Sculpture of ancient Greece presentation on the Moscow Art Gallery. Outstanding sculptors of ancient Hellas. Greek classical sculpture

30.10.2019

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EssayOutstanding sculptors Ancient Hellas

Timergalina Alfina

Plan

Introduction

1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.

2. Sculpture of the 7th-3rd centuries.

Conclusion

Introduction

All larger number people realize that familiarization with the historical past is not only an acquaintance with the masterpieces of world civilization, unique monuments ancient art, not only a school of education, but also a moral and artistic integral part of modern life.

The largest civilization of the ancient world was the ancient Greek civilization. The civilization had a developed culture.

It can be considered indisputably proven that class society and the state, and with it civilization, arose on Greek soil twice with a large gap in time: first in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. and again in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Therefore, the entire history of ancient Greece is now usually divided into two large eras: 1) the era of the Mycenaean, or Cretan-Mycenaean, palace civilization and 2) the era of the ancient polis civilization.

1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.

Unfortunately, practically nothing has reached us from the monumental sculpture of the Homeric period. Xoan was, for example, a wooden statue of Athena from Dreros, decorated with gilded plates depicting details of clothing. As for the surviving sculptural samples, small ceramic figurines from Tanagra dating back to the 7th century are of undoubted interest. BC e., but made under the clear influence of geometric style. It is interesting that the same influence can be traced not only in painted ceramics (which is not difficult to imagine: the figurines are simply painted with certain patterns or figures repeating in shape), but also in bronze sculpture.

2. Sculpture VII-III centuries.

In the 7th-6th centuries. BC. two types dominate in sculpture: a naked male figure and a draped female figure. The birth of the statue type of the male nude figure is associated with the main trends in the development of society. The appearance of relief is mainly associated with the custom of placing tombstones. Later, reliefs in the form of complex multi-figure compositions became an indispensable part of the temple entablature. Statues and reliefs were usually painted.

Sculpture and painting of Greece of the 5th century. BC. developed the traditions of previous times. The main images remained of gods and heroes. ancient greek sculpture statuary homeric

The main theme in the art of the Greeks in the archaic period was man, represented as a god, a hero, an athlete. This man is beautiful and perfect, in strength and beauty he is like a deity, in his calmness and contemplation one can discern confident authority. These are the numerous marble sculptures of the late 7th century. BC. naked rope boys.

If previously it was considered necessary to create an abstract embodiment of certain physical and spiritual qualities, an average image, now the sculptors paid attention to a specific person, his individuality. The greatest successes in this were achieved by Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos, Timothy, Briaxides.

There was a search for means to convey shades of the movement of the soul and mood. One of them is represented by Skopas, a native of Fr. Paros. Another, lyrical direction was reflected in his art by Praxiteles, a younger contemporary of Skopas (Aphrodite of Cnidus, Artemis and Hermes with Dionysus). The desire to show the diversity of characters was characteristic of Lysippos (statue of Apoxyomenes, “Eros with a bow”, “Hercules fighting a lion”).

Gradually, the numbness of the figures and the schematism inherent in archaic sculpture are overcome, Greek statues become more realistic. The development of sculpture is also connected in the 5th century. BC. with the names of three famous masters Myron, Polykleitos and Phidias.

The most famous of Myron’s sculptures is considered to be the “Disco Thrower” - an athlete at the moment of throwing a discus. The perfect body of an athlete in the moment highest voltage-- Myron's favorite topic.

The most famous, revered and incomparable sculptor of the period of mature (also called “high”) classics was Phidias, who led perestroika Athens Acropolis and building on it famous Parthenon and other beautiful temples. Phidias created three statues of the Athenian patron goddess for the Acropolis. In 438 BC. e. he completed a twelve-meter statue of Athena Parthenos, specially made of wood, gold and ivory for interior decoration Parthenon. In the open air, on a high pedestal, stood another Athena by Phidias - the bronze Athena Promachos ("Warrior"). The goddess was depicted in full armor, with a spear, the gilded tip of which shone so much in the sun that it replaced a coastal lighthouse for ships sailing to Piraeus. There was another Athena, the so-called Athena Lemnia, inferior in size to other works of Phidias and, like them, has come down to us in rather controversial Roman copies. However, the greatest glory, eclipsing even the glory of the Athena Parthenos and all other Acropolis works of Phidias, was enjoyed in ancient times by the colossal statue of Olympian Zeus.

Conclusion

A characteristic feature of early Greek culture was the amazing unity of its style, clearly marked by originality, vitality and humanity. The man occupied significant place in the worldview of this society; Moreover, the artists paid attention to representatives of various professions and social strata, inner world each character. The peculiarity of the culture of early Hellas is reflected in the amazingly harmonious combination of motives of nature and the requirements of style, which reveal the works of its the best masters art. And if initially artists, especially Cretan ones, strived more for decoration, then already from the 17th-16th centuries. Hellas' creativity is full of vitality. In the XXX-XII centuries. the population of Greece has gone through a difficult path economically, politically and spiritual development. This period of history is characterized by intensive growth of production, which created in a number of regions of the country the conditions for the transition from the primitive communal to the early class system. The parallel existence of these two social systems determined the uniqueness of the history of Greece in the Bronze Age. It should be noted that many of the achievements of the Hellenes of that time formed the basis of the brilliant culture of the Greeks of the classical era and, together with it, entered the treasury of European culture.

Then, over the course of several centuries, called the “Dark Ages” (XI-IX centuries), in their development the peoples of Hellas, due to still unknown circumstances, can be said to be thrown back to the primitive communal system.

The “Dark Ages” are followed by the Archaic period - this is the time of the emergence, first of all, of writing (based on Phoenician), then philosophy: mathematics, natural philosophy, then the extraordinary wealth of lyrical poetry, etc. The Greeks, skillfully using the achievements of the previous cultures of Babylon, Egypt, create their own art, which had a huge influence on all subsequent stages of European culture.

ABOUT monumental painting nothing is known from the archaic period. Obviously, it existed, but for some reason it was not preserved.

Thus, the archaic period can be called a period of a sharp leap in cultural development Greece.

The archaic period is followed by the classical period (V-IV centuries BC).

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Shaikhieva Nadezhda Ivanovna, teacher of fine arts, MOBU Secondary School No. 3 named after Yu. Gagarinag. Taganrog, Rostov region
Stages of development of ancient Greek sculpture: Archaic Classics Hellenism
KORA (from the Greek kore - girl),1) among the ancient Greeks the cult name of the goddess Persephone.2) In ancient times Greek art a statue of an upright girl in long clothes. KUROS - in ancient Greek archaic art, a statue of a young athlete (usually naked).
Kouros sculptures
- The height of the statue is up to 3 meters; - They embodied the ideal of male beauty, strength and health; - The figure of an upright young man with his leg forward, his hands clenched into fists and extended along the body. - The faces are devoid of individuality; - They were exhibited in public places, near churches;
Sculptures
-Embodied sophistication and sophistication; -Poses are monotonous and static; -Chitons and cloaks with beautiful patterns of parallel wavy lines and a border around the edges; - The hair is curled into curls and intercepted by tiaras. -On the face mysterious smile
1. Hymn to the greatness and spiritual power of Man;2. Favorite image - slender young man athletic build; 3. The spiritual and physical appearance are harmonious, there is nothing superfluous, “nothing in excess.”
Sculptor Polykleitos. Doryphoros (5th century BC)
CHIASM, in fine art, the image of a standing human figure leaning on one leg: in this case, if the right shoulder is raised, then the right thigh is lowered, and vice versa.
Ideal proportions of the human body:
The head makes up 1/7 of the total height; Face and hands 1/10 part; Foot – 1/6 part
Sculptor Miron. Disco thrower. (5th century BC)
The first attempt of Greek sculpture to break the captivity of immobility.
IV century BC1. Strived to convey energetic actions;2. They conveyed the feelings and experiences of a person: - passion - sadness - daydreaming - falling in love - fury - despair - suffering - grief
Maenad. 4th century BC.
Scopas (420-355 BC)
Head of a wounded warrior.
The battle of the Greeks with the Amazons. Detail of a relief from the Halicarnassus Mausoleum.
Praxiteles (390 -330 BC)
He entered the history of sculpture as an inspired singer of female beauty. According to legend, Praxiteles created two statues of Aphrodite, depicting the goddess dressed in one of them, and naked in the other. Aphrodite in clothes was purchased by the inhabitants of the island of Kos, and a naked one was installed on one of the main squares of the island of Knidos.
Lysippos. Head of Alexander the Great Around 330 BC.
Lysippos. Hercules fighting a lion. Around 330's BC..
Lysippos. "Resting Hermes" 2nd half of 4th century. BC e.
Leohar
Leohar. "Apollo Belvedere". Mid 4th century BC e.
In the sculpture: 1. Excitement and tension of faces; 2. A whirlwind of feelings and experiences in images; 3. Dreaminess of images; 4. Harmonic perfection and solemnity
Nike of Samothrace. Beginning of 2nd century BC. Louvre, Paris
In the hour of my night delirium You appear before my eyes - Samothrace Victory With arms stretched forward. Scaring away the silence of the night, Your winged, blind, Uncontrollable aspiration gives birth to dizziness. In your insanely bright gaze Something laughs, flaming, And our shadows rush behind, It’s impossible to keep up with them knowing how.
Agessandr. Venus (Aphrodite) de Milo. 120 BC Marble.
Agessandr. "The Death of Laocoon and His Sons." Marble. Around 50 BC e.
http://history.rin.ru/text/tree/128.html
http://about-artart.livejournal.com/543450.html
http://spbfoto.spb.ru/foto/details.php?image_id=623
http://historic.ru/lostcivil/greece/art/statue.shtml

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GREEK CLASSICAL SCULPTURE Late 7th century. BC e. the period of the turbulent spiritual life of Greece, the formation of the idealistic ideas of Socrates and Plato in philosophy, which developed in the fight against the materialistic philosophy of the Democrat, the time of the formation of new forms of Greek fine art. In sculpture, the masculinity and severity of the images of strict classics is replaced by an interest in the spiritual world of man, and a more complex and less straightforward characteristic of it is reflected in plastic.

Polykleitos Polykleitos. Doryphoros (spearman) BC Roman copy. National Museum. Naples The works of Polykleitos became a real hymn to the greatness and spiritual power of Man. The favorite image is a slender young man with an athletic build. There is nothing superfluous in him, “nothing in excess”; his spiritual and physical appearance are harmonious.

Doryphoros has a complex pose, different from the static pose of the ancient kouroi. Polykleitos was the first to think of posing the figures in such a way that they rested on the lower part of only one leg. In addition, the figure seems mobile and animated, due to the fact that the horizontal axes are not parallel (the so-called chiasmus). The chiasmus “Doriphoros” (Greek δορυφόρος “Spear-bearer”), one of the most famous statues of antiquity, embodies the so-called. Canon of Polykleitos.Greek.

The canon of Polykleitos Doryphoros is not an image of a specific winning athlete, but an illustration of the canons of the male figure. Polykleitos set out to accurately determine the proportions of the human figure, according to his ideas about ideal beauty. These proportions are in numerical relation to each other. “They even assured that Polykleitos performed it on purpose, so that other artists would use it as a model,” wrote a contemporary. The essay “Canon” itself had a great influence on European culture, despite the fact that only two fragments have survived from the theoretical work.Canon

Canon of Polykleitos If we recalculate the proportions of this Ideal Man for a height of 178 cm, the parameters of the statue will be as follows: 1. neck volume - 44 cm, 2. chest - 119, 3. biceps - 38, 4. waist - 93, 5. forearms - 33, 6. wrists - 19, 7 .buttocks - 108, 8.hips - 60, 9.knees - 40, 10.shins - 42, 11.ankles - 25, 12.feet - 30 cm.

Myron Myron, Greek sculptor of the mid-5th century. BC e. The sculptor of the era that immediately preceded the highest flowering of Greek art (6th - early 5th century) embodied the ideals of the strength and beauty of Man. He was the first master of complex bronze castings. Miron. Discus thrower.450 BC. Roman copy. National Museum, Rome

Miron. “Disco thrower” The ancients characterize Myron as the greatest realist and expert in anatomy, who, however, did not know how to give life and expression to faces. He depicted gods, heroes and animals, and with special love he reproduced difficult, fleeting poses. His most famous work is “The Discus Thrower,” an athlete intending to throw a discus, a statue that has survived to this day in several copies, of which the best is made of marble and is located in the Palace of Massami in Rome.

Sculptural creations of Skopas Skopas (420 - c. 355 BC), a native of the island of Paros, rich in marble. Unlike Praxiteles, Skopas continued the traditions of high classics, creating monumental heroic images. But from the images of the 5th century. they are distinguished by the dramatic tension of all spiritual forces. Passion, pathos, strong movement are the main features of Skopas’ art. Also known as an architect, he participated in the creation of a relief frieze for the Halicarnassus mausoleum.

In a state of ecstasy, in a violent outburst of passion, the Maenad is depicted by Scopas. The companion of the god Dionysus is shown in a swift dance, her head is thrown back, her hair has fallen to her shoulders, her body is curved, presented in a complex angle, the folds of her short chiton emphasize the violent movement. Unlike the sculpture of the 5th century. The Skopas maenad is designed to be viewed from all sides. Skopas. Maenad Sculptural creations of Skopas

The statue of Aphrodite of Knidos is the first depiction of a nude female figure in Greek art. The statue stood on the shore of the Knidos peninsula, and contemporaries wrote about real pilgrimages here to admire the beauty of the goddess preparing to enter the water and throwing off her clothes on a nearby vase. The original statue has not survived. Sculptural creations of Praxiteles Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos

Sculptural creations of Praxiteles In the only original version of the sculptor Praxiteles that has come down to us marble statue The master depicted Hermes (the patron of trade and travelers, as well as the messenger, “courier” of the gods) as a beautiful young man in a state of peace and serenity. He looks thoughtfully at the baby Dionysus, whom he holds in his arms. The masculine beauty of an athlete is replaced by a beauty that is somewhat feminine, graceful, but also more spiritual. Traces of ancient coloring have been preserved on the statue of Hermes: red-brown hair, silver bandage. Praxiteles. Hermes. Around 330 BC e.

Lysippos the Great sculptor of the 4th century. BC. (BC) He worked in bronze, because sought to capture images in a fleeting rush. He left behind 1,500 bronze statues, including colossal figures of gods, heroes, and athletes. They are characterized by pathos, inspiration, emotionality. The original has not reached us. Court sculptor of A. Macedonian Marble copy of the head of A. Macedonian

Lysippos strove to bring his images as close as possible to reality. Thus, he showed athletes not at the moment of the highest tension of strength, but, as a rule, at the moment of their decline, after the competition. This is exactly how his Apoxyomenos is represented, cleaning off the sand from himself after a sports fight. He has a tired face and his hair is matted with sweat. Lysippos. Apoxyomenos. Roman copy, 330 BC

The captivating Hermes, always fast and lively, is also represented by Lysippos as if in a state of extreme fatigue, briefly sitting on a stone and ready to run further in the next second in his winged sandals. Sculptural creations of Lysippos Lysippos. "Resting Hermes"

Leohar Leohar. Apollo Belvedere. 4th century BC Roman copy. Vatican Museums His work is an excellent attempt to capture the classical ideal of human beauty. His works contain not only the perfection of images, but also the skill and technique of execution. Apollo is considered one of the best works Antiquity.

Greek sculpture So, in Greek sculpture, the expressiveness of the image was in the entire human body, his movements, and not just in the face. Despite the fact that many Greek statues have not preserved their top part(as, for example, “Nike of Samothrace” or “Nike Untying her Sandals” came to us without a head, but we forget about this when looking at the holistic plastic solution of the image. Since the soul and body were thought of by the Greeks as an indivisible unity, so did the bodies greek statues unusually spiritual.

Nike of Samothrace 2nd century BC Louvre, Paris Marble The statue was erected on the occasion of the victory of the Macedonian fleet over the Egyptian in 306 BC. e. The goddess was depicted as if on the bow of a ship, announcing victory with the sound of a trumpet. The pathos of victory is expressed in the swift movement of the goddess, in the wide flap of her wings.

Venus de Milo On April 8, 1820, a Greek peasant from the island of Melos named Iorgos, while digging the ground, felt that his shovel, clinking dully, came across something solid. Iorgos dug next to the same result. He took a step back, but even here the spade did not want to enter the ground. First Iorgos saw a stone niche. It was about four to five meters wide. In the stone crypt, to his surprise, he found a marble statue. This was Venus. Agesander. Venus de Milo. Louvre. 120 BC Laocoon and his sons Laocoon, you have not saved anyone! He is not a savior for either the city or the world. The mind is powerless. Proud Three's mouth is destined; the circle of fatal events closed in a suffocating crown of snake coils. Horror on your child’s face, pleas and groans; another son was silenced by poison. Your fainting. Your wheezing: “Let me be...” (...Like the bleating of sacrificial lambs Through the darkness, both piercing and subtle!..) And again - reality. And poison. They are stronger! In the snake's mouth, anger blazes powerfully... Laocoon, and who heard you?! Here are your boys... They... are not breathing. But every Troy has its own horses.

"Sculpture of Ancient Greece"– a presentation that will introduce greatest monuments ancient Greek art, with the works of outstanding sculptors of antiquity, whose legacy has not lost its significance for world artistic culture and continues to delight art lovers and serve as a model for the creativity of painters and sculptors.

Ancient Greece sculpture

“Bow before Phidias and Michelangelo, admiring the divine clarity of the former and the stern anxiety of the latter. Admiration is a noble wine for elevated minds. ... A powerful internal impulse is always discernible in a beautiful sculpture. This is the secret of ancient art.” Auguste Rodin

The presentation consists of 35 slides. It presents illustrations introducing the art of archaism, classics and Hellenism, with the most outstanding creations of the great sculptors: Myron, Polykleitos, Praxiteles, Phidias and others. Why is it so important to introduce students to ancient Greek sculpture?

The main task of the lessons of world artistic culture, in my opinion, is not so much to acquaint children with the history of art, with outstanding monuments of world artistic culture, but rather to awaken in them a sense of beauty, which, in fact, distinguishes man from animals.

It is the art of Ancient Greece and, above all, sculpture that serves as an example of beauty for the European view. The great German educator of the 18th century, Gotthold Evraim Lessing, wrote that the Greek artist depicted nothing but beauty. The masterpieces of Greek art have always amazed the imagination and delighted us, in all eras, including our atomic age.

In my presentation, I tried to show how the idea of beauty and human perfection of artists from the archaic to Hellenistic was embodied.

The following presentations will also introduce you to the art of Ancient Greece:

Slide 1

Outstanding sculptors of Ancient Hellas
Presentation MHC lesson prepared by teacher Petrova M.G. MBOU "Gymnasium" Arzamas

Slide 2

The purpose of the lesson
form an idea of the development of sculpture in Ancient Greece by comparing masterpieces from different stages of its development; introduce students to the greatest sculptors Ancient Greece; develop skills in analyzing works of sculpture, logical thinking based comparative analysis works of art; to cultivate a culture of perception of works of art.

Slide 3

Updating students' knowledge
-Name the main thesis of ancient Greek art? -What does the word “Acropolis” mean? -Where is the most famous Greek Acropolis? -In what century was it rebuilt? -Name the ruler of Athens at that time. -Who supervised the construction work? -List the names of the temples that are located on the Acropolis. -What is the name of the main entrance, who is its architect? -Which god is the Parthenon dedicated to? Name the architects. -What famous portico with a sculpture of women carrying the ceiling adorns the Erechtheion? -What statues that once adorned the Acropolis do you know?

Slide 4

Ancient Greek sculpture
There are many glorious forces in nature, But there is nothing more glorious than man. Sophocles
Statement of a problematic question. - What was the fate of ancient Greek sculpture? - How were the problem of beauty and the problem of man solved in Greek sculpture? - From where and to what did the Greeks come?

Slide 5

Design a table
Names of sculptors Names of monuments Features creative manner
Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC) Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC) Archaic (VII-VI centuries BC)
Kuros Kora
Classical period (V-IV centuries BC) Classical period (V-IV centuries BC) Classical period (V-IV centuries BC)
Miron
Polykleitos
Late Classic (400-323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC) Late Classic (400-323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC) Late Classic (400 -323 BC - turn of the 4th century BC)
Skopas
Praxiteles
Lysippos
Hellenism (III-I centuries BC) Hellenism (III-I centuries BC) Hellenism (III-I centuries BC)
Agesander

Slide 6

Archaic
Kouros. 6th century BC
Bark. 6th century BC
Stiffness of poses, stiffness of movements, “archaic smile” on faces, connection with Egyptian sculpture.

Slide 7

Classical period
Miron. Discus thrower. 5th century BC
Myron was an innovator in solving the problem of movement in sculpture. He did not depict the “Discus Thrower” movement itself, but a short break, an instant stop between two powerful movements: a backswing and a throw of the entire body and discus forward. The discus thrower's face is calm and static. There is no individualization of the image. The statue embodied perfect image human citizen.

Slide 8

Compare
Chiasmus is a sculptural technique of conveying hidden movement in a state of rest. Polycletus in the “Canon” determined the ideal proportions of a person: head – 17 height, face and hand – 110, foot – 16.
Miron. Discus thrower
Polykleitos. Doryphoros

Slide 9

Late classic
Skopas. Maenad. 335 BC e. Roman copy.
Interest in the internal state of a person. Expression of strong, passionate feelings. Dramatic. Expression. Image energetic movement.

Slide 10

Praxiteles
statue of Aphrodite of Knidos. This was the first depiction of a female figure in Greek art.

Slide 11

Lysippos developed a new plastic canon, in which individualization and psychologization of images appears.
Lysippos. Alexander the Great
Apoxyomenes

Slide 12

Compare
“Apoxiomen” - dynamic pose, elongated proportions; new canon head=1/8 of total height
Polykleitos. Doryphoros
Lysippos. Apoxyomenes

Slide 13

Plastic sketch

Slide 14

How the problem of beauty and the problem of man were solved in Greek sculpture. From where and to what did the Greeks come?
Conclusion. Sculpture has gone from primitive forms to perfect proportions. From generalization to individualism. Man is the main creation of nature. Types of sculpture are varied: relief (flat sculpture); small plastic; round sculpture.

Slide 15

Homework
1. Complete the table on the topic of the lesson. 2. Make up questions for the test. 3. Write an essay “What is the greatness of ancient sculpture?”

Slide 16

Bibliography.
1. Yu.E. Galushkina “World Artistic Culture”. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. 2. T.G. Grushevskaya “Dictionary of MHC” - Moscow: “Academy”, 2001. 3. Danilova G.I. World art culture. From origins to the 17th century. Textbook 10th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2008 4. E.P. Lvova, N.N. Fomina “World artistic culture. From its origins to the 17th century” Essays on history. – M.: Peter, 2007. 5. L. Lyubimov “Art Ancient World” - M.: Education, 1980. 6. World artistic culture in modern school. Recommendations. Reflections. Observations. Scientific and methodological collection. – St. Petersburg: Nevsky Dialect, 2006. 7. A.I. Nemirovsky. “A book to read on the history of the Ancient World”