A work of art that has independent artistic significance. A work of painting. Picture in Picture

PICTURE (WORK OF PAINTING)

a work of painting that has a complete character (as opposed to a sketch or sketch) and independent artistic significance. Unlike fresco or book miniature, K. is not necessarily associated with a specific interior or a specific decoration system. It consists of a base (canvas, wooden or metal board, cardboard, paper), primer and a paint layer. K. is one of the most typical types of easel art.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what a PICTURE (WORK OF PAINTING) is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• PAINTING in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  If a picture appears in front of you in a dream, it means that trouble will happen to you at the same time and you will be deceived. If in a dream you...
• WORK in the Dictionary of Modern Physics from the books of Green and Hawking:
  B. Green The result of multiplying two ...
• PAINTING in the Dictionary of Fine Arts Terms:
  - a work of painting that has independent artistic significance and has the property of completeness (in contrast to a sketch or sketch). Consists of a base...
• WORK
  OFFICIAL - see SDUZHEBNS WORK...
• WORK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  AUDIOVISUAL - see AUDIOVISUAL WORK...
• PAINTING in Statements of famous people:
  
• PAINTING in the Dictionary One sentence, definitions:
  - an intermediary between an object or phenomenon and a thought. Samuel...
• PAINTING in Aphorisms and clever thoughts:
  an intermediary between an object or phenomenon and a thought. Samuel...
• WORK
  in mathematics, the result of multiplication. Often, for brevity, the product of n factors a1a2...an is denoted (here - the Greek letter "pi" - the symbol ...
• PAINTINGS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• WORK in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
  in mathematics, the result of multiplication...
• PAINTING V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  any work of a painter that is complete in content, regardless of the type of content, ranging from historical or religious to the depiction of inanimate nature (nature...
• PAINTING in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -y, w. 1. A work of painting. Paintings by Russian artists. Hang pictures. 2. The same as the film (in 2 characters) (colloquial). 3. ...
• WORK in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  . -I, Wed 1. see produce. 2. Creation, a product of labor, in general, what is done is fulfilled. Perfect, exemplary item (masterpiece). P. …
• WORK
  PRODUCT (math.), the result of multiplication. Often for brevity P. n factors a 1 a 2 ... a n are denoted (here P ...
• PAINTINGS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE INSTITUTE, see St. Petersburg Academy of Arts ...
• PAINTING in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? any work of a painter that is complete in content, regardless of the type of content, ranging from historical or religious to the depiction of inanimate nature...
• WORK
  work, work, work, work, work, work, work, work, work, work, work, ...
• PAINTING in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  karti"on, karti"us, karti"ny, karti"n, karti"not, karti"us, karti"well, karti"us, karti"noy, karti"noyu, karti"us, karti"not, ...
• PAINTING in the Anagram Dictionary:
  rubbing - ...
• PAINTING in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -y, w. 1) A work of art painted with paints on canvas, board, paper. Exhibition of paintings. Often these loved ones live in such distant...
• PAINTING
  Canvas...
• PAINTING in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Part of the act in...
• WORK
  1. Syn: composition, link, node 2. Syn: creation (raised), creation (high), labor, work 3. Syn: thing, opus, composition, work, ...
• PAINTING in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  1. Syn: image, drawing, diagram, pattern 2. Syn: film, movie, motion picture (of.), cinema (informal), film (of.), tape ...
• WORK in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  1. Syn: composition, link, knot 2. Syn: creation (raised), creation (high), labor, work 3. Syn: thing, ...
• PAINTING in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  1. Syn: image, drawing, diagram, pattern 2. Syn: film, film, motion picture (off.), cinema (informal), film strip (...
• WORK
  creation, creation, work, business, product, craft, action, brainchild, fruit, preparation, manufactured product. Best Work- a masterpiece, a pearl of creation; prot.: . Wed. ...
• PAINTING in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  image, watercolor, panel, pastel, landscape, canvas, sketch, sketch, head, nature-morte; mosaic. Wed. . See the view...
• WORK
  Syn: composition, link, node Syn: creation (high), creation (high), labor, work Syn: thing, opus, composition, work, ...
• PAINTING in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  Syn: image, drawing, diagram, pattern Syn: film, film, motion picture (off.), cinema (informal), film strip (off.), tape...
• WORK
  1. Wed. 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: produce (1,2), produce. 2) a) That which is produced, developed, manufactured. b) Product...
• PAINTING in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  and. 1) A work of painting in paints. 2) Cinematic or television film. 3) transfer Something that is a series of images that differ...
• WORK
  product, ...
• PAINTING in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  picture,...
• WORK
  work, …
• PAINTING in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  painting, …
• WORK in the Spelling Dictionary:
  product, ...
• PAINTING in the Spelling Dictionary:
  picture,...
• WORK
  creation, product of labor, creativity of P. art. Literary work result, result...
• PAINTING in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  something that can be seen, observed, or imagined in concrete images of nature. Pictures of childhood. picture Colloq == movie N2...
• PICTURE in Dahl's Dictionary:
  wives the picture - the night will detract. picture, contemptuous picture, stolen. pictorial image, esp. in paints; | oral or written live and bright...
• WORK
  in mathematics, the result of multiplication. Often, for brevity, the product of n factors a1a2…an is denoted (here the Greek letter “pi” is the symbol ...
• PAINTINGS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  INSTITUTE OF SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE. I. E. Repin, St. Petersburg, founded in 1757 as the Educational School at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Prepares painters...
• WORK
  works, cf. 1. Action according to verb. produce in 4 digits (rare in 1, 2 and 3) - produce (book rare). ...
• PAINTING V Explanatory dictionary Russian language Ushakov:
  paintings, w. 1. A work of painting in paints. Conversation piece. Watercolor painting. 2. Cinematic film. 3. A number of images that are distinguished by clarity and...
• WORK
  work 1. cf. 1) The process of action according to meaning. verb: produce (1,2), produce. 2) a) That which is produced, developed, manufactured. b) ...
• PAINTING in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  picture g. 1) A work of painting in paints. 2) Cinematic or television film. 3) transfer What is a series of images...
• WORK in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  I Wed. 1. process of action according to ch. produce 1., 2., produce 2. That which is produced, produced, manufactured. Ott. Product of creativity. ...

What is painting?

Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any surface.
“Painting is not just some kind of fantasy. It is work, work that must be done conscientiously, as every conscientious worker does,” Renoir argued.

Painting is amazing miracle making everyone accessible art materials into the most diverse visible images of reality. Mastering the art of painting means being able to depict real objects of any shape, different color and material in any space.
Painting, like all other forms of art, has a special artistic language, through which the artist reflects the world. But, expressing his understanding of the world, the artist simultaneously embodies his thoughts and feelings, aspirations, aesthetic ideals in his works, evaluates the phenomena of life, explaining their essence and meaning in his own way.
IN works of art different genres of fine art created by painters use drawing, color, light and shade, expressiveness of strokes, texture and composition. This makes it possible to reproduce on a plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment.
The world of painting is rich and complex, its treasures have been accumulated by humanity over many millennia. The most ancient works of painting were discovered by scientists on the walls of caves in which they lived primitive people. The first artists depicted hunting scenes and animal habits with amazing accuracy and sharpness. This is how the art of depicting with paints on the wall arose, which had features characteristic of monumental painting.
There are two main types of monumental painting - fresco and mosaic.
Fresco is a technique of painting with paints diluted with clean or lime water on fresh, damp plaster.
Mosaic is an image made of particles of stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, homogeneous or different in material, which are fixed in a layer of soil - lime or cement.
Fresco and mosaic are the main types of monumental art, which, due to their durability and color fastness, are used to decorate architectural volumes and planes (wall paintings, lampshades, panels).
Easel painting (picture) has an independent character and meaning. Breadth and completeness of coverage real life is reflected in the diversity of inherent easel painting types and genres: portrait, landscape, still life, everyday, historical, battle genres.
Unlike monumental painting, easel painting is not connected to the plane of the wall and can be freely exhibited.
The ideological and artistic meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure.
In addition to the above types of painting, there are decorative paintings - sketches theatrical scenery, scenery and costumes for cinema, as well as miniatures and iconography.
To create a miniature work of art or a monumental one (for example, a painting on a wall), the artist must know not only the constructive essence of objects, their volume, materiality, but also the rules and laws of the pictorial representation of nature, the harmony of color, and color.

In a pictorial image from nature, it is necessary to take into account not only the variety of colors, but also their unity, determined by the strength and color of the light source. No spot of color should be introduced into the image without matching it with the overall color state. The color of each object, both in light and in shadow, must be related to the color whole. If the colors of the image do not convey the influence of the color of the lighting, they will not be subject to a single color scheme. In such an image, each color will stand out as something extraneous and alien to a given state of illumination; it will appear random and ruin the color integrity of the image.
Thus, the natural color unification of paints by the general color of lighting is the basis for creating a harmonious color structure of the picture.
Color is one of the most expressive means used in painting. The artist conveys on the plane the colorful richness of what he saw, with the help of color form he cognizes and reflects the world. In the process of depicting nature, a sense of color and its many shades develops, which allows the use of paints as the main means of expression painting.
The perception of color, and the artist's eye is able to distinguish more than 200 of its shades, is perhaps one of the happiest qualities that nature has endowed man with.
Knowing the laws of contrast, the artist navigates those changes in the color of the depicted nature, which in some cases are difficult to catch by the eye. The perception of color depends on the environment in which the object is located. Therefore, the artist, when conveying the color of nature, compares the colors with each other, ensuring that they are perceived in interconnection or mutual relations.
“Taking light-and-shadow relationships” means preserving the difference between colors in lightness, saturation and hue, according to how it occurs in nature.
Contrast (both in light and color) is especially noticeable on the edges of adjacent color spots. The blurring of the boundaries between contrasting colors enhances the effect of color contrast, and the clarity of the boundaries of the spots reduces it. Knowledge of these laws expands technical capabilities in painting, allows the artist, with the help of contrast, to increase the intensity of the color of paints, increase their saturation, increase or decrease their lightness, which enriches the painter’s palette. Thus, without using mixtures, but only contrasting combinations of warm and cold colors, you can achieve a special coloristic sonority of the painting.

CARICATURE(Italian caricatura, from caricare - to load, exaggerate) - a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature to critical assessment any social, political and everyday phenomena or specific persons and events. Comic effect A caricature image is created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features, unexpected comparisons, likenings, metaphors, and a combination of the real and the fantastic. Caricature is used mainly in newspaper and magazine graphics, but it also finds a place in satirical painting and small plastic art, in posters and even in monumental painting. The cartoon can be seen in folk art, especially in popular print. Outstanding cartoonists were J. Effel (France), H. Bidstrup (Denmark), Kukryniksy (M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov, N. Sokolov - Russia).

PAINTING - easel work painting that has its own meaning. Unlike an etude and a sketch, a painting is a completed work, the result of the artist’s long work, a generalization of observations and the depth of concept and figurative content. When creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but in this process the creative imagination plays an important role. The concept of a painting is applied, first of all, to works of a plot-thematic nature, the basis of which is the image of important historical, mythological or social events, human actions, thoughts and emotions in multi-figured complex compositions. Therefore, painting plays a leading role in the development of painting. The painting consists of a base (canvas, wooden or metal board, plywood, cardboard, pressed board, plastic, paper, silk, etc.), onto which a primer and paint layer are applied. The aesthetic perception of a painting benefits greatly when it is enclosed in an appropriate frame (baguette), separating the painting from the surrounding world. The eastern type of painting retains the traditional form of a free-hanging unfolded scroll (horizontal or vertical). The painting, unlike monumental painting, is not strictly connected with a specific interior. It can be removed from the wall and hung differently. The pinnacles of art have been achieved in the paintings of outstanding painters. In the diverse movements of modernism, there is a loss of plot and a rejection of figurativeness, thereby significantly reconsidering the concept of a picture. More and more wide circle paintings XX century called paintings.

ART GALLERY- an art museum in which exclusively or predominantly works of painting are exhibited. An art gallery is also called a section of painting in major museums and palace halls intended for collections of paintings. IN Ancient Greece the repository of paintings was called the Pinakothek; later this became the name for large collections of paintings, that is, art galleries. Many of the largest art museums the world are art galleries and are named after galleries, including the National Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, etc.

BRUSH- an artist's tool, mainly a painter's, which is a handle with bristles at the end. Brushes for painting are usually made from hair: bristle brushes (from white pig bristles), kolinsky brushes (from red marten hair - kolinka), squirrel brushes, ferret brushes, etc. For watercolor painting, for working on small details, brushes made of thin and soft hair, such as squirrel hair, are suitable. For painting with gouache, tempera, oil paints choose hard bristle brushes. In the old days, artists used a badger brush, called a flute, with which they smoothed the surface of the paint, eliminating the scratches left on the paint by the bristle brush. Brushes can be round and flat, with short and long bristles, hard and soft. Each hand has pihra (1, 2, 3, etc.). The higher the number, the larger the brush. The ends of the hair in the brush must be pointed and not cut off. Hair should be chosen so that it lies parallel and does not puff up to the sides. A good brush retains its shape even after washing with water, but a bad one bristles even if it is dipped in paint. This brush is not suitable for painting at all. IN Lately artists prefer flat brushes that give a more defined stroke shape. Currently wide and flat brush called a flute. It is used for painting large surfaces and priming canvases. Brushes are also used in graphics and calligraphy.

KITSCH(German: Kitsch - lit., hack, bad taste) - pseudo-artistic products that meet low artistic taste and undeveloped aesthetic needs. Kitsch is characterized by garish colors, eclecticism, excessive decor, and imitations of precious materials. Manifestations of kitsch are possible in all types of plastic arts, but most often they are found in mass art production, the souvenir industry, mass printed graphics, and some types of artistic crafts.

CLASSIC(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - in the history of art, the era of the highest rise of ancient art in the V-IV centuries. BC e. Classical art - the art of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome the time of their heyday, as well as the art of the European Renaissance and classicism, which was directly based on ancient traditions. In the classical era, the main architectural orders were formalized, the regular planning of cities developed, monumental sculpture, inextricably linked with architecture, flourished, and decorative arts. Images of harmonious people, endowed with equal physical and spiritual beauty, created greatest sculptors Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias, Praxiteles, Scopas. Painting (Polygnotus) was highly developed in classical art. In the 5th century BC e. the most advanced architectural works Ancient Greece - the temples of the Parthenon (architects Iktinus and Kallikrates) and the Erechtheion, located on the Acropolis in Athens, marked by the artistic unity of the whole and all architectural and sculptural details. Classical art is associated with the heyday of Athens and other city-states, which had a slave-owning democracy.

CLASSICISM(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - art style European art XVII-XIX centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to ancient art as the highest model and reliance on traditions high Renaissance. The art of classicism reflected the ideas of the harmonious structure of society, but in many ways lost them in comparison with the culture of the Renaissance. Conflicts between personality and society, ideal and reality, feelings and reason testify to the complexity of the art of classicism. Art forms Classicism is characterized by strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images. The architecture of classicism is characterized by an order system inspired by ancient examples, clarity and geometric correctness of volumes and layouts, porticoes, columns, statues, and reliefs that stand out on the surface of the walls. An outstanding masterpiece of architecture, combining classicism and baroque into a single solemn style, was the palace and park ensemble at Versailles - the residence of the French kings (second half of the 17th century). In painting, the logical development of the plot, a clear, balanced composition, a clear transfer of volume, the subordinate role of color with the help of chiaroscuro, and the use of local colors acquired the main importance (N. Poussin, C. Lorrain). A clear delineation of plans in landscapes was also revealed with the help of color: the foreground had to be brown, the middle one must be green, and the distant one must be blue.

§№5. Spatial Views art. Painting.

Review questions?

1. What is graphics?
2. What means of graphic expression do you know?
3. What is the meaning of the terms:

• lithography,
• woodcut,
• print,
• engraving,
• splint?

Painting- one of the oldest types of fine art, associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.

The origins of painting.

Images of animals and people made back in the era have survived to this day. primitive society on the walls of caves. Many millennia have passed since then, but painting has always remained an invariable companion to a person’s spiritual life. IN last centuries it is undoubtedly the most popular of all types of fine art.

Painting functions:

• Cognitive
• Aesthetic
• Religious
• Ideological
• Social and educational
• Emotive

Adrian van Ostade. Artist's workshop. 1663. Dresden.

Types of painting:

Classification of paintings according to the material used:

Classification of painting by technique:

• A la Prima (alla prima)
• Grisaille
• Glaze
• Pointillism
• Dry brush
• Sgraffito

Painting techniques are practically inexhaustible. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: “painting is created by nature, time and man.” Leonardo da Vinci.

Easel painting.

Easel painting - a type of painting whose works have independent meaning and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting created on a machine (easel).

A work of easel painting - a painting - is created on a non-stationary (as opposed to monumental) and non-utilitarian (as opposed to decorative) basis (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and presupposes an independent perception not conditioned by the environment.

Monumental and decorative painting.

Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures and other stationary bases.

Monumental painting - oldest species painting, known from the Paleolithic (paintings in the caves of Altamira, Lascaux, etc.). Thanks to the stationarity and durability of works of monumental painting, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture, and sometimes serve as the only type of surviving paintings of the era.

Basic techniques of monumental painting:

• mural painting
• Fresco on wet plaster
• Fresco a secco
• Wax painting
• Mosaic
• Stained glass

A. B. IN.

A. Savior Almighty. Painting of the dome of the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street in Novgorod the Great. Theophanes the Greek. 1378 B. Marc Chagall. Murals of the Jewish Theater in Moscow. V. Marc Chagall. Painting the ceiling of the Paris Opera.

Miniature painting.

Miniature(from lat. minium - red paints used in the design handwritten books) - V fine arts paintings, sculptures and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.

Miniature painting also common in the east. In India, during the Mughal Empire, Rajasthani miniatures became widespread. It was a synthesis of the joint creativity of Indian and Persian masters.

Genres of painting:

• Animalistic – images of animals, birds, insects and other fauna.
• Abstract – depiction of non-objective compositions.
• Battle - images of military actions and battles.
• Everyday – depiction of everyday scenes.
• Historical – depiction of historically famous persons and events.
• Marina - seascape.
• Mystical-fantastic - compositions with surreal content.
• Still life (dead nature) – depiction of everyday objects.
• Portrait – images of people.
• Landscape - an image of living nature.
• Religious – compositions with religious content.

Practical task:

1. Find in the literature paintings, corresponding to each of the listed genres.
2. Make a description of these works in the form of a table: