Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
1.Painting as a form of art…………………………………………….4
2. Type of fine art – graphics……………………………4
3. An ancient form of art - sculpture…………………...6
4.Architecture - the art of designing and building………………………7
5. Main directions and techniques of contemporary art…………..9
6. Kinetic art……………………………………………..14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….16
List of references………………………………………………………...17
Introduction
The concept of “art” is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of reflection of reality.
In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art has been interpreted as imitation (mimesis), sensual expression of the supersensible, and the like.
Aesthetics considers art as a form of social consciousness, a specific kind of spiritual and practical assimilation of the world, as an organic unity of creation, knowledge, appreciation and human communication, in the narrow sense - fine art, high degree skills and mastery in any field of human activity.
Main types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, literature, cinema, theater.
Let's consider the basic concepts of some types, trends and techniques of modern fine art.
1. Painting as an art form
Painting is a very ancient art, which has evolved over many centuries from rock paintings to the latest trends in painting in the 11th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for realizing ideas from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.
At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.
Abstract painting appears (avant-garde, abstract art, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.
In the 20th century The search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continued, which undoubtedly led to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most favorite techniques of artists.
2. Type of fine art - graphics
Graphics (from the gr. grapho - I write, draw) is a type of fine art that is associated with images on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (woodcut), metal engraving (etching), lithography, linocut, cardboard engraving, etc.
The drawing is classified as unique graphics because each drawing is one of a kind. Works of printed graphics can be reproduced (replicated) in many equivalent copies - prints. Each print is an original and not a copy of the work.
Drawing is the basis of all types of graphics and other types of fine arts. As a rule, a graphic image is made on a sheet of paper. Sometimes an artist needs only very simple means - a graphite pencil or a ballpoint pen - to create a graphic drawing. In other cases, he uses complex devices for creating his works: a printing press, lithographic stones, cutters for linoleum or wood, and much more.
The term "graphics" was originally used in relation only to writing and calligraphy. The art of type has been associated with graphics since ancient times. It received new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when graphics was defined as an independent art form.
The language of graphics and its main means of expression are line, stroke, contour, spot and tone. A white sheet of paper actively participates in creating the overall impression of a graphic work. You can achieve an expressive design even when using only black. That is why graphics is often called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics.
The boundaries between graphics and painting are very fluid, for example, the technique of watercolor, pastel, and sometimes gouache is classified as one or another type of art, depending on the extent to which color is used, what predominates in the work - a line or a spot, what is its purpose.
One of the distinctive features of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to space. The pure white background of the sheet, not occupied by images, and even the background of the paper appearing under the colorful layer are conventionally perceived as space. This can be seen especially clearly in book graphics, when an image placed on a blank page is perceived to be located in the space of an interior, street, landscape in accordance with the text, and not on a snowy field.
The artistic expressive advantages of graphics lie in its laconicism, the capacity of images, concentration and strict selection of graphic means. Some understatement, a conventional designation of an object, as if a hint to it, constitute the special value of a graphic image; they are designed for the active work of the viewer’s imagination.
In this regard, not only carefully drawn graphic sheets, but also quick sketches, sketches from nature, sketches of the composition have independent artistic value.
Various genres are available for graphics (portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre etc.) and practically unlimited possibilities for depicting and imaginative interpretation of the world.
.3. An ancient form of art - sculpture
Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve, sculpture, plastic) is a type of fine art, the works of which have a material three-dimensional volume. These works themselves (statues, busts, reliefs, and the like) are also called sculpture.
Sculpture is divided into two types: round, freely placed in real space, and relief (bas-relief and high relief), in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane. According to its purpose, sculpture can be easel, monumental, monumental-decorative. The sculpture of small forms stands out separately. By genre, sculpture is divided into portrait, everyday (genre), animalistic, historical and others. Landscapes and still lifes can be recreated using sculptural means. But the main object for the sculptor is a person, who can be embodied in a variety of forms (head, bust, statue, sculptural group).
The technology for making sculpture is usually complex and multi-stage, and involves a lot of physical labor. The sculptor carves or carves his work from a solid material (stone, wood, etc.) by removing excess mass. Another process of creating volume by adding plastic mass (plasticine, clay, wax, etc.) is called modeling (plastic). Sculptures also create their work by casting from substances that can pass from a liquid to a solid state ( various materials, plaster, concrete, plastic and the like). Unmelted metal to create a sculpture is processed by forging, chasing, welding and cutting.
In the 20th century New opportunities for the development of sculpture arise. So, in abstract sculpture they use unconventional methods and materials (wire, inflatable figures, mirrors, etc.). Artists of many modernist movements proclaim everyday objects as works of sculpture.
Color, which has long been used in sculpture (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance), is actively used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of easel sculpture today. Turning to polychrome in sculpture or abandoning it, returning to the natural color of the material (stone, wood, bronze, etc.) are associated with general direction development of art in a given country and in a given era
It's no secret that painting has its own typology and is divided into genres. This phenomenon originated in Europe in the 15th century, when the concept of first-class painting was formed, which included paintings of a mythological and historical nature, and second-class paintings included landscapes, portraits, and still lifes. But this sorting lost its relevance around 1900, when there were too many genres and styles and it would have been too old-fashioned to use a clear division into just these two groups. That is why I want to talk about current types of painting today.
Still life (nature morte- “dead nature”) - pictures of inanimate things. This genre originated in the 15th century and gained independence in the 17th, thanks to Dutch artists. The genre became independent due to the advent of the Golden Age in Holland; artists were spoiled by an abundance of food and other things that had previously been considered luxury and wealth items; it was on this basis that such a narrow genre as the Dutch still life appeared. Nowadays, still life is a widespread type of painting, and is in great demand among painting buyers.
Portrait- a person or group of people depicted in the picture. The boundaries of this style are very vague; portraiture very often intersects with other styles, such as landscape or still life. Portraits can also be historical, posthumous, or religious. There is also a self-portrait, which is when the artist draws himself.
Scenery- a very important genre in painting. In it, the artist paints either pristine or man-transformed nature or terrain. It has long gone beyond the usual sea or mountain species, and today it is one of the most popular types painting. Landscapes can be urban, rural, sea, mountain, etc. Previously, landscapes were painted only in plein air, when the artist painted from life what he saw. This practice is becoming less and less common these days, and contemporary artists prefer to work from photographs.
Marina- the same sea still life, only with the correct name. The marinas depict events that take place at sea, battles, big waves, cargo ships, etc. A prominent representative of this genre was Ivan Aivazovsky.
History painting- arose out of necessity, during the Renaissance, artists painted important cultural and historical events. Historical paintings is not always based on history, it also includes different kinds paintings such as: mythology, gospel and biblical events.
Battle painting- a topic that reveals the theme of war and military life. The artist tries to depict an important, epic, key moment of a battle or battle. At the same time, reliability can gradually fade into the background.
Painting is perhaps the most ancient look art. Also in primitive era Our ancestors made images of people and animals on the walls of caves. These are the first examples of painting. Since then this type art has always remained a companion human life. Examples of painting today are numerous and varied. We will try to cover this type of art as much as possible, talk about the main genres, styles, trends and techniques in it.
Painting techniques
Let's first look at the basic painting techniques. One of the most common is oil. This is a technique that uses paints created on oil based. These paints are applied in strokes. With their help you can create diversity various shades, as well as convey the necessary images with maximum realism.
Tempera- another popular technique. We talk about it when emulsion paints are used. The binder in these paints is egg or water.
Gouache- a technique widely used in graphics. Gouache paint is made with an adhesive base. It can be used to work on cardboard, paper, bone or silk. The image is durable and the lines are crisp. Pastel- This is a technique of drawing with dry pencils, and the surface must be rough. And, of course, it’s worth mentioning watercolors. This paint is usually diluted with water. A soft and thin layer of paint is obtained using this technique. Particularly popular Of course, we have listed only the main techniques that are used most often in painting. There are others too.
What are paintings usually painted on? The most popular painting is on canvas. It is stretched onto a frame or glued to cardboard. Note that in the past, wooden planks were used quite often. Today, not only painting on canvas is popular; any other flat materials can be used to create images.
Types of painting
There are 2 main types of it: easel and monumental painting. The latter is related to architecture. This type includes painting the ceilings and walls of buildings, decorating them with images made from mosaics or other materials, stained glass windows, etc. Easel painting is not associated with a specific building. It can be moved from place to place. IN easel painting There are many varieties (otherwise called genres). Let's look at them in more detail.
Genres of painting
The word "genre" is French in origin. It is translated as “genus”, “species”. That is, under the name of the genre there is some kind of content, and by pronouncing its name, we understand what the picture is about, what we will find in it: humans, nature, animals, objects, etc.
Portrait
The most ancient genre of painting is portraiture. This is an image of a person who resembles only himself and no one else. In other words, a portrait is an image in painting of an individual appearance, since each of us has an individual face. This genre of painting has its own varieties. The portrait can be full-length, bust-length, or only one face can be painted. Let us note that not every image of a person is a portrait, since an artist can create, for example, “a person in general” without copying him from anyone else. However, when he portrays a specific representative human race, then he works specifically on the portrait. Needless to say, there are numerous examples of painting in this genre. But the portrait presented below is known to almost every resident of our country. We are talking about the image of A. S. Pushkin, created in 1827 by Kiprensky.
You can also add a self-portrait to this genre. In this case, the artist depicts himself. There is a couple portrait, when the picture shows people in pairs; and a group portrait, when a group of people is depicted. It can also be noted ceremonial portrait, a variety of which is equestrian, one of the most solemn. It was very popular in the past, but such works are rare now. However, the next genre we will talk about is relevant at any time. What are we talking about? This can be guessed by going through the genres that we have not yet named when characterizing painting. Still life is one of them. This is what we will talk about now, continuing to look at painting.
Still life
This word is also of French origin, it means “dead nature,” although the meaning would be more accurate “inanimate nature.” Still life is an image of inanimate objects. They are very diverse. Let us note that still lifes can also depict “living nature”: butterflies quiet on the petals, beautiful flowers, birds, and sometimes you can see a person among the gifts of nature. However, this will still be a still life, since the image of a living thing is not the most important thing for the artist in this case.
Scenery
Landscape is another French word that means "view of the country." It is similar to the German concept of "landscape". Landscape is an image of nature in its diversity. The following varieties join this genre: architectural landscape and very popular seascape, which is often called one word “marina”, and the artists working in it are called marine painters. Numerous examples of painting in the seascape genre can be found in the works of I.K. Aivazovsky. One of them is "Rainbow" from 1873.
This painting is done in oil and is difficult to execute. But creating landscapes in watercolor is not at all difficult, so in school drawing lessons this task was given to each of us.
Animalistic genre
The next genre is animalistic. Everything is simple here - this is an image of birds and animals in nature, in their natural environment.
Everyday genre
The everyday genre is a depiction of scenes from life, everyday life, funny “incidents”, home life and stories of ordinary people in ordinary environment. Or you can do without stories - just capture everyday activities and affairs. Such paintings are sometimes called genre painting. As an example, let’s take Van Gogh’s work “The Potato Eaters” (1885) presented above.
Historical genre
The themes of painting are varied, but the historical genre stands out separately. This is the image historical heroes and events. The battle genre is adjacent to it; it presents episodes of war and battle.
Religious and mythological genre
IN mythological genre works of painting were written on the themes of ancient and ancient tales about gods and heroes. It should be noted that the image is of a secular nature, and in this way it differs from the images of deities presented on the icon. By the way, religious painting is not only about icons. She unites various works written on religious subjects.
Clash of genres
The richer the content of a genre, the more its “companions” appear. Genres can merge, so there is painting that cannot be placed within the framework of any of them. In art there is both general (techniques, genres, styles) and individual (a specific work taken separately). A separate picture also contains something in common. Therefore, many artists may have the same genre, but the paintings painted in it are never similar. The culture of painting has such features.
Style
Style is an aspect visual perception paintings It can combine the works of one artist or the works of artists of a certain period, movement, school, or locality.
Academic painting and realism
Academic painting is a special direction, the formation of which is associated with the activities of European art academies. It appeared in the 16th century at the Bologna Academy, whose people sought to imitate the masters of the Renaissance. Since the 16th century, methods of teaching painting began to be based on strict adherence to rules and regulations, following formal patterns. art in Paris was considered one of the most influential in Europe. She promoted the aesthetics of classicism that dominated France in the 17th century. Paris Academy? Having contributed to the systematization of education, it gradually turned the rules of the classical direction into dogma. Thus, academic painting became a special direction. In the 19th century, some of the most prominent manifestations of academicism were the works of J. L. Jerome, Alexandre Cabannel, and J. Ingres. The classical canons were replaced by realistic ones only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It was realism that became the basic method of teaching in academies at the beginning of the 20th century and turned into a dogmatic system.
Baroque
Baroque is a style and era of art characterized by aristocracy, contrast, dynamic images, simple details when depicting abundance, tension, drama, luxury, a fusion of reality and illusion. This style appeared in Italy in 1600 and spread throughout Europe. Caravaggio and Rubens are its most prominent representatives. Baroque is often compared to expressionism, however, unlike the latter, it does not have too repulsive effects. Paintings of this style today are characterized by the complexity of lines and an abundance of ornaments.
Cubism
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that emerged in the 20th century. Its creator is Pablo Picasso. Cubism made a real revolution in sculpture and painting in Europe, inspiring the creation of similar movements in architecture, literature, and music. Art painting in this style is characterized by recombined, broken objects that have an abstract form. When depicting them, many points of view are used.
Expressionism
Expressionism is another important direction contemporary art, which appeared in Germany in the first half of the 20th century. At first it covered only poetry and painting, and then spread to other areas of art.
Expressionists depict the world subjectively, distorting reality to create greater emotional effect. Their goal is to make the viewer think. Expression in expressionism prevails over image. It can be noted that many works are characterized by motifs of torment, pain, suffering, screaming (the work by Edvard Munch, presented above, is called “The Scream”). Expressionist artists are not at all interested in material reality; their paintings are filled with deep meaning and emotional experiences.
Impressionism
Impressionism is a style of painting aimed primarily at working in the plein air (open air), rather than in the studio. It owes its name to the painting “Impression, Sunrise” by Claude Monet, which is shown in the photo below.
The word "impression" on English language- impression. Impressionistic paintings primarily convey the artist’s sense of light. The main features of painting in this style are the following: barely visible, thin strokes; changes in lighting, accurately conveyed (attention is often focused on the effect of the passage of time); open composition; simple common goal; movement as a key element of human experience and perception. The most prominent representatives of such a movement as impressionism are Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Renoir.
Modernism
The next direction is modernism, which originated as a set of trends in various fields art at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The Parisian "Salon of the Rejected" was opened in 1863. Artists whose paintings were not allowed into the official salon exhibited here. This date can be considered the date of the emergence of modernism as a separate movement in art. Otherwise, modernism is sometimes called “another art.” His goal is to create unique paintings, unlike others. The main feature of the works is the author’s special vision of the world.
Artists in their work rebelled against the values of realism. Self-awareness is a striking characteristic this direction. This often leads to experimentation with form, as well as a penchant for abstraction. Representatives of modernism pay attention to the materials used and the work process. Special attention. Some of its most prominent representatives are considered to be Henry Matisse (his work “The Red Room” of 1908 is presented above) and Pablo Picasso.
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism is the main direction of painting in Northern Europe from the mid-18th century to the end of the 19th. It is characterized by a return to the features of the ancient Renaissance and even the times of classicism. In architectural, artistic and cultural terms, neoclassicism emerged as a response to Rococo, which was perceived as a shallow and pretentious style of art. Neoclassical artists, thanks to their good knowledge of church laws, tried to introduce canons into their works. However, they avoided simply reproducing classical motifs and themes. Neoclassical artists tried to place their paintings within the framework of tradition and thus demonstrate their mastery of the genre. Neoclassicism in this regard is directly opposed to modernism, where improvisation and self-expression are considered virtues. Its most famous representatives include Nicolas Poussin and Raphael.
Pop Art
The last direction we will consider is pop art. It appeared in Britain in the mid-50s of the last century, and in the late 50s in America. Pop art is believed to have originated as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism that were dominant at the time. Speaking about this direction, it is impossible not to mention In 2009, “Eight Elvises,” one of his paintings, was sold for $100 million.
Genres of painting appeared, gained popularity, faded away, new ones emerged, and subtypes began to be distinguished within existing ones. This process will not stop as long as a person exists and tries to capture the world around him, be it nature, buildings or other people.
Previously (until the 19th century), there was a division of painting genres into the so-called “high” genres (French grand genre) and “low” genres (French petit genre). This division arose in the 17th century. and was based on what subject and plot were depicted. In this regard, to high genres included: battle, allegorical, religious and mythological, and low - portrait, landscape, still life, animalism.
The division into genres is quite arbitrary, because elements of two or more genres may be present in a painting at the same time.
Animalistics, or animalistic genre
Animalism, or animalistic genre (from the Latin animal - animal) is a genre in which the main motif is the image of an animal. We can say that this is one of the most ancient genres, because... drawings and figures of birds and animals were present in the life of primitive people. For example, in the well-known painting by I.I. Shishkin "Morning in pine forest“Nature is depicted by the artist himself, and the bears are depicted by a completely different artist, who specializes in depicting animals.
I.I. Shishkin “Morning in a pine forest” How can a subspecies be distinguished? Hippic genre(from the Greek hippos - horse) - a genre in which the center of the picture is the image of a horse.
NOT. Sverchkov “Horse in the stable” Portrait
Portrait (from the French word portrait) is a picture in which the central image is of a person or group of people. The portrait conveys not only external resemblance, but also reflects inner world and conveys the artist’s feelings towards the person whose portrait he is painting.
I.E. Repin Portrait of Nicholas II The portrait genre is divided into individual(image of one person), group(image of several people), by the nature of the image - to the front door when a person is depicted in full height against a prominent architectural or landscape background and chamber, when a person is depicted chest- or waist-deep against a neutral background. A group of portraits, united according to some characteristic, forms an ensemble, or a portrait gallery. An example would be portraits of members of the royal family.
Stands out separately self-portrait, in which the artist depicts himself.
K. Bryullov Self-portrait Portrait is one of the oldest genres - the first portraits (sculptural) were present already in ancient Egypt. Such a portrait acted as part of a cult about the afterlife and was a “double” of a person.
Scenery
Landscape (from the French paysage - country, area) is a genre in which the central image is the image of nature - rivers, forests, fields, sea, mountains. In a landscape, the main point is, of course, the plot, but it is no less important to convey the movement and life of the surrounding nature. On the one hand, nature is beautiful and arouses admiration, but on the other hand, it is quite difficult to reflect this in a picture.
C. Monet “Field of poppies at Argenteuil” A subspecies of landscape is seascape or marina(from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - sea) - an image of a naval battle, the sea or other events unfolding at sea. A prominent representative of marine painters is K.A. Aivazovsky. It is noteworthy that the artist wrote many of the details of this painting from memory.
I.I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave" However, artists often strive to paint the sea from life, for example, W. Turner for his painting “Blizzard. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water,” spent 4 hours tied to the captain’s bridge of a ship sailing in a storm.
W. Turner “Blizzard. A steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water." The water element is also depicted in a river landscape.
Separately allocate cityscape, in which the main subject of the image is city streets and buildings. A type of urban landscape is Veduta– an image of a city landscape in the form of a panorama, where the scale and proportions are certainly maintained.
A. Canaletto “Piazza San Marco”There are other types of landscape - rural, industrial and architectural. In architectural painting, the main theme is the image of the architectural landscape, i.e. buildings, structures; includes images of interiors (interior decoration of premises). Sometimes Interior(from the French intérieur - internal) distinguished as separate genre. Another genre is distinguished in architectural painting — Capriccio(from Italian capriccio, whim, whim) - architectural fantasy landscape.
Still life
Still life (from the French nature morte - dead nature) is a genre dedicated to the depiction of inanimate objects that are placed in a common environment and form a group. Still life appeared in the 15-16th centuries, but as a separate genre it emerged in the 17th century.
Despite the fact that the word “still life” is translated as dead nature, in the paintings there are bouquets of flowers, fruits, fish, game, dishes - everything looks “like living”, i.e. like the real thing. From the moment of its appearance to this day, still life has been important genre in painting.
K. Monet “Vase of Flowers” As a separate subspecies we can distinguish Vanitas(from Latin Vanitas - vanity, vanity) is a genre of painting in which the central place in the picture is occupied by a human skull, the image of which is intended to remind of the vanity and frailty of human life.
The painting by F. de Champagne presents three symbols of the frailty of existence - Life, Death, Time through the images of a tulip, a skull, an hourglass.
Historical genre
Historical genre - a genre in which the paintings depict important events and socially significant phenomena of the past or present. It is noteworthy that the picture can be dedicated not only to real events, but also to events from mythology or, for example, described in the Bible. This genre is very important for history, both for the history of individual peoples and states, and for humanity as a whole. In paintings, the historical genre can be inseparable from other types of genres - portrait, landscape, battle genre.
I.E. Repin “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan” 
K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii” Battle genre
The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre in which the paintings depict the culmination of a battle, military operations, a moment of victory, scenes from military life. For battle painting characteristic image in the painting large quantity of people.
A.A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol" Religious genre
Religious genre is a genre in which the main story line– biblical (scenes from the Bible and Gospel). The theme relates to religious and icon painting, the difference between them is that paintings of religious content do not participate in religious services, and for the icon this is the main purpose. Iconography translated from Greek. means "prayer image". This genre was limited by the strict framework and laws of painting, because is intended not to reflect reality, but to convey the idea of God's principle, in which artists are looking for an ideal. In Rus', icon painting reaches its peak in the 12th-16th centuries. Most famous names icon painters – Theophanes the Greek (frescoes), Andrei Rublev, Dionysius.
A. Rublev “Trinity” How the transitional stage from icon painting to portrait stands out Parsuna(distorted from Latin persona - person, person).
Parsun of Ivan the Terrible. author unknown Everyday genre
The paintings depict scenes Everyday life. Often the artist writes about those moments in life of which he is a contemporary. Distinctive features This genre is about the realism of the paintings and the simplicity of the plot. The picture can reflect the customs, traditions, and structure of everyday life of a particular people.
TO household painting include such famous paintings like “Barge Haulers on the Volga” by I. Repin, “Troika” by V. Perov, “Unequal Marriage” by V. Pukirev.
I. Repin “Barge Haulers on the Volga” Epic-mythological genre
Epic-mythological genre. The word myth comes from the Greek. "mythos", which means tradition. The paintings depict events of legends, epics, traditions, ancient Greek myths, ancient tales, plots of works of folklore.
P. Veronese "Apollo and Marsyas" Allegorical genre
Allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory). Pictures are painted in such a way that they have hidden meaning. Insubstantial ideas and concepts, invisible to the eye (power, good, evil, love), are transmitted through images of animals, people, and other living beings with such inherent characteristics that have symbolism already fixed in people’s minds and help to understand general meaning works.
L. Giordano “Love and vices disarm justice” Pastoral (from the French pastorale - pastoral, rural)
A genre of painting that glorifies and poetizes simple and peaceful rural life.
F. Boucher “Autumn Pastoral” Caricature (from Italian caricare - to exaggerate)
A genre in which, when creating an image, consciously applies comic effect by exaggerating and sharpening features, behavior, clothing, etc. The purpose of a caricature is to offend, in contrast, for example, to a caricature (from the French charge), the purpose of which is simply to make fun. Closely related to the term “caricature” are such concepts as popular print and grotesque.
Nude (from French nu - naked, undressed)
The genre in which paintings depict the naked human body is most often female.
Titian Vecellio "Venus of Urbino" Deception, or trompe l'oeil (from French. trompe-l'œil - optical illusion)
Genre, character traits which - special moves, creating an optical illusion and allowing one to erase the line between reality and image, i.e. the misleading impression that an object is three-dimensional when it is two-dimensional. Sometimes blende is distinguished as a subtype of still life, but sometimes people are also depicted in this genre.
Per Borrell del Caso "Running from Criticism" To complete the perception of decoys, it is advisable to consider them in the original, because reproduction is unable to fully convey the effect that the artist depicted.
Jacopo de Barberi "The Partridge and the Iron Gloves" Thematic picture
A mixture of traditional genres of painting (domestic, historical, battle, landscape, etc.). In another way, this genre is called figure composition, its characteristic features are: main role a person plays, the presence of action and a socially significant idea, relationships (conflict of interests/characters) and psychological accents are necessarily shown.
V. Surikov “Boyaryna Morozova” Gothic(from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing in the Western, Central and partly of Eastern Europe from XII to XV centuries. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, arising on the basis of the achievements of Romanesque culture, and during the Renaissance, medieval art was considered “barbaric.” Gothic art was cultic in purpose and religious in theme. It addressed the highest divine powers, eternity, and the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into Early Gothic, Heyday, Late Gothic.
Famous European cathedrals, which tourists love to photograph in great detail, have become masterpieces of the Gothic style. In interior design Gothic cathedrals played an important role color solutions. The exterior and interior decoration was dominated by an abundance of gilding, the luminosity of the interior, the openwork of the walls, and the crystalline dissection of space. Matter was devoid of heaviness and impenetrability; it was, as it were, spiritualized.
The huge surfaces of the windows were filled with stained glass windows with compositions reproducing historical events, apocryphal tales, literary and religious subjects, images everyday scenes from the life of simple peasants and artisans, who provided a unique encyclopedia of the way of life during the Middle Ages. The kona were filled from top to bottom with figured compositions, which were enclosed in medallions. The combination of light and color in painting using the stained glass technique imparted increased emotionality to artistic compositions. A variety of glasses were used: deep scarlet, fiery, red, garnet-colored, green, yellow, dark blue, blue, ultramarine, cut along the contour of the design... The windows heated like precious gems, permeated with external light - they transformed the entire interior of the temple and set his visitors in an elevated mood.
Thanks to Gothic colored glass, new aesthetic values were born, and colors acquired the highest sonority of radiant color. Pure color created an atmosphere of air, painted in different tones thanks to the play of light on columns, floors, and stained glass windows. Color became a source of light that deepened perspective. Thick glasses, often unequal, were filled with not entirely transparent bubbles, enhancing the artistic effect of the stained glass. The light, passing through the uneven thickness of the glass, fragmented and began to play.
The best examples of authentic Gothic stained glass are on view in the cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges and Paris (for example, “The Virgin and Child”). Filled with no less splendor, as well as “Wheels of Fire” and “Throwing Lightning” in Chartres Cathedral.
From the middle of the 1st century, complex colors obtained by duplicating glass began to be introduced into the colorful range. Such extraordinary stained glass windows in gothic style preserved in Sainte-Chapelle (1250). Contours were applied to the glass using brown enamel paint, and the shapes were planar in nature.
The Gothic era became the heyday of the art of miniature books, as well as artistic miniatures. The strengthening of secular trends in culture only intensified their development. Illustrations with multi-figure compositions on religious themes included various realistic details: images of birds, animals, butterflies, ornaments of plant motifs, and everyday scenes. The works of the French miniaturist Jean Pussel are filled with a special poetic charm.
In the development of French Gothic miniatures of the 13th and 14th centuries leading place was occupied by a Parisian school. The Psalter of Saint Louis is replete with multi-figure compositions framed by a single motif gothic architecture, which is why the narrative acquires extraordinary harmony (Louvre, Paris, 1270). The figures of the ladies and knights are graceful, their forms are distinguished by flowing lines, which creates the illusion of movement. The richness and density of the colors, as well as the decorative architecture of the design, turn these miniatures into unique works of art and precious page decorations.
The style of the Gothic book is distinguished by pointed shapes, angular rhythm, restlessness, filigree openwork patterns and shallow sinuous lines. It is worth noting that in the 14th and 15th centuries secular manuscripts were also illustrated. Books of hours, scientific treatises, collections of love songs and chronicles are filled with magnificent miniatures. The miniature, illustrating works of courtly literature, embodied the ideal of knightly love, as well as scenes from ordinary life around us. A similar creation is the Manes manuscript (1320).
Over time, Gothic has become more narrated. The “Grand French Chronicles” of the 14th century clearly demonstrate the artist’s desire to penetrate into the meaning of the event he depicts. Along with this, books were given decorative elegance through the use of exquisite vignettes and fancy-shaped frames.
Gothic miniatures had a great influence on painting and brought a living current into the art of the Middle Ages. Gothic has become not just a style, but an important link in general cultural development society. The masters of style with incredible accuracy were able to reproduce the image of their contemporary in subject matter and natural environment. Majestic and spiritual Gothic works are surrounded by an aura of unique aesthetic charm. Gothic gave birth to a new understanding of the synthesis of arts, and its realistic achievements prepared the ground for the transition to the art of the Renaissance.