Typical questions about epic works
(// - These two vertical oblique lines mark variants of the formulation of the same task)
In a literary work, what is the name of the monologue that the hero pronounces “to himself”? Inner monologue
What is the name in literary criticism for a means that helps describe a hero (“weak”, “frail”)? // What are the names of figurative definitions, which are a traditional means of artistic representation? Epithet
The events in the work are narrated from the perspective of fictional character. What is the name of the character in the work who is entrusted with the narration of events and other characters? Narrator
What is the name of the hero of this work?
What is the name of the genre of literature to which the work belongs? Epic
What is the deliberate use of identical words in a text that enhances the significance of a statement? Repeat
What term refers to the way of displaying the internal state of characters, thoughts and feelings? // What is the name of the author’s ability to convey the feelings and thoughts that possess the characters, their inner life? Psychologism
What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text? // What is it called significant detail, which is a means of characterizing the hero? Detail
The fragment begins and ends with a description of the fire in Smolensk, etc. Indicate the term that denotes the arrangement and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art. // What term denotes the organization of parts of the work, images and their connections? Composition
Indicate the type of trope, which is based on the transfer of the properties of some objects and phenomena to others (“flame of talent”). Metaphor
Indicate the genre to which the work belongs. Novel, story, tale, fairy tale...
At the beginning of the fragment a description of the character's appearance is given. What is this means of characterization called? Portrait
At the beginning of the episode, a description of the night village is given. What term is used to denote such a description? // What term is used to denote a description of nature? Scenery
To which genre variety refers to the novel? Social-philosophical, psychological, social-everyday...
Indicate a trope that is a replacement of a proper name with a descriptive phrase. Paraphrase /For example, Country Rising Sun– Japan/
A symbolic image, the meaning of which goes beyond the subject matter. Symbol
What term is used to designate the part of the work that depicts the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot? Exposition
What term denotes the totality of events, turns and twists and turns of action in a work? Plot
What term refers to the final component of a work? Epilogue
Artistic time and space are the most important characteristics of the author’s model of the world. What traditional spatial landmark does Goncharov use to create the image of a symbolically rich closed space? House
How is the form of allegory characteristic of fables called a parable? Allegory
Enter the name of the appointment artistic exaggeration, in which verisimilitude gives way to fantasy and caricature. Grotesque
What is the name of the type of description in literary works that allowed the author to recreate the furnishings of a person’s home? Interior
What are the names of words and expressions that deviate from the norms of the literary language (“they sing”, “we can”) Vernacular/Dialect
The surname of which Russian critic, democratic revolutionary is similar to the surname of Dobrosklonov? (this is from Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus' Doborolubov.
The surnames of the heroes of the work, containing hidden meaning(Kabanova, Dikoy, Pravdin, Skotinin, Raskolnikov). // Following tradition, the author gives the heroes of his work names and surnames that carry certain characteristics. What are these first and last names called? Speakers.
Typical questions about dramatic works
Within what literary movement was it created? this work? Classicism, realism
What term refers to the form of speech of characters that represents an exchange of remarks? Dialogue
Determine the genre of the work.
Fonvizin “Undergrown” - comedy
Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" - comedy
Gogol "The Inspector General" - comedy
Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm” - drama
Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard" - comedy
Gorky “At the Bottom” - drama
One of the characteristic techniques of classicism is to reveal the character of the hero through his surname. What are these names called? Speakers
In literary criticism, what do we call characters who do not appear on stage? Off-stage
The fragment depicts an acute clash of positions between the heroes. What is the name of such a clash, the confrontation of characters, which underlies the development of the action of a literary work? Conflict
Type of conflict? Public, love, social
What stage in the development of the action does this fragment belong to? Commencement, climax, denouement
Indicate the name of the genre of literature to which the play belongs...? Drama
What is the name of the extended statement of one character? Monologue
Name the term that refers to the statements of the characters in the play. // What is a single phrase of an interlocutor in a stage dialogue called in dramaturgy? Replica
What is the name of the part of the act (action) of a dramatic work in which the composition characters remains unchanged? Scene
What is the term that is used in literary criticism to denote an expression that has become popular? // The actor utters a succinct, laconic phrase: “Without a name, there is no person.” What is the name of this type of sayings?// What are the names of the sayings of heroes that are distinguished by brevity, capacity of thought and expressiveness? Aphorism
The given scene contains information about the characters, the place and time of the action, and describes the circumstances that took place before it began. Indicate the stage in the development of the plot, which is characterized by the named features. // What term is usually used to designate the part of the work where the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot are depicted? Exposition
What is the main means of characterization in this fragment of the play? Speech
Name the medium of artistic representation
Typical questions about lyrical works
What is the name of the type of lyricism to which this poem belongs? // What genre-thematic type of poetry does this poem belong to?
Landscape, civil, love, friendly, meditative (Tyutchev “There is melodiousness in sea waves..."), philosophical...
What is the name of a stylistic figure based on a change in the direct order of words? // What stylistic figure, consisting of a violation of the generally accepted word order, does the poet use to create...? Inversion
A term used in literary criticism to describe a figurative and expressive means that allows one to transfer meaning by similarity from one object to another? (Mean of allegorical expressiveness). Metaphor
Please enter a name stylistic device, which the poet uses when starting lines with the same word. Anaphora
What is the character of the rhyme called? Circular, cross, adjacent
What poetic genre does this poem belong to?
Ola, elegy, dedication, epigram...
What is the name of poetic device, based on the repetition of vowel sounds? Assonance
What is the poetic technique of repeating identical consonant sounds called?
Alliteration
Determine the meter in which the poem is written.
Iambic (2 4 6 8) trochee (1 3 5 7), dactyl (1 4 7 10), amphibrachium (2 5 8 11), anapest (3 6 9 12)
HOW TO DO THIS COMPETENTLY?
We write down lines from the poem, breaking them into syllables;
We put emphasis on words;
We write down the numbers under the stressed syllables;
We look at the previous diagrams and choose the size.
In `this de-re`v-no fire` not in ga`-she-ny
1 4 7 10
You don’t mean a lot to me...
1 4 7 10 uh it's a dactyl.
One more example!
No, you are not Push-kin. But ku´-yes
Can't see the sun from anywhere 2 4 8
2 4 8 this is iambic
Enter the term used to call artistic definition. Epithet
What is the name of the technique that allows you to give the world human feelings and experiences? Personification
What is the name of the versification system in which this poem was written?
Tonic, syllabic-tonic
What is the name in literary criticism for a combination of lines held together by a common rhyme and intonation? Stanza
What is the term used to denote the consonance of the ends of poetic lines? Rhyme
Happens:
ADJACENT(AABB),
CROSS( ABAB),
RING(ABBA)
What is the name of a technique based on a combination of incompatible concepts? Oxymoron
Name the type of trope based on the comparison of objects or phenomena. Comparison
What is the simplest unit of plot development called? Motive
What term is used to describe a set of lines consisting of quatrains, each of which is an organized combination of poetic lines. Quatrain
What is the name of the method of allegory that involves depicting an abstract idea through concrete images? Allegory
What is the name of a generalized image that includes many associative features? Symbol
What is the name of the technique that consists of replacing a word with a descriptive expression indicating important properties, qualities, signs of an object or phenomenon? Periphrase
To enhance the emotional significance of the statement, the author uses the form of a question that does not require an answer. What is this means of expression called? A rhetorical question
Name the type of composition characterized by the repetition of the same motif, line, etc. at the beginning and end of the work. Ring
What literary movement does creativity belong to...?
Classicism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, futurism, acmeism, imagism
What is the name of artistic technique, based on sharp opposition? Antithesis//contrast
The second and third stanzas are built on a comparison of pictures of nature and the human condition. What is this technique called in literary criticism?
Comparison//Parallelism
The second and fourth stanzas are almost identical in content. What is this technique called? Repeat
What is the name of a poetic concept that affirms self-worth? artistic creativity? Art for art's sake(freedom of art from politics).
Indicate the classic lyrical genre (sad reflection on the frailty of existence, lost love, etc.), the features of which are present in the poem... Elegy.
What is the name of the stanza used by the author in the work? (we are talking about the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”) Onegin's stanza/Onegin's
Poem "Hamlet" by B.L. Pasternak “attributed” his hero famous novel. Indicate the title of this work. Doctor Zhivago.
What means of expressing his own position does the poet resort to, subjecting his characters not to hidden, but to obvious ridicule and denunciation? Sarcasm/Invective
1. Check if did you understand the task adequately?. Analyze the question by highlighting keywords. Understand the meaning of the terms used in the wording of the question.
2. Do it analytical work with text of the task, which essentially serves as an answer plan: first name the authors and works (at least two comparison positions), and then justify your choice by commenting on these works in accordance with the assignment.
3. Include only those text material, which serves as an accurate commentary on your points.
4. Edit answer, remove redundant reasoning and examples, make the necessary additions in response to home(comparative) part of the question.
5. Avoid general reasoning.
6. Analyze response logic, check speech design, eliminate speech defects.
Examples of poem analysis.
Tyutchev F.I.
The kite rose from the clearing,
He soared high into the sky;
Higher and higher, it curls further -
And so he went beyond the horizon!
Mother Nature gave him
Two powerful, two living wings -
And here I am, covered in sweat and dust.
I, the king of the earth, am rooted to the earth!..
1.Theme of the poem- kite in the sky, a man watching the flight of a kite. Human and nature.
2. The poem is divided into two parts, two quatrains
3.First part- characteristic narrative intonation. The poet draws the beginning of the flight of a kite, which rushes to the sky. These poems sound freely, calmly, measuredly, conveying a picture of flight.
In verse 1 the word kite- subject of description, in verse 2 - phrase to the sky, which indicates the movement of the kite in space.
In verses 3–4, the space in which the kite flies expands, this is indicated by the words higher, farther.
The first quatrain paints a real picture of nature, which the reader sees together with the author.
The first stanza is read smoothly and calmly. There is a sense of slowness and tranquility in nature.
4. Grammar Basics stand out clearly in lines 1-3 of the poem. The verbs “rose, soared, curled” convey the dynamics of movement. The lyrical hero’s gaze moves from bottom to top, the kite gradually decreases, but the person, on the contrary, feels deprived, “rooted to the ground,” that is, despite the fact that a person is, of course, larger in size than a kite, but due to the inability to soar into the sky like a bird , he is inferior to the bird. Let's imagine a kite looking from the sky to the ground - he sees a small dot, which is the “king of nature.” The kite is “convinced” that the king of nature is he, the kite, soaring in the sky.
The final verses 7–8 sound with an intonation of sadness, forming second part quietness. It sounds like the lyrical hero’s regret about a man who is deprived of wings, deprived of flight and forced to live on earth “in sweat and dust.”
5-6 . Language means– the poet uses archaic forms of words:
“to the ground"- the poet’s reasoning emphasizes the eternal and unchanging weakness of man in relation to the power of nature.
Archaic form further gives the text elation, solemnity and brings the speech closer to a high style.
The verbs “rose, soared, curled” convey movement, thus the picture of the poem is lively and dynamic.
Nature-mother - The application shows the connection between nature and the kite, her “son”.
7. Artistic painting poems- a man watches the flight of a bird, sees a kite soaring in the sky and thinks that he, the “king of the earth,” cannot rise into the sky.
8 . Looking at flying birds, you involuntarily think about the impossibility of rising into the sky. But this is a long-standing dream of man (remember Icarus and Daedalus). Flying is freedom. The hero of Korolenko’s essay “Paradox”, a man without arms (-wings?) says: “Man is born for happiness, like a bird for flight.” Katerina in “The Thunderstorm” by N.A. Ostrovsky says: “Why don’t people fly like birds?” For each of the heroes works-poems Tyutchev, Jan Zalusky, Katerina - the concept of freedom, happiness is the opportunity to “fly”, and not in the literal sense of the word.
9-10-11 . Tyutchev's poem is a reflection on human capabilities. He is the “king of the earth” - but why can’t he rise to the sky? We find the answer - man is the “king on earth”, and the kite is the king of heaven. But man so wants to conquer the sky!.. The last line of the poem is about this, it sounds both like a desperate exclamation and like bitterness, the realization of the impossibility of overcoming gravity and soaring into the sky “higher, further.” A kite from a height of flight can “look around” its possessions like a real king, but a man cannot look around the earth, despite the fact that he is the “king of the earth.” What is stopping you? - it’s that the “king of the earth” is rooted to the ground. A person in sweat and dust is forced to constantly work on the land to feed himself. How can one not remember the Bible and the expulsion of a person from Paradise for eating the forbidden fruit! Therefore, man is punished by being “rooted to the ground,” working in sweat and dust and greedily watching the birds in the sky!
Free analysis of the poem by F.I. Tyutcheva
"The kite rose from the clearing"
The poem was written in 1835. For F.I. Tyutchev, man is as much a mystery as nature. The poet is faced with the question of the relationship between nature and man. Man is a thinking creature. Due to the fact that he is endowed with reason, he is separated from nature. In the poem “The Kite Arose from the Clearing,” human thought irresistibly strives to comprehend the unknown, but it is in no way possible for it to go beyond the “earthly circle.” For the human mind there is a limit, predetermined and inevitable. The sight of a kite rising from the field and disappearing into the sky leads the poet to the following thoughts: “Mother Nature gave him / Two powerful, two living wings - / And here I am in sweat and dust, / I, the king of the earth, have grown to the ground !..”
This poem by F. I. Tyutchev is consonant with Faust’s monologue translated by him from the scene “At the Gates,” which speaks of the inherent desire of human nature “up and away.” And it is characteristic that the hero of Goethe’s tragedy associates the awakening of this innate feeling in him with images of birds: a lark ringing in the sky, an eagle soaring above the treetops, or a crane hurrying to its homeland.
Clichés for analysis
| Definition of genre (love, philosophical, civil, landscape, symbolist) | The poem "..." belongs to...lyrics The poem represents shining example.. lyrics The poem can be classified as ... lyrics |
| Identification of the lyrical plot, the experiences of the lyrical hero | It can be said that lyrical hero… |
| Ideal level (idea, emotion) | The poem clearly captures the mood (joy, despondency, delight, hope) ... the motive of sadness sounds... |
| Isolation of compositional parts (if any) - climax part, digressions, contrasting parts, ring composition | The poem consists of... stanzas... The work was built... It has a clear structure.. The climax of the poem occurs at... |
| Interpretation of the name | The poem is named so because... |
| Characteristics of images (nouns-images) - | In the first stanza images (nouns) appear... |
| Artistic and expressive means | |
| Actions and states (problem verbs) | ... notes(What?)...describes(What?)...concerns(what?) ...pays attention(for what?) ...reminds(about what?) |
| Space, time | The space is presented in a very interesting way... (description of the room and everything in it, from general to particular, from particular to general, the description is presented from top to bottom, a description of the space in width, access to the level of the sky, space...) |
| Stylistic level (vocabulary, rhyme, syntax) | The poem uses such syntactic means as... (repetitions: anaphors, epiphores, inversion, parallelism, rhetorical questions, exclamations, omissions) The sentences used are constructed... |
| Phonic level (verse size, sound writing: alliteration, assonance) | ...The rhythmic pattern is based on trochee pentameter... The rhythm of the poem is based on trochee pentameter...The size of the poem is ... A special selection of consonant vowels (consonants) enhances the impression... |
a) Anya
b) Ranevskaya
c) Varya
d) Dunyasha
69. “I was alive, like a ray of sunshine, and now I had to sit motionless, like a stone.” What figurative and expressive device is used twice in this statement by the heroine?
a) metaphor
b) comparison
c) personification
d) hyperbole
70. What phrase ends the drama “The Thunderstorm”?
a) Mama, you ruined her, you, you, you...
b) Thank you, good people, for your service!
c) Good for you, Katya. Why did I stay in the world and suffer? !
d) Do what you want with her! Her body is here, take it; but the soul is now not yours: it is now before a judge who is more merciful than you!
71. Name literary direction, in line with which it developed
creativity and principles of which were embodied in “Fathers and Sons”.
a) Sentimentalism
b) Realism
c) Romanticism
d) Classicism
72. What is the name of a significant detail that is a means artistic characteristics(for example, the Bazarovsky robe and the English suite of Pavel Petrovich, noted by the author)?
a) description
b) remark
c) detail
d) composition
73. The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov are presented in opposition from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?
a) metaphor
b) comparison
c) oxymoron
d) antithesis
74. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped White hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. Whose portrait characteristic is this?
a) Nikolai Kirsanov
b) Pavel Kirsanov
c) Evgenia Bazarova
d) Arkady Kirsanova
75. Match the last names, first names and patronymics of the characters in the story “Heart of a Dog”:
a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
b) A-1, B-3, B-2, D-4
c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
76. Who is described this way in the novel? “...A man of about fifty, of average height and thick build, with gray hair and a large bald spot, with a swollen... yellow, even greenish face and with swollen eyelids, from behind which shone tiny, like slits, but animated reddish eyes."
a) Zosimov
b) Marmeladov
c) Raskolnikov
d) Svidrigailov
77. Who is described in this way in the novel? “... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless pale, clean-shaven face, with straight blond hair, glasses and a large gold ring on a finger swollen with fat. He was twenty-seven years old. He was dressed in a wide, dapper light coat, light summer trousers, and in general everything on him was wide and dapper; The linen is immaculate, the watch chain is massive.”
a) Zosimov
b) Marmeladov
c) Raskolnikov
d) Svidrigailov
a) Luke
b) Satin
c) Natasha
d) Bubnov
79. Who arranged the meeting between Katerina and Boris by stealing Kabanikha’s key?
a) Curly
b) Kuligin
c) Varvara
d) Glasha
80. Why does Prince Andrey go to serve in the active army?
a) ideas about officer’s duty
b) the desire to defend the Motherland
c) desire for fame
d) at the insistence of the father
Part B
1. Who in Ostrovsky’s play did N. Dobrolyubov call “a ray of light in the dark kingdom”?
Answer: Katerina
2. What is nihilism, according to Turgenev’s definition, in the novel “Fathers and Sons”?
Answer: denial
3. The main motives of Nekrasov’s lyrics.
Answer: homeland theme
4. Two main ideas in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” (write the answer separated by commas).
Answer: family, folk
5. Theme of Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard".
Answer: sale of cherry orchard
6. Write the title of the first poem about the revolution.
Answer: Twelve
7. Two main themes of Yesenin’s lyrics (write the answer separated by commas).
Answer: homeland, nature
8. Write the names of Mayakovsky’s satirical poems (write the answer separated by commas).
Answer: Oversitting, About rubbish
9. Which character illustrates the fate of the Don peasantry in Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don”.
Answer: Grigory Melikhov
10. Which of Sholokhov’s heroes wrote an application to join the collective farm, because he new life I completely agree.
Answer: Kondrat Maydannikov
11. Why does Turgenev’s Bazarov die?
Answer: His time has not come
12. The main theme of Tsvetaeva’s lyrics.
Answer: love
13. The meaning of Tolstoy's story "The Viper".
Answer: Fury of Civil War
14. The meaning of the legend about Danko in the story “Old Woman Izergil”.
Answer: serving the people
15. What kind of music is heard in Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet” (write the answer separated by commas).
Answer: Sonata No. 2, Beethoven's Apossionata
16. What was the name of Professor Preobrazhensky’s assistant (full name).
Answer:
17. Why is the hero Shukshin called an eccentric.
Answer: something always happened to him
18. What is the name of the collection of poems by Vysotsky.
Answer: Nerve
19. What was the name of the hero of Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.”
Answer: Andrey Sokolov
20. What book about a fighter did Tvardovsky write?
Answer: Vasily Terkin
Part C
Read an excerpt from “War and Peace” and complete the tasks.
No matter how cramped and no one needed and no matter how difficult his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago at Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing else he could do. But the simplest, clearest thoughts and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was going to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any regard to everyday life, without consideration of how it would affect others, but only according to in relation to himself, to his soul, with vividness, almost with certainty, simply and terribly, it presented itself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. His whole life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through glass and under artificial lighting. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in bright daylight, these poorly painted pictures.
“Yes, yes, these are the false images that worried and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white light of day - a clear thought of death. “Here they are, these crudely painted figures that seemed like something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed filled with! And all this is so simple, pale and rough in the cold white light of that morning which I feel rising for me.”
Three major sorrows of his life in particular occupied his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love!.. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with it. Oh dear boy!” – he said out loud angrily.
- Of course! I believed in some perfect love, which was supposed to remain faithful to me during the whole year of my absence! Like the tender dove of a fable, she was to wither away in separation from me. And all this is much simpler... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!
My father also built in Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his men; but Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, pushed him off the road like a piece of wood, and his Bald Mountains and his whole life fell apart. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the test for when it no longer exists and will not exist? will never happen again!
He's gone! So who is this test for? Fatherland, death of Moscow! And tomorrow he will kill me - and not even a Frenchman, but one of his own, just as yesterday a soldier emptied a gun near my ear, and the French will come, take me by the legs and head and throw me into a hole so that I don’t stink under their noses, and new conditions will arise. lives that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not exist.”
1) What terrible thoughts haunt Prince Andrei?
2) What events of his life does Prince Andrei consider the most tragic?
3) Which girl are we talking about at the end of the second paragraph?
4) About what event in his life does Prince Andrei say: “All this is terribly simple, disgusting!”?
5) What means of psychological writing does the author use to convey the prince’s internal state? Choose the correct answers from words and expressions for reference: dream, internal monologue, letter, diary, confession, author's commentary.
6) In what year did the Battle of Borodino take place?
7) In the third paragraph of the text, find 2 phrases from which it becomes clear that on the eve of the battle, a reassessment of values is taking place in the mind of Prince Andrei
8) Compare the condition of Prince Andrei before the battles of Austerlitz and Borodino (find similarities and differences).
4. Scoring Criteria
Determining the number of test questions (tasks) |
||||
Number of hours of academic discipline according to curriculum | Total | Part A | Part B | Part C |
≥ 101 |
Pivot tablewith scoring criteria |
How preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature turned into a quest with an unpredictable ending for students and teachers
Text: Natalya Lebedeva
Photo: Profi.ru
There are only a few months left before final exams. Those who have chosen humanities faculties will have to take the test. What difficulties do well-read children face in the exam when they distinguish between stanza, anaphora and oxymoron? Why do questions from the question-answer series have no place in the literature exam? And do you need to read all the works on the list to get the maximum score? These and other questions are answered by the author of numerous textbooks and literature guides, associate professor of Moscow State Pedagogical University Elena Poltavets.
Elena Yuryevna, do you think that the knowledge that is given at school is enough to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in literature?
Elena Poltavets: Knowledge and schools are different. It happens that knowledge is given, but in force various reasons they don’t take them, it happens that knowledge is imposed, but what is imposed cannot be tied down by any strings. Knowledge can only be obtained through one’s own efforts and made it an integral part of one’s inner world. He also said that a good reader mixes a drop of his own blood into his work.
A modern applicant, motivated to take the exam, will find everything he needs in the library, the Internet and, of course, additional questions to the teacher. But the paradox is that the better a conscientious student learns what stage directions, anaphora, inversion, lyric epic, oxymoron, alliteration, assonance and all other elements are, knowledge of which is required in the “List of Content Elements” and “List of Requirements for the Level of Graduates” , the greater the likelihood of lowering exam scores.
How is this possible?!
Elena Poltavets: A simple example, in demo version There is an assignment for the poem “Russia”, in which you need to indicate “the number of the stanza in which the poet uses anaphora.” A schoolchild who has read at least a short entry “Anaphora” in the dictionary literary terms, will find the anaphora, but not the stanza. If only because the list of “elements of content” does not include the term “stanza” (but this is not so scary: the developers of CIMs are sure that a schoolchild cannot help but know this). Another thing is worse: the sixth stanza of the proposed poem, containing anaphora, is not a stanza, but a strophoid, so a diligent applicant who, before the exam, repeated, in addition to the term “anaphora,” also the term “strophe,” will be confused.
Another example is a question about the novel: “What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?” The implied answer is “detail.” But in theory, “detail” and “detail” are distinguished as terms.
In my opinion, the main Unified State Exam problem- conceptual inconsistency of test CMMs, and indeed any unambiguous tasks in the “question-answer” mode in the discipline “literature”. Incorrect question situation “What is the name of the detail...?”- this is a trap for a smart applicant. Especially if he thinks about whether the symbolism of the details and their opposition are meant. He could write about all this in an essay, but not in a line that could fit no more than a dozen letters.
But in the Unified State Examination in literature, tasks have already appeared where you need to write detailed answers of 5-10 sentences.
Elena Poltavets: This is no longer a trap, but downright a “set-up”, and a very serious one. The demo version shows an episode of the first meeting Bazarova And Pavel Kirsanova(Chapter four of the novel “Fathers and Sons”, from the words of Nikolai Petrovich “Here we are at home” to Arkady’s remark: “So, we hesitated a little”). The question is: “How does this episode of Fathers and Sons outline the main conflict of the work?” It seems that the poster of this question has not read the great novel. Because the main conflict of the novel is not outlined either in the antithesis of the robe and the English suite mentioned in the episode, or even in the opposition of generations, or in the ideological disputes that unfold in the novel almost before the duel episode, but lies in the conflict of the “passionate, rebellious heart” of the human and the grave as the tragic fate of all flesh among the eternal “indifferent nature.” Awareness of one’s spiritual uniqueness and understanding of one’s doom for loneliness is what brings together the former antagonists after the duel - Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov - and contrasts them with all the other characters. A good teacher or tutor will, of course, read one of the greatest works world literature.
Elena Poltavets: I’ll start right away with an example. Assignment based on the same novel “Fathers and Sons”: “Establish a correspondence between the characters and their future fate. (Characters: , Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Fate: he is wounded in a duel, marries Odintsova’s sister, dies of a serious illness, marries Fenichka.”) This task can be completed by an applicant who has not read the novel at all, provided that he is familiar with a brief retelling of the plot, and not even the plot, but only the ending of the novel.
There are no other tasks that could be considered as a test of knowledge of the text in the exam version, and this is understandable: do not turn exam questions into jokes: “What did the pig eat under the window of the house: a) nectarines; b) bananas; c) avocado...” The “text test” idea, popular in the past, failed. Because there is no point in asking the name of the main character of the novel, and there is no reason to inquire whether the applicant remembers the name of the dog that an elderly relative did not like so much Odintsova in the novel "Fathers and Sons".
Tasks of an overly general nature: naming works that “depict the conflict between representatives of different generations” and comparing these works with Turgenev’s novel or naming about the Motherland also do not really allow one to demonstrate knowledge of the text of the works. It is proposed to limit the answer to 5-10 sentences. And what works do not “display the conflict of generations”?
So it turns out that even an applicant who is familiar only with a brief retelling of the works can cope with the 16 tasks of the first part. Please also keep in mind that the list of works of art, the reading of which is supposedly required, is excessively extensive, especially in the part, which provokes the student’s bewilderment: “I still won’t have time, I won’t remember, it’s not worth reading.”
How objective are the evaluation criteria? After all, it was precisely for the sake of objectivity and equalization of chances that the Unified State Exam was introduced.
Elena Poltavets: This is the most interesting thing. The tasks of the first part that seem suitable for an objective assessment (knows - does not know) are not so. Here is the task: “Indicate the meter in which the poem is written, without indicating the number of feet.” Let's assume that all test takers indicated correctly. They received equal points. But some also know footness, some know the semantic halo, and some have determined the semantics of pyrrhic feet. And where can an applicant show this knowledge?
And in general, this is a strange approach: the first part requires knowledge of terms, and the second part requires writing an essay. As if knowledge of terms is not necessary for writing an essay.
Applicants often ask: “How many terms can there be in good essay? I’ll answer: in a 4-hour project - no less than 50-60, or even 70. Because the plot, the conflict, the image, the landscape, the detail, the stage directions, the anaphora, and the size, in general, everything what is listed in " elements of content", and much more - this is the tool with which the author of the essay analyzes the work.
How many quotes? Well, let's say 70-80. Because there is absolutely no need to waste time quoting an entire stanza when you can point out that anaphora (“when”) and alliteration (on “r” and “s”) in the same poem by Blok “Russia” create an image of eternity and remind of the key word (if the applicant knows about anagramming, he will highlight the anagram “Russia”). Here are already three quotes in one sentence of the essay.
But the essay has already been returned - the final essay is in December. And all the schoolchildren write an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language...
Elena Poltavets: “Final” “essay” with a focus on “meta-subject matter”, reasoning about life, “a view and something”, preferably involving “extra-curricular” literary works and the everyday experience of high school students - this is, of course, useful, but also harmful at the same time. If only because the preparation of this “exam” and responsibility for it are entrusted to the same long-suffering school vocabulary specialist. And because no essay, the “topics” of which sound pathetic and demagogic and invites one to speak out for all that is good against all that is bad, can replace an essay exam in literature. Just as reasoning about why you need to know mathematics will not replace knowledge of at least the multiplication tables.
The presence of several essay options (mandatory “final” and optional) led to the blurring of the goals and objectives of each exam and disorientation of examinees. The requirements for the “final” “essay” that the student has mastered prevent him (and the teacher) from switching to analysis work of art as an aesthetic phenomenon, required in an essay on a literary topic. And thanks to the final essay, all high school students quickly learn that a work of art is just a visual illustration of some simple worldly wisdom and that understanding a work comes down to more or less successfully using it as “material” for “argumentation” of common truths .
“Who can be called a true friend?”, “Is it possible to change a dream?”, “What role can a cowardly act play in a person’s fate?” And these topics for discussion are intended for seventeen-year-olds, who, it seems, should have already read Turgenev, and? It seems to me that such topics could only be proposed to ten-year-old fourth-graders, and even then with a feeling of some awkwardness...
Do I understand correctly that the most correct thing would be to return to that essay that we all used to write in graduate school?
Elena Poltavets: I am sure that the essay exam for school graduates should be returned. This should be the final creative work, allowing the graduate to reveal his knowledge and his, as it is fashionable to say, creativity. The same applies to the university entrance exam.
Many complain that schoolchildren copy all sorts of “golden” and “diamond” essays from collections, download them from the Internet... But no Unified State Exam and no police measures will prevent this. And there is nothing reprehensible in the collections of “exemplary” essays in themselves, just like in the catalogs of, say, hairstyles that we leaf through while waiting in line at the hairdresser. Another thing is that not every haircut and not every dress will suit a particular person or at least please them from an aesthetic point of view.
My high school students received assignments to write a review of an essay from the “golden collection” and discussed these essays. But no one cheated when they had to hand in their work. If only because there was nowhere to copy: each student was given an individual topic and, at the same time, one that was not found either in the “collections” or on the Internet. And a kaleidoscope of quotations from articles and prefaces to reveal the topic of the essay certainly could not replace the logic of the original work.
What do you think an ideal literature exam should look like?
Elena Poltavets: An essay on one of the selected literary topics. That is, devoted to the analysis of the creativity/work of one or more authors listed in the exam program. Neither “free” nor problem-free “quote” topics are suitable for the exam. This should be an exam on the school discipline “literature”, and not on sensitivity, impressionability, kindness of heart, moral maturity, civic responsibility and other admirable qualities, which, however, are not taught in school lessons.
Views: 0
The examination paper on literature consists of 3 parts.
- Part 1 includes an analysis of a fragment of an epic, or lyre-epic, or dramatic work: 7 short-answer tasks (B1-B7), requiring the writing of a word, or a combination of words, or a sequence of numbers, and 2 long-answer tasks (C1-C2) , in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
- Part 2 includes analysis lyrical work: 5 tasks with a short answer (B8-B12) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences (C3-C4). When completing tasks C1-C4, try to formulate a direct, coherent answer to the question posed, avoiding lengthy introductions and characteristics, observing the norms of speech. The indication of the volume of detailed answers in parts 1 and 2 is conditional; The assessment of the answer depends on its content.
- Part 3 includes 3 tasks, from which you need to choose only ONE and give a detailed, reasoned answer to it in the genre of an essay on literary theme of at least 200 words.
When completing tasks with a detailed answer, rely on author's position, formulate your point of view, use theoretical and literary concepts to analyze the work.
The duration of the Unified State Examination in literature is 4 hours (240 minutes). We recommend spending no more than 2 hours to complete the tasks of parts 1 and 2, and 2 hours for part 3.
Answers on Unified State Exam forms are written clearly and legibly in bright black ink. You can use gel, capillary or fountain pens.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft, but the entries in it will not be taken into account when grading the work.
We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks.
The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and gain greatest number points.
Part 1
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.
“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. - The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.
“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank down onto the sofa.
- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. - Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason. - By the way, Prokofich.
A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady's handle and, bowing to his guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.
“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?
“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. - Would you like to set the table? - he said impressively.
- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?
- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.
- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?
“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” answered Arkady and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.
Pavel Petrovich took his trousers out of his pocket beautiful hand with long pink nails - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and handed it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”
Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.
“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he said. in a pleasant voice, amiably swaying, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?
“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”
(I.S. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons.”)
The answer to tasks B1-B7 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Enter the answers first into the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
Q1 Name the literary direction in which the work of I.S. developed. Turgenev and whose principles were embodied in “Fathers and Sons”.
Q2 What genre does the work of I.S. belong to? Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"?
Answer: ___________________________.
Q3 What is the name of a means of characterizing a character that is based on a description of his appearance (“He looked about forty-five years old...”)?
Answer: ___________________________.
Q4 Establish a correspondence between the characters appearing in this fragment and their future fate.
For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down your answer in numbers in the table and transfer it to answer form No. 1.
| A | B | IN |
Q5 What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?
Answer: ___________________________.
B6 Senior Kirsanov and Bazarov are presented in opposition from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?
Answer: ___________________________.
Q7 At the beginning of the above fragment, the characters communicate with each other, exchanging remarks. What is the name of this type speeches?
Answer: ___________________________.
To complete tasks C1 and C2, use answer form No. 2. First write down the task number, and then give a direct, coherent answer to the question (approximate volume - 5-10 sentences).
Rely on the author’s position and, if necessary, express your point of view. Justify your answer based on the text of the work.
When completing task C2, give at least two comparison positions (a comparison position is considered to indicate the author and title of the work of art with the obligatory justification for your choice; you can give two works of the same author as comparison positions, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the task).
C1 How is the main conflict of the work outlined in this episode of Fathers and Sons?
C2 Which works of Russian classics depict the conflict between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?
Part 2
Read the work below and complete tasks B8-B12; C3, C4.
Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses are flapping,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...
Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!
I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!
Let him lure and deceive, -
You won’t be lost, you won’t perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...
Well? One more concern -
The river is noisier with one tear,
And you are still the same - forest and field,
Yes, the patterned board goes up to the eyebrows...
And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman!..
(A.A. Blok, 1908)
The answer to tasks B8-B12 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Enter the answers first into the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
AT 8 Name the modernist poetic movement of the early 20th century, one of the prominent representatives of which was A.A. Block.
Answer: ___________________________.
AT 9 Indicate the stanza number (ordinal number in nominative case), in which the poet uses anaphora.
Answer: ___________________________.
AT 10 Indicate the technique the author resorts to in the lines:
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!
Answer: ___________________________.
AT 11 From the list below, select three names of artistic means and techniques used by the poet in the fourth stanza of this poem.
1) hyperbole
2) inversion
3) irony
4) epithet
5) sound recording
Enter the corresponding numbers in the table in ascending order and transfer them to answer form No. 1.
AT 12 Indicate the size in which A.A.’s poem is written. Block “Russia” (without indicating the number of stops).
Answer: ___________________________.
To complete tasks C3 and C4, use answer form No. 2.
First write down the number of the task, and then give a direct, coherent answer to the question (approximate volume - 5-10 sentences).
Rely on the author’s position and, if necessary, express your point of view. Justify your answer based on the text of the work. When completing task C4, give at least two comparison positions (a comparison position is considered to indicate the author and title of the work of art with the obligatory justification for your choice; you can give two works of the same author as comparison positions, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the task).
Write down your answers clearly and legibly, following the rules of speech.
C3 What feeling is imbued with the poet’s appeal to Russia?
C4 In what works of Russian poets is the image of Russia created and what are their similarities and differences with the poem by A.A. Blok?
Part 3
To complete the task of part 3, select only ONE of the proposed essay topics (C5.1, C5.2, C5.3).
In answer form No. 2, indicate the number of the topic you have chosen, and then write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the essay is less than 150 words, then it is scored 0 points).
Rely on the author's position and formulate your point of view. Argument your theses based on literary works(in an essay on lyrics, it is necessary to analyze at least three poems).
Use literary theoretical concepts to analyze the work.
Think over the composition of your essay.
Write your essay clearly and legibly, observing the norms of speech.
C5.1 As in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Mtsyri" reflects the clash of dreams with reality?
C5.2 What is the meaning of comparing the images of Katerina and Varvara? (Based on the play “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky.)
C5.3 As in the prose of M.A. Bulgakov's theme is revealed moral choice person? (Based on the novel “The White Guard” or “The Master and Margarita”.)
Evaluation system for examination work in literature
For the correct answer to tasks B1-B12, 1 point is given, for an incorrect answer or no answer - 0 points.
Answers to tasks B1-B12
| Job No. | Answer |
| IN 1 | realism |
| AT 2 | novel |
| AT 3 | portrait |
| AT 4 | 341 |
| AT 5 | detail |
| AT 6 | antithesis<или>contrast |
| AT 7 | dialogue |
| AT 8 | symbolism |
| AT 9 | sixth |
| AT 10 | comparison |
| AT 11 | 245 |
| AT 12 | iambic |
Criteria for checking and assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer
Assessment of the completion of tasks C1 and C3, which require writing a detailed answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences
The indication of volume is conditional; the assessment of the answer depends on its content (if the examinee has deep knowledge, he can answer in a larger volume; with the ability to accurately formulate his thoughts, the examinee can answer quite fully in a smaller volume).
| Criteria | Points |
Inclusion of the work in a literary context and persuasiveness of arguments | |
a) the examinee answers the question based on the author’s position, indicates the names of two works and their authors*, and convincingly justifies the choice of each work; | 4 |
b) the examinee answers the question based on the author’s position, indicates the names of two works and their authors, | 3 |
c) the examinee answers the question based on the author’s position; | 2 |
d) the examinee, when answering the question, does not rely on the author’s position, | 1 |
e) the examinee does not answer the question, or gives an answer that is not meaningfully related to the task and is not based on the author’s position; | 0 |
| Maximum score | 4 |
*It is acceptable to indicate two works by the same author, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the assignment.
Assessment of the completion of tasks C5.1, C5.2, C5.3,
requiring writing a detailed, reasoned answer in the genre
essays of at least 200 words
Among the five criteria by which an essay is assessed, the first criterion (content aspect) is the main one. If, when checking the work, the expert gives 0 points according to the first criterion, the task of part 3 is considered unfulfilled and is not checked further. For four others (2, 3, 4, 5) in the “Protocol for checking answers to tasks” of form No. 2, 0 points are assigned.
The score for the first position of the assessment of the assignment of part 3 is put in column 7 of the protocol, for the second position - in column 8, for the third - in column 9, for the fourth - in column 10, for the fifth - in column 11.
When assessing the completion of tasks in Part 3, you should take into account the volume of the written essay. A minimum length of 200 words is recommended for examinees. If the essay contains less than 150 words (the word count includes all words, including function words), then such work is considered incomplete and is scored 0 points.
When the essay is from 150 to 200 words, the maximum number of errors for each point level does not change.
| Criterion | Points |
| 1. The depth of the judgments made and the persuasiveness of the arguments | |
a) the examinee gives a direct, coherent answer to the question, based on the author’s position, and, if necessary, formulates his point of view; convincingly substantiates his theses, confirms his thoughts with text, does not replace analysis with retelling of the text; there are no factual errors or inaccuracies; | 3 |
b) the examinee gives a direct, coherent answer to the question, relying on the author’s position, formulates his point of view if necessary, and does not replace analysis with a retelling of the text, | 2 |
c) the examinee understands the essence of the question, | 1 |
d) the examinee does not cope with the task: | 0 |
| 2. Level of proficiency in theoretical and literary concepts | |
| a) the examinee uses theoretical and literary concepts to analyze the work; there are no errors or inaccuracies in the use of concepts | 2 |
b) the examinee includes in the text of the essay theoretical and literary concepts, | 1 |
c) the examinee does not use theoretical and literary concepts; | 0 |
| 3. Validity of using the text of the work | |
a) the text of the work in question is used in a comprehensive and reasonable manner (quotations with comments to them, brief retelling content necessary to prove judgments, reference to micro-topics of the text and their interpretation, various kinds of references to what is depicted in the work, etc.) | 3 |
b) the text is used in many ways, | 2 |
| c) the text is used only as a retelling of what is depicted | 1 |
| d) the text is not used, judgments are not substantiated by the text | 0 |
| 4. Compositional integrity and consistency of presentation | |
a) the essay is characterized by compositional integrity, its parts are logically connected, there are no violations of sequence or unreasonable repetitions within the semantic parts | 3 |
b) the composition is characterized by compositional integrity, its parts are logically interconnected, | 2 |
c) the compositional idea can be traced in the essay, | 1 |
d) there is no compositional intent in the essay, there are gross violations of the sequence of parts of the statement, which significantly complicates understanding the meaning of the essay | 0 |
| 5. Following speech norms | |
| a) there are no speech errors, or 1 speech error was made; | 3 |
| b) 2-3 speech errors were made; | 2 |
| c) 4 speech errors were made; | 1 |
d) the number of speech errors made significantly complicates understanding the meaning of the statement (5 or more speech errors were made) | 0 |
| Maximum score | 14 |
So, in our version of the Unified State Exam In literature, task 5 is devoted to the composition of the work.
5. What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, a sheepskin coat, boots, a dress)?
Answer:___________________________
You can watch a detailed analysis of task 5 in the video.
REFERENCE MATERIAL
In modern literary criticism, the term “COMPOSITION” of a work is understood in different ways. We will not go into the details of each opinion of literary schools, but will only indicate that we understand composition in two versions.
The first option is a broad understanding of composition
Composition is the general structure of a work of art - semantic parts, author's division into parts, and the like.
Based on this understanding of composition, we can identify the following compositional parts in “The Captain’s Daughter”:
1. Division into compositional parts according to geographical principles:
2. Division into compositional parts according to the principle of the main character growing up:
As can be seen from the given examples of division into compositional parts, a broad understanding of the term COMPOSITION for precise work with literary text It just won't do. Each person who reads it, depending on their understanding of what they read, will create their own unique composition. From this we can conclude that the broad understanding of the term COMPOSITION OF A WORK OF ART is characterized by subjectivity, i.e. inaccuracy.
The second option is a narrow understanding of composition
Composition is the arrangement of the structural elements of a work, which, serving the author’s intention, create integral artistic images.
What main structural elements of the work should be highlighted when analyzing the composition of the work?
Title of the work- this is an element of composition that serves as the main guideline and semantic emphasis of the work. In our case, the name is “The Captain's Daughter”. A.S. Pushkin specifically included a fictional character in the name - the captain's daughter Marya Ivanovna Mironova.
This element of the composition sets the reader up to perceive artistic design writer. This work is not historical work, artistic reconstruction of historical events.
Chapter titles- it's the same structural element compositions. With the help of these titles, the writer gives the reader a sense of anticipation for the next events. For example: the title of the chapter “Sergeant of the Guard” sets the reader’s thoughts on dramatic changes in the life of the main character.
Epigraphs- This is both a structural element of the plot and composition of the work. The epigraph in a condensed form gives the main meaning of the work or its part. A special feature of the composition of “The Captain's Daughter” is the abundance of epigraphs (an epigraph to the entire work and to each chapter separately).
Narration- this is a chain of events that are the basis for the development of the action of the entire work. In "The Captain's Daughter" the narrative is sequential, without temporary rearrangements.
Description- this is a type of speech of a work of art, which is distinguished by staticity, an abundance of details, portraits, landscapes, etc. Description slows down the space-time continuum of the work, allowing the reader to comprehend what has already been read.
Detail - this is important for creating a holistic artistic image subject (phenomenon, detail, thing). There is an abundance of detail in The Captain's Daughter. on the one hand, it recreates the life of that time, for example, “a saucepan with jam”, “a sheepskin coat”, “bath accessories”; on the other hand, they create unique artistic images “red boots”, “white morning dress"etc.
Portrait- this is a set of details that create the appearance of an artistic image, for example: a portrait of Pugachev, a portrait of Grinev, etc.
Scenery is a collection of details that create an image of nature. The peculiarity of natural details can add character to the landscape, for example: a hostile landscape (blizzard, blizzard) during Pyotr Grinev’s drive from home to Orenburg. Usually the character of the landscape anticipates subsequent events.
Interior- is a collection of details interior decoration premises, for example: the interior of the hut to which the counselor led them.
Exterior- is a collection of details external state structures, buildings, houses, for example: the exterior of the Belogorsk fortress.
Reasoning- This is a type of speech that is characterized by a deviation from the narrative. The reasoning clarifies the cause-and-effect relationships of the events described in the work. For example: Grinev’s father’s reasoning about the fate of his son.
Inner monologue- these are the hero’s reasonings that other heroes of the work should not hear. The internal monologue, from the reader's point of view, characterizes him psychological condition, for example: the internal monologue of Pyotr Grinev during interrogation.
Monologue- this is the reasoning of the hero of the work. The monologue is not designed for the response of those to whom the monologue is addressed, for example: the monologue of Maria Ivanovna.
Dialogue- this is a reasoning between two heroes, which is carried out through an exchange of remarks, for example: the dialogue between Pyotr Grinev and Pugachev on the way to the Belogorsk fortress.
Polylogue- this is the reasoning of several (more than two) heroes of the work, which, just like dialogue, is carried out through the exchange of remarks, for example: a polylogue at Pugachev’s military council, which was attended by Grinev.
Letter- this is a type of monologue, which is given in the form of a recording, i.e. letters, for example: a letter from Father Grinev to Savelich.
Also, as compositional parts we can consider folklore elements: songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, riddles, etc. For example: the song “Don’t make noise, mother green oak tree...” or Kalmyk fairy tale, which Pugachev told Grinev.
All of the above compositional elements are not exhausted. In every separate work the presence of compositional parts will be its own, and this will reveal the peculiarity of the composition.