .

Irena Karpa

“Writer. Singer. Traveler” is the title of one of Irena Karpa’s books, which, perhaps, best conveys all the aspects of the author. Recently appointed First Secretary for Cultural Affairs of the Ukrainian Embassy in France. Author of 9 books, numerous publications in the press and blogosphere. Mother of two daughters.

THINGS WORTH READING: early texts – "50 hvilin travi" , "Freud bi cry" , "Pearl Porn" .

Dmitry Lazutkin

This writer combines three hypostases - a poet, a journalist and an athlete. Winner of numerous literary awards, holder of a black belt (1st dan) in kempo karate, bronze medalist of the World Cup in kickboxing and kick-jitsu, author of 8 poetry collections. Collaborates with the Kozak System group. Many fans know the song “Taka Spokusliva” based on the words of the poet. Actively speaks to the army, often travels to the East.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Petrol" , "Good songs about nasty girls" , "Chervona book" .

Les Beley

Having made his debut with poetry collections, the author attracted even more attention with the release of the novel “Little Maidens”. Love and hate in Uzhgorod." Written in a non-fiction style, the work became one of the first documentary novels in modern Ukrainian literature. And for that reason alone, it is worth reading. Further filling of this niche and the release of a joint book project with Polish reporter Lukasz Saturchak " Asymmetrical symmetry: field research on Ukrainian-Polish wines” only strengthened the writer’s position.

Les Beley is also one of the organizers of the all-Ukrainian competition of artistic reporting "Self-Widest".

THINGS WORTH READING: "Lehy maidens" yanosti. Love and hate in Uzhgorod" , "Asymmetrical symmetry: field studies of Ukrainian-Polish wines."

Alexey Chupa

The writer was born in the Donetsk region, worked as a machinist at a metallurgical plant. Two years ago, because of the war, he moved to Lviv. Since then he has been actively publishing new works and going on tours.

Two of his books – “Homeless People of Donbass” and “10 Words about Vitchizna” – were included in the long list of the “BBC Book of the Year 2014” award.

THINGS WORTH READING: from prose books - "Kazki my bomb-stupidity" and a fresh novel "Cherry and I" .

Elena Gerasimyuk

Young poetess, essayist, translator, winner of several literary awards. She is quite deservedly called the poetic discovery of 2013. The author’s debut poetry collection, “Deafness,” will appeal to readers of different generations. The poems have been translated into nine languages.

THINGS WORTH READING: poetry collection "Deafness".

Sofia Andrukhovich

At the beginning of the two thousandth she made her debut with prose books “Summer of the Millennium”, “Old People”, “Women of Their People”. In 2007, her novel “Syomga” was published, which caused a mixed reaction, with some critics calling it “genital literature.”

After seven years of silence, the writer published perhaps her best novel, Felix Austria. This work is a kind of map of Stanislav (Ivano-Frankivsk - author) from the times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, against the backdrop of which love and other relationships unfold. The novel received the 2014 BBC Book of the Year award.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Felix Austria" .

Maxim Kidruk

During his thirty years, the writer managed to visit more than 30 countries, including Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, China, Namibia, New Zealand, etc. All these travels formed the basis of his books - “Mexican Chronicles. History the same worlds", "The Road to the Navel of the Earth" (2 volumes), "Loves and Piranhas", "Navigations in Peru" and others.

The author's works will appeal to those who dream of traveling, but never dare to hit the road. Most of the texts are written in non-fiction style and contain detailed instructions on how to get to a particular country, what to try and what to avoid.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Mexican chronicles. The history of one world" , "Travel to the Navel of the Earth" , "Love and Piranha" , "Navigation in Peru" .

Irina Tsylyk

Irina Tsilyk is a native Kiev resident. She began her creative career in poetry and cinema. She has published 8 books and made three short films. Author of the lyrics of the song "Turn Around Alive", which is performed by the groups "Telnyuk Sisters" and "Kozak System".

Irina Tsilyk’s poetry is incredibly feminine, lyrical and sincere. However, like the writer herself.

THINGS WORTH READING: collections of poems "Tsi" And "Depth of sharpness" , as well as a book for children "THE MYSTORY OF A FRIENDSHIP" .

Yuri Vinnichuk

One of the most prolific representatives of modern Ukrainian literature, he was awarded the “Golden Writers of Ukraine” award for the number of books sold. Author of several literary hoaxes, compiler of anthologies of fantasy and fairy tales, translator. He worked as the editor of the famous newspaper "Post-Postup", where he contributed materials under the pseudonym Yuzio Observator.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Devil of the Night" , "Malva Landa" , "Spring games in autumn gardens" , "Tango of Death" .

Lyubko Deresh

Over the past few years, the writer has rarely come out with new literary texts. And at the beginning of the two thousandth he was one of the most popular authors. He published his first novel, entitled “Cult,” at the age of eighteen. The main characters of his works are teenagers who fall in love, use hallucinogenic substances and search for themselves.

Worth reading: early works "Worship of the Lizard" , "Arche" , "Namir!" , "Trochi by drink" .

Irene Rozdobudko

The writer confidently occupies the niche of “women's literature”. Almost every year she publishes new books aimed at a wide audience. For her fertility and popularity she was awarded the “Golden Writers of Ukraine” award. The author works in various genres. Among her books there are detective stories, psychological thrillers, dramas, travel essays, etc. Therefore, every reader looking for light reading on the road in the subway, minibus or bus will be able to find something suitable for themselves.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Gudzik" , "Ziv" or the cards are going out , "Pasture for the Firebird."

Natalya Snyadanko

In 2004, Natalya Sniadanko’s story “A Collection of Predilections, or Benefits of a Young Ukrainian Woman” was published in Poland, which immediately became a bestseller. In his texts, the author often touches on the problems of Ukrainian guest workers and the role of women in society.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Seasonal sale of blondes" , "Herbarium of Kokhants" , "Frau Müller is not prepared to pay more" .

Yuri Pokalchuk

People like him are said to be a “one-man orchestra.” The writer knew 11 foreign languages ​​and visited 37 countries. In his Ukrainian translations works by Ernest Hemingway, Jerome Salinger, Jorge Borges, Julio Cortazar, and Jorge Amado were released.

In the 90s together with the group "Dead Song" he founded a musical project - "Vogni of the Great Place".

For more than twenty years, the writer has been working on the problems of juvenile delinquents, and also made a documentary about a juvenile colony called “Special Attention Zone.”

His work “Those on the Ground” is considered the first Ukrainian erotic book. Other texts by the author were written in the same spirit: “The Defense Games”, “The Beautiful Hour”, “The Anatomy of Sin”. I am sure that they will appeal to a wide audience.

THINGS WORTH READING: "Defended Games" , "Beautiful Hour" , "Anatomy of Sin" .

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Ukrainian literature originates from a common source for the three fraternal peoples (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian) - ancient Russian literature.

The revival of cultural life in Ukraine at the end of the 16th - first half of the 17th century, associated with the processes of development of the Ukrainian people, was reflected in the activities of the so-called brotherhoods, schools, and printing houses. The founder of book printing in Ukraine was the Russian pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov, who founded the first printing house in Ukraine in Lvov in 1573. The emergence of printing contributed to the growth of the cultural community of the Ukrainian people and strengthened their linguistic unity. In the context of the intense struggle of the Ukrainian people against Polish-gentry oppression and Catholic expansion at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. polemical literature arose in Ukraine. An outstanding polemicist was famous writer Ivan Vyshensky (second half of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century). During the liberation war of 1648-1654. and in the following decades, school poetry and drama, directed against Latin-Uniate dominance, rapidly developed. The school drama had predominantly religious and instructive content. Gradually she retreated from narrow church themes. Among the dramas there were works on historical subjects (“Vladimir”, “The mercy of God freed Ukraine from the bearable grievances of Lyadsky through Bogdan-Zinovy ​​Khmelnitsky”). In the depiction of the events of the liberation war, elements of realism and nationalism are observed. They are intensified in interludes, nativity plays and especially in the works of the philosopher and poet G. S. Skovoroda (1722-1794), author of the collections “Kharkov Fables”, “Garden of Divine Songs” and others, which were outstanding phenomena during the formation of new Ukrainian literature.

The first writer of new Ukrainian literature was I. P. Kotlyarevsky (17b9-1838) - author famous works“Aeneid” and “Natalka-Poltavka”, in which the life and way of life of the people, the high patriotic feelings of ordinary people are reproduced. The progressive traditions of I. Kotlyarevsky during the period of formation and approval of new literature (the first half of the 19th century) were continued by P. P. Gulak-Artemovsky, G. F. Kvitko-Osnovyanenko, E. P. Grebenka and others. Evidence of originality and originality New Ukrainian literature in Galicia included the works of M. S. Shashkevich, as well as works included in the almanac “The Dniester Mermaid” (1837).

Creativity of the greatest Ukrainian poet, artist and thinker, democratic revolutionary T. G. Shevchenko (1814-1861) finally established critical realism and nationalism as the main method of artistic reflection of reality in Ukrainian literature. “Kobzar” (1840) by T. Shevchenko marked a new era in the development of artistic creativity of the Ukrainian people. All of T. Shevchenko’s poetic work is permeated with humanism, revolutionary ideology, and political passion; it expressed the feelings and aspirations of the masses. T. Shevchenko is the founder of the revolutionary-democratic trend in Ukrainian literature.

Under the powerful influence of the work of T. Shevchenko, in the 50-60s, Marco Vovchok (M. A. Vilinskaya), Yu. Fedkovich, L. I. Glibov, A. P. Svidnitsky and others began their literary activities. Works of Marko Vovchok (1834 -1907) “Narodsch opovshchannia” (“People’s stories”),” the story “The Institute” was a new stage in the development of Ukrainian prose along the path of realism, democratic ideology and nationality.

The next stage in the development of realistic prose was the work of I. S. Nechuy-Levitsky (1838-1918), the author of social stories “Burlachka”, “Mikola Dzherya” (1876), “The Kaidash Family” (1878) and others, in which The writer created true images of rebel peasants.

The increased development of capitalist relations after the reform of 1861 led to a sharp aggravation of social contradictions in Ukrainian society and to the intensification of the national liberation movement. Literature is enriched with new themes and genres, reflecting the uniqueness of new socio-economic relations. Critical realism in Ukrainian prose acquired qualitatively new features, the genre of the social novel arose, and works from the life of the revolutionary intelligentsia and the working class appeared.

The intensive development of culture during this period, the activation of social thought, and the intensification of political struggle contributed to the emergence of a number of important periodicals. In the 70-80s, such magazines and collections were published as “Friend”, “Hromadskyi Druzh” (“Public Friend”), “Dzvsh” (“Bell”), “Hammer”, “Svt> (“Peace” in meaning universe). A number of Ukrainian almanacs appeared - “Luna” (“Echo”), “Rada” (“Council”), “Niva”, “Steppe”, etc.

At this time, the revolutionary-democratic direction in Ukrainian literature acquired significant development, represented by such outstanding writers - revolutionary democrats as Panas Mirny (A. Ya. Rudchenko), I. Franko, P. Grabovsky - followers and continuers of the ideological and aesthetic principles of T. Shevchenko. Panas Mirny (1849-1920) began his literary activity in the early 70s of the 19th century. (“The Dashing Beguiled”, “The Drunkard”) and immediately took a prominent place in the Ukrainian literature of critical realism. His social novels “Xi6a roar will, yak manger povsh?” (“Do oxen roar when the manger is full?”), “Pov1ya” (“Walking”) represent a further stage in the development of revolutionary democratic literature. A new phenomenon in the literature of the revolutionary-democratic direction was the work of I. Ya. Franko (1856-1916) - a great poet, prose writer, playwright, famous scientist and thinker, ardent publicist and public figure. After “Kobzar” by T. Shevchenko, the collection of poems by I. Franko “3 peaks and lowlands” (“Peaks and Lowlands”, 1887) was the most outstanding event in Ukrainian literature of the 80s. In the poems and poems of I. Franko, the high ideology of revolutionary art, the principles of new, civil poetry born in the revolutionary political struggle, and the poetry of broad social and philosophical generalizations are affirmed. For the first time in Ukrainian literature, I. Franko showed the life and struggle of the working class (“Borislav laughs,” 1880-1881). The influence of I. Franko was enormous, especially in Galicia, which was then part of Austria-Hungary; it affected the creativity and social activities of writers M. I. Pavlik, S. M. Kovaliv, N. I. Kobrinskaya, T. G. Bordulyak, I. S. Makovey, V. S. Stefanik, whose stories I highly valued M. Gorky, JI. S. Martovich, Mark Cheremshina and others.

The revolutionary poet P. A. Grabovsky (1864-1902), known for his original poetic and critical works published in the 90s of the 19th century, reflected the thoughts, feelings and moods of revolutionary democracy in the 80s-90s.

Ukrainian drama, represented by the names of outstanding playwrights and theatrical figures M. Starytsky, M. Kropivnitsky, I. Karpenko-Kary, reached a high level of development in the 80-90s. The works of these playwrights, which are successfully staged on the stage and in Soviet theaters, reflect the life and everyday life of the Ukrainian village, class stratification and the struggle of the advanced intelligentsia for progressive art, the people’s struggle for freedom and national independence. The most prominent place in the history of Ukrainian drama belongs to I. Karpenko-Karom (I. K. Tobilevich, 1845-1907), who created classical examples social drama, new type social comedy and tragedy. An ardent patriot and humanist, the playwright denounced the contemporary system, revealing the social contradictions of bourgeois society. His plays are widely known: “Martin Borulya”, “One Hundred Thousand”, “Savva Chaly”, “The Master”, “Vanity”, “The Sea of ​​Life”.

In the development of literature late XIX- beginning of the 20th century the work of M. Kotsyubynsky, Lesya Ukrainka, S. Vasilchenko was the highest stage of Ukrainian critical realism, organically connected with the emergence of socialist realism.

M. M. Kotsyubinsky (1864-1913) in the story “Fata morgana” (1903-1910) showed the leading role of the working class in the bourgeois-democratic revolution in the countryside, revealed the rottenness of the bourgeois system, and exposed traitors to the interests of the people. Lesya Ukrainka (1871 - 1913) glorified the revolutionary struggle of the working class and exposed the reactionary nature of populist and Christian ideals. In a number of artistic and journalistic works, the poetess revealed the reactionary meaning of bourgeois philosophy and affirmed the ideas of revolution and the international unity of workers from different countries. The Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, responding to the death of the writer, called her a friend of the workers. The most significant works of Lesya Ukrainka are collections of political lyrics (“On the Krills of Shsen”, 1893; “Thoughts and Dreams” - “Thoughts and Dreams”, 1899), dramatic poems “Davnya Kazka” (“Old Tale”), “In the Pushcha” , “Autumn Tale”, “In the Catacombs”, plays “Forest Song”, “Kamshny Gospodar” (“Stone Lord”) - are among the best works of Ukrainian classical literature.

Under the conditions of the cruel national oppression of the Russian autocracy, along with the creation of works of art, Ukrainian writers carried out great cultural and educational work. The scientist and realist writer B. Grinchenko was especially active in the national cultural movement.

The literary process in Ukraine was not ideologically homogeneous; there was a struggle between different social and political forces. Along with literary artists of the democratic trend, writers of liberal-bourgeois, nationalist convictions (P. Kulish, A. Konissky, V. Vinnichenko, etc.) spoke.

At all historical stages, Ukrainian literature of the pre-October period developed in close connection with the liberation movement of the people, in organic unity with advanced Russian literature. Writers who expressed the interests of advanced, revolutionary art fought for realism, nationalism and high ideological content of Ukrainian literature. Therefore, Ukrainian classical literature was a reliable basis for the creation of new Soviet literature, born of the October Socialist Revolution.

Ukrainian Soviet literature

Ukrainian Soviet literature is an integral and integral part of the multinational literature of the peoples of the USSR. Even in the early stages of its development, it acted as an ardent fighter for the ideas of socialism, freedom, peace and democracy, for the revolutionary transformation of life on the basis of scientific communism. The creators of the new Soviet literature were people from the working class and the poor peasantry (V. Chumak, V. Ellan, V. Sosyurai, etc.), the best representatives of the democratic intelligentsia, who began their activities even before the October Revolution (S. Vasilchenko, M. Rylsky, I. Kocherga, P. Tychina, Y. Mamontov

In the first post-revolutionary years, books by poets were very popular: V. Chumak’s “Zapev”, V. Ellan’s “Blows of the Hammer and the Heart”, P. Tychina’s “The Plow”, poems and poems by V. Sosyura, etc. The process of establishing Soviet literature took place in a tense the fight against the enemies of the revolution and the agents of the bourgeois-nationalist counter-revolution.

During the period of restoration of the national economy (20s), Ukrainian literature developed especially intensively. At this time, writers A. Golovko, I. Kulik, P. Panch, M. Rylsky, M. Kulish, M. Irchan, Yu. Yanovsky, Ivan Jle, A. Kopylenko, Ostap Vishnya, I. Mikitenko and many others actively spoke Young literature reflected the liberation struggle of the people and their creative work in creating a new life. During these years, a number of writers' unions and groups arose in Ukraine: in 1922 - the union of peasant writers "Plow", in 1923 - the organization "Hart", around which proletarian writers were grouped, in 1925 - the union of revolutionary writers "Western Ukraine"; in 1926, the association of Komsomol writers “Molodnyak” arose; There were also futurist organizations (“Association of Pan-Futurists”, “New Generation”). The existence of many different organizations and groups hampered the ideological and artistic development of literature and prevented the mobilization of the forces of writers throughout the country to carry out the tasks of socialist construction. At the beginning of the 1930s, all literary and artistic organizations were liquidated, and a single Union of Soviet Writers was created.

From that time on, the theme of socialist construction became the leading theme of literature. In 1934, P. Tychina published a collection of poems, “The Party Leads”; M. Rylsky, M. Bazhan, V. Sosyura, M. Tereshchenko, P. Usenko and many others are publishing new books. Ukrainian prose writers are achieving great success; The novels and stories of G. Epik “First Spring”, I. Kirilenko “Outposts”, G. Kotsyuba “New Shores”, Ivan Le “Roman of Mezhygorye”, A. Golovko “Mother”, Yu. Yanovsky “Riders” and others are becoming famous. The theme of the revolutionary past and modern socialist reality becomes the main one in drama. The plays “Personnel”, “Girls of Our Country” by I. Mikitenko, “Death of the Squadron” and “Platon Krechet” by A. Korneichuk and others are performed with great success in Ukrainian theaters.

During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), a third of the entire writing organization in Ukraine joined the ranks of the Soviet Army and partisan detachments. Journalism is becoming a particularly important genre. Writers appear in the army press with articles, publish brochures and collections of articles in which they expose the enemy and help cultivate the high morale of the Soviet people who have risen to fight the fascist invaders. M. Rylsky (“Zhaga”), P. Tychyna (“Funeral of a Friend”), A. Dovzhenko (“Ukraine on Fire”), perform works of art that depict the heroism and courage of the people, glorify the patriotism and high ideals of Soviet soldiers. M. Bazhan (“Daniil Galitsky”), A. Korneychuk (“Front”), Y. Yanovsky (“Land of the Gods”), S. Sklyarenko (“Ukraine Calling”), A. Malyshko (“Sons”) and others. Ukrainian literature was a faithful assistant to the party and the people, a reliable weapon in the fight against the invaders.

After the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War, writers for a long time turned to the theme of heroism and patriotism, military valor and courage of our people. The most significant works on these themes in the 40s were “Flag Bearers” by A. Gonchar, “Certificate of Matriculation” by V. Kozachenko, “Chernomortsy” by V. Kucher, “General Vatutin” by L. Dmiterko, “Prometheus” by A. Malyshko, works J. Galan, A. Shiyan, J. Basch, L. Smelyansky, A. Levada, J. Zbanatsky, J. Dold-Mikhailik and many others.

The themes of socialist labor, friendship of peoples, the struggle for peace, and international unity became leading in Ukrainian literature in all post-war years. The treasury of artistic creativity of the Ukrainian people has been enriched with such outstanding works as M. Stelmakh’s novels “Big Relatives”, “Human Blood is Not Water”, “Bread and Salt”, “True and False”; A. Gonchar “Tavria”, “Perekop”, “Man and Weapon”, “Tronka”; N. Rybak “Pereyaslavskaya Rada”; P. Punch “Ukraine was bubbling”; Y. Yanovsky “Peace”; G. Tyutyunnik “Whirlpool” (“Vir”) and others; collections of poems by M. Rylsky: “Bridges”, “Brotherhood”, “Roses and Grapes”, “Goloseevskaya Autumn”; M. Bazhan “English impressions”; V. Sosyury “The Happiness of the Working Family”; A. Malyshko “Beyond the Blue Sea”, “Book of Brothers”, “Prophetic Voice”; plays by A. Korneychuk “Above the Dnieper”; A. Levada et al.

Important events in literary life there were the second (1948) and third (1954) congresses of writers of Ukraine. The decisions of the XX and XXII Congresses of the CPSU played a huge role in the development of Ukrainian literature, which opened new horizons for the ideological and artistic growth of Ukrainian literature and its strengthening in the positions of socialist realism. The path of development of Ukrainian Soviet literature testifies that only on the basis of socialist realism could the artistic creativity of the Ukrainian people rapidly develop. Ukrainian Soviet literature at all stages of its development was faithful to the ideas of the Communist Party, the principles of friendship of peoples, the ideals of peace, democracy, socialism and freedom. It has always been a powerful ideological weapon of Soviet society in the struggle for the victory of communism in our country.

Sovetskaya U. l. developed in an atmosphere of intense class struggle. As a result civil war in Ukraine, the defeat of the bourgeoisie and international intervention, the decisive and final victory of the socialist revolution, a significant part of the bourgeois intelligentsia, including its leading representatives, emigrated abroad. In bourgeois-imperialist countries, these enemies of the people continued their dirty work of slander, insinuation, sabotage and espionage directed against Soviet Ukraine, the Land of Soviets, its culture and literature. The other part of the bourgeois intelligentsia, which declared its “loyalty” to the Soviet government, actually only adapted to legal opportunities and continued its hostile line, resorting to double-dealing methods of struggle, seeking support in the class of the rural bourgeoisie and partly the industrial bourgeoisie, which had not been liquidated in the early years of the Soviet government. , and later - in the external capitalist environment. Suffering defeat after defeat on the literary front, she embarked on the path of underground counter-revolutionary activity. One of its groups (“SVU”) was liquidated in 1929. Nationalists, Trotskyists, “left” and right-wing traitors for many years, right up to the defeat of the dictatorship of the proletariat by their organs, tried in every possible way to retard the growth of Soviet literature, tried to decompose it from within , subject to one's influence. However, despite the subversive activities of its enemies, Soviet Ukrainian literature grew steadily, strengthened and achieved significant success, becoming one of the first ranks of literature in the great Soviet Union.

Sovetskaya U. l. developed under the beneficial influence of the liberating ideas of the great Russian literature, especially the socialist ideas of Russian proletarian literature, its greatest representative, founder, and brilliant writer A. M. Gorky. This influence was combined with a critical development of the Ukrainian revolutionary-democratic literary heritage. Sovetskaya U. l. has grown and is growing stronger in close cooperation with the literature of the fraternal peoples of our great Union, making extensive use of the riches of Soviet folklore in the process of its development. The work of Ukrainian writers - T. Shevchenko, M. Kotsyubinsky, Lesya Ukrainka, I. Franko, and on the other hand, Russian writers - A. Pushkin, N. Nekrasov, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, - the live communication of writers with A. M. Gorky and the participation of Ukrainian Soviet writers in the practice of building socialism - all this taken together had a great impact influence on the process of formation of young Ukrainian Soviet literature, on the development of its language, genres and style.

Poetic activity of the largest Ukrainian poet Pavlo Tychina walked along the line of overcoming symbolist poetics. Already in 1917-1919, Pavlo Tychina spoke with revolutionary realistic poems (“There are poplars near the fields in the wild”, “The thought of the three winds”, “On the Maidan there is a church”, “How a man fell from a horse”), which took a prominent place in Ukrainian Soviet poetry. A little later, Vladimir appeared in print Sosyura with poems (“Chervona Winter”) and verses (“Vidplata”, “Before Us”, “It’s Not Without Reason”, etc.) written in the style of revolutionary romanticism (collections “Poetry”, 1921, and “Chervona Winter”, 1922) .

The period of transition to peaceful work to restore the national economy expanded and deepened the process of growth of Soviet literature as a whole; at this time a number of new poets appeared (M. Bazhan, P. Usenko, L. Pervomaisky), prose writers (Yu. Yanovsky, YU. Smolich, A. Golovko, A. Kopylenko, P. Punch, A. Lyubchenko, I. Senchenko), S. Vasilchenko continued his work, and A. Korneychuk began his literary activity, who later rose to the forefront of the Union’s playwrights.

The literature of this period paid a lot of attention to the depiction of the civil war, showing the struggle of the working people of Ukraine against the enemies of the revolution (A. Golovko, collection of stories “I Can”, A. Kopylenko, collection “Buiny Khmil”, P. Punch - story “Without a Trump” ", "Pigeons of Echelon", A. Lyubchenko, stories "Zyama", etc.); L. Pervomaisky published the poem “Tripil's Tragedy”, dedicated to the heroic campaign of Komsomol members against kulak gangs; P. Usenko sang in verse about the Komsomol - Sat. "KSM". The class struggle in the village, the struggle of the poor peasantry against the kulaks was reflected in the best story of this time - “Weeds” by Andrei Golovko. In this story, A. Golovko, basing the plot on the well-known fact of the murder of worker reporter Malinovsky with his fists, managed to translate into vivid images characteristics Ukrainian villages in the first years of the revolution, to give an exciting work, filled with hatred of class enemies, which has firmly become part of the asset of Soviet literature.

A significant contribution to Ukrainian Soviet prose are the post-revolutionary short stories of Stepan Vasilchenko, Kotsyubinsky’s best student. In stories dedicated to depicting the life of schoolchildren, S. Vasilchenko (for more details, see the section “Ukrainian literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries”) talks about how children’s abilities flourish in the conditions of a free Soviet school. On specific example the work of the aviation circle (“Aviation Group”) Vasilchenko paints a typical picture of the development of children’s ingenuity, amateur performances of pioneers, and their love for aviation. In the most significant work, both in size and in artistic merit, “The Olive Ring” (Tin Ring), Vasilchenko, with deep lyrical warmth and gentle humor, talks about the acquaintance of urban pioneer students with the village, about the selfless help of their peasants in harvesting. The plot is complicated and complemented by a subtle display of the emerging feelings of falling in love among teenagers. In poetry, an outstanding event was Tychyna’s collection “Wind from Ukraine,” which testified to the further ideological and artistic growth of the poet. In this collection, the themes of the struggle of workers at various stages of history for free, joyful work are combined with new searches in the field of poetic form.

Mikola Bazhan, an outstanding master of verse, also began his poetic career with a romantic celebration of the heroics of the revolution (the collection “17th Patrol”, 1926); his early poems were distinguished by the emphasized tension of the situation and psychological states, and the influence of the poetics of early Mayakovsky was clearly felt in the stylistic means.

During the period of transition to peaceful work and the struggle for socialist industrialization, the class struggle in literature became especially intensified in the phenomenon of the so-called. “Khvylevism” (on behalf of Khvylevy - a representative of counter-revolutionary bourgeois nationalism). Khvylevy sought to orient Soviet literature towards bourgeois Europe. In this he was actively helped by the neoclassicists, one of the movements of bourgeois-nationalist literature, the work of which Khvylevy declared the only true and desirable. Khvylevism reflected the influence on W. l. rural and urban bourgeoisie, which became active in the 20s. As an agent of the capitalist encirclement, going hand in hand with a similar manifestation of nationalism on the political front - “Shumskyism” - Khvylevism sought to separate Ukraine from Soviet Russia in order to restore capitalism in Ukraine. These attitudes of Khvylovy were clearly revealed during the literary discussion (1925-1928). The party led by Comrade Stalin, promptly revealed the counter-revolutionary essence of Khvylevism, neoclassicism and other hostile movements and put an end to the “discussion” with a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Bolsheviks) published on May 15, 1927. Having extended its temporary influence to a number of writers who began to go over to the side of the Soviet regime or were already standing in Soviet positions, Khvylovy’s group, after the dissolution of its literary organization (“Vaplite”, 1927), continued its corrupting activities in disguised forms (allegorism, Aesopian language), in its supposedly “non-group” magazines “Literary Fair”, “Literary Front”. The party also exposed this maneuver of the nationalists. Then a certain part of the bourgeois-nationalist intelligentsia, which had made its way into literature and related ideological fields - theater, philosophy, etc. - went underground for counter-revolutionary subversive activities, but was exposed and liquidated by the organs of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

In addition to the neoclassics, who covered up their hostility to the revolution with “apoliticality” and “neutralism,” the futurists waged a stubborn struggle against proletarian literature. Ukrainian futurists, who took as a basis the Trotskyist thesis of the negation of proletarian literature, were conductors of counter-revolutionary Trotskyism. Under the guise of “destruction of form,” they engaged in subversive “work.” Some of them, who went underground, subsequently descended into methods of terror in the fight against the Ukrainian people. Having taken the path of counter-revolutionary underground activity, representatives of the futurists, neoclassics, Khvylevists and other literary organizations were completely defeated and uprooted during the years of the second Five-Year Plan.

In terms of style, the literature of the period of transition to peaceful work presented a motley picture. YU. Yanovsky , who already at that time had established himself as an outstanding stylist, but ideologically succumbing to nationalist influences, followed the path of abstract romanticism. Kopylenko and Sosyura, captivated by the heroics of the civil war, mainly developed in line with revolutionary romanticism, although in Sosyura’s poems, for example. sometimes decadent moods prevailed, which testified to the poet’s lack of understanding of the political essence of NEP. Golovko, partly Punch, Lyubchenko, Kopylenko reflected impressionistic influences in their work, although they mainly moved towards realism. Smolich cultivated the science fiction and adventure genres. Rylsky’s poems were influenced by neoclassical “apolitism”; ignoring the surrounding reality and struggle, he plunged into the world of dreams and an imaginary Greco-Roman idyll. Tychina, on the contrary, successfully overcame cosmic symbolism, moving on to realism, enriching his skills with the experience of in-depth study of reality and the use of folk art. Starting from the period of the struggle for socialist industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, Tychyna became more and more inclined towards political poetry and became a prominent singer of Soviet patriotism (collection “Chernigov”, 1931, “Party of Vede”, 1934). Rylsky began to move away from apoliticality, approaching modern times, becoming more and more interested in social themes (collection “Gomins in Vedgomin”, “Deaths Converging”, 1929). Bazhan, in his philosophical poems (“Budivli”, “Number”), rich in synthetic images, showed himself to be an outstanding poet-thinker. In his works, the poet made a bold attempt to understand the historical path of human development, to present past formations in generalized images, to critically comprehend the social past, trying to more deeply and organically perceive the era of socialism, which the poet pathetically affirms. This work was not free from idealistic breakdowns. There were also moments when the poet did not see a way out of the contradictions and was tormented by the consciousness of Hamlet’s duality (“Hoffman’s Nich”). But in such major works as “Rozmova Serdets” (Conversation of Hearts) and “The Death of Hamlet”, Bazhan subjected to devastating criticism the instability of petty-bourgeois psychology, Hamletism, mercilessly castigating the “romance of double souls.” Bazhan’s stage of ideological awareness of the era ends with a picture of a merciless struggle against the remnants of capitalism in human psychology (“Trilogy of Addiction”, 1933). The poet deeply understood that “the only great and true humanity is the Leninist humanity of the last battles.”

The prose of this period sought to depict socialist construction, highlighting to some extent the processes of industrialization (V. Kuzmich, “Kryla”, L. Smilyansky, “Machinisti”, “Mechzavod”), putting forward the problems of the relationship between the intelligentsia and the working class (Kopylenko, “Vizvolennya”) , questions of the social significance of labor and science in capitalist countries and here (Smolich, “The Dominion of Dr. Galvanescu,” “What Happened Then”), class struggle in colonial countries (Smolich, “Another Beautiful Catastrophe”). Some of the works of this period did not escape nationalist influences (“Chotiri shablі” by Yanovsky, “Heart” by Sosyura, “False Melpomene”, “Po that bik heart” by Smolich), naturalistic tendencies (“Solid material” by Kopylenko), decadent sentiments, Yeseninism (“When the acacias bloom” by Sosyura). The decadence was reflected in the confusion of some writers in the face of the difficulties of the revolutionary struggle.

The bulk of writers decisively and irrevocably switched to Soviet positions. The VUSPP, which did not notice the restructuring of these writers, continued to bully and defame them. Becoming a brake on the way further development Soviet literature and the association of its forces, VUSPP, like similar organizations in other republics and their association “VOAPP”, was liquidated by a resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of April 23, 1932.

Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations”, instructions from Comrade. Stalin on the struggle for socialist realism, his definition of the role of writers as “engineers of human souls”, his high assessment of V. Mayakovsky, emphasizing the enormous importance of political poetry, the All-Union Congress of Writers, the organization of the Writers' Union and the tireless leadership of A. M. Gorky, the Stalin Constitution - created all the prerequisites for the flourishing and new rise of Soviet literature, which came during the Second Five-Year Plan. The period of struggle for socialist industrialization and collectivization of agriculture was marked by glorious victories and achievements on the front of collectivization and industrialization of the country, the fruit of which was the Stalinist Constitution. The USSR became a country of victorious socialism, an unshakable outpost of the world revolution. This was the reason that the enemies of the people - Trotskyists, nationalists and other agents of counter-revolution - with particular bitterness, through individual terror, sabotage, sabotage, and espionage, tried to slow down the powerful forward movement of socialism on all fronts of construction, including in literature. But the enemies were completely defeated. Some members of literary organizations, including the VUSPP, were exposed as enemies of the people, who in every possible way also harmed the cause of the development of Soviet literature. Despite the subversive activities of the enemies, Soviet literature continued to develop intensively. The Second Five-Year Plan was a very intensive period in the development of Soviet artistic literature; its ideological and artistic level increased significantly. Poets such as P. Tychyna, M. Bazhan, M. Rylsky, prose writers - A. Golovko, Y. Yanovsky, Y. Smolich, A. Kopylenko, playwrights - A. Korneychuk, I. Kocherga, became prominent figures in Soviet literature. ry. The tireless leadership of the party, personally Comrade Stalin, A. M. Gorky, and the literary process contributed to the development of Soviet U. L. in the spirit of socialist realism, although literature continued to lag behind the tasks that the cultural construction of the country put forward to it.

Topics of Soviet U. l. of this period is as varied as it is significant. The literature of these years reflected the processes of building socialism, the further growth of industrialization, collectivization, created images of a new man, reflected the period of the civil war, the recent past - from the revolution of 1905 to October. As for previous historical eras, the life of the Ukrainian people in the historical past, writers began to approach these topics closely only in this period. In 1933, M. Rylsky’s poem “Marina” was published, depicting hard life serf woman and the wild morals of the serf lords. It vividly reflects the era of serfdom in Ukraine. One of best plays I. Kochergi “The Song of the Candle” truthfully depicts the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the feudal lords in the 16th century.

Socialist construction in the broad sense of the word was reflected in a number of works of this period. Most of the poetic works showed the achievements and victories of the socialist era, developing the motives of defending the country and fighting international reaction; the poets called for vigilance, expressing hatred and contempt for traitors to the motherland - Trotskyists, nationalists and all kinds of counter-revolutionaries. They sang of the new, socialist man, a joyful, cultural, prosperous life, love for the motherland, the party and the leader, Comrade. Stalin. Under their pen, unforgettable pages of the history of the Civil War came to life, they were inspired by the exploits of the heroes of the Soviet Union, the Stakhanov movement, the desire of the international proletariat for world revolution, the heroic struggle of the Spanish and Chinese peoples for their independence.

A significant ideological and political upsurge is characteristic of the work of many poets of this time, and especially of outstanding masters of poetry. So Tychyna, in his wonderful collections of poems - “Chernigov” and “Party of Veda”, based on the organically deep use of folklore, gave a number of exciting songs about tractor drivers, about Kotovsky, poems about the heroism of youth and caustic satires on all sorts of lords and enemies of the motherland. He created brilliant examples of politically sensitive poetry. Maxim’s ideological turn is very significant Rylsky precisely from the end of the first five-year plan: the poet decisively moved away from neoclassicism and began to perceive the real Soviet reality more deeply. An indicator of this turning point was the collection “The Sign of Tereziv”, which was soon followed by the poem “Marina”, the collections “Kiev”, “Summer”, “Ukraine”. If Rylsky’s first two collections (“The Sign of Tereziv” and “Kiev”) still bore the imprint of contemplation in search of a new path, as well as individual relapses of neoclassical poetics, then the last two - “Summer” and “Ukraine” - already provided examples of the poetry of a mature master, depicting the achievements of socialist construction. His “Song about Stalin” enjoyed significant success. It gained popularity throughout the Soviet Union and became truly popular. At the same time, Rylsky is keenly interested in the historical past of Ukraine; The poet contrasts the tragic past of the enslaved Ukrainian people with the bright present - the victories and cheerfulness of the Stalin era. Ukrainian Soviet poetry created images of a positive hero, as the embodiment of the best most typical features socialist man. This is, for example, the image of S. M. Kirov in the poem “Immortality” by M. Bazhan, which reproduces three main stages in the life and work of Kirov: underground work in Siberia, participation in the civil war and the role of Kirov - the builder of socialism, the leader of the party. This poem is a major victory for M. Bazhan. In it, the poet showed himself to be one of the best political lyricists. For Soviet poetry as a whole, this poem is a significant achievement. Having gotten rid of his previously characteristic traits of idealistic thinking, ponderous style and archaic vocabulary, Bazhan in “Immortality” created a majestic image of a heroic, energetic, tireless in work, humane, devoted to the people Bolshevik, full of bright joy, faith in the victory of socialism, inexhaustible optimism and intransigence to the enemy. The poem is distinguished by its broad outlook, it deeply feels the vast expanse of our homeland, the scale and grandiose scope of the construction of socialism, this whole picture is imbued with the majestic pathos of socialist creativity and life conquering death, defeating the vile machinations of the enemy. The poem ends with a hymn to the free socialist creative labor of liberated humanity. A characteristic stylistic feature of the poem: power of expressiveness, aphoristic conciseness, synthesis of thought and emotional tension. The second poem by M. Bazhan - “Fathers and Blues” (Fathers and Sons, 1938) - is a poem about the brave selfless struggle of workers for Soviet power, it is a hymn to Soviet patriotism. In this poem, M. Bazhan embodied the thoughts of Comrade. Stalin that “the blood shed abundantly by our people was not in vain, that it gave its results.” The poem captures the pathos of majestic truth, heroism and hatred of the enemies of the revolution.

From positive images Particular attention of poets is attracted by the image of the leader of the peoples, Comrade. Stalin, to whom many poems are dedicated by Rylsky, Tychina, Bazhan, Sosyura, Usenko, Golovanivsky, Kryzhanivsky and others. The legendary heroes of the Red Army - Kotovsky, Shchors, Frunze, the iron people's commissar Voroshilov, their exploits and victories inspire many poets. Of these poems, it should be noted “Song about Kotovsky” and “Poem about Kotovsky” by Tychina, L. Dmiterko’s long poem about folk hero Shchorsa - “Oath of the Faithful”, in which the poet painted an expressive image of the glorious commander of the Red Army. Formal growth and deeper ideological aspiration are visible in such poets as V. Sosyura, L. Pervomaisky, S. Golovanivsky, P. Usenko. In the collection “New Poetry,” V. Sosyura sang the heroism of the defenders of Madrid and created heartfelt images of the leaders of the revolution. His poems are imbued with optimism; you can feel the boiling of young creative forces in them.

L. Pervomaisky with his collection “New Lyrics” (poems 1934-1937) showed that he successfully overcomes the dryness, some artificiality and ideological breakdowns characteristic of his previous works. The last poems and songs of this poet acquire transparency of form and greater simplicity of expression. Their distinctive quality is the cheerfulness and solemn elation with which the poet speaks of love for his homeland, for comrade. Stalin, to the heroic people and youth of the Soviet country.

S. Golovanivsky in new poems in the collection “Zustrich Maria” is freed from mannerisms, his poems become more natural and smooth; He works best with song motifs.

A number of young poets are working tirelessly to improve the culture of poetry and expand their ideological and thematic range. During this period, new talented youth came to poetry: Andrei Malyshko, Igor Muratov, K. Gerasimenko, Vyrgan, Yu. Karsky, A. Novitsky, G. Plotkin, A. Kopshtein. Andrey Malyshko is characterized by an active and cheerful interpretation of current socialist themes; he is primarily concerned with the life and exploits of the people of our era. A remarkable fact of the development of creativity of the broad masses of the people liberated by the October Revolution is the arrival of poets from the people into literature (Maria Mironets and others. See section “Oral folk art"). Ukrainian Soviet prose has made great strides forward, which in its most significant works reflected the processes of industrialization and collectivization, the construction of socialist cities, the psychology of new people, cultural revolution. The subject matter of prose is varied.

In the novel “48 Hours,” Yu. Smolich shows the achievements of socialist construction during the years of the first five-year plan.

A. Kopylenko in the novel “Narodzhuyetsya Misto” (A City is Born, 1932), using the material of the construction of a socialist city, showed differentiation in the ranks of the old intelligentsia, the growth of young, Soviet technical personnel, new forms of socialist labor, and the overcoming of kulak resistance. The novel by the same author “Duzhe Dobre” (Very Good, 1936) is dedicated to the Soviet high school, exposing enemies who tried to get into school, relationships between students, with parents and teachers, home education. This work is rich in concrete material, everyday drawings, gives a number of types of dedicated Soviet teachers, draws a gallery of various figures of excellent children and social activists. Thematically, it is related to Nathan Rybak’s novel “Kiev” (Kyiv, 1936), depicting a Soviet university, the struggle against nationalism, and stratification in the ranks of the intelligentsia. This topic is also developed by Yu. Smolich. In the novel “Our Secrets,” Yu. Smolich showed a pre-revolutionary gymnasium during the World War, creating a whole gallery of socially and individually diverse figures of students who, by the beginning of the social revolution, as revolutionary events developed and their political consciousness grew, diverged in different directions as representatives various social groups and parties. “Our Secrets” is a work that gives a truthful and extensive picture of the old school, reveals the methods of pre-revolutionary education; it ranks in U. l. one of the prominent places.

In the sense of outlining a historical era, the introductory part to this novel is the autobiographical “Childhood” (Childhood, 1937) by the same author, depicting the life of the provincial intelligentsia, its attitude towards workers and landowners in the period between the revolution of 1905 and the imperialist war.

From a wide range prose works, dedicated to the display of the civil war and revolution of 1905, we should highlight “Vershniki” (Riders) by Yu. Yanovsky. “Riders” is essentially not a novel, but a series of short stories, organically united into one whole by the unity of characters, material, and ideological aspiration. The original, rich language, unique syntax, creative use of folklore, skill in creating monumental heroic images make this work one of the best examples of Soviet Ukrainian prose.

The revolution of 1905 was vividly reflected in Golovko’s novel “Mati” (Mother, 1935). The writer has made an interesting and valuable attempt to develop the same topic and the same period of time, which are given in classic work M. Kotsyubinsky “Fata Morgana”. The novel “Mother” illuminates in more detail the leading role of the urban proletariat in the revolutionary movement of the poor peasantry. In addition, in the novel “Mother,” which is the first part of the planned trilogy, Golovko depicted the Ukrainian intelligentsia, its differentiation during the period of the first revolution, and exposed the treasonous role of its bourgeois-nationalist part. “Obloga Nochi” (Siege of the Night, 1935) and “Peace” by Petro Panch, “The Desna Battalioni Crossed the Desna” (The Battalions Crossed the Desna, 1937) by Ol. Desnyak, “Road to Kiev” (Road to Kyiv, 1937) S. Sklyarenko, the first part of the novel by N. Fisherman"Dnipro" (Dnepr, 1937). Punch showed the struggle of Donbass miners against the enemies of the homeland, the hetman, Petliurists, Denikinites, against their attempts to restore capitalism and exploitation, and illuminated the process of growing activity and revolutionary consciousness of the working masses. Desnyak, knowing the material well, gave a detailed picture of the struggle of the former deserters of the imperialist war, who became the head of the partisan movement against the kulaks and the bourgeois central council, foreign interventionists. The writer managed to give a bright heroic figure of Shchors. Although the latter is not the main character in the novel, the author managed to characterize his individual characteristics - courage, determination, speed of action, courage, strategic talent of this truly folk hero-commander. In Sklyarenko’s novel “The Road to Kyiv” the author’s image of Shchors was less successful. This novel is rich in historical events, depicting in detail not only the complex internal, but also international situation. N. Rybak’s novel “Dnepr” is also adjacent to the works devoted to the theme of the civil war, although the author touches on the topic of foreign occupation only at the end of the first book. Basically, this work broadly depicts the life, morals of timber raftsmen and pilots, their struggle with entrepreneurs. N. Rybak created a colorful figure of the active, cruel and treacherous, greedy money-grubber, merchant and entrepreneur Kashpur. A. Shiyan’s novel “The Thunderstorm” includes quite extensive material, covering the period of time from the imperialist to the civil war. "The Thunderstorm" depicts the struggle of the poor peasantry against the bourgeoisie. V. Sobko’s novel “Granite” is distinguished by the freshness of its concept and the author’s ability to construct an entertaining dynamic plot. The novel shows the courage and endurance of the Soviet people; ideologically it is directed against imperialism. A. Risberg's story "Creativity", where the author makes a successful attempt to penetrate into the psychology of Soviet people, is built on the idea of ​​​​the creative principle characteristic of the people of the Soviet land, be it an artist-painter, a pilot, a paratrooper, or a Stakhanovite in the canning industry.

The growth of Ukrainian Soviet drama was especially significant. She appeared on the all-Union stage. Of the five prizes at the All-Union Drama Competition in 1934, two were awarded to Ukrainian Soviet playwrights: A. Korneychuk (“The Death of the Squadron”) - the second, I. Kocherga (“The Watchmaker and the Chicken”) - the third.

The talented writer Alexander Korneychuk rose to the forefront of the Union's playwrights during the years of the second Stalinist Five-Year Plan. Korneychuk is primarily interested in the image of a new, socialist person, his distinctive features, whether he is a party member or a non-party member, a red commander or an ordinary Soviet worker in a civilian position. Korneychuk is especially successful in showing a positive hero, a man devoted to revolutionary duty, a Soviet social activist who fundamentally puts the public above the personal. These people are endowed high qualities mind, will and feelings, the artist expressively emphasizes the creative, active, organizing and heroic quality inherent in the best people of the Soviet era. That is why Korneychuk’s plays (the best of them are “The Death of the Squadron” and “Bogdan Khmelnitsky”) enjoy well-deserved success on the stage of theaters throughout the Union. In plays about the civil war ("The Death of the Squadron"), about the revolution ("Pravda"), about Soviet construction ("The Banker", "Platon the Krechet") Korneichuk strives to embody the characteristics of the new, socialist man, clearly revealing them in the development of intense action. Korneychuk's plays are an outstanding phenomenon in Ukrainian and all-Union drama. Korneychuk enjoys well-deserved popularity among the masses. In 1937 Korneychuk was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and in 1938 to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR.

Ivan Kocherga in his plays gravitates primarily towards philosophical issues; reflecting Soviet reality, he strives to comprehend it philosophically and generalize it. So in the play “The Watchmaker and the Chicken” he is interested in the problem of time, its meaning in social life, in the play “Pіdesh - you won’t come back” (You’ll go - you won’t come back) - the problem of space in the physical and psychological sense.

Kocherga's dramaturgy is distinguished by formal mastery, originality and ease of language. Not limiting himself to depicting Soviet reality, Bolshevik-hardened people overcoming the vast expanses of our vast homeland, Kocherga gives vivid pictures from the history of the civil war (“Maistri Chasu”) or the historical past of Ukraine: his “Song of the Candle” is an exciting picture of the struggle of the Ukrainian people against feudal lords in the 16th century.

In the field of drama, it should also be noted that V. Sukhodolsky’s historical play “Karmelyuk” is about the national hero Karmelyuk, who led the movement of the Ukrainian people against the landowners and autocracy. In “The Duma of the Briton” Yu. Yanovsky depicts in rich language the courageous struggle of the Red partisans against the Denikin, Petliura and Makhnovist gangs. The author created a number of original images of staunch fighters for the revolution. Enjoys great success with viewers musical comedy L. Yukhvida “Wedding in Malinovka” (Wedding in Malinovka, 1938). The author managed to overcome the usual operetta stencils and, based on the material of the civil war in Ukraine, write a play with lyrical and dramatic images of positive heroes and sharp comedic situations. At the All-Ukrainian competition of plays on collective farm themes in 1938, Yu. Mokreev’s drama “Tsvit’ Zhita” (Rye is Blooming) and E. Krotevich’s comedy “Sad Tsvite” (The Garden is Blooming) were recommended for production.

Ukrainian children's literature has also grown significantly. Not only “children’s” writers work in this area, but also “adult” writers. Thus, P. Tychyna, P. Punch, M. Rylsky, L. Pervomaisky, A. Golovko, O. Donchenko wrote for children. The poets gave not only their original works, but also translations from the classics (Pushkin and Goethe, adaptations from Franco) and modern writers of fraternal peoples - K. Chukovsky, S. Marshak and others. In stories and stories for children by A. Golovko (“Chervona Hustin"), P. Pancha ("Sin of the Tarashchansky Regiment", "Small Partisan") reflects the heroism of the civil war, the participation of children in it. Master of the children's genre in Soviet U.L. is N. Zabila. She successfully uses the animal epic and adventure genre, putting the story into a light poetic form. The poetic stories for children by M. Prigara and V. Vladko cultivate the science fiction genre by being simple and entertaining. Having begun his work under the strong influence of Jules Verne, Wales (“The Wonderful Generator”, “Argonauts of the World”), Vladko in his further works (“12 Povidan”) sets out on an independent path. A fairy tale for children is being developed by O. Ivanenko, using not only folk art, but also literary classics (Andersen). The most prolific children's writer O. Donchenko knows how to build a fascinating plot and interest the reader with a variety of material. The story “Batkivshchyna” (Fatherland) is interesting because of the contrast between raising children here and abroad. The result of the collective work of children's writers was the almanac “Lenin and Stalin in works for children” (Lenin and Stalin in works for children), published for the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution.

The development of many Ukrainian Soviet poets, prose writers, playwrights and writers for children was greatly influenced by positive influence Ukrainian oral folk art, enriching them with new ideas, images, and language culture (see section U.L. “Oral folk art”).

Ukrainians have done a lot of work Soviet writers in the field of translation into Ukrainian language works of the best representatives of Russian literature and other literary works of the fraternal peoples of our Union (Pushkin in the translation by Rylsky, Shota Rustaveli in the translation by Bazhan, Gorky, Nekrasov, etc.).

Soviet art, in its best examples, has reached the level of advanced art of the Soviet Union, is one of the powerful manifestations of the creativity of the great Ukrainian people liberated by the Great October Socialist Revolution. Her ideological and artistic achievements are the result of the correct Leninist-Stalinist national policy, the tireless leadership of the Lenin-Stalin party and the victories won in the fight against enemies of all stripes in building socialism. The inalienable victories and every day growing achievements of socialism, the indestructible power of the Soviet Union, the close unity of all the fraternal peoples of the great Soviet country, the blood connection with the people of writers armed with Marxism-Leninism, devoted to the party, inspired by faith in the world revolution - are the key to the further flourishing of the Soviet W.l. in an atmosphere imbued with the spirit of the great Stalinist Constitution.

Literary encyclopedia

This article is part of a series of articles about the Ukrainian people... Wikipedia

UKRAINIAN LITERATURE- UKRAINIAN LITERATURE, literature of the Ukrainian people; develops in Ukrainian. Beginning of U. l. dates back to the 9th-12th centuries, to the era of Kievan Rus; its primary source and common (for Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians) root is Old Russian... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on December 30, 1922, it became part of it as a union republic. Located on... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Ukrainian Radyansk Socialist Republic flag of the republic coat of arms of the republic Motto: Workers of all lands, unite! ... Wikipedia

Modern Ukrainian literature is created by writers of a new generation, such as: Yuri Andrukhovich, Alexander Irvanets, Yuri Izdrik, Oksana Zabuzhko, Nikolai Ryabchuk, Yuri Pokalchuk, Konstantin Moskalets, Natalka Belotserkovets, Vasily Shklyar, Evgenia Kononenko, Andrey Kurkov, Ivan Malkovich, Bohdan Zholdak, Sergey Zhadan, Pavel Ivanov-Ostoslavsky, Alexandra Barbolina and others.

Yuri Andrukhovich – one of the most famous Ukrainian cultural figures. His works are very popular not only in Ukraine, but also abroad. Andrukhovych’s books and journalistic works are translated and published in many European countries.

1993: Laureate of the Blagovist literary prize

1996: Ray Lapika Award

2001: Herder Prize

2005: Received special award as part of the awarding of the Peace Prize. Erich Maria Remarque

2006: Prize for European Understanding (Leipzig, Germany)

Western criticism identifies Andrukhovych as one of the most prominent representatives of postmodernism, comparing him in importance in the world literary hierarchy with Umberto Eco. His works have been translated into 8 European languages, including the novel “Perversion” published in Germany, Italy, and Poland. The book of essays was published in Austria.

Alexander Irvanets - poet, prose writer, translator. Born on January 24, 1961 in Lvov. Lived in Rivne. In 1988 he graduated from the Moscow Literary Institute. Author of 12 books, 5 of which are poetry collections. Collaborated with many periodicals. Now he has an author’s column in the magazine “Ukraine”. One of the founders of the popular Bu-Ba-Boo society, which also included Yuri Andrukhovich and Victor Neborak. A. Irvanets teaches at the Ostroh Academy. Lives in Irpen.

Yuri Izdryk

In 1989 he founded the magazine “Chetver”, which he has edited since 1992 together with Yuri Andrukhovich.

He became actively involved in artistic life in the late 1980s. He took part in many exhibitions and events, worked on the design of books and magazines, and recorded music. At the same time, the first publications appeared - a series of stories “ The Last War"and the poetic cycle "Ten Poems about the Motherland." Some of it was later published in the Warsaw magazine Belching. The acquaintance with the writer Yuri Andrukhovich, as well as the unification of young Ivano-Frankivsk authors around the magazine “Chetver” turned out to be important factor in the formation of Izdryk as a writer. The result was the emergence from the “countercultural underground” and the first “legitimate” publication of the story “The Island of Krk” in the magazine “Suchasnist”. The story was positively assessed by critics and eventually appeared in a Polish translation in Literatura na Swiecie.

He also performs as an artist (a number of collective and personal exhibitions) and a composer (two piano concertos, the musical composition “Medieval Menagerie” based on poems by Yuri Andrukhovich)

Prose: Krk Island, Wozzeck, Double Leon, AMTM, Flash.

Translations: Czeslaw Miłosz “Kindred Europe”, together with Lydia Stefanowska.

Oksana Zabuzhko – one of the few Ukrainian writers who live on royalties from the books they write. Although, a significant share of income still comes from books published abroad. Zabuzhko’s works were able to conquer European countries, and also found their adherents in the USA, and moreover, in a number of exotic countries.

In 1985, Zabuzhko’s first collection of poems, “Travneviy іnіy,” was published.

Oksana Zabuzhko is a member of the Association of Ukrainian Writers.

In August 2006, the Korrespondent magazine included Zabuzhko among the participants in the TOP-100 rating of the “Most influential people in Ukraine,” before that, in June, the writer’s book “Let my people go” topped the “Best Ukrainian Book” list, becoming the choice of Correspondent No. 1 readers.

Yuri Pokalchuk - writer, translator, candidate of philological sciences, member of the National Union of Writers since 1976. From 1994 to 1998 - Chairman of the foreign branch of the NSPU. In 1997-2000 - President of the Association of Ukrainian Writers.

In the USSR he was the first translator of the Argentine cultural writer Jorge Luis Borges. In addition to him, he translated Hemingway, Selinger, Borges, Cortazar, Amada, Mario Vargas Llosa, Kipling, Rimbaud and many others, and wrote more than 15 fiction books.

Author of the books “Who are you?”, “First and foremost”, “Colorful melodies”, “Cava from Matagalpi”, “The Great and the Small”, “The Pattern and the Arrow”, “Chimera”, “Those on the Underground” , “Doors to...”, “Lake Wind”, “Another Week of the Month”, “Another Sky”, “Odysseus, Father Icarus”, “It Seems to Stink”, “Beautiful Hour”.
Among Pokalchuk’s most famous books are “Taxi Blues”, “The Ring Road”, “Forbidden Games”, “The Intoxicating Smell of the Jungle”, “The Kama Sutra”.

Konstantin Moskalets - poet, prose writer, literary critic, musician.

One of the founders of Bakhmachskaya literary group DAK. He served in the army, worked at a radio factory in Chernigov, and was a member of the Lviv theater-studio “Don’t Jury!”, performing as an author-performer of his own songs. Laureate of the first all-Ukrainian festival “Chervona Ruta” (1989) in the “author’s song” category. Author of the words and music of the famous song “She” in Ukraine (“Tomorrow I’ll come to your room...”). Member of the National Union of Writers of Ukraine (1992) and the Association of Ukrainian Writers (1997). Since 1991, he has lived in the village of Mateevka in the Tea Rose Cell, which he built with his own hands, doing exclusively literary work.

Konstantin Moskalets is the author of the poetic books “Dumas” and “Songe du vieil pelerin” (“Song of the Old Pilgrim”), “Night Shepherds of Life” and “The Symbol of the Rose”, the book of prose “Early Autumn”, the philosophical and literary essay “Man on an Ice Floe” " and "The Game Lasts", as well as the book of diary entries "The Cell of the Tea Rose".

The prose of Konstantin Moskalets has been translated into English, German and Japanese; Numerous poems and essays have been translated into Serbian and Polish.

Prize winner named after. A. Beletsky (2000), named after. V. Stus (2004), named after. V. Svidzinsky (2004), named after. M. Kotsyubinsky (2005), named after. G. Skovoroda (2006).

Natalka Belotserkovets – her first book of poetry "Ballad of the Undefeated" was published in 1976 while she was still a student. Poetry collections underground fire(1984) and November(1989) became real signs of Ukrainian poetic life of the 1980s. Her careful, refined lyrics became a serious competitor to the powerful male verses of the 1980s generation. For everything younger generation In post-Chernobyl Ukraine, her poem “We Will Not Die in Paris” was a kind of prayer. Her name is often associated with this poem, although she wrote many other wonderful poems. Belotserkovets's latest book Allergy(1999) is considered the peak of her poetry.

Vasily Shklyar

One of the most famous, widely read and “mystical” modern writers, “the father of the Ukrainian bestseller.” Graduated from the philological faculties of Kyiv and Yerevan universities. While still a student, he wrote his first story “Snow” in Armenia, and in 1976 the book was already published, and he was accepted into the Writers’ Union. Armenia, of course, remained forever in his soul, it left a mark on his worldview, consciousness, feelings, because he lived in this country in his youth, at the time of his formation as a person. All his books, stories, and novels contain Armenian motifs. After graduating from university, he returned to Kyiv, worked in the press, was engaged in journalism, wrote prose and translated from Armenian. The first translations are the stories of the classic Axel Bakunts, poems by Amo Saghyan, Vahan Davtyan, and “Hunting Stories” by Vakhtang Ananyan. From 1988 to 1998, he was engaged in political journalism and visited “hot spots.” This experience (in particular, the details of the rescue of General Dudayev’s family after his death) was then reflected by him in the novel “Elemental”. As a result of a fishing accident, he ended up in intensive care, and after “returning from the other world,” he wrote his most famous novel, “The Key,” within a month. For it, Vasily Shklyar received several literary awards (Grand Prix of the action-packed novel competition “Golden Babai”, prizes from the capital’s magazines “Modernity” and “Oligarch”, prize from the international science fiction convention “Spiral of Centuries”, etc.). Of these, his favorite is “the author whose books were most stolen from stores.” “The Key” has already gone through eight reprints, translated into several languages, published twice in Armenian, and it also contains Armenian realities. Shklyar headed the Dnepr publishing house, within which he publishes his translations and adaptations of foreign and Russian classics(“Decameron” by Boccaccio, “Taras Bulba” by M. Gogol, “Poviya” by P. Mirny) - in an abbreviated form and modern language, without archaisms, dialectisms, etc.

About two dozen of his prose books were published, which were translated into Russian, Armenian, Bulgarian, Polish, Swedish and other languages.

Evgenia Kononenko

Writer, translator, author of more than 10 published books. Works as a researcher at the Ukrainian Center for Cultural Research. Winner of the award named after. N. Zerova for translating an anthology of French sonnets (1993). Winner of the Granoslov literary prize for a collection of poetry. Author of short stories, children's books, stories, novels and many translations. Some of Kononenko's short stories have been translated into English, German, French, Finnish, Croatian, Belarusian and Russian.

A book edition of Kononenko’s collection of short stories is being prepared in Russia.

By analogy with Balzac, who wrote “The Human Comedy” all his life, Evgenia Kononenko can be called the demiurge of the “Kyiv comedy”. But unlike the French classics, the genre forms here are much smaller, and the means are more compact.

Andrey Kurkov (23 April 1961, Leningrad region) - Ukrainian writer, teacher, filmmaker. I started writing in high school. Graduated from the school of Japanese translators. Worked as an editor at the Dnepr publishing house. Since 1988 member of the English Pen Club. Now he is the author of 13 novels and 5 books for children. Since the 1990s, all of Kurkov’s works in Russian in Ukraine have been published by the Folio publishing house (Kharkov). Since 2005, Kurkov’s works in Russia have been published by the Amphora publishing house (St. Petersburg). His novel “Picnic on Ice” sold 150 thousand copies in Ukraine - more than the book of any other contemporary writer in Ukraine. Kurkov's books have been translated into 21 languages.

Kurkov is the only writer in the post-Soviet space whose books are in the top ten European bestsellers. In March 2008, Andrei Kurkov’s novel “The Night Milkman” was included in the “long list” of the Russian literary award “National Bestseller”. He worked as a screenwriter at the A. Dovzhenko film studio. Member of the Union of Cinematographers of Ukraine (since 1993) and the National Union of Writers (since 1994). Since 1998 - member of the European Film Academy and permanent member of the jury of the European Film Academy "Felix" award.

More than 20 feature films and documentaries have been produced based on his scripts.

Books: Don't bring me to Kengaraks, 11 extraordinary things, Bickford's world, Death of a stranger, Picnic on Ice, Good angel of death, Dear friend, companion of the dead man, Geography of a single shot, The last love of the president, Favorite song of a cosmopolitan, The adventures of nonsense (children's book), School of Cat Aeronautics (children's book), The Night Milkman.

Scenarios: Exit, The Pit, Sunday Escape, A Night of Love, Champs Elysees, The Blob, Death of a Stranger, Dead Man's Buddy.

Ivan Malkovich - poet and book publisher, - author of the collections White Stone, Key, Virshi, Iz yangol on the shoulder. His poems became a symbol of the generation of the 80s (a review of the first collection of poems was written by Lina Kostenko). Malkovich is the director of the children's publishing house A-BA-BA-GA-LA-MA-GA. Publishes children's books. Known for his unshakable convictions not only regarding the quality of the book, but also the language - all books are published exclusively in Ukrainian.

One of the first in Ukraine to begin to conquer the foreign market - the rights to the books A-BA-BA were sold to leading publishing houses in ten countries, including such a giant of the book market as Alfred A. Knopf (New York, USA). And Russian translations of The Snow Queen and Tales of Foggy Albion, the rights to which were bought by the publishing house Azbuka (St. Petersburg), entered the top ten best-selling books in Russia.

A-BA-BA, one of the most nominated publishing houses in Ukraine. His books won the Grand Prix 22 times and took first place at the All-Ukrainian Publishers Forum in Lviv and in the Book of Fate ranking. In addition, they consistently lead in sales rankings in Ukraine.

Zholda ́ to Bogda ́ n Alekseevich (1948) - Ukrainian writer, screenwriter, playwright.

Graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Kyiv State University. T. G. Shevchenko (1972). He was the presenter of several television programs on UT-1 and the “1 + 1” channel and a weekly radio program on the first channel of the National Radio “Breaks - literary meetings with Bogdan Zholdak.” He works at the film studio "Ros" at the JSC "Company "Ros", and displays screenwriting skills at the film department of the Kyiv State Institute of Theater Arts named after I. Karpenko-Kary. Member of the National Union of Writers of Ukraine and the National Union of Cinematographers of Ukraine and the Kinopis association.

Books: “Spokusi”, “Yalovichina”, “Like a Dog Under a Tank”, “God Blows”, “Anticlimax”.

Sergey Zhadan - poet, prose writer, essayist, translator. Vice-President of the Association of Ukrainian Writers (since 2000). Translates poetry from German (including Paul Celan), English (including Charles Bukowski), Belarusian (including Andrei Khadanovich), Russian (including Kirill Medvedev, Danilo Davydov) languages. Own texts were translated into German, English, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Russian and Armenian.

In March 2008, Zhadan’s novel “Anarchy in the UKR” in Russian translation was included in the “long list” of the Russian literary award “National Bestseller”. The nominee was a writer from St. Petersburg, Dmitry Gorchev. Also, this book was included in the short list in 2008 and received a certificate of honor for the “Book of the Year” competition at the Moscow International Book Fair.

Poetry collections: Quotation Book, General Yuda, Pepsi, Vibrations of poetry, Baladi about the war and the Great Patriotic War, History of culture from the beginning of the century, Quote Book, Maradona, Ethiopia.

Prose: Big Mak (collection of stories), Depeche Mode, Anarchy in the UKR, Anthem of Democratic Youth.

Pavel Ivanov-Ostoslavsky - poet, publicist, local historian, public giver. In 2003, Pavel Igorevich published his first poetry collection, “Sanctuary of Fire.” This book was later reprinted several times. In 2004, Pavel Ivanov-Ostoslavsky organized and headed the Regional branch of the International Association of Russian-Speaking Writers in Kherson, as well as the regional branch of the Union of Writers of the South and East of Ukraine; became the editor of the poetic almanac "Milky Way". In the same year, the poet published a collection of poems, “You and Me.”

2005 - laureate of the First All-Ukrainian Literary Festival "Pushkin Ring" in the nomination "For the aristocracy of creativity."

2006 - laureate of the Nikolai Gumilyov International Literary Prize (awarded by the central organization of the International Association of Russian-Speaking Writers). This award was awarded to the poet for his debut collection “Sanctuary of Fire”.

In 2008, Pavel Ivanov-Ostoslavsky became chairman of the jury of the All-Ukrainian independent literary award "Art-Cimmerick".

The poet is a member of the Interregional Union of Writers of Ukraine, the Union of Russian Journalists and Writers of Ukraine, and the Congress of Russian-Speaking Writers of Ukraine. His poems and articles are published in newspapers and magazines: "Moscow Bulletin", "Bulava", "Reflection", "Kherson Bulletin", "Hryvnia", "Tavriysky Krai", " Russian Enlightenment" and etc.

Alexandra Barbolina

He is a member of the Interregional Union of Writers of Ukraine, the Union of Writers of the South and East of Ukraine, the Congress of Russian-Speaking Writers of Ukraine and the International Association of Russian-Speaking Writers, deputy chairman of the jury of the All-Ukrainian Independent Literary Award "Art-Cimmerick".

The poetess's work is characterized by lyricism and technicality. Her collection of poems, Love Like God's Grace, published in 2000, contains the theme of intimate relationships between a man and a woman. The author touches on the deep psychology of these relationships in his poems. The artistic world of Alexandra Barbolina is full of nobility. The intimacy of the poetess’s poems suggests that for her lyrical heroine, love is like precious nectar enclosed in a cup. This cup must be carried carefully, without spilling a single drop, otherwise there will not be enough nectar to quench the thirst for love.

Alexandra Barbolina’s later poems are a complex search for inner harmony, the author’s desire to comprehend his true purpose.

Alexandra Barbolina prefers poetic miniatures. Her creative credo is to write about complex things briefly and, if possible, simply.