Foreign literature of the Age of Enlightenment presentation. The Age of Enlightenment in Russian Literature. Presentation on the topic: Literature of the Enlightenment

30.10.2019

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Foreign literature of the ERA OF ENLIGHTENMENT

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...Give the world that you influence a direction towards good... You gave this direction to him if, by teaching, you elevate his thinking to the necessary and eternal. F. Schiller

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Robinson Crusoe, who lived on desert island twenty-nine years alone and remained to live, contrary to all assumptions, retaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Lemuel Gulliver, a beloved childhood hero, a passionate traveler who visited amazing countries- Lilliputians and giants, on a flying island and in the land of talking horses;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Candide, a philosopher reflecting on the fate of the world and man’s place in it, a traveler who saw “what is really going on on our sad and funny globe,” and last words which were: “We must cultivate our garden, because our world is crazy and cruel... let’s set the boundaries of our activities and try to do our humble task as best as possible”;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: Figaro, a servant in the count's house, who in all situations deceives his master, laughs at him, and with him at the entire class of feudal lords, showing the advantage of his class, his strength, his intelligence, energy and determination;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: The hero of the tragedy Faust is a historical figure, he lived in the 16th century, was known as a magician and warlock, and, having rejected modern science and religion, sold his soul to the devil. Doctor Faustus was legendary, he was a character theatrical performances, many authors turned to his image in their books. But under the pen of Goethe, the drama about Faust, dedicated eternal theme knowledge of life, became the pinnacle of world literature.

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All the characters created in the 18th century bear the features of their time, talking about their contemporaries, their feelings and thoughts, dreams and ideals. The authors of these images are Defoe and Swift, Voltaire, Schiller and Goethe - great enlightenment writers whose names stand next to their immortal heroes.

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Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! W. Collins You become just a Man while you read it. S. Coleridge

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The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events bourgeois revolution end of the 17th century (1688). Its compromise nature preserved many remnants of the feudal system, and the English enlighteners saw their duty in consolidating the victories already achieved by the revolution. They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues. Among them is D. Defoe. Daniel Defoe - English writer, founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family and after graduating from the Puritan Theological Academy, where he received an excellent education, he began to engage in commerce.

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He was a real bourgeois! Getting acquainted with his biography, you are amazed by his ebullient energy, efficiency, practical acumen, and incredible hard work. Subsequently, Defoe would endow his favorite hero, Robinson Crusoe, with these traits. And the life of Defoe himself resembles the life of Robinson before the desert island. Having been involved in commerce all his life, Defoe was convinced that the enterprises he started for personal enrichment also benefited society.

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When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. She was quickly transferred to the main European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in terms of artistic power. Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel "Robinson Crusoe" had a great influence on social thought and artistic XVIII culture, XIX and even XX centuries.

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Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) And I glanced at people, I saw their arrogant, low, Cruel, flighty friends, Fools, always the villainy of loved ones... A. S. Pushkin Give me the pleasure of talking about you the same way as he will talk offspring. Voltaire in a letter to Swift

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Jonathan Swift was a contemporary and compatriot of D. Defoe, and their heroes Robinson and Gulliver were compatriots and contemporaries. They lived in the same country - England, under the same rulers, read each other's works, although they did not know each other personally. Undoubtedly, there was much in common in their work, but the talent of each of them was brightly original, unique, just as their personalities and destinies were unique. Jonathan Swift called himself a “joker, an extreme joker,” who was sad and bitter about his jokes. Many satirists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. called him their predecessor.

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An Englishman by birth, Swift was born in 1667 in Ireland, in Dublin, where the father of the future writer moved in search of work. After graduating from Dublin University in 1789, Swift received a position as secretary to the influential nobleman William Temple. This service weighed heavily on Swift, but he was kept in Moore Park by the Temple’s extensive library and his young pupil Esther Johnson, for whom Swift carried a tender affection throughout his life. After Temple's death, Swift went to the Irish village of Laracor to become a priest there. Stella, as Esther Johnson called Swift, followed him.

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Swift could not limit himself only to the modest activities of a pastor. While Temple was still alive, he published his first poems and pamphlets, but the real beginning literary activity Swift can be considered his book "The Tale of a Barrel". (“Barrel Tale” is an English folk expression that means “to talk nonsense”, “to talk nonsense”). It is based on the story of three brothers, which is a sharp satire on the three main branches of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican. "The Tale of a Barrel" brought great fame in the literary and political circles of London. His sharp pen was appreciated by both political parties: Tories and Whigs.

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The main work of Swift's life was his novel “A Journey to Some Distant Countries of the World of Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships” - this is its full title. Swift surrounded his work with extreme mystery; even the publisher, who received the manuscript of the novel from an unknown person in 1726, did not know who its author was. The book about Gulliver had a fate similar to the book about Robinson: it soon became world famous, the favorite book of both adults and children.

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“Gulliver's Travels” is the programmatic manifesto of Swift the satirist. In the first part, the reader laughs at the ridiculous conceit of the Lilliputians. In the second, in the land of giants, the point of view changes, and it turns out that our civilization deserves the same ridicule. The third ridicules science and the human mind in general. Finally, in the fourth, vile Yahoos (disgusting humanoid creatures) appear as a concentrate of primordial human nature, not ennobled by spirituality. Swift, as usual, does not resort to moralizing instructions, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions - to choose between the Yahoos and their moral antipode, fancifully dressed in horse form.

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VOLTER (1694-1778)

Boo me without hesitation, I will answer you in the same way, my brothers. Voltaire He was more than a man, he was an era. V. Hugo

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In each country the educational movement had its own character traits. The French Enlightenment was heading towards the revolution, preparing it. Enlightenmentists, denying the existing order, looked for ways to rationally organize society. Their ideas, their demands were embodied in the slogan - Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood of all people. During the second half of the 18th century. French enlighteners were the rulers of the thoughts of all progressive Europe. And the first among the first in their rank was Voltaire.

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great poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, politician, Voltaire was a symbol and the first figure not only in the history of the French Enlightenment, but also of the educational movement throughout Europe. He was at the head of those who prepared France for the coming revolution. Voltaire's voice has been listened to throughout the century. He spoke the decisive word on the most important problems of his time.

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An important part artistic heritage Voltaire's philosophical stories. Philosophical story- a literary genre created in the 18th century. Presenting philosophical ideas, problems, discussing political and social topics, the author frames the narrative in art form. Voltaire often resorts to fantasy, allegory, and introduces an exotic flavor, turning to the little-studied East. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

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The center of the story is Germany. Its action begins in Westphalia, on the estate of Baron Tunder der Tronck. The Prussians appear in the novel under the guise of Bulgarians. Forcibly recruited into the Bulgarian (Prussian) army, main character In the story, Candide becomes a witness and participant in a bloody war of conquest - a massacre in which Voltaire is especially shocked by the atrocities against the civilian population. He paints a terrible picture of the death of the entire population of the Avar village, burned “by virtue of international law.”

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But the narrative goes beyond one state. “Candide” provides a panorama of the world order, which must be rebuilt on the basis of reason and justice. The writer-philosopher takes the reader to Spain and makes him a witness to the trial of the Inquisition and the burning of heretics; in Buenos Aires he shows him the abuses of the colonial authorities; in Paraguay - denounces the state created by the Jesuits. Everywhere lawlessness and deception go hand in hand with murder, debauchery, theft, and humiliation of man. In all corners of the globe, people are suffering; they are not protected under the dominance of feudal orders.

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This scary world Voltaire contrasts his utopian dream of an ideal country with Eldorado, where the hero ends up. Eldorado - translated from Spanish means “golden” or “lucky”. The state is ruled by an intelligent, educated, enlightened king-philosopher. All residents work, they are happy. Money has no value for them. Gold is considered only as a convenient and beautiful material. Even the country roads are paved with gold and precious stones. The people of Eldorado do not know oppression, there are no prisons in the country. Art plays a huge role. It permeates and organizes the entire life of society. The largest and most beautiful building in the city is the Palace of Sciences.

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However, the writer himself understands that the dream of Eldorado is just a dream. Voltaire separates El Dorado from the whole world by huge seas and impassable mountain ranges, and everything that Candide and his companion managed to take out of this fabulously rich country could not serve the enrichment and happiness of the heroes. Voltaire brought the reader to the conclusion: the happiness and prosperity of people can only be won by their own labor. The end of the story is symbolic. The heroes, having gone through many trials, meet in the vicinity of Constantinople, where Candide buys a small farm. They grow fruits and live a peaceful, quiet life. “Let us work without reasoning,” says one of them, “this is the only way to make life bearable.” “We must cultivate our garden,” Candide clarifies this thought. Work as the fundamental principle of life, which is capable of “saving us from three great evils: boredom, vice and need”, work as the basis of creation, practical action - this is the true calling of man. This is Candide's final call.

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Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) Who is able, however, to express full gratitude to the great poet, the most precious pearl of the nation! L. Beethoven about Goethe

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Mine national traits had the work of German enlighteners. The main task advanced people Germany at that time had the task of unifying Germany, and this meant awakening a sense of national unity, national identity people, instilling intolerance towards despotism and hopes for possible changes. The heyday of the German Enlightenment occurred in the second half XVIII V. But already in the first half of the century, the gigantic figure of I.S. rises above the torn Germany. Bach, whose work laid the most important foundations for the self-awareness of the German people.

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All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. He was 21 years old when he came to Strasbourg to continue his education. Behind him is his childhood spent in the ancient free city of Frankfurt am Main in the house of a highly educated burgher, three years of study at the University of Leipzig, where Goethe studied jurisprudence. Strasbourg is an ordinary German city. It lay on the main route from central Europe to Paris. Here the influences of French and German culture and the provincial way of life was less felt.

The most famous novel is “Robinson Crusoe,” whose hero lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem.

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Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

English writer, politician, philosopher. Most famous works: “The Tale of the Barrel” (based on the story of three brothers, which contains a sharp satire on the three main directions of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican); "Gulliver's travels".

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Great French poet and the playwright, philosopher and scientist, politician, was a symbol and the first figure of the educational movement throughout Europe. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

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Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832)

All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust” - a work about the greatness of the human mind, faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. Faust is a monumental philosophical tragedy that took 60 years to write.

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...Give the world that you influence a direction towards good... You gave this direction to him if, by teaching, you elevate his thinking to the necessary and eternal. F. Schiller

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Here they are - the undying images of Enlightenment literature: Robinson Crusoe, who lived alone on a desert island for twenty-nine years and remained alive despite all assumptions, maintaining not only his sanity, but also his self-esteem;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment: Lemuel Gulliver, a beloved childhood hero, a passionate traveler who visited amazing countries - Lilliputians and giants, a flying island and a land of talking horses;

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Here they are - the undying images of the literature of the Enlightenment: Candide, a philosopher reflecting on the fate of the world and the place of man in it, a traveler who saw “what is really going on on our sad and funny globe,” and whose last words were: “We must cultivate our garden, for our world is crazy and cruel... let us set the boundaries of our activity and try to fulfill our humble task as best as possible”;

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Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: The hero of the tragedy Faust is a historical figure, he lived in the 16th century, was known as a magician and warlock, and, rejecting modern science and religion, sold his soul to the devil. There were legends about Doctor Faustus, he was a character in theatrical performances, and many authors turned to his image in their books. But under the pen of Goethe, the drama about Faust, dedicated to the eternal theme of knowledge of life, became the pinnacle of world literature.

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Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! W. Collins You become just a Man while you read it. S. Coleridge

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The Enlightenment movement originated in England after the events of the bourgeois revolution of the late 17th century. (1688). Its compromise nature preserved many remnants of the feudal system, and the English enlighteners saw their duty in consolidating the victories already achieved by the revolution. They sought to re-educate a person in the spirit of bourgeois virtues. Among them is D. Defoe. Daniel Defoe is an English writer, the founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family and after graduating from the Puritan Theological Academy, where he received an excellent education, he began to engage in commerce.

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When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. It was quickly translated into major European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in artistic power. Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel "Robinson Crusoe" had a great influence on public thought and artistic culture XVIII, XIX and even XX centuries.

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Swift could not limit himself only to the modest activities of a pastor. While Temple was still alive, he published his first poems and pamphlets, but the real beginning of Swift’s literary activity can be considered his book “The Tale of a Barrel.” (“Barrel Tale” is an English folk expression that means “to talk nonsense”, “to talk nonsense”). It is based on the story of three brothers, which is a sharp satire on the three main branches of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican. "The Tale of a Barrel" brought great fame in the literary and political circles of London. His sharp pen was appreciated by both political parties: the Tories and the Whigs.

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VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) Boo me without hesitation, I will answer you in the same way, my brothers. Voltaire He was more than a man, he was an era. V. Hugo

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In each country, the educational movement had its own characteristic features. The French Enlightenment was heading towards the revolution, preparing it. Enlightenmentists, denying the existing order, looked for ways to rationally organize society. Their ideas, their demands were embodied in the slogan - Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood of all people. During the second half of the 18th century. French enlighteners were the rulers of the thoughts of all progressive Europe. And the first among the first in their rank was Voltaire.

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A great poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, political figure, Voltaire was a symbol and the first figure not only in the history of the French Enlightenment, but also the educational movement throughout Europe. He was at the head of those who prepared France for the coming revolution. Voltaire's voice has been listened to throughout the century. He spoke the decisive word on the most important problems of his time.

Slide 22

An important part of Voltaire's artistic heritage are his philosophical stories. The philosophical story is a literary genre created in the 18th century. Presenting philosophical ideas, problems, discussing political and social topics, the author puts the narrative into artistic form. Voltaire often resorts to fantasy, allegory, and introduces an exotic flavor, turning to the little-studied East. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

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The center of the story is Germany. Its action begins in Westphalia, on the estate of Baron Tunder der Tronck. The Prussians appear in the novel under the guise of Bulgarians. Forcibly recruited into the Bulgarian (Prussian) army, the main character of the story, Candide, becomes a witness and participant in a bloody war of conquest - a massacre in which Voltaire is especially shocked by the atrocities against the civilian population. He paints a terrible picture of the death of the entire population of the Avar village, burned “by virtue of international law.”

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Voltaire contrasts this terrible world with his utopian dream of the ideal country of Eldorado, where the hero ends up. Eldorado - translated from Spanish means “golden” or “lucky”. The state is ruled by an intelligent, educated, enlightened king-philosopher. All residents work, they are happy. Money has no value for them. Gold is considered only as a convenient and beautiful material. Even rural roads are paved with gold and precious stones. The people of Eldorado do not know oppression, there are no prisons in the country. Art plays a huge role. It permeates and organizes the entire life of society. The largest and most beautiful building in the city is the Palace of Sciences.

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However, the writer himself understands that the dream of Eldorado is just a dream. Voltaire separates El Dorado from the whole world by huge seas and impassable mountain ranges, and everything that Candide and his companion managed to take out of this fabulously rich country could not serve the enrichment and happiness of the heroes. Voltaire brought the reader to the conclusion: the happiness and prosperity of people can only be won by their own labor. The end of the story is symbolic. The heroes, having gone through a lot of torture, meet in the vicinity of Constantinople, where Candide buys a small farm. They grow fruits and live a peaceful, quiet life. “Let us work without reasoning,” says one of them, “this is the only way to make life bearable.” “We must cultivate our garden,” Candide clarifies this thought. Work as the fundamental principle of life, which is capable of “saving us from three great evils: boredom, vice and need”, work as the basis of creation, practical action - this is the true calling of man. This is Candide's final call.

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Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) Who is able, however, to express full gratitude to the great poet, the most precious pearl of the nation! L. Beethoven about Goethe

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The work of German enlighteners had its own national characteristics. The main task of the progressive people of Germany at that time was the task of unifying Germany, which means awakening a sense of national unity, national self-awareness of the people, instilling intolerance towards despotism and hopes for possible changes. The heyday of the German Enlightenment occurred in the second half of the 18th century. But already in the first half of the century, the gigantic figure of I.S. rises above the torn Germany. Bach, whose work laid the most important foundations for the self-awareness of the German people.

Here they are - the undying images of literature of the Enlightenment era: The hero of the tragedy Faust is a historical figure, he lived in the 16th century, was known as a magician and warlock, and, rejecting modern science and religion, sold his soul to the devil. There were legends about Doctor Faustus, he was a character in theatrical performances, and many authors turned to his image in their books. But under the pen of Goethe, the drama about Faust, dedicated to the eternal theme of knowledge of life, became the pinnacle of world literature.

All the characters created in the 18th century bear the features of their time, talking about their contemporaries, their feelings and thoughts, dreams and ideals. The authors of these images are Defoe and Swift, Voltaire, Schiller and Goethe, great enlightenment writers whose names stand next to their immortal heroes.

Daniel Defoe () He hasn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood... Let's see if Robinson Crusoe will amaze him now! W. Collins You become just a Man while you read it. S. Coleridge

He was a real bourgeois! Getting acquainted with his biography, you are amazed by his ebullient energy, efficiency, practical acumen, and incredible hard work. Subsequently, Defoe would endow his favorite hero Robinson Crusoe with these traits. And the life of Defoe himself resembles the life of Robinson before the desert island. Having been involved in commerce all his life, Defoe was convinced that the enterprises he started for personal enrichment also benefited society.

When the book was published, it was a completely unexpected success. It was quickly translated into major European languages. Readers, not wanting to part with the hero, demanded a continuation. Defoe wrote two more novels about Robinson, but neither of them compares with the first in artistic power. Despite the enormous success among contemporaries, the true appreciation of the novel came later, after the death of the writer. Literary researchers argue that, being a mirror of its time, the novel “Robinson Crusoe” had a great influence on social thought and artistic culture of the 18th, 19th and even 20th centuries.

Jonathan Swift () And I glanced at people, I saw their arrogant, low, Cruel, flighty friends, Fools, always the villainy of loved ones... A. S. Pushkin Give me the pleasure of talking about you in the same way as posterity will talk. Voltaire in a letter to Swift

Jonathan Swift was a contemporary and compatriot of D. Defoe, and their heroes Robinson and Gulliver were compatriots and contemporaries. They lived in the same country, England, under the same rulers, read each other’s works, although they did not know each other personally. Undoubtedly, there was much in common in their work, but the talent of each of them was brightly original, unique, just as their personalities and destinies were unique. Jonathan Swift called himself a “joker, an extreme joker,” who was sad and bitter about his jokes. Many satirists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. called him their predecessor.

Swift could not limit himself only to the modest activities of a pastor. While Temple was still alive, he published his first poems and pamphlets, but the real beginning of Swift’s literary activity can be considered his book “The Tale of a Barrel.” (“Barrel Tale” is an English folk expression that means “talk nonsense”, “talk nonsense”). It is based on the story of three brothers, which is a sharp satire on the three main branches of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican. "The Tale of a Barrel" brought great fame in the literary and political circles of London. His sharp pen was appreciated by both political parties: the Tories and the Whigs.

"Gulliver's Travels" is the programmatic manifesto of Swift the satirist. In the first part, the reader laughs at the ridiculous conceit of the Lilliputians. In the second, in the land of giants, the point of view changes, and it turns out that our civilization deserves the same ridicule. The third ridicules science and the human mind in general. Finally, in the fourth, vile Yahoos (disgusting humanoid creatures) appear as a concentrate of primordial human nature, not ennobled by spirituality. Swift, as usual, does not resort to moralizing instructions, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions and choose between the Yahoos and their moral antipode, bizarrely dressed in horse form.

VOLTER () Boo me without hesitation, I will answer you in the same way, my brothers. Voltaire He was more than a man, he was an era. V. Hugo

In each country, the educational movement had its own characteristic features. The French Enlightenment was heading towards the revolution, preparing it. Enlightenmentists, denying the existing order, looked for ways to rationally organize society. Their ideas, their demands were embodied in the slogan Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood of all people. During the second half of the 18th century. French enlighteners were the rulers of the thoughts of all progressive Europe. And the first among the first in their rank was Voltaire.

An important part of Voltaire's artistic heritage are his philosophical stories. Philosophical story is a literary genre created in the 18th century. Presenting philosophical ideas, problems, discussing political and social topics, the author puts the narrative into artistic form. Voltaire often resorts to fantasy, allegory, and introduces an exotic flavor, turning to the little-studied East. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

The center of the story is Germany. Its action begins in Westphalia, on the estate of Baron Tunder der Tronck. The Prussians appear in the novel under the guise of Bulgarians. Forcibly recruited into the Bulgarian (Prussian) army, the main character of the story, Candide, becomes a witness and participant in a bloody war of conquest, a massacre in which Voltaire is especially shocked by the atrocities against the civilian population. He paints a terrible picture of the death of the entire population of the Avar village, burned “by virtue of international law.”

But the narrative goes beyond one state. “Candide” provides a panorama of the world order, which must be rebuilt on the basis of reason and justice. Writer-philosopher takes the reader to Spain and makes him a witness to the trial of the Inquisition and the burning of heretics; in Buenos Aires he shows him the abuses of the colonial authorities; in Paraguay denounces the state created by the Jesuits. Everywhere lawlessness and deception go hand in hand with murder, debauchery, theft, and humiliation of man. In all corners of the globe, people are suffering; they are not protected under the dominance of feudal orders.

Voltaire contrasts this terrible world with his utopian dream of the ideal country of Eldorado, where the hero ends up. Eldorado means “golden” or “lucky” in Spanish. The state is ruled by an intelligent, educated, enlightened king-philosopher. All residents work, they are happy. Money has no value for them. Gold is considered only as a convenient and beautiful material. Even rural roads are paved with gold and precious stones. The people of Eldorado do not know oppression, there are no prisons in the country. Art plays a huge role. It permeates and organizes the entire life of society. The largest and most beautiful building in the city is the Palace of Sciences.

However, the writer himself understands that the dream of Eldorado is just a dream. Voltaire separates El Dorado from the whole world by huge seas and impassable mountain ranges, and everything that Candide and his companion managed to take out of this fabulously rich country could not serve the enrichment and happiness of the heroes. Voltaire brought the reader to the conclusion: the happiness and prosperity of people can only be won by their own labor. The end of the story is symbolic. The heroes, having gone through many trials, meet in the vicinity of Constantinople, where Candide buys a small farm. They grow fruits and live a peaceful, quiet life. “Let us work without reasoning,” says one of them, “this is the only way to make life bearable.” “We must cultivate our garden,” Candide clarifies this thought. Work as the fundamental principle of life, which is capable of “saving us from three great evils: boredom, vice and need”, work as the basis of creation, practical action is the true calling of man. This is Candide's final call.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe () Who is able, however, to express full gratitude to the great poet, the most precious pearl of the nation! L. Beethoven about Goethe

Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust,” a work about the greatness of the human mind and faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. "Faust" is a monumental philosophical tragedy. Goethe wrote it all his life, about sixty years, and completed it in 1831, already in a different era, the aspirations and hopes of which were reflected in his immortal creation.

Daniel Defoe () English writer, founder of the European novel. He was born in London into a petty bourgeois family, received an excellent education, and began to engage in commerce.

Jonathan Swift () English writer, politician, philosopher. The most famous works: “The Tale of the Barrel” (it is based on the story of three brothers, which contains a sharp satire on the three main directions of the Christian religion: Catholic, Protestant and Anglican); "Gulliver's travels".

VOLTAIRE () The great French poet and playwright, philosopher and scientist, politician, was a symbol and the first figure of the educational movement throughout Europe. In his most famous philosophical story, “Candide, or Optimism” (1759), Voltaire reflects on religion, wars, the fate of the world and the place of man in it.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe () All the best that the German Enlightenment achieved was embodied in the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Goethe’s life’s work and the philosophical result of the European Enlightenment was “Faust,” a work about the greatness of the human mind and faith in the unlimited possibilities of man. "Faust" is a monumental philosophical tragedy that was written over 60 years.

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Russian literature of the 18th century Review of themes and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century.

In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: Literature of the time of Peter the Great. 1730-1750 1760s – first half of the 70s. The last quarter of a century.

Literature of Peter's time It is still of a transitional nature. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the personality problem is developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, stories, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.

Feofan Prokopovich The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich (“Poetics”, “Rhetoric”), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.

Second period (1730-1750) This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, in-depth development literary language. The basis of classicism was the orientation towards high examples of ancient art as a standard artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic ( high genres) comedy, fable, satire (low genres)

Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744) Author of satires in which national color and connection with oral history are noted folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of evil nobles”, etc.). According to V.G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769) was a true innovator in the art of words. In his treatise “A New and Brief Method for Composing Russian Poems,” he prepared the ground for further development Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) One of the first theorists of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of “Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry”, “A Brief Guide to Eloquence”, “Grammars”, theories of the three calms.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) Lomonosov's enlightenment views and democratic disposition were reflected in his poetic activity and in the content of his works. The theme of the homeland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.

Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717-1777) Also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as an author love lyrics(songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies, in which the main thing is the struggle between passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), author of comedies, fables (he wrote 400 fables).

Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s) During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, and the dominance of the noble class increases. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Maykov have been written (“The Ombre Player”, “Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus”), M.D. Chulkov has written in the short story genre, and M.D. Chulkov’s literary magazines are being published (“ Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Pustomela”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of "Rossiyada" - the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas ("The Venetian Nun", "Borislav", "Fruits of Sciences", etc.) was working.

Fourth period Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed during a period of upheavals, social explosions, and foreign revolutions (American, French). Blooms in the fourth period comic opera, the work of D.I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables (“Moralizing fables with explanations by Mr. Golberg”), the play “The Brigadier” and the famous comedy “The Minor.”

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) He wrote many poems and famous odes (“Ode on Her Majesty’s Birthday...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce colloquial vocabulary and vernacular into poetry, he strengthened democratic foundations literary language.

Writer, philosopher, poet. Author of the famous “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” The protest against slavery and spiritual enslavement constitutes the main pathos of this work. A famous fabulist, whose works also include tragedies (“Philomela”, “Cleopatra”) and comedies (“Fashion Shop”, etc.)

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, and journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as “ Poor Lisa", "Natalia - the boyar's daughter."

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Features of the literature of the Enlightenment in England The combination of scientific thinking and artistic creativity The combination of scientific thinking and artistic creativity The development of the novel genre, free from the aesthetics of Classicism The development of the novel genre, free from the aesthetics of Classicism The coexistence of the cult of Feelings and the cult of Reason. Sentimentalism The coexistence of the cult of Feeling and the cult of Reason. Sentimentalism

England - the founder of Enlightenment literature Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury () philosopher, writer and politician

Joseph Addison () English writer and statesman.

Sir Richard Steele () Irish writer, journalist, politician

Daniel Defoe () () English writer and publicist English writer and publicist

Jonathan Swift () Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, poet and public figure Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, poet and public figure

Samuel Richardson () Samuel Richardson () English writer, founder of the “sensitive” literature of the 18th and early XIX centuries English writer, founder of “sensitive” literature of the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Henry Fielding () () English writer of the 18th century, one of the founders of the European realistic novel

Alexander Pope () () great English poet of the 18th century, translator of Homer's Iliad, satirist, philosopher

Alexander Pope () Alexander Pope Essay on Criticism (1711) – manifesto educational classicism. The essay “An Essay on Criticism” (1711) is a manifesto of Enlightenment classicism. The principle of following “good taste” Imitating “orderly nature”

The poem "Windsor Forest" (1713) - the beginning of the "discovery of nature" The poem "Windsor Forest" (1713) - the beginning of the "discovery of nature" Heroes-comic poem "The Stealing of a Lock" (1712, 1714) Heroes-comic poem "The Stealing of a Lock" ( 1712, 1714) Moral and philosophical poem “Essays on Morality” () Moral and philosophical poem “Essays on Morality” ()

Philosophical poem “An Essay on Man” (1734) Philosophical poem “An Essay on Man” (1734) Revival of the concept of a Single Chain of Being: God began a chain that forever linked ethereal Beings, angels, people, Beasts and fish; it is impossible to comprehend the result of His path, coming from God to us and beyond; it is impossible for the connection in the great chain of beings to be interrupted...

Contradiction and at the same time harmony of Man. Enlightenment gives Truth and Happiness: Explore the world in spite of pride, Take Humility as your guide; Reject forever the vain attire, In which idle titles reign... It is not a sin to combine Passion with Reason; We love ourselves if we love everyone; Virtue is at one with happiness; We are given only ourselves to know.

Daniel Defoe () Daniel Defoe Politician (“Essay on Projects”, 1697) Publicist (“The shortest way to deal with dissenters”, 1702) Founder of the European novel of the New Age.

Genre forms of novels “Diary of the Plague Year” (1722) - a prototype historical novel“Diary of the Plague Year” (1722) – prototype of the historical novel “The History of Colonel Jacques” (1722) – prototype of the adventure novel “History of Colonel Jacques” (1722) – prototype of the adventure novel “Moll Flanders” (1722), “Roxana” (1724) - prototype of social psychological novel“Moll Flanders” (1722), “Roxana” (1724) - prototype socio-psychological the novel "The Life and Deeds of Jonathan Wilde" (1725) - the prototype of the criminal novel "The Life and Deeds of Jonathan Wilde" (1725) - the prototype of the criminal novel

The novel "Robinson Crusoe" () The concept of "natural man" The concept of "natural man" The illusion of documentary The illusion of documentary The life of R. Crusoe on a desert island is at the same time a story about the life of humanity (from savagery to civilization) The life of R. Crusoe on a desert island - it is at the same time a story about the life of mankind (from savagery to civilization)

Jonathan Swift () Jonathan Swift Publicist - satirist (pamphlets "The Battle of the Books", 1697, "The Tale of the Barrel", 1697, "Letters of a Clothmaker",) Publicist - satirist (pamphlets "The Battle of the Books", 1697, "The Tale of the Barrel", 1697, “Letters from a Clothmaker”,) Creator of the European novel of the Modern Age Creator of the European novel of the Modern Age

The novel "Gulliver's Travels" () Image of reality: satirical satirical pamphlet-allegorical pamphlet-allegorical in the spirit of an educational utopia in the spirit of an educational utopia

Parts of the novel I. Gulliver's Travels to the Lilliputians I. Gulliver's Travels to the Lilliputians II. Gulliver's Journey to the Giants II. Gulliver's Journey to the Giants III. Gulliver's Journey to the Flying Island of Laputa III. Gulliver's Journey to the Flying Island of Laputa IV. Gulliver's Journey to the Land of the Houyhnhnms, the Intelligent Horses IV. Gulliver's Journey to the Land of the Houyhnhnms, Intelligent Horses

The style of the novel Proximity to the pamphlet Proximity to the pamphlet Grotesque is one of the main artistic means. Grotesque is one of the main artistic means. Caricature of character images Caricature of character images Proximity to fairy tales and adventure novels Proximity to fairy tales and adventure novels

Samuel Richardson () Samuel Richardson The founder of the psychological line in English XVIII literature century Founder of the psychological line in English literature XVIII century Developer of the form of the epistolary novel (novel in letters) Developer of the form of the epistolary novel (novel in letters)

Novels by S. Richardson “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded” (1740) “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded” (1740) “Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady” () “Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady” () “The Story of Sir Charles Grandison” (1754) "The History of Sir Charles Grandison" (1754)

“Pamela...” Part 1 LETTER I. I tell you the reason for the great sadness, but it is accompanied by no comfort, the sadness is that my dear lady died of the disease that I have already talked about with you: she she left us all in unspeakable sadness, for she was extremely merciful; to all my servants, I was afraid when I entered her service to be her bedchamber, so as not to be left without shelter, not to be forced to return to you, who can support themselves with great need; During my stay with her, she, out of her utmost mercy, taught me to write, sew, make marks, and other knowledge that was considerable beyond the scope of my condition, and therefore it would not have been easy for me to employ myself in such work, for which I was born from you... I have to tell you the reason for the great sadness, however, it is accompanied by no comfort, the sadness is that my dear lady died in the disease that I have already talked about with you: she left us everyone was in unspeakable sadness, for she was extremely merciful; to all my servants, I was afraid when I entered her service to be her bedchamber, so as not to be left without shelter, not to be forced to return to you, who can support themselves with great need; During my stay with her, she, out of her utmost mercy, taught me to write, sew, make marks, and other knowledge that was considerable beyond the scope of my condition, and therefore it would not have been easy for me to employ myself in such work, for which I was born from you...

Henry Fielding () Henry Fielding Satirist (poem "Masquerade", 1728, etc.) Satirist (poem "Masquerade", 1728, etc.) Playwright (more than 25 comedies) Playwright (more than 25 comedies) Publicist (published the magazines "Fighter" ( The Champion), " True patriot"(The True Patriot), etc.) Publicist (published the magazines "The Champion", "The True Patriot", etc.)

Artistic Features novels by G. Fielding Dramatic Dramatism Controversy with Defoe, Swift and Richardson (“The History of the Life and Death of Jonathan Wilde the Great”, 1743, “The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Abraham Adams”, 1742) Controversy with Defoe, Swift and Richardson (“History life and death of Jonathan Wilde the Great", 1743, "History of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Abraham Adams", 1742)

“The History of Tom Jones, Foundling” (1749) A realistic picture of English reality of the 18th century A realistic picture of English reality of the 18th century Following the tradition of Cervantes Following the tradition of Cervantes “Comic epic in prose” (G. Fielding) “Comic epic in prose” (G. Fielding) Narration from the 3rd person Narration from the 3rd person Doubt in the cult of Reason Doubt in the cult of Reason Strengthening the role of the author in the narration Strengthening the role of the author in the narration

Sentimentalism in England Originated in the 1720s in England Originated in the 1720s in England In contrast to Enlightenment rationalism In contrast to Enlightenment rationalism The concept of Feelings above Reason The concept of Feelings above Reason The concept of Nature above Civilization The concept of Nature above Civilization “Discovery of nature,” contemplation “ Discovery of nature", contemplation Landscape - a means of characterizing the character and the author Landscape - a means of characterizing the character and the author The poem "Seasons" () - the tradition of the didactic poem - a description of nature as an end in itself - nature is identified with a rural idyll

Edward Young () Edward Young Religious and didactic poem “The Complaint, or Night Reflections on Life, Death and Immortality” (): nature at night awakens melancholic experiences nature at night awakens melancholic experiences lyrical hero calms down from the thought of afterlife bliss the lyrical hero calms down from the thought of afterlife bliss
"Elegy written in rural cemetery"(1751) The funeral service for the day, the bell buzzes, Sheep trudge into the village along the stubble, The tired plowman hurries to the hearth, Leaving the world to silence and to me... ... You, arrogant from power and wealth, You who were born into the world in a shirt - And it will strike for you this inevitable hour: The path of victories will end with the grave...

Lawrence Stern () Lawrence Stern Largest representative English and European sentimentalism, which gave the direction its name and reflected the beginning of its crisis

Main works “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman” () “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman” () Irony of Sentimentality “A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy” (1768) “A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy” (1768) Subjective character's view of reality Humor