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19th century" title="Merchants in Russia in 19 century">!}
Merchants are one of the classes Russian state 18-20
centuries and was the third estate after the nobility and clergy. IN 1785
The rights and class privileges of the merchants were determined by the “Charter of Grant to the Cities”. In accordance with this document, the merchants were exempted from the poll tax, as well as corporal punishment. And some merchant names and from recruitment. They also had the right to freely move from one volost to another in accordance with the “passport privilege”. Honorary citizenship was also adopted to encourage merchants.
To determine the class status of a merchant, his property qualification was taken. From the end 18
existed for centuries 3
guilds, each of them was determined by the amount of capital. Every year the merchant paid an annual guild fee amounting to 1% of the total capital. Thanks to this random person could not become a representative of a certain class.
At the beginning 18
V. trade privileges of the merchants began to take shape. In particular, “trading peasants” began to appear. Very often, several peasant families chipped in and paid the guild fee 3
guilds, which in particular exempted their sons from recruitment.
The most important thing in studying the lives of people is the study of their way of life, but historians have taken up this in earnest not so long ago. And in this area, the merchants provided an unlimited amount of material for recognizing Russian culture.
Responsibilities and features.
IN 19 century, the merchant class remained fairly closed, retaining its rules, as well as responsibilities, features and rights. Outsiders were not really allowed there. True, there were cases when people from other classes joined this environment, usually from wealthy peasants or those who did not want or were unable to follow the spiritual path.The private life of merchants in 19 century remained an island of ancient Old Testament life, where everything new was perceived, at least suspiciously, and traditions were fulfilled and considered unshakable, which must be carried out religiously from generation to generation. Of course, to develop their business, merchants did not shy away from social entertainment and visited theaters, exhibitions, and restaurants, where they made new acquaintances necessary for the development of their business. But upon returning from such an event, the merchant exchanged his fashionable tuxedo for a shirt and striped trousers and was surrounded by his large family sat down to drink tea near a huge polished copper samovar.
A distinctive feature of the merchants was piety. Church attendance was compulsory; missing services was considered a sin. It was also important to pray at home. Of course, religiosity was closely intertwined with charity - it was merchants who provided assistance to various monasteries, cathedrals and churches most of all.
Thrift in everyday life, sometimes reaching extreme stinginess, is one of the distinguishing features in the life of merchants. Expenses for trade were common, but spending extra on one’s own needs was considered completely unnecessary and even sinful. It was quite normal for younger family members to wear the older ones’ clothes. And we can observe such savings in everything - both in the maintenance of the house and in the modesty of the table.
House.
Zamoskvoretsky was considered a merchant district of Moscow. It was here that almost all the merchants' houses in the city were located. Buildings were built, as a rule, using stone, and each merchant's house was surrounded by a plot with a garden and smaller buildings, these included baths, stables and outbuildings. Initially, there had to be a bathhouse on the site, but later it was often abolished, and people washed in specially built public institutions. Barns served to store utensils and, in general, everything that was necessary for horses and housekeeping.Stables were always built to be strong, warm and always so that there were no drafts. Horses were protected because of their high cost, and so they took care of the horses’ health. At that time, they were kept in two types: hardy and strong for long trips and thoroughbred, graceful for city trips.
The merchant's house itself consisted of two parts - residential and front. The front part could consist of several living rooms, luxuriously decorated and furnished, although not always tastefully. In these rooms, merchants held social receptions for the benefit of their business.
In the rooms there were always several sofas and sofas upholstered in fabric of soft colors - brown, blue, burgundy. Portraits of the owners and their ancestors were hung on the walls of the state rooms, and in the elegant slides the eye was pleased beautiful dishes(often part of the dowry of the master's daughters) and all sorts of expensive trinkets. Rich merchants had a strange custom: all the window sills in the front rooms were lined with bottles different shapes and sizes with homemade honeys, liqueurs and the like. Due to the impossibility of frequently ventilating the rooms, and the windows gave poor results, the air was freshened with various home-grown methods.
The living rooms located at the back of the house were much more modestly furnished and their windows overlooked the backyard. To freshen the air, bunches of fragrant herbs, often brought from monasteries, were hung in them and sprinkled with holy water before hanging them.
The situation with the so-called amenities was even worse; there were toilets in the courtyard, they were poorly built, and were rarely repaired.
Food.
Food in general is an important indicator of national culture, and it was the merchants who were the guardians of culinary culture.In the merchant environment it was accepted 4 times a day: at nine in the morning - morning tea, lunch - about 2- x o'clock, evening tea at five o'clock, dinner at nine o'clock.
The merchants ate heartily; tea was served with many types of pastries with dozens of fillings, various types of jam and honey, and store-bought marmalade.
Lunch always contained the first thing (ear, borscht, cabbage soup, etc.), then several types of hot dishes, and after that several snacks and sweets. We were just preparing for Lent Lenten dishes, and on permitted days - fish.
The merchant class is a trading class. It has existed in Russia since ancient times. In the notes of the Byzantine emperor. Constantine Porphyrogenitus tells about the activities of Russian merchants back in the 1st half. X century According to him, from November, as soon as the road froze and the sled track was established, Russian merchants left the cities and headed inland. All winter they bought goods from churchyards, and also collected tribute from residents in payment for the protection that the city gave them. In the spring, already along the Dnieper with empty water, merchants returned to Kyiv and on ships prepared by that time set off for Constantinople. This path was difficult and dangerous. And only a large guard saved the caravan of Smolensk, Lyubech, Chernigov, Novgorod, Vyshegorod merchants from numerous robbers. Having sailed across the Dnieper, we went out to sea, keeping to the shore, because at any moment the fragile boats could die from a steep wave.
Russian merchants traded in Constantinople for six months. According to the agreement, they could not stay for the winter. They were placed not in the city itself, but at “Saint Mama” (the monastery of St. Mamant). During their stay in Constantinople, Russian merchants enjoyed various benefits granted to them by the Greek emperor. In particular, they sold their goods and bought Greek ones without paying duties; in addition, they were given free food and allowed to use the bathhouse. At the end of the trade, the Greek authorities provided our merchants with food products and ship gear. They returned home no earlier than October, and then November had already arrived again, and it was necessary to go deep into the country, to churchyards, selling off what was brought from Byzantium, and buying goods for foreign trade for the next year. Such entrepreneurial activity has been carried out in Russia for more than one century. The cycle of trading life played a huge role in the development and unification of Russian lands. More and more people became involved in this economic activity, becoming vitally interested in its results.
However, Russian merchants traded not only with Constantinople, from where they exported silk fabrics, gold, lace, wine, soap, sponges, and various delicacies. Large trade was carried out with the Varangians, from whom they bought bronze and iron products (especially swords and axes), tin and lead, as well as with the Arabs - from where beads, precious stones, carpets, morocco, sabers, and spices came to the country.
The fact that there was a very large trade is evidenced by the nature of the treasures of that time, which are still found in abundance near ancient cities, on the banks of large rivers, on portages, near former churchyards. Arab, Byzantine, Roman and Western European coins are not uncommon in these treasures, including even those minted in the 8th century.
Many trading and fishing settlements arose around Russian cities. Merchants, beaver growers, beekeepers, trappers, tar hunters, lykoders and other “industrialists” of that time came here to trade, or, as they called them, “guests” then. These places were called graveyards (from the word “guest”). Later, after the adoption of Christianity, churches were built and cemeteries were located in these places, as the most visited ones. Deals were made here, contracts were concluded, and this is where the tradition of fair trade came from. In the basements of churches, the equipment necessary for trade (scales, measures) was stored, goods were stored, and trade agreements were also stored. For this, the clergy collected a special duty from traders.
The first Russian code of laws, Russian Truth, was permeated with the spirit of the merchants. When you read his articles, you are convinced that it could have arisen in a society where the most important activity was trade, and the interests of the inhabitants were closely connected with the result of trade operations.
“The truth,” writes the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky, “strictly distinguishes the giving of property for storage - a “deposit” from a “loan”, a simple loan, a favor out of friendship from the giving of money in growth from a certain agreed percentage, a short-term interest-bearing loan - from long-term and, finally, a loan - from a trading commission and a contribution to a trading company enterprise from an uncertain profit or dividend. “Pravda” further gives a certain procedure for collecting debts from an insolvent debtor during the liquidation of his affairs, and is able to distinguish between malicious and unfortunate insolvency. What trade credit and credit operations are is well known to Russkaya Pravda. Guests, out-of-town or foreign merchants, “launched goods” for native merchants, that is, they sold them on credit. The merchant gave the guest, a fellow countryman who traded with other cities or lands, “kunas to buy” for a commission to purchase goods for him on the side; the capitalist entrusted the merchant with “kunas as a guest” for turnover from the profit.”
City entrepreneurs, Klyuchevsky rightly notes, were either collaborators or rivals of the princely power, which reflected their great role in society. Russian legislation valued the life of a merchant; a fine on his head was twice as large as on the head of an ordinary person (12 hryvnia and 5-6 hryvnia).
Successful growth of merchant activity in Ancient Rus' was confirmed by the development of credit relations. Novgorod merchant Klimyata (Clement), who lived in the XII century. XIII century, combined its wide trading activities with the provision of loans (returning money for growth). Klimyata was a member of the “merchant hundred” (the union of Novgorod entrepreneurs), he was mainly engaged in livestock fishing and cattle breeding. By the end of his life, he owned four villages with vegetable gardens. Before his death, he compiled a spiritual document in which he listed over a dozen different kinds of people associated with him through entrepreneurial activities. From the list of Klimyata’s debtors it is clear that he also issued “Porala silver”, for which interest was charged in the form of an invoice. Klimyata’s activities were such that he not only provided loans, but also took them. Thus, he bequeathed two villages in payment of the debt to his creditors Danila and Voin. Klimyata bequeathed his entire fortune to the Novgorod Yuryev Monastery - a typical case for that time.
One of the most characteristic merchant cities was Novgorod the Great. Most of the population lived here by trade, and the merchant was considered the main figure about whom fairy tales and legends were formed. Typical example - Novgorod epic about the merchant Sadko.
Novgorod merchants conducted their trade and fishing activities in artels, or companies, which were well-armed units. There were dozens of merchant artels in Novgorod, depending on the goods they traded in or the area where they went to trade. There were, for example, Pomeranian merchants who traded on the Baltic or White Seas, Nizovsky merchants who had business in the Suzdal region, etc.
The most established Novgorod merchants united in a commercial and industrial “association”, then called “Ivanovo Sto”, which had its center near the Church of St. John the Baptist in Opoki. There was a public living room here, where merchants stored their goods, and there was also a “gridnitsa” (large chamber), a kind of hall for business meetings. At the general meeting of the “Ivanovo hundred”, the merchants elected a headman who managed the affairs of this “association”, supervised the public treasury and the execution of business documents.
A trade was taking place near the church; there were special scales, where there were elected jurors who monitored the correctness of the weight and trade. For weighing, as well as for the sale of goods, a special duty was charged. In addition to large scales, there were also small scales near the church, which were used for weighing precious metals, the bars of which replaced coins.
Controversies that arose between merchants and buyers were resolved in a special commercial court, chaired by Tysyatsky.
The merchants who were part of the Ivanovo Stoda had great privileges. In case of financial difficulties, they were provided with a loan or even gratuitous assistance. In case of dangerous trade operations, it was possible to receive an armed detachment for protection from Ivanovo Sto.
However, only a very wealthy merchant could join the Ivanovo Stoda. To do this, it was necessary to make a large contribution to the “association” treasury - 50 hryvnia - and, in addition, to donate free of charge to the church of St. John in Opoki for almost 30 more hryvnia (for this money one could buy a herd of 80 oxen). But, having joined the Ivanovo Stoda, the merchant and his children (participation was hereditary) immediately occupied an honorable position in the city and received all the associated privileges.
Novgorod merchants conducted great mutually beneficial trade with the Hanseatic League. Novgorod merchants bought all over Russia and sold to the Hanseatic people linen fabrics, tanned leather, high-quality resin and wax, hops, timber, honey, furs, and bread. From the Hanseatic merchants, Novgorod merchants received wine, metals, salt, morocco, gloves, dyed yarn and various luxury items.
A highly developed system of merchant entrepreneurship, coupled with people's self-government, were the main conditions for the economic prosperity of Ancient Novgorod, which was repeatedly noted by foreign merchants and travelers.
In addition to “Ivanovo Sto”, there were other professional associations of merchants in Russian cities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. trading entrepreneurs who had shops in the city market (“rows”) united into self-governing organizations, whose members were called “ryadovichi.”
Ryadovichi jointly owned the territory allocated for shops, had their own elected elders, and had special rights to sell their goods. Most often, their center was the patronal church (goods were stored in its basements); often they were even given judicial functions. The property status of merchants was unequal. The richest were the “guests from Surozh” - merchants who traded with Surozh and other cities of the Black Sea region. Wealthy were also the cloth merchants - “cloth makers”, who traded in cloth imported from the West. In Moscow, the patronal church of the “guests-surozhans” was the Church of St. John Chrysostom. Belonging to the corporation of Moscow guests was subject to approximately the same rules as in the Novgorod Ivanovo Sto. The position in this corporation was also hereditary. The guests led merchant caravans heading to Crimea.
Already in the 15th century. Russian merchants trade with Persia and India. The Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin visited India in 1469 and, in fact, opened it to Russia.
In the era of Ivan the Terrible, the energetic activity of the merchants Ya. I. and G. I. Stroganov became a symbol of the Russian merchants, through whose efforts the Russians began active exploration of the Urals and Siberia. Kielburger, who visited Moscow during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich as part of the Swedish embassy, noted that all Muscovites “from the most noble to the simplest love the merchants, which is due to the fact that in Moscow there are more trading shops than in Amsterdam or at least another whole principality."
Some cities in appearance resembled colorful trade fairs. The widespread development of trade was noted in earlier times. Foreigners who visited Moscow in the 15th century draw special attention to the abundance of edible marketable products, which testified to the widespread development of commodity relations among the peasantry, and not at all to the dominance of subsistence farming.
According to the description of the Venetian Josaphat Barbaro, “in winter they bring to Moscow so many bulls, pigs and other animals, completely skinned and frozen, that up to two hundred of them can be bought at a time... The abundance of bread and meat is so great here that beef is sold not by weight, but by eye.” Another Venetian, Ambrose Contarini, also testifies that Moscow “abounds in all kinds of grain” and “life supplies are cheap there.” Contarini says that every year at the end of October, when the river. Moscow is covered strong ice, the merchants set up their shops with various goods on this ice and, having thus set up a whole market, almost completely stop their trade in the city. To the market located on the Moscow River, merchants and peasants “daily, throughout the winter, bring bread, meat, pigs, firewood, hay and other necessary supplies.” At the end of November, usually “all the surrounding residents kill their cows and pigs and take them to the city for sale... It’s fun to watch it huge amount frozen cattle, already completely skinned and standing on the ice on their hind legs.”
Handicrafts were sold in shops, markets and workshops. Already in ancient times, a number of cheap mass-produced goods made by urban artisans (beads, glass bracelets, crosses, spindle whorls) were distributed by merchant peddlers throughout the country.
Russian merchants conducted large trade with other countries. Their trips to Lithuania, Persia, Khiva, Bukhara, Crimea, Kafa, Azov, etc. are known. The subject of trade were not only raw materials and mining products exported from Rus' (furs, timber, wax), but also products of Russian artisans (yufti, single rows, fur coats, canvases, saddles, arrows, saadaks, knives, dishes, etc.). In 1493, Mengli-Girey asked Ivan III to send him 20 thousand arrows. Crimean princes and princes turned to Moscow with a request to send shells and other armor. Later, in the 17th century, a huge trade in Russian goods went through Arkhangelsk - in 1653 the amount exported abroad through the city’s port amounted to St. 17 million rub. gold (in prices of the 20th century).
The scale of Russian trade amazed foreigners visiting our country. “Russia,” wrote at the very beginning of the 17th century. the Frenchman Margeret is a very rich country, since no money is taken out of it at all, but it is imported there every year large quantities, since they make all payments with goods that they have in abundance, namely: various furs, wax, lard, cow and horse skins. Other leathers, dyed red, flax, hemp, all kinds of ropes, caviar, that is, salted fish roe, they export in large quantities to Italy, then salted salmon, a lot of fish oil and other goods. As for bread, although there is a lot of it, they do not risk taking it out of the country towards Livonia. Moreover, they have a lot of potash, flaxseed, yarn and other goods, which they exchange or sell without buying foreign goods with cash, and even the emperor ... orders them to pay in bread or wax.”
In the 17th century in Moscow, the trading, merchant class from the category of taxable people stands out into a special group of urban, or townspeople, which, in turn, was divided into guests, the living room and the cloth hundreds and settlements. The highest and most honorable place belonged to the guests (there were no more than 30 of them in the 15th century).
The title of guest was given to the largest entrepreneurs, with a trade turnover of at least 20 thousand per year - a huge amount for those times. All of them were close to the king, free from paying duties paid by merchants of a lower rank, occupied the highest financial positions, and also had the right to buy estates for their own possession.
Members of the living room and cloth hundreds (there were about 400 of them in the 17th century) also enjoyed great privileges, occupied a prominent place in the financial hierarchy, but were inferior to the guests in “honor.” The living rooms and cloth hundreds had self-government, their common affairs were carried out by elected heads and elders.
The lowest rank of merchants were represented by the inhabitants of the Black Hundreds and settlements. These were predominantly self-governing craft organizations that produced goods themselves, which they then sold. This category of, relatively speaking, non-professional traders constituted strong competition for professional merchants of the highest ranks, since the Black Hundreds, trading their own products, could sell them cheaper.
In large cities, townspeople who had the right to trade were divided into the best, average and young. The sphere of activity of Russian merchants of the 17th century. was broad and reflected the entire geography of Russia’s economic development. Six main trade routes originated from Moscow - the White Sea (Vologda), Novgorod, Volga, Siberian, Smolensk and Ukrainian.
The White Sea (Vologda) route went through Vologda along the Sukhona and Northern Dvina to Arkhangelsk (formerly to Kholmogory) and to the White Sea, and from there to foreign countries. The famous centers of Russian entrepreneurship gravitated towards this path: Veliky Ustyug, Totma, Solchevygodsk, Yarensk, Ust-Sysolsk, which gave Russia thousands of merchants.
In mid. XVI century Russian entrepreneurs received the right to duty-free trade with England (it went along the White Sea route) and had several buildings in London for their needs. The Russians brought furs, flax, hemp, beef lard, yuft, blubber, resin, and tar to England, and received fabrics, sugar, paper, and luxury goods.
The most important transshipment center on this route was Vologda, where goods from Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and other cities were transported all winter, and then sent by water to Arkhangelsk, from where, in turn, goods arrived in the fall to be sent to Moscow by sleigh.
The Novgorod (Baltic) trade route went from Moscow to Tver, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochek, Valdai, Pskov, then to the Baltic Sea. Russian flax, hemp, lard, leather and red yuft went to Germany this way. The Volga route passed along the Moscow River, Oka and Volga, and then through the Caspian Sea to Persia, Khiva and Bukhara.
The main business center on this route was Nizhny Novgorod with the Makaryevskaya Fair located next to it. The journey from N. Novgorod to Astrakhan was covered by Russian merchants in about a month. They traveled in caravans of 500 or more ships with heavy security. And even such caravans were subject to robberies from time to time. Merchants sailed and stopped in local business centers - Cheboksary, Sviyazhsk, Kazan, Samara, Saratov.
Trade with Khiva and Bukhara was carried out in the Karagan refuge, where merchant ships came from Astrakhan under guard, and local merchants came to meet them with their goods. Trade took place approx. month. After this, part of the Russian ships returned to Astrakhan, and the other went to Derbent and Baku, from where the merchants reached Shamakhi by land and traded with the Persians.
The Siberian route went by water from Moscow to N. Novgorod and to Solikamsk. From Solikamsk, the merchants dragged their way to Verkhoturye, where there was a big trade with the Voguls, and then again by water to Tobolsk, through Turinsk and Tyumen. Then the road went to Yeniseisk past Surgut and Narym. A large guest courtyard was built in Yeniseisk.
From Yeniseisk the path ran towards the Ilimsky fort along Tunguska and Ilim. Some merchants continued further, reaching Yakutsk and Okhotsk, even penetrating the Amur.
The main entrepreneurial center of Rus' for trade with China was Nerchinsk, where a special guest house was built. The main goods that were bought or exchanged on this route were furs and animal skins; iron, weapons, and fabrics were transported from Central Russia to Siberia.
The Smolensk (Lithuanian) route went from Moscow through Smolensk to Poland, but due to constant wars this route was used relatively little for widespread trade. Moreover, Moscow was very reluctant to welcome Polish and Jewish merchants, who had a bad reputation, and Russian merchants avoided relations with merchants of small-town Poland.
The Little Russian (Crimean) steppe route ran through the Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh regions, went out to the Don steppes, and from there to the Crimea. The main entrepreneurial centers that gravitated towards this path were Lebedyan, Putivl, Yelets, Kozlov, Korotoyak, Ostrogozhsk, Belgorod, Valuiki.
The wide scope of the main routes of trade and business activity clearly evidenced the gigantic efforts invested in the economic development of the vast territory of Russia. In Ancient Rus', this activity was also associated with travel difficulties. When trading in certain goods, Russian merchants often took part in organizing their production, especially in the production of wax, lard, resin, tar, salt, yuft, leather, as well as the extraction and smelting of metals and the production of various products from them.
A Russian merchant from the townspeople of Yaroslavl, Grigory Leontyevich Nikitnikov, conducted large-scale trade in European Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and Iran. But the basis of his wealth was the trade in Siberian fur. He built boats and ships carrying miscellaneous goods, bread and salt. In 1614 he received the title of guest. Since 1632 Nikitnikov has been investing in the salt production industry. In the 1630s, in the Solikamsk district, Nikitnikov owned 30 breweries, where, in addition to dependent people, St. worked. 600 employees. Nikitnikov holds a whole series for the sale of salt in different cities located along the Volga and Oka and the rivers connected to them: in Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, Moscow and Astrakhan.
For a long time, the center of Nikitnikov’s trading activities was his native city of Yaroslavl with a vast courtyard that belonged to his ancestors. According to old descriptions, the estate of the merchant Nikitnikov turns into a real trading center of Yaroslavl, becomes a key trading point in which Volga and Eastern goods coming from Astrakhan crossed with Western goods brought from Arkhangelsk and Vologda. Here Nikitnikov built the wooden Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in 1613. Not far from the estate stood the famous Spassky Monastery, next to which there was a market. Closer to the river Kotorosli housed the salt and fish barns of the Nikitnikovs. In 1622, Nikitnikov, by order of the Tsar, moved to Moscow, and his shopping center also moved there. In Kitai-Gorod, Nikitnikov built rich chambers and the most beautiful Trinity Church in Nikitniki (it is still preserved). On Red Square, Nikitnikov acquired his own shops in the Cloth, Surozhsky, Shapochny and Serebryany rows. Nikitnikov is building large warehouses for wholesale trade. His house becomes a meeting place for wealthy merchants and deals. The synodik of the Trinity Church contains the names of major Moscow guests of the 17th century, who were in personal and family relationships with the owner.
Merchant Nikitnikov became famous not only for his entrepreneurship, but also for his social and patriotic activities. In n. XVII century he is a young zemstvo elder, his signature is on the lists of participants in the first and second zemstvo militias created in Yaroslavl to fight the Polish and Swedish invaders. Nikitnikov constantly participated in state elective services, represented at Zemstvo Councils, and participated in drawing up petitions to the Tsar from guests and merchants who sought to protect the interests of Russian trade and limit the privileges of foreign merchants. He was brave and self-confident, thrifty and accurate in payments, did not like to owe, but also did not like to lend, although he had to lend quite often, even to the king himself, who rewarded him with silver ladles and expensive damask. A researcher of the life of Grigory Nikitnikov testifies to him as “a businesslike and practical man, a deep insightful mind, strong memory and will, with a cool, decisive character and extensive life experience. Throughout all his instructions, the requirement to preserve the family and economic order as it was under him invariably runs through. The same businesslike tone is heard in the orders to maintain splendor in the churches he built and in the order to accurately pay taxes to the treasury for salt pans.”
Nikitnikov bequeathed all his capital not to split up, but transferred it into joint and indivisible ownership of two grandchildren: “... both my grandson Boris and my grandson Grigory will live in the council and earn money together, and if one of them begins to live frantically, both money and other He will begin to distribute his belongings to his relatives and to outsiders, alone without the advice of his brother, and he is deprived of my blessing and order, he does not care about my house or my belongings.” Dying (in 1651), the merchant Nikitnikov bequeathed: “...and decorate the Church of God with all sorts of ornaments, and incense, and candles, and church wine, and to give to the priest and other churchmen together, so that the Church of God will not be without singing and not for what it didn’t become, as it was with me, Georgiy.” In addition to his Moscow church, he asked to take care of the temples he built in Sol Kama and Yaroslavl.
One of the characteristic entrepreneurs of the 17th century. there was a merchant Gavrila Romanovich Nikitin, by origin from the black-growing peasants of Russian Pomerania. Nikitin began his trading activities as a clerk for the guest of O.I. Filatyev. In 1679 he became a member of the living room of the hundred of Moscow, and in 1681 he received the title of guest. After the death of his brothers, Nikitin concentrated large trade in his hands, doing business with Siberia and China; his capital in 1697 amounted to a huge amount for those times - 20 thousand rubles. Like other merchants, Nikitin builds his own church.
In the 17th century A church is being built in Moscow, which has become a shrine to the merchants of all Russia. This is the St. Nicholas Grand Cross, erected in 1680 by the Arkhangelsk guests of the Filatyevs. The church was one of the most beautiful in Moscow, and in all of Russia. It was blown up in the 1930s.
Russian merchants who traded with foreign countries, offered them not only raw materials, but also products of high technology at that time, in particular metal devices. Thus, in the inventory of one of the Czech monasteries under 1394, “three iron castles, colloquially called Russian”, were documented. Bohemia, of course, had many of its own famous metal craftsmen from the richest Ore Mountains and the Sudetes. But, obviously, the products of Russian industry were no worse if they enjoyed fame and success so far abroad. This is news from the 14th century. confirmed by later sources. Thus, from “Memory of how to sell Russian goods in the Germans”, known from the text of the “Trading Book” of 1570-1610, it is clear that the sale of Russian “way of life” and other metal products “in the Germans” was commonplace in the 16th-17th centuries . They also traded weapons. For example, in 1646 600 cannons were exported to Holland.
When talking about the famous Russian merchants of the 17th century, one cannot fail to mention the Bosov brothers, as well as the guests Nadya Sveteshnikov and the Guryevs. The Bosovs traded with Arkhangelsk and Yaroslavl, bought goods at the local markets of Primorye, also bought villages in the hope of obtaining a large amount of grain for sale, and were engaged in usury, but the basis of their enterprise was Siberian trade. The Bosovs sent carts of 50-70 horses to Siberia, loaded with both foreign goods and Russian homespun cloth, canvas, and iron products. They exported furs from Siberia. So, in 1649-50, 169 magpies and 7 pieces were exported. sables (6,767 skins); They also purchased other furs in large quantities. The Bosovs had 25 clerks in their service. They organized their own gangs in Siberia, that is, industrial expeditions to places rich in sable, and also purchased them from local residents and from service people who collected tribute in Siberia. The sale of foreign and Russian products in Siberia also generated high profits.
The richest merchants carried out government financial services as guests, which gave them a number of advantages and provided ample opportunities for further enrichment. The methods of creating enterprises by Nadya Sveteshnikov and Guryev also had the nature of “primitive accumulation.” Sveteshnikov came from the Yaroslavl townspeople. His services to the new Romanov dynasty brought him a visit. He led major operations in the fur trade, owned villages with peasants, but also invested in the salt industry. His wealth was estimated at sul. XVII century at 35.5 thousand rubles. (i.e., about 500 thousand rubles for gold money in the early 20th century). This is an example of large commercial capital and its development into industrial capital. Land grants were of utmost importance for Sveteshnikov’s enrichment and the development of his enterprises. In 1631, he was given huge land holdings on both banks of the Volga and along the river. Usa to the later Stavropol. Here Sveteshnikov installed 10 brewhouses. By 1660, there were 112 peasant households in Nadeiny Usolye. Along with hired people, he used the labor of serfs. Sveteshnikov built a fortress to protect against nomads and opened a brick factory.
The Guryevs also came from the wealthy elite of the Yaroslavl settlement. In 1640 they started fishing at the mouth of the river. Yaik, they erected a wooden fort here, then replaced it with a stone fortress (city of Guryev).
The development of entrepreneurship in Russia has been largely successive. A study of merchant families in the Upper Volga region conducted by researcher A. Demkin showed that 43% of all merchant families were engaged in merchant activity for 100 to 200 years, and almost a quarter for 200 or more years. Three quarters of the merchant families, less than 100 years old, arose in the middle. - 2nd floor XVIII century and remained in effect until the end of the century. All these surnames passed into the 19th century.
In 1785, Russian merchants received a special charter from Catherine II, which greatly enhanced their position. According to this charter, all merchants were divided into three guilds.
The first guild included merchants who owned a capital of at least 10 thousand rubles. They received the right to wholesale trade in Russia and abroad, as well as the right to establish factories and factories. The second guild included merchants with capital from 5 to 10 thousand rubles. They received the right to wholesale and retail trade in Russia. The third guild consisted of merchants with capital from 1 to 5 thousand rubles. This category of merchants had the right only to retail trade. Merchants of all guilds were exempted from the poll tax (instead they paid 1% of the declared capital), as well as from personal recruitment duty.
In addition to merchants of various guilds, the concept of “famous citizens” was introduced. In terms of status, they were higher than the merchant of the first guild, because they had to have a capital of at least 100 thousand rubles. Famous citizens received the right to have country houses, gardens, plants and factories.
A significant part of the Russian intelligentsia of the 18th-19th centuries. she did not like the Russian merchants, despised them, abhorred them. She imagined merchants as inveterate rogues and swindlers, dishonest, greedy like a wolf. With her light hand, society creates a myth about the dirty and vile “Tit Titychs”, which had nothing in common with reality. “If the trading class both in former Muscovy and in recent Russia,” noted P. A. Buryshkin, “were in fact a bunch of rogues and swindlers who had neither honor nor conscience, then how to explain the enormous successes that accompanied the development of the Russian national economy and the rise of the country's productive forces. Russian industry was not created by government efforts and, with rare exceptions, not by the hands of the nobility. Russian factories were built and equipped by Russian merchants. Industry in Russia has withdrawn from trade. You cannot build a healthy business on an unhealthy foundation. And if the results speak for themselves, the trading class for the most part was healthy, and not so vicious.”
“In the Moscow unwritten merchant hierarchy,” wrote V.I. Ryabushinsky, “at the top of respect stood the industrialist-manufacturer, then came the merchant-trader, and at the bottom stood the man who gave money in interest, took into account bills, and made capital work. He was not very respected, no matter how cheap his money was and no matter how decent he himself was. Pawnbroker."
The attitude of the first two towards this category was extremely negative; as a rule, they were not allowed on the threshold and, if possible, they tried to punish them in every possible way. Most of the businessmen of the third group came from the western and southern provinces of Russia.
Before the revolution, the title of merchant was acquired by paying for a guild certificate. Until 1898, a guild certificate was required for the right to trade. Later - it was not necessary and existed only for persons wishing to enjoy some of the advantages assigned to the merchant title, or to participate in class management. Advantages: freedom from corporal punishment(very important for merchants of the peasant class), the right to known conditions to honorary and hereditary honorary citizenship (granting the benefits of a merchant title without choice and a guild certificate), the opportunity to receive the title of commerce councilor (a rank with the title of excellency), some rights regarding the education of children, the right to participate in city government (regardless of the ownership of real estate), participation in class self-government. Estate merchant self-government consisted in the management of merchant charitable institutions, in the distribution of certain fees, in the management of merchant capitals, banks, cash desks, in the selection of officials (merchant elders, merchant elders, merchant councils, members of the orphan's court from the merchants).
Main trade routes
Platonov Oleg Anatolievich
Russian merchants have always been special. Merchants and industrialists were recognized as the most wealthy class of the Russian Empire. These were brave, talented, generous and inventive people, patrons of art and connoisseurs of art.
Bakhrushins
They come from the merchants of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan province, where their family can be traced through scribe books until 1722. By profession, the Bakhrushins were “prasols”: they drove cattle in droves from the Volga region to big cities. The cattle sometimes died along the road, the skins were torn off, taken to the city and sold to tanneries - this is how the history of their own business began.
Alexey Fedorovich Bakhrushin moved to Moscow from Zaraysk in the thirties of the last century. The family moved on carts, with all their belongings, and the youngest son Alexander, the future honorary citizen of the city of Moscow, was transported in a laundry basket. Alexey Fedorovich - became the first Moscow merchant Bakhrushin (in Moscow merchants it has been listed since 1835).
Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin, the same honorary citizen of Moscow, was the father of the famous city figure Vladimir Alexandrovich, collectors Sergei and Alexei Alexandrovich, and the grandfather of Professor Sergei Vladimirovich.
Speaking of collectors, this well-known passion for “gathering” was distinctive feature Bakhrushin family. The collections of Alexey Petrovich and Alexey Alexandrovich are especially worth noting. The first collected Russian antiquities and, mainly, books. According to his spiritual will, he left the library Rumyantsev Museum, and porcelain and antiques - to the Historical, where there were two halls named after him. They said about him that he was terribly stingy, since “every Sunday he goes to Sukharevka and bargains like a Jew.” But he can hardly be judged for this, because every collector knows: the most pleasant thing is to find for yourself a truly valuable thing, the merits of which others were not aware of.
The second, Alexey Alexandrovich, was a great theater lover, chaired the Theater Society for a long time and was very popular in theater circles. Therefore, the Theater Museum became the world's only richest collection of everything that had anything to do with the theater.
Both in Moscow and in Zaraysk they were honorary citizens of the city - a very rare honor. During my stay in the City Duma there were only two honorary citizens of the city of Moscow: D. A. Bakhrushin and Prince V. M. Golitsyn, the former mayor.
Quote: “One of the largest and richest companies in Moscow is the Trading House of the Bakhrushin brothers. They have tanning and cloth making. The owners are still young people, with higher education, well-known philanthropists who donate hundreds of thousands. They conduct their business, albeit on a new basis - that is, using last words science, but according to ancient Moscow customs. Their offices and reception areas, for example, make them want a lot.” "New time".
Mamontovs
The Mamontov family originates from the Zvenigorod merchant Ivan Mamontov, about whom practically nothing is known, except that the year of birth was 1730, and that he had a son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1760). Most likely, Ivan Mamontov was engaged in farming and made a good fortune for himself, so his sons were already rich people. One can guess about his charitable activities: the monument on his grave in Zvenigorod was erected by grateful residents for the services provided to them in 1812.
Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons - Ivan, Mikhail and Nikolai. Mikhail, apparently, was not married, in any case, he did not leave any offspring. The other two brothers were the founders of two branches of the venerable and numerous Mammoth family.
Quote: “Brothers Ivan and Nikolai Fedorovich Mamontov came to Moscow rich people. Nikolai Fedorovich bought a large and beautiful house with an extensive garden on Razgulay. By this time he had a large family.” ("P. M. Tretyakov". A. Botkin).
The Mamontov youth, the children of Ivan Fedorovich and Nikolai Fedorovich, were well educated and diversely gifted. Savva Mamontov's natural musicality especially stood out, which played a big role in his adult life.
Savva Ivanovich will nominate Chaliapin; will make Mussorgsky, rejected by many experts, popular; will create a huge success in his theater with Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “Sadko”. He would not only be a patron of the arts, but also an adviser: the artists received valuable instructions from him on issues of makeup, gesture, costume and even singing.
One of the remarkable undertakings in the field of Russian folk art is closely connected with the name of Savva Ivanovich: the famous Abramtsevo. In new hands it was revived and soon became one of the most cultural corners of Russia.
Quote: “The Mamontovs became famous in a wide variety of fields: both in the industrial field and, perhaps, especially in the field of art. The Mammoth family was very large, and the representatives of the second generation were no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third the fragmentation of funds went even further. The origin of their wealth was the tax farming industry, which brought them closer to the well-known Kokorev. Therefore, when they appeared in Moscow, they immediately entered the rich merchant environment.” (" Dark Kingdom", N. Ostrovsky).
The founder of this one of the oldest trading companies in Moscow was Vasily Petrovich Shchukin, a native of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province. At the end of the seventies of the 18th century, Vasily Petrovich established trade in manufactured goods in Moscow and continued it for fifty years. His son, Ivan Vasilyevich, founded the Trading House “I. V. Shchukin with his sons” The sons are Nikolai, Peter, Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich.
The trading house conducted extensive trade: goods were sent to all corners of Central Russia, as well as to Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Central Asia and Persia. IN recent years The trading house began to sell not only calicoes, scarves, linen, clothing and paper fabrics, but also wool, silk and linen products.
The Shchukin brothers are known as great connoisseurs of art. Nikolai Ivanovich was a lover of antiquities: his collection contained many ancient manuscripts, lace, and various fabrics. He built a beautiful building in the Russian style for the collected items on Malaya Gruzinskaya. According to his will, his entire collection, along with the house, became the property of the Historical Museum.
Both brothers continued their father's business, first trading, then industrial. They were linen workers, and flax in Russia has always been revered as an indigenous Russian product. Slavophile economists (like Kokorev) always praised flax and contrasted it with foreign American cotton.
This family was never considered one of the richest, although their commercial and industrial affairs were always successful. Pavel Mikhailovich spent huge amounts of money on creating his famous gallery and collecting his collection, sometimes to the detriment of the well-being of his own family.
Quote: “With a guide and a map in his hands, zealously and carefully, he reviewed almost all European museums, moving from one large capital to another, from one small Italian, Dutch and German town to another. And he became a real, deep and subtle connoisseur of painting.” ("Russian Antiquity").
Soltadenkovs
They come from the peasants of the village of Prokunino, Kolomensky district, Moscow province. The founder of the Soldatenkov family, Yegor Vasilievich, has been listed in the Moscow merchant class since 1797. But this family became famous only in the half of the 19th century, thanks to Kuzma Terentievich.
He rented a shop in the old Gostiny Dvor, sold paper yarn, and was involved in discounting. Subsequently he became a major shareholder in a number of manufactories, banks and insurance companies. [C-BLOCK]
Kuzma Soldatenkov had a large library and a valuable collection of paintings, which he bequeathed to the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum. This collection is one of the earliest in terms of its composition and the most remarkable in terms of its excellent and long existence.
But Soldatenkov’s main contribution to Russian culture is considered to be publishing. His closest collaborator in this area was the well-known Moscow city figure Mitrofan Shchepkin. Under the leadership of Shchepkin, many issues were published dedicated to the classics of economic science, for which special translations were made. This series of publications, called the “Shchepkin Library,” was a most valuable tool for students, but already in my time - the beginning of this century - many books became bibliographic rarities.
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