What is a prototype? This is a real person who inspired the poet or writer to create literary image. There are different answers to what a prototype is. This term is found not only in literature, but also in psychology, engineering, automotive industry and other fields. This article examines the main uses of the word.
What is a prototype in literature
This word came into our speech from the ancient Greek language. It can be translated as “prototype.” It’s easy to understand what a prototype is by remembering the plot famous novel"Fathers and Sons." The prototype of the main character in Turgenev's work, according to many literary scholars, is Dobrolyubov. Although there is an opinion that the author created certain features of Bazarov under the impression of his other contemporaries - Preobrazhensky and Pavlov.
The image of a literary hero not only reproduces individual features of the prototype, but also reflects the type of personality characteristic of a certain era. What is a prototype? The meaning of the term is quite broad. But the definition can be formulated as follows: a bright personality whose features the writer borrowed to create a new image.
The author, creating a literary work, uses his life experience. Thus, in the novel “The Master and Margarita” by Bulgakov, one of the critics who wrote a harsh critical article about the protagonist’s work is the prototype of a literary figure who once actively prevented the publication of the novel “The White Guard.”
One character can have several prototypes. But one thing worth considering important point. The prototype cannot have the same name as the hero.
Other examples from the literature:
- "The Master and Margarita". The prototype of the main character is Bulgakov.
- "Heart of a Dog" Professor Preobrazhensky has several prototypes, contemporaries of the writer. Among them are surgeon S. Voronov, doctor A. Zamkov, biologist I. Ivanov, physiologist I. Pavlov.
- "The Tale of a Real Man." The prototype of the main character of Boris Polevoy's work is Alexey Maresyev.
In almost every work you can find a hero who has a prototype. Critics and literary scholars love to argue about which outstanding personalities the writer had in mind when creating this or that image. It is worth saying that in most cases the presence of a prototype in a hero is just an assumption.
The prototype can be not only a historical figure, but also an unremarkable person who was involved in some kind of interesting story, which inspired the writer. For example, Leskov wrote an essay “Lady Macbeth Mtsensk district"under the impression of a newspaper article that talked about a woman who killed her husband.
In cinema, the meaning of the word “prototype” fully corresponds to the meaning literary term. The screenwriter creates the image of a future movie character based on characteristic features a real person. And in 2007, the television film “Liquidation” was released. The main character of this picture has several prototypes. Among them are police lieutenant colonel David Kurlyand and UGRO officer Viktor Pavlov.
Psychology: “prototype” and its definition
This term refers to an abstract image that embodies the various original forms of a particular pattern or object. This concept of cognitive psychology is usually used to refer to a person who has qualities that are characteristic of a particular category.
Engineering
In this area, a term is often used that has the same root word, the meaning of which we discussed above. Namely prototyping. The term is used when it comes to creating a draft version of a certain model for further analysis of the operation of the entire system. This allows you to see a more detailed picture of the device. Prototyping is used in mechanical engineering, programming and other areas of technology.
Automotive industry
A synonym for the word “prototype” in this area is a concept car. Before the production of a new car model, a demonstration of a new style, technology, and design is carried out. For this, prototypes of future machines are used. They are often exhibited at car shows to see the reaction of consumers. The first concept car was created by Harley Earl, a designer at General Motors.
The term prototype is also used in computer science (generative design pattern). "Prototype" is the title of a film that was supposed to be released in 2014. In fact, the film was never filmed. Making a movie trailer is just a bit of a joke.
Prototype(from the Greek protótypon - prototype), a real person, the idea of which served as the basis for the writer when creating literary type, the image of a person - the hero of the work.
The image of a person not only reproduces individual features of the prototype, not only reflects the type of personality generated by the era: it is the realization of a new personality acquiring independent existence. This explains his ability to become a “prototype” of a special breed of people in life itself (“Turgenev’s women”) or a prototype for the works of another era (the image of Griboyedov’s Molchalin in the works of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Directions and genres can influence the role of the prototype. The maximum “alignment” with the prototype is in “documentary prose”; however, even here there remains a meaningful difference between the hero and the prototype, revealing the “personal” point of view of the author (for example, “How the Steel Was Tempered” by N. Ostrovsky or the sketch stories of A. Yashin, E. Dorosh, etc.).
The value of researching a prototype depends on its nature. The more striking a phenomenon of society and history a prototype is, the more meaningful its study and comparison with the image becomes, since the result is a reflection in art of an extremely important, meaningful, typical phenomenon of society.
The prototype can be not only real personalities, but also characters from other works.
Prototype in children's literature
In children's literature, it is a common situation when the prototype is a child to whom a story is told (as if about him). Lewis Carroll told the story of Alice in Wonderland, riding in a boat with Alice Liddell, James Barry told tales about the little namesake Peter Pan to his older brothers, in the same way Christopher Robin became a character in Alexander Milne's fairy tales, and Kira Bulychev's daughter became Alisa Selezneva. It is obvious that such heroes do not so much transfer the traits of a real child, but rather concentrate the desired traits. But the name, on the contrary, always remains real.
Examples of hero prototypes
- The prototype of the hero of the film “Only “old men” go into battle” by the commander of the guard squadron, Captain Alexei Titarenko (“Maestro”) - Hero of the Soviet Union Vitaly Popkov (1922-2010).
- The prototype of the hero of the film “Shield and Sword” by Johann Weiss is the Soviet intelligence officer Alexander Svyatogorov (1913-2008).
- The prototype of the hero of the book and film “Deniska’s Stories” Deniska - Denis Dragunsky, son of a Soviet children's writer Victor Dragunsky.
- The prototype of the hero of “The Tale of a Real Man” is Hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Maresyev (1916-2001).
- The prototype of the hero of the song “Combat” performed by the group “Lube” is Hero of the Soviet Union Valery Vostrotin (born November 20, 1952).
- The prototype of the hero of K. M. Simonov's poem "Lieutenant Petrov" ("Lyonki") is Lieutenant I. A. Loskutov (1918-1994).
- Possible prototypes of the hero of the novel by Yulian Semyonov “Seventeen Moments of Spring” and the legendary serial Soviet feature television film “Seventeen Moments of Spring” by SS Standartenführer Stirlitz are Soviet intelligence officers Yakov Blyumkin (1900-1929), Alexander Korotkov (1909-1961), Isai Borovoy, Anatoly Gurevich, Norman Borodin (1911-1974), as well as Gestapo officer, SS Hauptsturmführer and criminal inspector Willy Lehmann (1884-1942).
- The prototype of the hero of the novel by Alexandre Dumas "The Three Musketeers" Chevalier d'Artagnan is Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan. Also, main character novel "The Countess de Monsoreau" by Louis de Clermont, Comte de Bussy, Seigneur d'Amboise, copied from real person with the same name.
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Literature
- Altman M. S. Russian writers and scientists in Russian XIX literature V. // Articles and materials / N. A. Dobrolyubov.. - Gorky, 1965.
- Andronikova M. I. From prototype to image. - M., 1974.
Notes
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Excerpt characterizing the Character Prototype
- Oh, please forgive me! – I exclaimed, ashamed. “You screamed so much that I ran away in fright, wherever my eyes were looking...- Well, it’s okay, next time we’ll be more careful. – Stella calmed down.
This statement made my eyes pop out of my head!..
– Will there be a “next” time??? “I asked cautiously, hoping for a “no.”
- Well, of course! They live here! – the brave girl “reassured” me in a friendly manner.
– What are we doing here then?..
- We are saving someone, have you forgotten? – Stella was sincerely surprised.
And apparently, from all this horror, our “rescue expedition” completely slipped my mind. But I immediately tried to pull myself together as quickly as possible, so as not to show Stella that I was really, really scared.
“Don’t think so, after the first time my braids stood on end all day!” – the little girl said more cheerfully.
I just wanted to kiss her! Somehow, seeing that I was ashamed of my weakness, she managed to make me immediately feel good again.
“Do you really think that little Leah’s dad and brother could be here?..,” I asked her again, surprised from the bottom of my heart.
- Certainly! They could simply have been stolen. – Stella answered quite calmly.
- How to steal? And who?..
But the little girl didn’t have time to answer... Something worse than our first “acquaintance” jumped out from behind the dense trees. It was something incredibly nimble and strong, with a small but very powerful body, every second throwing out a strange sticky “net” from its hairy belly. We didn’t even have time to utter a word when we both fell into it... Frightened, Stella began to look like a small disheveled owlet - her big Blue eyes looked like two huge saucers, with splashes of horror in the middle.
I had to urgently come up with something, but for some reason my head was completely empty, no matter how hard I tried to find something sensible there... And the “spider” (we will continue to call it that, for lack of a better one) in the meantime was quite apparently dragged us into his nest, preparing to “supper”...
-Where are the people? – I asked, almost out of breath.
- Oh, you saw - there are a lot of people here. More than anywhere else... But they, for the most part, are worse than these animals... And they will not help us.
- So what should we do now? – I asked mentally “chattering my teeth”.
– Remember when you showed me your first monsters, you hit them with a green beam? – Once again, her eyes sparkling mischievously (again, she came to her senses faster than me!), Stella asked cheerfully. - Let's go together?..
I realized that, fortunately, she was still going to give up. And I decided to try it, because we had nothing to lose anyway...
But we didn’t have time to hit, because at that moment the spider suddenly stopped and we, feeling a strong push, plopped down to the ground with all our might... Apparently, he dragged us to his home much earlier than we expected...
We found ourselves in a very strange room (if, of course, you could call it that). It was dark inside and there was complete silence... There was a strong smell of mold, smoke and the bark of some unusual tree. And only from time to time some faint sounds were heard, similar to groans. It was as if the “sufferers” had no strength left...
– Can’t you illuminate this somehow? – I asked Stella quietly.
“I’ve already tried, but for some reason it doesn’t work...” the little girl answered in the same whisper.
And immediately a tiny light lit up right in front of us.
“That’s all I can do here.” – The girl sighed sadly
In such dim, meager lighting, she looked very tired and as if grown up. I kept forgetting that this amazing miracle child was just nothing - five years old! she is still a very tiny girl, who at the moment It must have been terribly scary. But she endured everything courageously, and even planned to fight...
– Look who’s here? – the little girl whispered.
And peering into the darkness, I saw strange “shelves” on which people were lying, as if in a drying rack.
– Mom?.. Is that you, mom??? – a surprised thin voice whispered quietly. - How did you find us?
At first I didn’t understand that the child was addressing me. Having completely forgotten why we came here, I only realized that they were asking me specifically when Stella pushed me hard in the side with her fist.
“We don’t know what their names are!” I whispered.
- Leah, what are you doing here? – a male voice sounded.
- I'm looking for you, daddy. – Stella answered mentally in Leah’s voice.
- How did you get here? – I asked.
“Surely, just like you...” was the quiet answer. – We were walking along the shore of the lake, and did not see that there was some kind of “failure” there... So we fell through there. And there was this beast waiting... What are we going to do?
- Leave. – I tried to answer as calmly as possible.
- And the rest? Do you want to leave them all?!. – Stella whispered.
- No, of course I don’t want to! But how are you going to get them out of here?..
Then a strange, round hole opened and a viscous, red light blinded my eyes. My head felt like pincers and I was dying to sleep...
- Hold on! Just don't sleep! – Stella shouted. And I realized that this had some kind of strong effect on us. Apparently, this terrible creature needed us completely weak-willed, so that he could freely perform some kind of “ritual”.
“We can’t do anything...” Stella muttered to herself. - Well, why doesn’t it work?..
And I thought she was absolutely right. We were both just children who, without thinking, embarked on very life-threatening journeys, and now did not know how to get out of it all.
Suddenly Stella removed our superimposed “images” and we became ourselves again.
Literary heroes are usually fiction author. But some of them still have real prototypes who lived at the time of the author, or famous historical figures. We will tell you who these strangers were to a wide circle readers figures.
1. Sherlock Holmes
Even the author himself admitted that Sherlock Holmes has a lot common features with his mentor Joe Bell. On the pages of his autobiography one could read that the writer often recalled his teacher, spoke about his eagle profile, inquisitive mind and amazing intuition. According to him, the doctor could turn any matter into a precise, systematized scientific discipline.
Often Dr. Bell used deductive methods of inquiry. Just by looking at a person alone, he could tell about his habits, his biography, and sometimes even make a diagnosis. After the novel's release Conan Doyle corresponded with the “prototype” of Holmes, and he told him that perhaps this is exactly how his career would have turned out if he had chosen a different path.
2. James Bond
Literary history James Bond began with a series of books that were written by intelligence officer Ian Fleming. The first book in the series, Casino Royale, was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned to monitor Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to English intelligence. After much mutual suspicion, the scouts began good friends. Bond took over from Prince Bernard to order a Vodka Martini, adding the legendary “Shaken, not stirred.”
3. Ostap Bender
The man who became the prototype of the great schemer from the “12 chairs” of Ilf and Petrov, at the age of 80, still worked as a conductor on railway on the train from Moscow to Tashkent. Born in Odessa, Ostap Shor was from a young age prone to adventure. He presented himself either as an artist or as a chess grandmaster, and even acted as a member of one of the anti-Soviet parties.
Only thanks to his remarkable imagination, Ostap Shor managed to return from Moscow to Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry. This is probably where Ostap Bender’s respectful attitude towards the Criminal Code comes from.
4. Professor Preobrazhensky
Professor Preobrazhensky from the famous Bulgakov novel “ Heart of a Dog"was also real prototype- French surgeon of Russian origin Samuil Abramovich Voronov. At the beginning of the 20th century, this man made a real splash in Europe by transplanting monkey glands into humans to rejuvenate the body. The first operations demonstrated a simply amazing effect: elderly patients experienced a resumption of sexual activity, improved memory and vision, ease of movement, and children who were lagging behind mental development, gained mental alertness.
Thousands of people were treated in Voronova, and the doctor himself opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera. But very little time passed and the miracle doctor’s patients began to feel worse. Rumors arose that the result of the treatment was just self-hypnosis, and Voronov was called a charlatan.
5. Peter Pan
The boy with the beautiful fairy Tinkerbell was given to the world and to James Barry himself, the author of the written work, by the Davis couple (Arthur and Sylvia). The prototype for Peter Pan was Michael, one of their sons. Fairytale hero received from a real boy not only his age and character, but also nightmares. And the novel itself is a dedication to the author’s brother, David, who died a day before his 14th birthday while ice skating.
6. Dorian Gray
It’s a shame, but the main character of the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” significantly spoiled the reputation of his real-life original. John Gray, who in his youth was a protégé and close friend of Oscar Wilde, was handsome, rugged, and had the appearance of a 15-year-old boy. But their happy union came to an end when journalists became aware of their relationship. An angry Gray went to court and obtained an apology from the newspaper's editors, but after that his friendship with Wilde ended. Soon John Gray met Andre Raffalovich, a poet and native of Russia. They converted to Catholicism, and after some time Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.
7. Alice
The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with the story on the fly at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, he began to compose a sequel. Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled “A Christmas gift to a dear girl in memory of a summer day.”
8. Karabas-Barabas
As you know, Alexei Tolstoy only planned to present Carlo Collodio’s “Pinocchio” in Russian, but it turned out that he wrote an independent story, in which analogies were clearly drawn with cultural figures of that time. Since Tolstoy had no weakness for Meyerhold’s theater and its biomechanics, it was the director of this theater who got the role of Karabas-Barabas. You can guess the parody even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Karabas from Perrault’s fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. But the no less telling role of the leech seller Duremar went to Meyerhold’s assistant, who worked under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius.
9. Lolita
According to the memoirs of Brian Boyd, a biographer of Vladimir Nabokov, when the writer was working on his scandalous novel Lolita, he regularly looked through newspaper columns that published reports of murder and violence. His attention was drawn to the sensational story of Sally Horner and Frank LaSalle, which occurred in 1948: a middle-aged man kidnapped 12-year-old Sally Horner and kept her with him for almost 2 years until the police found her in a California hotel. Lasalle, like Nabokov’s hero, passed off the girl as his daughter. Nabokov even briefly mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: “Did I do to Dolly the same thing that Frank LaSalle, a 50-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in ’48?”
10. Carlson
The story of Carlson’s creation is mythologized and incredible. Literary scholars claim that Hermann Goering became a possible prototype for this funny character. And although Astrid Lindgren’s relatives deny this version, such rumors still exist today.
Astrid Lindgren met Goering in the 1920s when he organized air shows in Sweden. At that time, Goering was just “in the prime of his life,” a famous ace pilot, a man with charisma and a wonderful appetite. The motor behind Carlson’s back is an interpretation of Goering’s flying experience.
Supporters of this version note that for some time Astrid Lindgren was an ardent fan of the National Socialist Party of Sweden. The book about Carlson was published in 1955, so there could be no talk of a direct analogy. However, it is possible that the charismatic image of the young Goering influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson.
11. One-Legged John Silver
Robert Louis Stevenson in the novel “Treasure Island” portrayed his friend Williams Hansley not at all as a critic and poet, which he essentially was, but as a real villain. During his childhood, William suffered from tuberculosis and his leg was amputated at the knee. Before the book appeared on store shelves, Stevenson told a friend: “I have to confess to you, Evil on the surface, but kind at heart, John Silver was copied from you. You're not offended, are you?
12. Winnie the Pooh Bear
According to one version, the world-famous teddy bear got its name in honor of the favorite toy of the writer Milne’s son Christopher Robin. However, like all the other characters in the book. But in fact, this name comes from the nickname Winnipeg - that was the name of the bear who lived in the London Zoo from 1915 to 1934. This bear had many child fans, including Christopher Robin.
13. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise
Despite the fact that the main characters in the book are named Sal and Dean, Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road is purely autobiographical. One can only guess why Kerouac abandoned his name in the very famous book for the beatniks.
14. Daisy Buchanan
In the novel “The Great Gatsby,” its author Francis Scott Fitzgerald deeply and soulfully described Ginevra King, his first love. Their romance lasted from 1915 to 1917. But due to different social statuses they separated, after which Fitzgerald wrote that "poor boys should not even think of marrying rich girls." This phrase was included not only in the book, but also in the film of the same name. Ginevra King became the prototype for Isabel Borge in “Beyond Paradise” and Judy Jones in “Winter Dreams.”
Especially for those who like to sit up and read. If you choose these books, you will definitely not be disappointed.
Sapozhkova Taisiya.
Purpose research work began the search for prototypes of heroes known and studied in the school curriculum literary works.
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Historical prototypes literary heroes:
“There is no fiction without truth.”
Almost every literary character has its own prototype - a real person. Sometimes it is the author himself, sometimes - historical figure, sometimes - an acquaintance or relative of the author. Often, having read this or that work, impressed by the events and characters described by the author, I want to know whether this person really existed, who this person really was without the writer’s fiction, and what character traits the author attributed to him?
The purpose of my research work was to search for prototypes of heroes of famous literary works studied in the school curriculum. But first let’s define what a prototype is.
Prototype - prototype, specific historical or contemporary to the author the personality that served as his starting point for creating the image.
Maxim Gorky defined the process of reworking and typifying a prototype as follows: “I recognize the writer’s right and even consider it his duty to “think through” a person.” The process of “speculation” is the process of generalization, typification of the Prototype in an artistic image.
The processing of the Prototype into an image cannot be viewed only as an expression of the author’s attitude towards this Prototype.
The value of researching a Prototype depends on the nature of the Prototype itself. The more striking a phenomenon of society and history the Prototype is, the more meaningful its study and comparison with the image becomes, because in this case we have a reflection in art of an extremely important, meaningful, typical phenomenon of society.
In one of the most significant works of Russian literature"Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831), - novel in verseAlexander Sergeevich Pushkin, - against the broad background of Russian reality, a dramatic fate is shown the best people nobleintelligentsia. The novel, according to Pushkin, was “the fruit of a mind of cold observations and a heart of sorrowful observations.”
Determining prototypes of certain charactersThe novel fascinated both contemporary readers and researchers. In memoirs and scientific literature Extensive material has accumulated on attempts to connect the heroes of Pushkin’s novel with certain real-life persons.
Having studied a large volume of materials from historians and literary critics, I was faced with the fact that there is no consensus about the personality of the prototype of the novel’s protagonist – Evgenia Onegina . This gives reason to agree with the opinion that the image of the hero is collective. I will give only the most common names of possible prototypes of Eugene Onegin.
Alexander Pushkin called the main character of his novel in verse, Evgeniy, his friend. The poet even left a drawing, known to many, in which the poet depicted himself and Onegin against the backdrop of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Evgeniy looks older than Pushkin by several years, is not thin, wears a mustache, wears a bolivar, and has a visible stand-up collar. This hand-drawn image clearly does not resemble the Onegin who is considered classic. The drawing, according to the author's plan, was to become the basis for a portrait that would be placed on the cover of the first chapter of the novel. So he gave special meaning this image.
The prototype of the image of the main character in the novel "Eugene Onegin" isRussian poet, playwright, literary critic, translator, theater figure; MemberRussian Academy- Pavel Aleksandrovich Katenin.Guard colonel, participant in the fighting in the Patriotic War of 1812, Decembrist Pavel Katenin hated Alexander I and participated in the development of plans for his assassination, was a member of the Union of Salvation. In the summer of 1817, he headed one of the two branches of the secret Military Society - an intermediate organization that operated during the period between the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. His song about freedom became the anthem of the Decembrists, for which he was dismissed in September 1820.
The friendship between Katenin and Pushkin was good fuel for the creativity of Alexander Sergeevich.
P.A. Katenin was famous for his quarrelsome character and broke with the Decembrists, so Senate Square didn't come out. He was expelled from St. Petersburg in 1822 and settled on his estate in the Kostroma province, where he led a lonely life, engaged in literary activities.
Pavel Aleksandrovich Katenin
Another, even more famous prototype of Eugene Onegin is considered to be Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev, a friend of Pushkin, mentioned by the poet in the first chapter of the novel. The story of Onegin is reminiscent of the life of Chaadaev.
Russian philosopher, publicist, P. Chaadaev was born in Moscow into a noble family. His maternal grandfather was the famous historian and publicist Prince M. M. Shcherbatov. After early death Chaadaev's parents were raised by their aunt and uncle. In 1808, he entered Moscow University, where he became close with the writer A. S. Griboedov, the future Decembrists I. D. Yakushkin, N. I. Turgenev and other subsequently prominent figures of their time. In 1811 he left the university and joined the guard. Participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, in foreign trip Russian army. In 1814 in Krakow he was accepted into Masonic lodge. Returning to Russia, Chaadaev continued military service.
In 1816, in Tsarskoe Selo, Chaadaev met lyceum student A. S. Pushkin and soon became the young poet’s beloved friend and teacher, whom he called “a graceful genius” and “our Dante.” Three poetic messages of Pushkin are dedicated to Chaadaev; his features are embodied in the image of Onegin. Pushkin characterized the personality of Chaadaev with his famous poems “To the Portrait of Chaadaev”:
"He is the highest will of heaven
Born in the shackles of royal service;
He would be Brutus in Rome, Pericles in Athens,
And here he is a hussar officer.”
Constant communication between Pushkin and Chaadaev was interrupted in 1820 due to Pushkin’s southern exile. However, correspondence and meetings continued throughout his life. On October 19, 1836, Pushkin wrote a famous letter to Chaadaev, in which he argued with the views on the destiny of Russia expressed by Chaadaev in his Philosophical Letter. For these letters, Chaadaev was officially declared crazy and doomed to hermitage in his house on Basmannaya Street, where he was visited by a doctor who reported monthly to the Tsar about his condition. Chaadaev died in Moscow in 1856.
An important influence on the image of Onegin was exerted by Lord Byron and his “Byronian Heroes”, Don Juan and Childe Harold, who are also mentioned more than once by Pushkin himself.
Tatyana Larina - prototype Avdotya (Dunya) Norova, Chaadaev’s friend. Dunya herself is mentioned in the second chapter, and at the end last chapter Pushkin expresses his grief over her untimely death. Due to the death of Dunya at the end of the novel, the prototype of the princess, matured and transformed Tatiana, is Anna Kern, Pushkin’s beloved. She, Anna Kern, was the prototype of Anna Karenina. Although Leo Tolstoy copied Anna Karenina's appearance from eldest daughter Pushkin, Maria Hartung, but the name and history are very close to Anna Kern. Thus, through the story of Anna Kern, Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is a continuation of the novel Eugene Onegin.
Another contender for the role of Tatyana Larina’s prototype was N.D. Fonvizina, the widow of a Decembrist general who spent many years in Siberian exile with her husband.N.P. Chulkov wrote: “Fonvizina calls herself Tanya because, in her opinion, Pushkin based his Tatyana Larina on her. Indeed, in her life there were many similarities with Pushkin’s heroine: in her youth she had an affair with a young man who abandoned her (though for different reasons than Onegin), then she married an elderly general who was passionately in love with her, and soon met the former object of her love, who fell in love with her, but was rejected by her.”
It is also assumed that Tatyana Larina could have another living prototype in Pushkin’s contemporary society - a famous socialite, a beauty - the wife of the Governor-General of Novorossiya, Count M.S. Vorontsova - Elizaveta Ksaverevna, who was followed by one of Pushkin's friends - also the prototype of Eugene Onegin. Countess Vorontsova E.K., a dazzling master of flirtation, loving the company of brilliant gentlemen, charmed everyone. Her beauty, lightness and alluring inaccessibility turned the young poet’s head. She, according to this version, becomes the prototype of Tatyana Larina, whose sketches the enamored Pushkin makes in Gurzuf. Elizabeth reciprocates his feelings and gives him the famous ring - the “talisman”. Pushkin's heartfelt affairs are full of passions and emotions. The son of General Raevsky, Nikolai, is himself fascinated by the countess and helps Alexander Sergeevich in every possible way in arranging his meetings with Elizabeth...
Vladimir Lensky- Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Russian poet, writer and public figure, Pushkin’s friend at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. “I am definitely German by father and mother, but not by language; - until I was six years old, I did not know a word of German, my natural language is Russian...” This is what Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker, a native of Estonia, wrote about himself. With the opening of the Lyceum, fate brought him together with Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig, Malinovsky and other future celebrities. They loved Wilhelm, but at the same time they did not miss an opportunity to tease their lanky, deaf, stuttering, dreamy and very hot-tempered comrade.
No less recognizable characters act in the comedy by A. S. Griboyedov"Woe from Wit." Critics most often associate the main character - Chatsky - with the name Chaadaev (in the original version of the comedy Griboedov wrote “Chadsky”), although they agree that the image of Chatsky is least of all a portrait of this or that real person, it is collective image, a social type of the era, a kind of “hero of the time”. If you remember, the author of the Philosophical Letters suffered an unprecedented and terrible punishment: by the highest decree he was declared insane. It so happened that literary character did not repeat the fate of his prototype, but predicted it.
Orlovsky is the prototype of Chatsky (I. Yakushkin). Withread Yakushkin (Ivan Dmitrievich) - one of the outstanding Decembrists. Born November 1793
To create images of the main characters great novel"War and Peace" Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy used the stories of the destinies of his contemporaries, their worldview, character traits, and appearance.
Yes, prototypes Andrey Bolkonskythere were several. His tragic death was “copied” by Tolstoy from the biography of the real Prince Golitsyn. Dmitry Nikolaevich Golitsyn was born in 1786, in the family of the aristocrat Nikolai Alekseevich Golitsyn, who spent most of his life at court and abroad, was ambassador to Sweden for 7 years, had the rank of senator and the rank of privy councilor. He owned the Arkhangelskoye estate near Moscow, where even the highest persons were received. Prince Dmitry was enlisted in the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Justice. Soon Emperor Alexander I granted him the rank of chamberlain cadet, and then actual chamberlain, which was equivalent to the rank of general. In 1805, Prince Golitsyn entered military service and, together with the army, fought the campaigns of 1805-1807. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Golitsin took part in border battles as part of the 2nd Russian army of General Bagration, fought at the Shevardinsky redoubt, and then found himself on the left flank of the Russian formations on the Borodino field. Defended Semenov flushes. In one of the skirmishes he was seriously wounded by a fragment of an enemy grenade. Fellow soldiers carried him from the battlefield. After an operation in a field hospital, he was sent to Moscow to his parents' home. But they were already preparing for evacuation. It was decided to take the wounded man, whose condition caused great concern to the doctors, to a safe place. Nizhny Novgorod. We made a stop in Vladimir. Major Golitsyn was placed in one of the merchant houses on a steep hill on Klyazma in the parish of the Ascension Church. On September 22, almost a month after the Battle of Borodino, Dmitry Golitsyn died.
Tatyana Bers was the greatest love of the brother of the great writer Leo Tolstoy - Sergei, whom the future classic adored. How could Tolstoy resist and not portray Tanya Bers as his most charming heroine? Under his pen, an image was gradually born Natasha Rostova , a lovely young creature, glowing from within with happiness and sincerity. The naturalness of manners, mistakes in French, the passionate desire for love and happiness inherent in the real Tatyana Bers, added completeness to the image of Rostova.
Oddly enough, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol managed to create an image of Ukraine and its people without reproducing either real events or specific prototypes. In the story"Taras Bulba" Gogol poeticized the spiritual indissolubility of the individual and the people yearning for national and social freedom. According to Belinsky, the author “has exhausted the entire life of historical Little Russia and in a marvelous, artistic creation forever captured her spiritual image." However, the story is conceived so organically and vividly that the reader cannot leave the feeling of its reality. Indeed, Taras Bulba could have a prototype. At least there was a person whose fate was similar to the fate of the main character. And this person also bore the surname Gogol. Ostap Gogol was born at the beginning of the 17th century, possibly in the Podolsk village of Gogoli, founded by the Orthodox nobleman from Volyn Nikita Gogol. On the eve of 1648, he was a captain of the “panzer” Cossacks in the Polish army. At the beginning of 1654, he became a captain. command the Podolsk regiment. In July 1659, Gogol's regiment took part in the defeat of the Muscovites near Konotop.
In 1664, an uprising broke out in Right Bank Ukraine against the Poles and Hetman Teteri. Gogol supported the rebels, but then, as happened more than once, he again went over to the enemy’s side. The reason for this was his sons, whom Hetman Potocki held hostage in Lvov.
At the end of 1971, Crown Hetman Sobieski took Mogilev, Gogol's residence. One of Ostap’s sons died during the defense of the fortress. The colonel himself fled to Moldova and from there sent Sobieski a letter of his desire to submit. As a reward for this, Ostap received the village of Vilkhovets. The certificate of the estate's salary served the grandfather of the writer Nikolai Gogol as evidence of his nobility. Colonel Gogol became hetman of Right Bank Ukraine. He died in 1979 at his residence in Dymer and was buried in the Kiev-Mezhigorsky Monastery near Kyiv.
As we can see, the analogy with the story is obvious: both heroes are Zaporozhye colonels, both had sons, one of whom died at the hands of the Poles, the other went over to the side of the enemy. Thus, the writer’s distant ancestor was most likely the prototype of Taras Bulba.
"Two Captains"
The Russians also closely followed the events of our time. Soviet writers. Veniamin Kaverin spoke about the prototype of his hero as follows: “He was a man in whom ardor was combined with straightforwardness, and perseverance with amazing clarity of purpose. He knew how to achieve success in any undertaking. A clear mind and the ability for deep feeling were visible in his every judgment ". The writer met Georgy Lvovich Brusilov for the first time in 1932, when the scientist was preparing to defend his Ph.D. thesis. The details of his biography are very clearly written out in the novel, but the prototype itself never aspired to the glory of a hero. Even Brusilov’s son, reading the novel “Two Captains” as a child, did not compare its plot with the fate of his father. Brusilov, head of the expedition on the "St. Anna" (prototype of the ship "St. Maria") - the prototype of the famous polar explorer Sedov. Sani prototype - famous polar pilot Sigismund Aleksandrovich Levanevsky - one of the first Heroes Soviet Union. He died on August 12, 1937, when he flew from the USSR to the USA via the North Pole on a four-engine N-409 bomber. After 20 hours of flight, communication with the crew was lost. 24 aircraft and one airship were sent to search for N-409, but all efforts were in vain. The airship eventually crashed, killing the rescuers on board.
I have given only a few episodes of the results of my research.
Almost every literary character has its own prototype - a real person. Sometimes it is the author himself, sometimes it is a historical figure, sometimes it is an acquaintance or relative of the author.
1.Chatsky "Woe from Wit"
The main character of Griboedov's comedy - Chatsky - is most often associated with the name Chaadaev (in the first version of the comedy Griboyedov wrote "Chadsky"), although the image of Chatsky is in many ways a social type of the era, a "hero of the time". Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev (1796-1856) - participant Patriotic War 1812, was on a trip abroad. In 1814 he joined the Masonic lodge, and in 1821 he agreed to join a secret society.
From 1823 to 1826, Chaadaev traveled around Europe, comprehended the latest philosophical teachings. After returning to Russia in 1828-1830, he wrote and published a historical and philosophical treatise: “Philosophical Letters.” The views, ideas, and judgments of the thirty-six-year-old philosopher turned out to be so unacceptable for Nicholas Russia that the author of “Philosophical Letters” suffered an unprecedented punishment: by the highest decree he was declared crazy. It so happened that the literary character did not repeat the fate of his prototype, but predicted it...
2.Taras Bulba
Taras Bulba is written so organically and vividly that the reader cannot leave the feeling of his reality.
But there was a man whose fate was similar to the fate of Gogol’s hero. And this man also bore the name Gogol!
Ostap Gogol was born at the beginning of the 17th century. On the eve of 1648, he was the captain of the “panzer” Cossacks in the Polish army stationed in Uman under the command of S. Kalinovsky. With the outbreak of the uprising, Gogol, along with his heavy cavalry, went over to the side of the Cossacks.
In October 1657, Hetman Vygovsky with the general foreman, of which Ostap Gogol was a member, concluded the Korsun Treaty of Ukraine with Sweden.
In the summer of 1660, Ostap's regiment took part in the Chudnivsky campaign, after which the Slobodishchensky Treaty was signed. Gogol took the side of autonomy within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he was made a gentry. In 1664, an uprising broke out in Right Bank Ukraine against the Poles and Hetman Teteri. Gogol initially supported the rebels. However, he again went over to the enemy's side. The reason for this was his sons, whom Hetman Potocki held hostage in Lvov. When Doroshenko became hetman, Gogol came under his mace and helped him a lot. When he fought with the Turks near Ochakov, Doroshenko proposed at the Rada to recognize the supremacy of the Turkish Sultan, and it was accepted. At the end of 1671, Crown Hetman Sobieski took Mogilev, Gogol's residence. One of Ostap’s sons died during the defense of the fortress. The colonel himself fled to Moldova and from there sent Sobieski a letter of his desire to submit.
As a reward for this, Ostap received the village of Vilkhovets. The certificate of the estate's salary served the grandfather of the writer Nikolai Gogol as evidence of his nobility.
Colonel Gogol became Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine on behalf of King John III Sobieski. He died in 1679 at his residence in Dymer, was buried in the Kiev-Mezhigorsky monastery near Kiev. The analogy with the story is obvious: both heroes are Zaporozhye colonels, both had sons, one of whom died at the hands of the Poles, the other went over to the side of the enemy . Thus, the writer’s distant ancestor was the prototype of Taras Bulba.
3.Plyushkin
The Oryol landowner Spiridon Matsnev was extremely stingy, walked around in a greasy robe and dirty clothes, so few could recognize him as a rich gentleman.
The landowner had 8,000 souls of peasants, but starved not only them, but also himself. N.V. Gogol brought this stingy landowner to “ Dead souls"in the image of Plyushkin. “if Chichikov had met him, so dressed up, somewhere at the church door, he would probably have given him a copper penny”...
“This landowner had more than a thousand souls, and anyone else would try to find so much bread in grain, flour and simply in storerooms, whose storerooms, barns and drying rooms were cluttered with so many linens, cloth, dressed and rawhide sheepskins...” The image of Plyushkin has become a household name.
4. Silvio. “Shot” A.S. Pushkin
Silvio's prototype is Ivan Petrovich Liprandi.
Pushkin's friend, the prototype of Silvio in "The Shot".
Author of the best memoirs about Pushkin's southern exile.
The son of a Russified Spanish grandee. Participant Napoleonic wars since 1807 (from 17 years old). Colleague and friend of the Decembrist Raevsky, member of the Union of Welfare. Arrested in the Decembrist case in January 1826, he was in a cell with Griboedov. “...His personality was of undoubted interest due to his talents, fate and original way of life. He was gloomy and gloomy, but he loved to gather officers at his place and entertain them widely. The sources of his income were shrouded in mystery to everyone. A book-reader and book lover, he was famous for his bratism, and a rare duel took place without his participation.” At the same time, Liprandi, as it turned out, was an employee of military intelligence and the secret police.
Since 1813, the head of the secret political police under Vorontsov’s army in France. He communicated closely with the famous Vidocq. Together with the French gendarmerie, he participated in the disclosure of the anti-government “Pin Society”. Since 1820, the chief military intelligence officer at the headquarters of Russian troops in Bessarabia. At the same time, he became the main theorist and practitioner of military and political espionage.
Since 1828 - head of the Higher Secret Foreign Police. Since 1820 - directly subordinate to Benckendorf. Organizer of provocation in the Butashevich-Petrashevsky circle. Organizer of Ogarev's arrest in 1850. Author of a project to establish a spy school at universities...
5.Andrey Bolkonsky
There were several prototypes of Andrei Bolkonsky. His tragic death was “written off” by Leo Tolstoy from the biography of the real Prince Dmitry Golitsyn.
Prince Dmitry Golitsyn was enlisted in the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Justice. Soon, Emperor Alexander I promoted him to chamber cadet, and then to actual chamberlain, which was equivalent to the rank of general. In 1805, Prince Golitsyn entered military service and, together with the army, carried out the campaigns of 1805-1807.
In 1812, he submitted a report with a request to be enlisted in the army, became an Akhtyrsky hussar, and Denis Davydov served in the same regiment. Golitsin took part in border battles as part of the 2nd Russian army of General Bagration, fought at the Shevardinsky redoubt, and then found himself on the left flank of the Russian formations on the Borodino field.
In one of the skirmishes, Major Golitsyn was seriously wounded by a grenade fragment and was carried from the battlefield. After the operation in the field hospital, it was decided to transport the wounded man further to the east. A stop was made in Vladimir, Major Golitsyn was placed in one of the merchant houses on a steep hill on Klyazma. But, almost a month after the Battle of Borodino, Dmitry Golitsyn died in Vladimir...
6. Assol
The gentle dreamer Assol had more than one prototype.
The first prototype was Maria Sergeevna Alonkina, secretary of the House of Arts, almost everyone living and visiting this House was in love with her. One day, while climbing the stairs to his office, Green saw a short, dark-skinned girl talking with Korney Chukovsky. There was something in her appearance something unearthly: a flying gait, a radiant look, a ringing happy laugh. It seemed to him that she looked like Assol from the story “ Scarlet Sails”, on which he was working at that time. The image of 17-year-old Masha Alonkina occupied Green’s imagination and was reflected in the extravaganza story. “I don’t know how long years will pass, only in Kaperna will one fairy tale blossom, memorable for a long time. You will be big, Assol. One morning at sea distance, a scarlet sail will sparkle under the sun. The shining bulk of the scarlet sails of the white ship will move, cutting through the waves, straight towards you..."
And in 1921, Green met with Nina Nikolaevna Mironova, who worked for the Petrograd Echo newspaper. He, gloomy and lonely, was at ease with her, he was amused by her coquetry, he admired her love of life. Soon they got married.
The door is closed, the lamp is lit.
She will come to me in the evening
There are no more aimless, dull days -
I sit and think about her...
On this day she will give me her hand,
I trust quietly and completely.
A terrible world is raging around,
Come, beautiful, dear friend.
Come, I've been waiting for you for a long time.
It was so sad and dark
But the winter spring has come,
A light knock...My wife came.
Green dedicated the extravaganza “Scarlet Sails” and the novel “The Shining World” to her, his “winter spring.”
7. Ostap Bender and the Children of Lieutenant Schmidt
The person who became the prototype of Ostap Bender is known.
This is Osip (Ostap) Veniaminovich Shor (1899 -1979). Shor was born in Odessa, was an employee of the UGRO, a football player, a traveler…. He was a friend of E. Bagritsky, Yu. Olesha, Ilf and Petrov. His brother was the futurist poet Nathan Fioletov. Ostap Bender’s appearance, character and speech were taken from Osip Shor.
Almost all the famous “Bendery” phrases - “The ice has broken, gentlemen of the jury!”, “I will command the parade!”, “My dad was a Turkish subject...” and many others - were gleaned by the authors from Shor’s vocabulary.
In 1917, Shor entered the first year of the Petrograd Technological Institute, and in 1919 he left for his homeland. It took him almost two years to get home, with many adventures, which he told the authors of “The Twelve Chairs” about.
The stories he told about how he, unable to draw, got a job as an artist on a propaganda ship, or about how he gave a simultaneous game in some remote town, introducing himself as an international grandmaster, were reflected in “12 Chairs” practically unchanged.
By the way, the famous leader of the Odessa bandits, Mishka-Yaponchik, with whom UGRO employee Shor fought, became the prototype of Benny Krik, from “Odessa Stories” by I. Babel.
And here is the episode that gave rise to the creation of the image of “the children of Lieutenant Schmidt.” In August 1925, a man with an oriental appearance, decently dressed, wearing American glasses, appeared at the Gomel Provincial Executive Committee and introduced himself as the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Uzbek SSR, Fayzula Khodzhaev. He told the chairman of the provincial executive committee, Egorov, that he was traveling from Crimea to Moscow, but his money and documents were stolen on the train. Instead of a passport, he presented a certificate that he was really Khodzhaev, signed by the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Crimean Republic, Ibragimov. He was warmly received, given money, and began to be taken to theaters and banquets. But one of the police chiefs decided to compare the Uzbek’s personality with the portraits of the chairmen of the Central Election Commission, which he found in an old magazine. This is how the false Khojaev was exposed, who turned out to be a native of Kokand, traveling from Tbilisi, where he was serving his sentence...
In the same way, posing as a high-ranking official, the former prisoner had fun in Yalta, Simferopol, Novorossiysk, Kharkov, Poltava, Minsk...
It was a fun time - the time of the New Economic Policy and such desperate people, adventurers like Shor and the false Khojaev.
8.Timur
TIMUR is the hero of the film script and A. Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team”. One of the most famous and popular heroes of Soviet children's literature of the 30s - 40s.
Under the influence of the story by A.P. Gaidar “Timur and his team” in the USSR arose among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early years. 1940s "Timurov movement". Timurovites provided assistance to military families, the elderly...
It is believed that the “prototype” of Timurov’s team for A. Gaidar was a group of scouts that operated back in the 10s in the dacha suburb of St. Petersburg. The “Timurovites” and the “scouts” really have a lot in common (especially in the ideology and practice of children’s “knightly” care for the people around them, the idea of committing good deeds"in secret")
The story Gaidar told turned out to be surprisingly in tune with the mood of a whole generation of guys: the fight for justice, an underground headquarters, a specific alarm system, the ability to quickly gather “in a chain,” etc. It is interesting that in an early edition the story was called “Duncan and his team” or “Duncan “hurries to the rescue” - the hero of the story was Vovka Duncan. The influence of the work of Jules Verne is obvious: the yacht Duncan, at the first alarm signal, went to the aid of Captain Grant. In the spring of 1940, while working on a film based on the still unfinished story, the name “Duncan” was rejected. The Cinematography Committee expressed bewilderment: “A good Soviet boy. A pioneer. He came up with this useful game and suddenly - “Duncan”. We consulted with our comrades here - you need to change your name"
And then Gaidar gave the hero the name of his own son, whom he called “little commander” in life. According to another version, Timur is the name of a neighbor’s boy. But the girl Zhenya got her name from adopted daughter Gaidar from his second marriage.
The image of Timur embodies the ideal type of a teenage leader with his desire for noble deeds, secrets, pure ideals. The concept of “Timurovets” has firmly entered into everyday life. Until the end of the 80s, Timurites were children who provided selfless help to those in need.
9. Captain Vrungel
From Andrei Nekrasov's story "The Adventures of Captain Vrungel."
A book about the incredible sea adventures of the resourceful and resilient captain Vrungel, his senior mate Lom and sailor Fuchs. Christopher Bonifatievich Vrungel is the main character and narrator on whose behalf the story is told. An experienced old sailor, with a solid and prudent character, not lacking in ingenuity.
The first part of the surname uses the word "liar". Vrungel, whose name has become a household name, is the maritime analogue of Baron Munchausen, telling fables about his adventures in sailing. According to the stories of Nekrasov himself, the prototype of Vrungel was his acquaintance with the surname Vronsky, a lover of telling fables at sea with his participation. His last name was so suitable for the main character that the book was originally supposed to be called “The Adventures of Captain Vronsky,” but for fear of offending his friend, the author chose a different last name for the main character.